transcription factors regulating expression of aqy1 and screens for germination mutants cecilia...
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Transcription factors regulating expression of AQY1 and screens for germination mutants
Cecilia Geijer
Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology
Göteborg University
March 5 2007
Life cycle of budding yeast S. cerevisiae
Sporulation in S. cerevisiae – the process
• Sporulation encompasses two overlapping processes: meiosis and spore formation.
• Cells go through meiosis which leads to the generation of four haploid nuclei
• Plasma membranes for four daugther cells are constructed within the mother cell cytoplasm, and these surrounds the four haploid nuclei.
• Spore wall synthesis occurs.
Aquaporins
• Aquaporins mediate the transport of water across biological membranes. Some also transport other substrates such as glycerol, urea and nitrogen.
• The genome of S cerevisiae contains four aquaporin genes.
Yeast aquaporin 1 (Aqy1) is involved in sporulation
Northern Blot analysis of AQY1 in strain SK1. Low basal level of expression of AQY1 in vegetative cells. Upregulation of expression ~8 h after transfer to sporulation medium (1% KAc) (The Saccharomyces cerevisiae aquaporin Aqy1 is involved in sporulation, Sidoux-Walter et al, PNAS 2004)
AQY1/AQY1-GFP diploids – expression in two out of four spores suggests role in later stages of sporulation
Workpackage 1 Deliverable 9
Putative transcription factor binding sites for the AQY1 promoter
www.yeastract.com
• Msn2/4
• Fkh1/2
• War1
• Nrg1
• Xbp1
• Gcr1
• Mcm1
• Ash1
• Mot3
• Tec1
Consensus sites identified:
No sporulation-specific transcription factor hits!
Workpackage 1 Deliverable 9
AQY1prom-lacZ fusion construct
Reporter gene lacZ system
Yeast lacZ reporter plasmid to search for transcription factors regulating expression of AQY1
• X-gal overlay assay
• β-galactosidase activity assay ONPG
AQY1prom lacZ
Workpackage 1 Deliverable 9
X-gal overlay assay
BY4741 KO collection used to search for transcription factors
Preliminary data:
fkh2Δ strain seem to have lower expression of AQY1 than wild type
wild type
tec1Δ
mot3Δ
war1Δ
fkh2Δ_1
fkh2Δ_2
X-gal overlay assay works to identify transcription factors regulating the AQY1 expression in vegetative cells
Workpackage 1 Deliverable 9
Sporulation plates with X-gal overlay assay
Spores treated with chloroform and overlayed with agarose X-gal are not turning blue – this assay probably not suitable for spores.
SK1a/α
ε1278ba/α
Workpackage 1 Deliverable 9
Conclusions - transcription factor search
• Stationary phase cells, grown on YPD plates for 36h, express AQY1. Search for transcription factors regulating the expression of AQY1 revealed Fkh2 as a potential candidate.
• X-gal overlay assay is not suitable for spores, instead β-galactosidase activity assay using ONPG.
• Transcription factors regulating late sporulation induced genes are not yet identified. Finding regulators of AQY1 will point to transcription factors that possibly regulates other late sporulation genes as well.
Workpackage 1 Deliverable 9
Germination – search for mutants
Involvement of actin and polarisome in morphological change during spore germination of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeKeiko Kono, Rino Matsunaga, Aiko Hirata, Genjiro Suzuki, Mitsuhiro Abe, Yoshikazu Ohya YEAST 2005
What gene products are essential for the germination process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Workpackage 2 Deliverable 14
Workpackage 4 Deliverable 23
Screen for Germination mutants using heterozygous mutants
• Heterozygous diploids – wild type and mutant mated to create diploid with one functional allele of gene of interest. Deletion of gene by insertion of KanMX cassette at gene locus.
• Heterozygous diploids – all cells can go through sporulation with one functional copy of the gene as diploid. Hoping to find true germination mutants avoiding sporulation mutants.
Workpackage 2 Deliverable 14
Workpackage 4 Deliverable 23
Workpackage 2 Deliverable 14
Workpackage 4 Deliverable 23
Sporulation of heterozygous diploids with mutated genes of interest.
Tetrad dissection of spores
Germination on geneticin plates selecting for haploid cells carrying deletion cassette with geneticin resistance marker
Germination mutants – heterozygous diploids
Germination mutants – heterozygous diploids
Problem:Proteins inherited from the mother diploid are enough to allow mutants to germinate. Also true for kanMX – spores without the kanMX cassette germinates and can divide to the 50-cells stage on geneticin plates.
Potential:Preliminary data indicates that rho1Δ haploids derived from heterozygous dipolids can not germinate.
Rho1 - GTP-binding protein of the rho subfamily of Ras-like proteins, involved in establishment of cell polarity; regulates protein kinase C (Pkc1) and the cell wall synthesizing enzyme 1,3-beta-glucan synthase.
Workpackage 2 Deliverable 14
Workpackage 4 Deliverable 23
Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) Analysis
MATa (-met) deletion collection carrying reporter MFA1pr-HIS3, only expressed in haploid a cells
Mate with deletion collection of alpha cells (-lys)
Homozygous diploids, each diploid with both alleles of one particular gene deleted. Select for diploids on selective plates containing no Metionine and no Lysine
Sporulate diploids
Germinate spores on selective plates containing no Histidine. Only haploid a cells with the MFA1pr-HIS3 cassette will grow on plates.
Screen for germination mutants, ie empty spots on SGA plate
Will find:
Sporulation mutants, aneuploid strains, true germination mutants (?)
Will not find:
Essential genes
Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) Analysis
Workpackage 2 Deliverable 14
Workpackage 4 Deliverable 23
Conclusions – germination mutants
• Screening for germination mutants using heterozygous diploids is time consuming and results hard to interpret since proteins from the mother diploid take mutants through germination.
• Screening for germination mutants using SGA Analysis has potential, but also drawbacks – not only germination mutants will be picked up but also sporulation mutants. Which is which?
• Another possibility is to use mutants with temperature sensitive alleles for essential genes. Will potentially identify mutants that can germinate but not grow vegetatively.
Workpackage 2 Deliverable 14
Workpackage 4 Deliverable 23
Control Mechanisms of Dormancy and Control Mechanisms of Dormancy and Germination of The Baker’s Yeast Germination of The Baker’s Yeast S. cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae
SporeSpore
Ivan PirkovIvan Pirkov
Dept. Of Cell and Molecular BiologyDept. Of Cell and Molecular BiologyGöteborg UniversityGöteborg University
Present FocusPresent Focus
• The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a dormant stage, the spore
• The present aim of the project is to investigate how the yeast spore is reactivated from its dormant stage
• We are currently studying the global gene expression changes upon induction of germination using microarray analysis
• Expectations - To identify pathways and specific genes that are associated with spore germination
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
The experimental outline
• Diploid cells were sporulated in 1% KAc solution
• The spores were left resting at 4C in 0.5% TritonX-100 solution for at least 14 days
• Spores were then transferred to rich nutrient growth medium containing 2% glucose (YPD) OR only in 2%
glucose solution
• Samples for total RNA extraction were taken in a logarithmic time-fashion, 0, 4, 8, 16 min… etc. up to 128
min
• Resting spores were used as reference sample
• The experiment was done in three independent replicates
Spore GerminationSpore Germination
• Is most efficient when a readily fermentable carbon source is present – e.g. glucose,
fructose, galactose– Presence of just a carbon source is sufficient for germination initiation
– Metabolism of the carbon source is necessary for germination, mere presence is not enough
Herman and Rine (1997), EMBO J, 16:6171-6181Glucose sensing of S. cerevisiae Y55 spores
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mM Glucose
Perc
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• RNA synthesis increases within minutes upon addition of glucose and nutrients
Brengues et al (2002), JBC, 277:40505-40512
Spore GerminationSpore Germination
Number of genes significantly up/down-regulated (2-fold) relative to resting spores (2% Glucose experiment)
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0 4 8 16 32 48 64 96 128
Time samples [min]
No
. of
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Up regulated
Down regulated
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
Clustering of significantly up/down-regulated genes (2-fold) relative resting spores (2%Glucose experiment)
12345678910
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
Clustering result (GO Annotations) of significantly up/down-regulated (2-fold) relative to resting spores (2%Glucose experiment)
Groups of down-regulated genes(Cluster: 1, 3, 4, 6 and 10)
• Stress response (1)
• Meiosis (1)
• Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (3)
• Fatty acid oxidation (3)
• TCA-cycle (4)
• Glyoxylate cycle (4)
• Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport (4)
• Biosynthesis of Glycogen and Trehalose (4) (10)
Groups of up-regulated genes(Cluster: 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9)
• Amino acid biosynthesis and degradation (2) (7) (9)
• Ribosome biogenesis (2) (5) (7)
• Stress response (2)
• Glucose transport and signaling (3) (5)
• Protein folding and stabilization (8)
• Ion transport (2) (8) (9)
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
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0 4 8 16 32 48 64 96 128
Time samples [min]
No
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p/d
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Up regulatedDown regulated
No. of genes significantly up/down-regulated (2-fold) relative resting spores (YPD experiment)
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
Commitment-step synchrony of S. cerevisiae Y55 spores in YPD
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0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195
Time [min]
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Clustering of significantly up/down-regulated genes (2-fold) relative resting spores (YPD experiment)
16 5 4 3 29 8 7
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
Clustering result (GO Annotations) of significantly up/down-regulated (2-fold) relative resting spores (YPD experiment)
Groups of down-regulated genes(Cluster: 1, 2, 5 and 8)
• Stress response (1) (2)
• Meiosis (1)
• Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (1) (2)
• Fatty acid oxidation and transport (2)
• TCA-cycle (2)
•Peroxisome and vacuole (2)
• Glyoxylate cycle (2)
• Oxidative phosphorylation and e--transport (2) (8)
•RAS protein signal tranduction (2) (8)
• Metabolism of Glycogen and Trehalose (2) (8)
• Amino acid biosynthesis (5)
• Redox homeostasis (5)
Groups of up-regulated genes(Cluster: 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9)
• Ribosome biogenesis (3) (4) (7)
•Transcription and Translation (3) (4) (6) (7)
• Nucleotide metabolism (3)
• Pheromone response – mating type determination (4)
• Glucose transport and signaling (6)
• Protein folding and stabilization (8)
•Ion transport (6) (9)
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
• Potential problems
– Different mRNA to total RNA ratios between reference and time-samples
– Global shifts in mRNA population during germination
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)
Future PerspectivesFuture Perspectives
• Analyze the microarray results in more detail to look for transcriptional patterns Publication of the results (WP2)
• Identifying genes that are expressed in resting spores and not in growing cells and vice versa Done, data need to be analyzed (WP1, WP2)
• Work with Cecilia to construct the homozygote deletion strain and to screen for mutants that are unable to germinate (WP2)
• Continue with the Long-term dormancy experiment (WP1, WP2)
• Extract and analyze proteins from resting spores of different age (WP1)
• Analyze contents of resting spores DTU (WP1)
Avi Ericsson, 2007CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Avi Ericsson, 2007
Total number of up/down regulated genes in the YPD experiment
CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Avi Ericsson, 2007
Control experiment
• Hybridize 32 and 46 min against each other
• Hybridize 96 and 128 min against each other
• And then compare the ”real” and ”expected” values of up/down regulation
CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Avi Ericsson, 2007
Control experiment schematically
Resting spores
Time point X Time point Y
CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Avi Ericsson, 2007CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Avi Ericsson, 2007CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Avi Ericsson, 2007
Conclusions and future work
• The correlation is not too bad! Which might indicate that we probably do not have a problem.
• To be sure - we have to measure the mRNA concentrations in our samples.
• When we are sure – publish!
CMB - Cell and Molecular Biology - Group Stefan Hohmann
Acknowledgementsto
The Hohmann lab
Normalization of the data
• Avi will explain the normalization method• No external control mRNA was used• Potential problems
– Different mRNA to total RNA ratios between reference and time-samples
– Global shifts in mRNA population during germination
• How to solve these problems?• Suggestions?
48T 128T128M48M0M 0T
0x
5x
25x
Cy5 signal in cDNA from mRNA (M) and total RNA (T)
Total RNA from sample X Total RNA from sample X
Only oligo dT, Label with Cy5
Oligo dT + Random primers, Label with
Cy5
Cy5 labeled cDNA from only mRNA
Cy 5 labeled cDNA from total RNA
Test – mRNA to total RNA ratios
0min 48min 128min
Ratio mRNA vs. total RNA
?? ?? ??
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)(WP2)