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Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe

Current Situation and Responses to Trafficking in Human Beings in

Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Croatia

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Moldova

Romania


II

TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

Current situation and responses to trafficking in human beings in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova and Romania.

Report by Barbara Limanowska;

• United Nations Children's Fund;• United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights;• Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for the Democratic

Institutions and Human Rights.

This publication was published with support from the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), within the framework of the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policy and views of UNICEF, UNOHCHR or ODIHR.

Published by UNICEFCover and layout design: Konstantin PetrovicPrinted in June 2002Print run: 1500© 2002 Copyright UNICEF/UNOHCHR/OSCE - ODIHR

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by acknowledgement of UNICEF, UNHCHR and OSCE/ODIHR as the source.

UNOHCHR

UNICEFArea Office for the BalkansSvetozara Markovica 58Belgrade, Federal Republic of YugoslaviaTel: 381 11 3602 100Fax: 381 11 3602 199e-mail: [email protected]: www.unicef.org

UNOHCHRSarajevoMarsala Tita 48Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaTel:387 33 276 860Fax: 387 33 276 847e-mail: [email protected]: www.unhchr.ch

OSCE-ODIHRAl. Ujazdowskie 19 00-557 Warsaw,PolandTel: +48 22 520 0600Fax: +48 22 520 0605e-mail: [email protected]: www.osce.org/odihr

Trafficking in Human Beingsin Southeastern Europe

AcknowledgementsThis Report has been prepared with contributions and assistance from a largenumber of persons and organisations. The report could not have been pre-pared without the generous contributions of the government agencies, non-governmental organisations, UN agencies, international agencies and otherexperts across Southeastern Europe. Funding was provided by UNICEF,UNHCHR and OSCE/ODIHR, with the administrative assistance of UNDP inBosnia and Herzegovina.

The report was researched and written by Barbara Limanowska UNICEF/UNH-CHR/OSCE-ODIHR consultant and edited by Yulia Krieger UNICEF, BalkansArea programme officer, and Anne Hand, UNICEF consultant.

The report provides an overview of the current situation and responses to traf-ficking in human beings in Southeastern Europe up to December 2001. How-ever, the author is aware that it may not fully document all activities andresponses currently taking place across the region.

The author would like to express appreciation to the following people for theiradvice, comments and recommendations: Gabriele Reiter, OSCE/ODIHR War-saw; Jyothi Kanics, OSCE/ODIHR Warsaw; Helga Konrad, Stability Pact TaskForce on Trafficking in Human Beings, Vienna; Yulia Krieger, UNICEF BalkansArea Office, Belgrade; Jane Gronow, UNICEF Balkans Area Office Belgrade;Madeleine Rees, UNHCHR Sarajevo and Baerbel Uhl, OSCE Belgrade.

Special thanks are due to the following persons who provided input and com-ments on the draft chapters:

REGIONAL OVERVIEW: Ardita Abidu, CoE; Chris Cuninghame, Save theChildren; Laetitia Dumas, ILO; Anne Maria Faradji, CoE; Gerda Theuermann,ICMPD; and Colleen Thoues, IMP.

ALBANIA: Degan Ali, IOM; Eglantina Gjermeni, Tirana Women's Centre;Roberto Laurenti, UNICEF; Frank Ledwidge, OSCE; and Vincent Tournecuillert,Terre des Hommes.

BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA: Jasna Dzumhur, UNHCHR; Jane Gronow,UNICEF; Azra Hasanbegovic, Zene BiH; Yulia Krieger, UNICEF; Lynellyn Long,IOM; Madeleine Rees, UNHCHR; and Sevima Sali-Terzic, IHRLG.

BULGARIA: Antonia Balkanska, Ministry of Justice; Iliana Derilova, IOM;Nadia Kozouhova, Animus/La Strada; Karen Kramer, US Department of State;and Genoveva Tischeva, Bulgarian Gender Research Foundation.

CROATIA: Amy Antoniades, ICMC; and Martina Belic, B.a.B.e.

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: Jana Costachi, Association for Women Lawyers;Lisa Heilbronn, US Embassy; Ana Palancean, La Strada; Mariana Petersel,Save the Children Moldova; and Liuba Revenko, IOM.

FYR MACEDONIA: Marja Nikolovska, IOM; Monique Thormann, UNICEF; andMaja Vorostija, La Strada.

III


IV

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIARepublic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo): Enrico Ponziani, IOM; Gian-lucca Rocco, IOM; and Baerbel Uhl, OSCE.Republic of Montenegro: Anne Grandjean, UNICEF; Dorris Pollet,OSCE; and Gianlucca Rocco, IOM.UN Administered Province of Kosovo: Isabella Castrogiovanni,UNICEF; Shelley Inglis, OSCE; Robin Lerner, OSCE; Ana Eva Radicetti,IOM; and Stacey Mariano Scarpone, UMCOR.

ROMANIA: Alina Bocai, ARAS; Sorina Bumbulut, IOM; Tania Goldner,UNICEF; Dina Loghin, SEF; Madalina Marcoci, Centre for Legal Resources;Iana Matei, Reaching Out; Eduard Pertescu, UNAIDS.

Produced by:

UNICEF Area Office for the Balkans, Belgrade, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;UNHCHR Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, Poland.


V

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABA CEELI American Bar Association Central and Eastern Europe LawInitiative

BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina

CoE Council of Europe

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child

EU European Union

FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

FYR Macedonia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ICMC International Catholic Migration Committee

ICMPD International Committee for Migration Policy Development

IHRLG International Human Rights Law Group

ILO International Labour Organisation

IMP International Migration Policy Programme

IOM International Organisation for Migration

KFOR Kosovo Force

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

NGO Non-governmental organisation

NPA National Plan of Action

ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE)

OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe

SECI Southern European Co-operative Initiative

SEE Southeastern Europe

SPTTF Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings

STI/STD Sexually transmitted infection/disease

UMCOR United Methodist Committee on Relief

UN United Nations

UNAIDS United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNDCCP United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNHCHR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund

UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina


VI


VII

Table of Contents

Table of ContentsAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIIList of Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VTable of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIIIExecutive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV

Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Purpose and structure of the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Definition of trafficking and its interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Statistical data on the number of trafficked persons . . . . . . 44. Situation of women in the countries of origin. . . . . . . . . . . . 55. Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66. Migration and trafficking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77. Prostitution and trafficking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88. Traffickers and trafficking routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) . . . . . 910. Trafficking of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Regional Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131. Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.1. International Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131.2. SEE Regional Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141.3. Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human

Beings (SPTTF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141.4. Southern European Co-operative Initiative (SECI) . . . . . . . .151.5. Regional Conference on Trafficking in Human

Beings and Illegal Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162. International Organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1. Organisation for Security and Co-operationin Europe (OSCE) . .172.2. Council of Europe (CoE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172.3. International Organisation for Migration (IOM) . . . . . . . . . . .182.4. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) . . .182.5. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192.6. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192.7. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) . . . . . . . .202.8. International Labour Organisation (ILO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202.9. International Centre for Migration Policy

Development (ICMPD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202.10. The International Migration Policy Programme (IMP). . . . . . .21

3. Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1. La Strada Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213.2. International Catholic Migration Committee (ICMC) . . . . . . .223.3. Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among

Migrant Prostitutes in Europe (TAMPEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223.4. Save the Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223.5. International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) . . . . . .233.6. Local non-governmental organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Republic of Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251.2. Trafficking of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271.3. Victim assistance: return and reintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . .271.4. HIV/AIDS and STIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281.5. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

2. Current responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29


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2.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs . 302.3. Prevention and raising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4. Victim assistance: return and reintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.5. Law reform and enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. Overview of activities in the Republic of Moldova . . . . . . . . 36

Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371.2. Trafficking of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381.3. Victim assistance: return and reintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.4. HIV/AIDS and STIs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.5. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2. Current responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs . 422.3. Prevention and raising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.4. Victims assistance: return and reintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.5. Law reform and enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3. Overview of activities in Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

1.1. Migration, prostitution, trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.2. Trafficking of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531.3. Victim assistance: return and reintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531.4. HIV/AIDS and STIs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541.5. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2. Current reponses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs . 552.3. Prevention and raising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.4. Victim assistance and support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.5. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3. Overview of activities in Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 651.3. Operation “Macro” – failure of police “rescue” actions. . . . . . 661.4. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671.5. Codes of conduct and their enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

2. Current responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs . 692.3. Prevention and raising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702.4. Victims assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.5. Law enforcement and legal reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3. Overview of activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . 75

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781.2. Trafficking of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781.3. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 781.4. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

2. Current responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .802.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs . 81


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Table of Contents

2.3. Prevention and raising awareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.4. Victim assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.5. Guidelines for a referral mechanism for trafficked

women and children in FRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842.6. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842.7. Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

3. Overview of activities in the FRY Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Republic of Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .871. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .871.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . .881.3. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

2. Current responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892.2. Roles of the government, international

organisations and NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902.3. Prevention and raising of awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902.4. Victims assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912.5. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

3. Overview of activities in the FRY Republic of Montenegro . 94

The UN Administered Province of Kosovo. . . . . . . . . . . .951. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .961.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . .971.3. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

2. Current responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992.1. Co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992.2. Roles of international organisations and NGOs . . . . . . . . . .1002.3. Prevention and raising awareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1012.4. Victim assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1022.5. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

3. Overview of activities in Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. . . . . . . . .1071. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1071.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . .1091.3. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

2. Current responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.1. National Plan of Action and coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1102.2. Roles of international organisations and NGOs . . . . . . . . . .1102.3. Prevention and raising awareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1112.4. Victim assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1122.5. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

3. Overview of activities in FYR Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1171. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1171.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . .1181.3. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

2. Current Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202.1. National Plan of Action and coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1202.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs 1202.3. Prevention and raising awareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1212.4. Victim assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1222.5. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

3. Overview of activities in Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123


X

Table ofContents

Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . 1271.3. HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281.4. Trafficking of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281.5. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

2. Current responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1312.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312.2. Roles of governments, international

organisations and NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322.3. Prevention and raising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332.4. Victim assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342.5. Legal reform and law enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

3. Overview of activities in Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Victim Referral and Assistance System and Gaps Therein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

1. General Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1392. Current Victim Referral and Assistance System. . . . . . . . .139

2.1. Identification and referral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412.2. Assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1432.3. Reintegration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442.4. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1462.5. Summary and concluding observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3. Examples of Good Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1483.1. Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493.2. Assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493.3. Reintegration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503.4. Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

4. Overview of Victim Referal and Assistance and gaps therein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Summary and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531. Roles of Government, international

organisations and NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1531.1. Role of Governments: summary and recommendations . . . 1531.2. Role of international organisations: summary

and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541.3. Role of NGOs: summary and recommendations . . . . . . . . . 156

2. Role of donors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1582.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582.2. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

3. Prevention and raising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1583.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583.2. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

4. Victim’s assistance and support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1604.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604.2. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

5. Legal reform and law enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1625.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625.2. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

6. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1636.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1636.2. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

7. Summary of recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165


XI

List of Tables
List of TablesTABLE 1: SUMMARY OF REGIONAL INITIATIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . 169TABLE 2: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN
THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

TABLE 3: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN ROMANIA . . . 193GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

TABLE 4: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN BULGARIA . . . 205GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

TABLE 5: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

TABLE 6: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE FRY REPUBLIC OF SERBIA (excluding Kosovo) . . . . . . 222

GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

TABLE 7: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE FRY REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

TABLE 8: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN KOSOVO. . . . . 231INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

TABLE 9: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES INFYR MACEDONIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

TABLE 10: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN CROATIA. . . . 242GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

TABLE 11: LIST OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN ALBANIA. . . . 247GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251


XII


XIII

Foreword
ForewordEvery year, tens or even hundreds of thousands of people - most of themwomen and children from less privileged countries - are exploited, sold,tricked and forced into situations of exploitation from which - very often -there is no escape. These people are abused as commodities by a transna-tional criminal industry, which has already generated billions of dollars forcriminal organisations and groupings, which operate practically with impunity.
Human trafficking has become the third biggest criminal business worldwide,after drug trafficking and trafficking of weapons. It has become one of themost lucrative criminal enterprises, which has its own long established crimi-nal industry connected with related activities such as money laundering, drugtrafficking, document forgery, smuggling etc.

Much of this is due to the changes in Europe since 1989, to the opening ofborders, which gave many people freedom and the prospect of a life in peaceand security. The negative outcome of these changes has been profound cri-ses of poverty and the disintegration of political and social structures – inother words a hotbed for organised crime in all its sinister forms.

In Southeastern Europe, the problem of human trafficking is compounded bythe instability of civil societies and the weakened rule of law, which gives morescope to criminal activities and organised crime. As a result, human traffickinghas been expanding dramatically in recent years and has become big business.

The wars and conflicts have changed and caused dramatic shifts in the socialstructure of life. In post war and post conflict areas the bad economic situationmakes especially the female population very vulnerable. Young women try tofind jobs abroad, and may easily become victims of traffickers.

Despite recent positive efforts and developments at national, regional andinternational levels, little has changed for those concerned. The attempts tocome to grips with the problem of human trafficking, have so far been tooth-less and without much success. Despite increased attention at the politicallevel, few States have taken adequate measures to protect individuals fromtrafficking and its related human rights abuses, and to provide effective assis-tance and remedies for trafficked persons, or to prosecute those engaged intrafficking. Far too often, still, the defenceless victims of cynical traffickers areregarded as the perpetrators, and are criminalised and deported before thetrue circumstances are investigated — with no care or support and with noregard for the severe traumas these people frequently suffer. Very oftenhealth care and the basic right to counsel, the service of a translator or theopportunity to sue their employers for damages, are denied.

What is needed is a shift in perspective.

Trafficking in human beings must not be seen primarily or exclusively from theperspective of national security; it must not be viewed merely from the pointof view of national protective interests; it must not be seen only as a fightagainst organised crime and illegal migration. Human trafficking is first andforemost a violation of human rights.

Let me in this context thank UNICEF for updating the Inventory of the Traf-ficking Situation in Southeastern Europe and of anti-trafficking measures in


XIV

Foreword
the region, first published in 2000, and thus providing those responsible withan extremely important and effective tool in the successful fight against traf-ficking in human beings. My special thanks go to the woman who has takenon this difficult and sensitive task and carried it out with maximum circum-spection, expertise and personal commitment - Ms Barbara Limanowska. Lastbut not least, I should like to express my gratitude to all those whose financial,organisational and moral support has made it possible to carry out this projectwithin the framework of the Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe and itsTask Force on Trafficking in Human Beings: OSCE/Office for Democratic Insti-tutions and Human Rights, UN Office of the High Commissioner for HumanRights and UNICEF.
Helga Konrad

Chair of the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings


XV

Executive Summary
Executive Summary
This report reviews the situation and responses to trafficking in human beingsin the countries of Southeastern Europe (SEE): Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Moldova and Romania. These are the countries of ori-gin, transit and destination for the trafficking of women and girls for the pur-pose of sexual exploitation. Children are also trafficked from Albania intoGreece and Italy for the purpose of forced labour.

Ninety percent of foreign migrant sex workers in the Balkan countries are vic-tims of trafficking. However not more than thirty five percent are recognizedas such and only fraction (seven percent) of this number receive long termassistance and support. In general, trafficking is viewed as an issue of migra-tion or national security and not as a human rights violation, and as a conse-quence, the victims of trafficking in majority of cases are not recognized assuch and are treated as criminals.

Since September 2000, there has been a major change in attitude and in thelevel of the government involvement in counter-trafficking activities. Fromhaving denied the existence of trafficking, governments are now giving prior-ity to anti-trafficking initiatives and assigning responsibilities at ministeriallevel. The establishment of the Trafficking Task Force under the Stability Pactfor SEE has served to provide the much needed overall co-ordination andguidance for anti-trafficking activities in SEE. Within this framework, the gov-ernments have developed National Plans of Action, which allow a structured,comprehensive approach to the problem, and the involvement of internationalagencies and NGOs, as well as a willingness to co-operate and exchange infor-mation at regional level.

Southeastern Europe


XVI

ExecutiveSummary

The report reveals a number of areas where there are obstacles to the provi-sion of protection and support for trafficked women and children. Althoughmost SEE countries are in the process of reviewing their legislation to includetrafficking in human beings in their Criminal Codes, trafficking continues to beviewed by the police and the judiciary as illegal migration for the purposes ofprostitution, rather than a flagrant violation of human rights.

Support services for trafficked persons are provided by international agenciesand national non-governmental organisations. There are, however, no clearhuman right standards for the treatment of trafficked women and children, noreferral mechanisms in place to ensure that all trafficked persons are identifiedand assisted. There are no standard protocols for the behaviour of the lawenforcement agencies, international organisations and NGOs providing iden-tification, referral and assistance. Lack of special procedures and special pro-tections for children has resulted in the authorities and assisting organisationstreating girls under 18 as adults. Many trafficked women and children are fall-ing back into the trafficking cycle due to gaps in service and support provisionboth in the destination country and the country of origin.

Access to reliable data and research is also problematic, particularly to infor-mation regarding the trafficking of children. More accurate information isneeded to assist in the development of appropriate responses. Generally,there are not enough prevention measures focusing on the root causes of traf-ficking, not enough activities to raise awareness, and in particular, access tohealth and reproductive health care and education for high risk groups isalmost non-existent. Neither are there any information or education cam-paigns regarding safe sex, safe drug use and HIV/AIDS for either sex workersor customers.

The report presents a number of areas of action for consideration by govern-ments, NGOs, international organisations and donors for more effective solu-tions at regional and national levels.


1

Introduction and Overview
Introduction and
Overview1. Purpose and structure of the reportThis report aims to map out the situation regarding trafficking in humanbeings in Southeastern Europe (SEE), and to provide an inventory of theactors and responses for combating trafficking at the regional, national andsub-national levels. The report covers the countries of Moldova, Romania, Bul-garia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia,Montenegro and Kosovo), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Croatiaand Albania, and focuses on trafficking in women and girls for the purpose ofsexual exploitation, as the most prevailing form of trafficking in the Balkanregion. The report also includes an overview of trafficking in children fromAlbania for forced labour.1

In August 2000, UNICEF prepared a report “Trafficking in Human Beings inSouth Eastern Europe (SEE): an Inventory of the Current Situation andResponses to Trafficking in Human Beings in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Former Yugoslav Republicof Macedonia”2 providing a summary of the situation in each of these coun-tries. The original purpose of the current report was to update the 2000 reportand expand it to include significant “countries of origin” for trafficking inwomen and children in SEE – Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria. In the processof researching and preparing this update, it became apparent that there havebeen many systematic developments in terms of responses and activities tocombat trafficking in the past year and a half, and that the emerging anti-tra-fficking “system” warrants some evaluation. Consequently, the report pre-sents an analysis of the current referral and assistance system for traffickedwomen and children in the region and makes recommendations on a selectionof the priorities to be addressed.

There are a significant number of initiatives on trafficking being taken acrossthe SEE region, so that this report does not necessarily represent a fully com-prehensive list of all activities taking place. The aim is to provide a frameworkfor updating and mapping activities, and to serve as a useful tool for moreeffective co-ordination of efforts to combat trafficking in human beings. Forthis purpose, the report also includes lists and contacts for the principal gov-ernmental, international, inter-governmental and non-governmental organi-sations (NGOs) that address trafficking in human beings in each country.

For each country, this report gives an overview of the situation, and presentsactions taken by the governmental and intergovernmental institutions, as wellas international and local NGOs in the field of anti-trafficking initiatives. The

1. “Trafficking in human beings affects everyone, women, men girls and boys. Nonetheless according to available evidence (in the Balkans), the majority of trafficked persons are women and girls. The gender-dimension of the crime and human rights violation named “trafficking in human beings” is, to a great extent, facilitated by the feminization of poverty and other violations of the economic and social rights of women and girls. This is especially true in countries of transition and post-conflict areas.” Please see: Angelika Kartusch, ”Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review”. Ludwig Botzmann Institute of Human Rights and OSCE/ODIHR, September 2001, page 6.

2. “Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern Europe (SEE). An Inventory of the Current Situation and Responses to Trafficking in Human Beings in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, report by Jane Gronow, UNICEF, Area Office for the Balkans, 15 August 2000.


2

Introductionand Overview

overview for each country summarises the trafficking situation under the fol-lowing headings:

1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking;2. Identification, referral and assistance of trafficked women and chil-

dren;3. Prosecution.

Child trafficking and HIV/AIDS are highlighted where such information is avail-able.

Responses and activities in each country are summarised under the followingheadings which are derived from the model National Plan of Action developedby the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings3:

1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination;2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs;3. Prevention and raising of awareness;4. Victim assistance (including return and reintegration);5. Legal reform and law enforcement.

2. Definition of trafficking and its interpretationThe definition used in this report is contained in the UN Protocol to Prevent,Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children,which supplements the UN Convention on Transnational Organised Crimeadopted by the UN General Assembly in November 2000. The Convention andits two protocols4 (herewith referred to as the Palermo Convention and Proto-cols) were signed by all the countries in Southeastern Europe in December2000 at a high-level conference in Palermo, Italy:

a. “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation,transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or useof force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of decep-tion, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of thegiving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent ofa person having control over another person, for the purpose ofexploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploita-tion of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation,forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, ser-vitude or the removal of organs;

b. The consent of the victim of trafficking in persons to the intendedexploitation set forth in the subparagraph (a) of this article shall beirrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) havebeen used;

c. The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of achild for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered “trafficking inpersons” even if this does not involve any of the means set forth insubparagraph (a) of this article;

d. “Child” shall mean any person under 18 years of age.5

3. The Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings developed a Regional Plan of Action as a model for National Plans of Action for the countries of the region. The major areas of concern according to the model, are research and assessment, raising of awareness and prevention – addressing social and economic causes, victim assistance and support, return and reintegration assistance, law reform, law enforcement, international law enforcement, co-operation and co-ordination. See: http://www.osce.org/odihr/attf/index.php3?sc=Action_Plan

4. “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children” and “Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air”. For the text of the Convention see: www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions.

5. UN A/55/383, 2 November 2000: “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children”, Article 3a.


3


The Trafficking and Smuggling Protocols make a distinction between traffickedpersons and smuggled migrants, defining migrant smuggling as “the procure-ment, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other materialbenefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State party of which the personis not a national or a permanent resident”6. In principle, the smuggling of per-sons constitutes an illegal border crossing and is therefore a violation againstthe state. In contrast, trafficking in human beings is a violation of the rightsof the individual, so that the victims of the crime are the trafficked personsthemselves. Therefore the term “victim” is used throughout the anti-traffick-ing protocol whereas it is not mentioned in the protocol against smuggling.7

However, it is important to note that this distinction is less clear on the groundwhere there is considerable movement and overlapping between the two cat-egories. This is reflected in the data and information which was collected fromvarious sources in the field during research for this report, including govern-ments, international agencies and NGOs. These sources did not always referdirectly to trafficking, as defined in the UN protocol, but instead referred to:

• The number and/or situation of illegal female migrants;• The number and/or situation of female migrants working in the sex

industry;• The number of girls deported to their country of origin;• The number of women and girls assisted in returning to their country

of origin;• The number of women not allowed to cross a border for various rea-

sons;• The number of smuggled women or women trying to cross a border

without valid documents;• Factors influencing women’s decisions to migrate;• Groups of women willing or determined to migrate.

The following observations can be made:1. There is no general understanding or acceptance of the definition of

trafficking among the institutions and persons involved in and respon-sible for anti-trafficking work on the ground. Sometimes, there is a ten-dency to label all the situations in which young women are willing tomigrate or female migrants are involved as “trafficking”, especiallywhen the women work or are willing to work in the sex industry. On theother hand, situations of internal trafficking – without crossing interna-tional borders - are generally ignored. Governments hardly evenacknowledge trafficking of children for forced labour as trafficking;

2. Some of the collected data and information are not fully reliable andrelate to actions taken against illegal migrants, rather than to traffick-ing;

3. Actions against trafficking are often understood as anti-migrationactions by state authorities, aiming to suppress the migration ofwomen. Therefore, women are seen as illegal migrants and are tar-geted as such in the first place, while prosecution of traffickers andassistance for the victims of trafficking are not priorities;

4. The situation is unclear for women working in the sex industry inplaces controlled by organised crime groups, where the women do notearn any money and their freedom of movement is restricted. Thesewomen often do not consider themselves trafficked persons, althoughthey are classified as such under the Trafficking Protocol.

6. Ibid. Smuggling Protocol, Art.3a.7. Please compare: Conference Report “Europe against Trafficking in Persons”, Berlin, 15-16.

Oct.2001. OSCE, 2001, p. 103.


4


The main focus of the Palermo Convention and its Protocols is on law enforce-ment and organised crime. The Trafficking Protocol determines that traffickedpersons are to be granted protection additional to that accorded to smuggledmigrants. “Unfortunately, there is little guidance in either instrument regard-ing how the identification process is to be undertaken and by whom. This isespecially important because identifying an individual as a trafficked personcarries different responsibilities for a State party than is the case if that personis identified as a smuggled migrant. It is hoped that States parties will addresssuch issues in the near future.”8. One of the aims of this report is to assesshow the obligations are translated into actions and to identify major issuesand gaps of implementation on the ground from the human rights perspective.

3. Statistical data on the number of trafficked personsAccess to reliable data on the number of trafficked persons is not possible. Allgeneral assessments are hard to verify and vary according to the context andsource of information. Governments, international agencies and NGOs providedifferent kind of data, which is often not comparable.

For example, according to US State Department estimates, “at least 700,000persons, especially women and children, are trafficked each year across inter-national borders. Some observers estimate that the number may be signifi-cantly higher.”9 According to the Swedish NGO, Kvinna Till Kvinna “Estimated500,000 women from over the world are trafficked each year into WesternEurope alone. A large proportion of these come from the former Soviet Unioncountries.”10 The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) states that“In 1997, an estimated 175,000 women and girls were trafficked from Centraland Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States.”11 Recent IOM figuresshow that “120,000 women and children are being trafficked into theEuropean Union each year, mostly though the Balkans.” And “10,000 womenmostly from Moldova, Romania and Ukraine are working in the country(Bosnia and Herzegovina [BiH]) sex trade.”12

However it is difficult to verify these figures with the information from partic-ular regions or countries. For example, the data provided by IOM about traf-ficked women who were assisted to return from BiH to their countries of originin the year 2000 (approximately 180) does not reflect any percentage or pro-portion of the total number of trafficked women and girls in BiH. Rather, thisreflects the joint actions of the local police and the International Police TaskForce (IPTF), who refer to IOM women and girls detained during raids, whomthey have determined to be trafficked during interviews immediately followingthe raids. In 2000, 80 percent of all such raids took place in December, andtherefore IOM statistics for 2000 reflect mostly the number of women and girlsIPTF referred to IOM during that one month. As such, the information does notsay anything about the real number of trafficked women and interventionsduring 2000.

8. “Smuggling and trafficking in persons and the protection of their human rights”, Note by the Secretary-General, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/26, 5 July 2001, p.3.

9. U.S. Department of State, Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report (2001), p.1.

10. “Crossing Borders Against Trafficking in Women and Girls. A Resource Book for Working Against Trafficking in the Baltic Sea Region”. Kvinnaforum, Stockholm, November 1999, p.1.

11. Bureau of Intelligence and Research, United States Department of State “Global Trafficking in Women and Children: Assessing the Magnitude”, March 1998. Cited by: Trafficking in Human Beings: Implication for the OSCE. OSCE Review Conference September 1999. ODIHR Background Paper 1999/3. ODCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, Poland, p.5.

12. Ian Burrell, “From the Balkans to brothels in Soho”. The Independent, 21 January 2002.


5


To complicate the situation, the number of women and girls referred by IPTFto IOM reflects only a very small percentage of the women found during raids.For example, according to the weekly security situation reports from the UNMission in BiH (UNMIBH) for November 2001, the local police and IPTF raided10 bars and nightclubs, where they found 39 foreign women, of whom onlyeight requested assistance from IPTF. Moreover, in one week 18-24 February2002, four bars were raided and 48 women found, out of whom only tworequested assistance.

As mentioned above, it is also difficult to distinguish between data on traffick-ing, illegal migration, migrant sex workers, illegal border crossing, etc. Thestatistical data collected by the police and border police is often neither gendernor age segregated. Additionally, these statistics are used for various politicalpurposes – for example, prevention of trafficking is used as an argument forrefusing young women entry to a country or for refusing to issue them a visa,and then, in the police statistics, these cases are relabelled as successfulcases of rescuing “victims of trafficking”.

In particular there is little reliable information regarding trafficked children.Girls under 18 working in the sex industry often pass as adults, especiallywhen they do not have documents or use false papers. Information about childtrafficking for organs is only anecdotal – there is no evidence, no witnessesand no data that could positively confirm its existence. Data on trafficking ofchildren for begging and labour are sparse and information on internal traf-ficking is almost completely absent.

There is almost no information about the traffickers themselves. The lack oflegislation, in almost all the countries, which would allow the perpetrators to beprosecuted directly for the crime of trafficking, has led to a situation wherebyeven the most obvious cases of trafficking are not prosecuted as such.

This report will try to inform clearly about the character of the data obtained.Information on the number of trafficked persons, female migrants or womenworking in the sex industry will be limited to concrete cases with which therelevant agencies have had direct contact, for example the number of illegalmigrants stopped by border police, sex workers in certain areas, or traffickedpersons who have been given assistance.

4. Situation of women in the countries of originMost countries in the region have experienced severe economic and socialdecline. Unemployment, inflation, income differentials and poverty haveincreased. As a result of conflict and economic change, living conditions andaccess to services have all deteriorated. The combined effects of transitionfrom conflict to post conflict situations, the presence of the international com-munity and peace keeping forces, and the transition from state to marketeconomies have brought a greater diversification of economic status andsocial position, as well as new social phenomena. Lack of the rule of law anddifficult economic situations have allowed black market economies to flourish.Smuggling of goods, arms and people, corruption of state employees, organi-sed crime groups and acceptance of illegal ways to earn money, as well asunregulated migration, have become the new norm.

The new situation has also had a special impact on women. The reality of thepost conflict situation and economic transition have weakened the position ofwomen in the labour market, causing more women to be unemployed and thefeminisation of poverty, which in turn has resulted in increased migrationespecially among younger women.


6


The root causes of migration and vulnerability to trafficking include not onlythe weak economic situation of women but also discrimination against themin their countries of origin. Discrimination against women in the labour mar-ket, growing unemployment among women, lower wages, lack of skills andtraining – essentially, the feminisation of poverty - all these factors contributeto the growing number of young women willing to take their chances bysearching for opportunities and a better life in the West.

Another factor is the changing pattern of family life with more single motherstaking responsibility for their children. More women are becoming the onlybreadwinner in families where the men have become unemployed and are notable to find a job as a result of the process of transition. A growing trend inthe region is for women to take responsibility for the survival of the wholefamily and to look for new sources of income. For example, women run 80 per-cent of small businesses in Moldova and it is mainly women who engage incross-border trade between Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey and selltheir produce on the streets and in the markets of Bucharest, Sofia and Chi-sinau.

At the same time, as in other Central and Eastern European countries witheconomies in transition, the social, and political situation of women is deteri-orating. Violence against women, the contradiction between their lowly posi-tion in the family and their responsibility for the family well being, their lackof influence in public/political life and their exclusion from decision-makingprocesses, are increasing trends.

Another factor encouraging migration is access to the West, which offers notonly economic prosperity and consumerism, but also its different lifestyles,which give more opportunities to women.

5. MigrationEconomic hardship and the prevailing traditional role of women in society andfamily are among the major factors behind young women’s desire to look fora better life elsewhere though migration. As yet, no policies have been devel-oped to ensure the inclusion of women in the economic, political and socialtransition. Rather, the fall back position for women is the pre-communist tra-ditional role in society. Women are relegated to the private sphere of the fam-ily and largely excluded from public life. At the same time, more contacts andinformation from Western countries have increased awareness among the newgeneration of young women of a possible alternative lifestyle. This awareness,however, is largely based on movies, radio and advertisements in the massmedia, which promise a Western paradise of not only freedom and personalfulfilment but also of economic welfare. This misconception creates falseexpectations to lure young women.

There is an obvious connection between the desire to migrate, the financialand visa obstacles, and the need for assistance and consequent dependenceon intermediaries in the process of migration. However, these factors are alsorelated to illegal migration and not solely to trafficking.

The factors prompting migration are a deteriorating economic situation and alack of opportunities in the country of origin, the perception that work abroadis the only chance of survival or economic independence, and knowledgeabout existing possibilities and patterns of migration. Illegal migration occurswhen there are obstacles to migration. These usually include financial or pass-port/visa issues, the need for assistance in arranging or buying these docu-ments, organising transportation and securing a job and a place to stay


7


abroad. Corruption of local authorities and the presence of organised criminalgroups servicing illegal migrants assist the process.

Women form a substantial proportion of migrants from SEE countries and theirmigration has consequences recognized by society and by the women them-selves. With the growing wave of migration there are enough positive exam-ples within a local community or a family for an increasing number of womento decide to take their chance to support their immediate or wider family eco-nomically, to obtain an independent position within the family, to have a betterchance in the local labour market on return, and to earn money to start theirown business. In addition to the economic considerations, there are also socialadvantages such as bringing back the knowledge and experience gainedabroad, and introducing new models of family life, including a refusal to toler-ate family violence.

One has to remember that the majority of young women who decide to migratedo not become victims of trafficking. On the contrary, they are able to achievetheir goals and they gain comparatively more than male migrants, not so muchin terms of money but in status and position back home. Although their wagesare lower than those of male migrants and they usually work in non-regulatedareas of the economy (household work, taking care of old people, work onfarms, in hotels and restaurants, the sex industry) where they lack securityand are vulnerable to abuse, nevertheless, women are often able to improvethe economic condition of their family and their own position within it.13

6. Migration and traffickingThere are a wide variety of factors, which contribute to the phenomenon oftrafficking. Within the context of restrictive migration regimes, these factorsmay include the lack of financial resources to use safe, even if illegal, channelsfor migration – to buy passports and visas and to pay for transportation – thelack of contacts and support abroad, unrealistic expectations and false infor-mation about work opportunities abroad. These factors may be combined witha low level of education and lack of skills and a willingness to depend on inter-mediaries who promise to arrange safe passage and a job in exchange for partof the future wages.

In some cases, there are also situations of forced migration, when traffickershave a contract with the family and a girl or a woman is taken abroad to earnback the money lent to the family, or a woman is kidnapped and taken overthe border by force. However, such cases of forced migration are rare – thereare enough young women sufficiently desperate and willing to take theirchances with traffickers.

The conditions leading to trafficking are highlighted in a number of researchstudies carried out in the countries of origin and have been mentioned repeat-edly by NGOs working with trafficked persons. These include a lack of knowl-edge about and contacts in the West. Trafficked persons have often neverbeen abroad before. Other common conditions are a lack of work opportuni-ties, a lack of education and exposure to violence at home or in a stateinstitution. One study in Romania showed that women living on their own areless likely to be trafficked than those who live with their relatives, especiallyif the family is dysfunctional.14

13. Information gained during interviews with the representatives of local NGOs in Moldova, June 2001.

14. “Vulnerability to Trafficking in Human Beings of Young Female population in Romania” – Main Findings of the Sociological Research, IOM Office in Romania, July 2001, p.5-6.


8


In conclusion, while poor economic conditions and the uncertain social andpolitical situation of the countries in transition are the main factors persuadingmigrants to seek a better life abroad, restrictive migration regimes combinedwith discrimination against women, lack of even basic economic resources andlack of information about and exposure to the West, are additional factorsmaking women and girls vulnerable to trafficking.

7. Prostitution and traffickingTrafficking of women and girls for the sex industry is a significant part of traf-ficking in human beings. In the Balkans, due to the difficult economic situationand lack of employment, the sex industry is the only known area of work forwomen and adolescent girls trafficked from other countries.

Women who work in the sex industry in their home country are much morevulnerable to being trafficked. Some of the women working as prostitutesdecide voluntarily to migrate and work abroad but the majority are trafficked.The prostitution markets in Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania have a similar pat-tern; local prostitution is controlled almost entirely by pimps and is based ona system of internal trafficking. Prostitution is located in big cities, in coastalresorts during the summer, and in border areas. Women working in the sexindustry in these areas come from the poorest parts of their countries. Theywork for pimps, are moved from place to place, sold to other pimps or kid-napped by them. In the process, some are trafficked abroad.

The growing market for prostitution is one of the side effects of the progres-sion from conflict to post-conflict and transition in all SEE countries. The inter-national market for sex services as well as local demand has expanded,particularly in countries where there is a large international presence. Womenfrom the poorer countries in the region provide a constant supply of cheaplabour. There is a well-organised trafficking system, operated by organisedcriminal groups, aided and abetted by corrupt local authorities and a lack oflegal provision against trafficking (or difficulties with the implementation ofthe existing regulations) in most of the countries. Poorly functioning legal andlaw enforcement systems make trafficking less risky for perpetrators in SEEthan in the EU countries, even if not as profitable. This low risk and high profitare combined with a large demand for sexual services, created in part by theinternational community based in the Balkans.

Due to political and military instability, the presence of the international com-munity, including the peace keeping forces, the deficient legislation and cor-ruption at local authority level, the countries of the former Yugoslavia havebecome a very attractive destination for trafficking women and girls into thesex industry. The major countries of destination in SEE are BiH, FRY (particu-larly the UN administered Province of Kosovo) and FYR Macedonia. It is inter-esting to note that Croatia, in which the economic situation is relatively betterand where there is no large international presence, does not appear to be amajor country of origin or destination for trafficked women and children.

Since prostitution is illegal in SEE, except in Bulgaria and FYR Macedonia, thethreat of being exposed as a prostitute, i.e. being involved in an illegal activity,in the country of destination, next to the fear of violence and debt and beingin the country illegally, are the most effective means of control used by thetraffickers. These are also the major reasons why women do not try to contactthe authorities. Corruption of the local police and other authorities and theirlinks with the traffickers is another reason. There is anecdotal informationabout women who after a raid on a sex club in Sarajevo and an arrest, werehanded back to the traffickers by the police, before IOM was informed about


9


the action. There is also information about Bulgarian border police who firsttook money from women to take them safely back to Bulgaria only to deliverthem back to the traffickers for additional money. Stories about local andinternational police frequenting bars, using the services of women and beingon good terms with the owners and traffickers are legion.

8. Traffickers and trafficking routesFrom the information gathered from trafficked women, it appears that themajority of traffickers are men. There are, however, a growing number ofwomen, including those who used to work as prostitutes, who travelled abroadseveral times themselves and in the process started recruiting other women.Traffickers work as part of an organised network and are well aware of therisks and gains connected with their activity. There are no reliable estimatesabout the traffickers’ profits, although, reportedly, the price of one woman onthe market in Timisoara, Romania, is approximately US$50-US$200, and theprice in the country of destination will be ten times higher. A study made by aBosnian NGO LARA states that the average monthly income from prostitutionfor the owner of a nightclub that employs five women is US$10,000 mini-mum.15

The trafficking routes run from Moldova, Ukraine and other former SovietRepublics - the main countries of origin - via Romania, which is also one of themajor countries of origin, and Bulgaria to the countries of the former Yugosla-via, Italy, Turkey, Greece and Western Europe. Women usually cross bordersin groups, organised by traffickers, usually using mixed channels, legal andillegal. Corruption of the border police in transit countries, who co-operatewith the traffickers, and indirectly with criminal groups operating at the bor-der, is reportedly commonplace rather than the exception.

9. HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)Across SEE, trafficking for the purpose of sex work and HIV/AIDS areconnected to a vast number of transition and development issues: conflict;poverty; social inequality; migration; refugee and internally displaced status;gender; domestic violence; labour and employment; legal issues; education;rights and health. As a large number of people in this region are unemployedor living below the poverty line, the population is highly mobile as people seekopportunities to improve their living conditions.

There are no estimates about how many trafficked women are currently HIVpositive and how many more are at risk of contracting the disease. At present,awareness on trafficking and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in the arena of preven-tion, protection, recovery, repatriation, reintegration, care and support is notpresent either in the countries of origin or destination. There are very feweducation or information campaigns targeting either sex workers or clientsregarding safe sex or harm minimisation for intravenous drug use.

The health issues surrounding trafficking and prostitution are at present notreally being acknowledged or addressed. The main areas of concern for traf-ficked women and girls are reproductive and general health, the use of andaccess to barrier and other forms of contraception, access to counselling andsupport on reproductive health, pre- and post-abortion counselling, and theeffects of physical violence and STIs, including HIV/AIDS.

15. “Trafficking of Women as organised Crime”, Conference Materials prepared by LARA, Bjielina, 28-29 September, 2001.


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Across the SEE region, authorities are only beginning to mobilise with regardsto HIV/AIDS. Experience in other regions of the world demonstrates theextremely high vulnerability of trafficked women and children to HIV/AIDSand STIs, which in turn places the users and their families and communitiesat risk of infection. Typically, trafficked women working in the sex industry donot have access to health care and many report having to continue workingdespite health problems, including STIs. The non-compliance of clients in theuse of condoms increases the risk of infection.

In all the countries of the region, as part of the assistance offered by IOM totrafficked women who are returning or returned back home, there is the pos-sibility of having HIV/AIDS and STI tests on a voluntary basis (the tests areonly not available in Kosovo). According to IOM not all women are willing tohave the HIV/AIDS test (the percentage of women doing the tests variesdepending on the country from 20 to 80 percent). To date, there have onlybeen a few cases of women who went through the IOM programmes of return,had HIV/AIDS test and tested positive. In some countries, the shelter staff donot encourage women to have the test as they cannot guarantee confidenti-ality of the results.16

STI tests, which are often positive, are not usually followed up with the propertreatment. As the treatment lasts approximately two weeks and women whoawait repatriation with assistance of IOM usually only stay in the shelter for ashorter period of time, the treatment is not completed. After return to thecountries of origin, only a small group of women have proper treatment whilethey are in contact with the supporting organisation. The only exception in theregion is Moldova, where the IOM programme offers the opportunity for aproper medical check up and treatment upon return.

Numerous governmental and non-governmental agencies and UN Agencies,e.g. the Stability Pact for SEE, the Council of Europe, UNICEF, UNHCHR, OSCE,IOM etc. have begun to address the issues of trafficking in women and chil-dren. This has helped to give these challenges a better profile and begun toplace them on regional and national agendas, e.g. Stability Pact Task Force onTrafficking and National Plans of Action on trafficking and HIV/AIDS. Aware-ness of trafficking and HIV/AIDS issues have, however, not taken root andmore work is needed to understand the interrelated nature of the problem andtherefore the most appropriate response.

10. Trafficking of children

There is no reliable information or data on trafficking of children. Although thescale of the traffic in children is unclear, information from across the regionsuggests that a growing number of children under 18, especially adolescentgirls, are being trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forcedlabour. In general, the trafficking of children in SEE falls into two categories:1) trafficking of young children under 12 (girls and boys) for begging; and 2)trafficking of teenage girls for sexual exploitation.

A distinction needs to be made between the trafficking of young children(under twelve) for begging, organs, adoption, prostitution, pornography andthe trafficking of adolescent girls for prostitution. There is no evidence for theexistence of a special market for the sexual services of children or for virginsin SEE, as is the case in other parts of the world in connection with the fear ofHIV/AIDS. There is evidence that young children, both girls and boys, are traf-

16. Interview with Lynellyn Long, IOM Office in BiH, 19 December 2001.


11


ficked for forced labour particularly from Albania into Greece and Italy. NGOsestimate that over 2,000 Albanian children have been trafficked to Greece.The increasing number of children, mostly Roma, begging on the streets in allSEE countries is a cause for concern and warrants investigation, particularlyin relation to internal trafficking.

NGOs working with trafficked persons and with sex workers estimate thatunderage prostitutes comprise approximately 10-30 percent of all sex work-ers. About 10-15 percent of the trafficked persons whom IOM has assisted toreturn home from the Balkan countries, are girls under the age of 18. Savethe Children estimates that up to 80 percent of all trafficked persons fromAlbania are teenage girls under 18.17

The underlying socio-economic causes of migration and factors that increasevulnerability to trafficking are the same for teenage girls as for older youngwomen. These include poverty, gender-based discrimination and violence,lack of jobs and restrictive migration regimes. Underage girls, especially fromdysfunctional families and from institutions, are therefore also becoming vic-tims of trafficking. The distinction that can be made between this group andyoung children trafficked for begging is that teenage girls are being traffickednot because they are children, but because they are female. Often they passfor adults and have false documents, but being younger increases their vul-nerability to exploitation and abuse.

There is, however, no evidence of boys being trafficked for prostitution,although there are rumours and anecdotal reports of trafficking in boys for theWestern European male prostitution and pornography market, and of childrenfor organ transplants. Apart from the existence of a very few reports andnewspaper articles, there is no concrete information or data available to sub-stantiate these claims. However, the experience of UNICEF in other parts ofthe world demonstrates the vulnerability of both boys and girls to traffickingfor the purposes of sexual exploitation and child pornography.

There is some information from Moldova that trafficking of children for illegaladoption is reportedly widespread and children coming from big families fromthe countryside and children of parents who have migrated are offered foradoption. There is some anecdotal, but not confirmed information about trafficin children for organs.

Despite the signature and ratification of the Convention on the Rights of theChild (CRC), by all countries in SEE, there are no special legal regimes, specialprotections or special treatment for trafficked children. Children under 12 insome countries of destination, including FYR Macedonia, Greece and Italy, areplaced in orphanages while they await organised return. Older children aretreated as illegal migrants and criminals, and face prosecution, imprisonmentand deportation from the countries in which they were arrested.

17. Daniel Renton, “ Child Trafficking in Albania”. Save the Children, Tirana 2001, p.9.


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13

Regional Initiatives
Regional
Initiatives18Although trafficking is not a new problem in the Southeastern Europe (SEE)region, the development of comprehensive policies, regional initiatives andresponses have been relatively recent. Before the year 2000, some NGOs andinternational organisations were responding to the situation on the ground,but there was no institutional or co-ordinated approach to the problem. Sincethe adoption of the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime andits protocols, and the establishment of the Stability Pact Trafficking Task Forcein Human Beings (SPTTF) in September 2000, an institutional framework foranti-trafficking action has been created, and in 2001 a significant number ofregional initiatives were undertaken which influenced policy development andactivities in the countries of SEE.

The effectiveness of most of these initiatives cannot yet be fully evaluated,since most of them are recent or not yet fully developed, and many have yetto be translated into concrete actions. All the countries in the region agree onthe importance of an integrated approach to trafficking and are working ondeveloping operational structures which can effectively combat trafficking, butthey are all also struggling with a lack of financial resources to make the struc-tures work.

1. Governments

1.1. International Conventions

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination AgainstWomen (CEDAW) is binding and has been ratified by all SEE countries. Stateparties to CEDAW are obliged to “take all appropriate measures, including leg-islation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women”.19 The Convention on theRights of the Child (CRC), ratified by all the Stability Pact countries, requiresstate parties to combat trafficking in children.20 The recently adopted optionalprotocol to CRC requires state parties to combat the sale of children.21 TheInternational Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 182 on the WorstForms of Child Labour requires the elimination of “all forms of slavery or prac-tices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt bond-age and serfdom and forced and compulsory labour, including forced andcompulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict”.22

All the countries of SEE - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Bulgaria,Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), the Former Yugoslav Repub-lic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Moldova,Romania and Slovenia – and Turkey and Ukraine signed the UN Convention

18. For a more comprehensive summary and contacts, see Table: Summary of regional initiatives, p. 161.

19. CEDAW, UN GA Res 34/180, 18 December 1979 (Art. 6). The optional protocol to CEDAW has been ratified by Croatia and signed by BiH, Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia and Romania.

20. CRC, UN GA Res 44/25, 20 November 1989 (Art. 34 and 35).21. 2000 Optional Protocol to the CRC on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child

pornography, UN GA Res 54/263, 25 May 2000 (not yet in force).22. ILO Convention No.182 (Art. 3a), ratified by Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania. ILO Convention

No. 29 concerning forced labour (Art 1 and 4) ratified by all Stability Pact countries. ILO Convention No. 105 concerning the abolition of forced labour (Art. 1 and 2) ratified by all SP countries except FYR Macedonia and FRY .

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RegionalInitiatives

against Transnational Organised Crime and its two additional protocols23 on13 December 2000 in Palermo. According to the Trafficking Protocol, all gov-ernments are obliged to elaborate a National Plan to prevent, suppress andpunish trafficking in persons. On the margins of the signing ceremony of thePalermo Convention the governments of SEE met in the first ministerial meet-ing of the SPTTF and committed themselves to appoint National Co-ordinatorsand to elaborate National Plans of Action to combat trafficking in humanbeings.24

To date, only FRY (excluding Kosovo) have ratified the Convention and its pro-tocols. BiH is in the process of ratification.

The early signature of the UN Crime Convention (Palermo Convention) and itsProtocols by all the countries of the region, shows their commitment to com-bat trafficking in human beings. However, it is difficult to estimate the effec-tiveness of the new measures or the way in which they will be implemented,as the process of creating regional and national structures has only juststarted.

1.2. SEE Regional Agreements

Within the framework of the Stability Pact Working Table III initiatives, thegovernments of the SEE countries have signed a number of co-operationagreements. In December 2000, all SEE countries signed the Palermo Anti-Trafficking Declaration of South Eastern Europe.25 By signing the Anti-Traf-ficking Declaration ministers committed their countries to implement effectiveprogrammes for prevention, victim assistance and protection, law enforce-ment, legislative reform and prosecution of traffickers. They also acknowl-edged the need for programmes to raise awareness, for training, and for co-operation and co-ordination among border officials, police judges, prosecutorsand consular personnel. They agreed to meet once a year to exchange infor-mation on trafficking in human beings and the progress made in combating it.

In May 1999, Albania, BiH, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, FYR Macedonia, Mold-ova, Romania and Turkey signed an Agreement of Co-operation to Prevent andCombat Trans-border Crime (the Southern European Cooperative Initiative[SECI] Agreement).26 Croatia signed the document on 13 November 1999and Slovenia on 29 August 2000. The SECI Agreement entered into force inFebruary 2000.

At the second SPTTF Ministerial Meeting in Zagreb in November 2001, the gov-ernments of SEE committed themselves to establishing an informationexchange mechanism.

1.3. Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings (SPTTF)

The Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe’s “Task Force on Trafficking inHuman Beings” was launched in September 2000 under Working Table III onSecurity Issues, sub-table on Justice and Home Affairs, The Austrian Chair-manship of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)seconded Minister Helga Konrad as the first chairperson. The governments of

23. See: http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/conventions.html. The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons and the UN Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea were presented in Palermo. A third protocol against the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms was only opened for signature in June 2001.

24. See: http://www.osce.org/odihr/attf/attf_pd.pdf25. See: http://www.legislationline.org/intstandard.php?StandardID=63 26. See: http://www.unece.org/seci/crime/agreemnt.htm


15


the SEE countries, donors, international agencies (including OSCE, the Councilof Europe, IOM, UN High Commission for Human Rights (UNHCHR) and UNChildren’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and international and national NGOs areall active members of the Task Force. The Task Force provides a regional forumfor co-ordination and has developed a comprehensive regional strategicframework for anti-trafficking efforts in the region. Priority areas identified foraction are prevention, raising awareness, victim protection, return and rein-tegration, legislative reform, and law enforcement co-operation, training andexchange of information.27 International organisations form an expert “TaskForce Co-ordination Group” addressing the priority areas of concern (focalpoints) as listed below. These organisations serve as an advisory board to theSPPTF Chair and hence meet regularly.

Prevention – UNHCHR and ILO;Raising of awareness – UNICEF and Save the Children;Assistance and protection for trafficked persons – International CatholicMigration Committee;Return and re-integration – IOM;Legislative reform – Council of Europe and OSCE/Office for DemocraticInstitutions and Human Rights (ODIHR);Law enforcement co-operation and training and exchange – SECI andthe International Centre for Migration Policy Department /International Migra-tion Policy Programme.

These agencies bring their expertise to bear on all the areas of concern andco-operate in a cross-sector manner.

The SPTTF acts as a clearing house, fostering co-ordination between the rel-evant actors, providing information and supporting regional co-operationbetween governments, international agencies and NGOs. SPTTF has alsodeveloped a model National Plan of Action (NPA) as a framework for a com-prehensive anti-trafficking approach, to encourage co-operation and co-ordi-nation between government, international agencies and NGOs on the nationallevel and has been instrumental in putting trafficking on the political agendasof SEE governments.

The SPTTF Secretariat organises periodical Task Force Meetings28 and hasconvened two Ministerial Meetings in Palermo and Zagreb where the govern-ments of SEE committed themselves to concrete anti-trafficking activities.29

1.4. Southern European Co-operative Initiative (SECI)

SECI, the Regional Centre for Combating Organised Crime was established asa result of the Agreement of Cooperation to Prevent and Combat Trans-borderCrime, an agreement on co-operation between the law enforcement agencies,signed by the SEE countries. In October 2000, Romania and SECI signed theHeadquarters Agreement between the SECI Centre and Romania, whichentered into force in April 2001 and the SECI Centre became operational inNovember 2000. SECI supports specialised Task Forces combating illegal traf-ficking in human beings and drugs, commercial fraud and stolen cars.

27. See: http://www.stabilitypact.org/stabilitypactcgi/catalog/cat_descr.cgi?subcat=1&prod_id=52

28. So far, the following SPTTF meetings have taken place: 1st SPTTF Meeting (Vienna, September 2000), 2nd SPTTF Meeting (Vienna, April 2001), 3rd SPTTF Meeting (Sarajevo, December 2001). The next SPTTF meeting is planned to take place in Bucharest in June 2002.

29. See: http://www.osce.org/odihr/attf/index.php3?sc=Action_Plan


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RegionalInitiatives

The SECI Illegal Human Beings Trafficking Task Force was established in May2000 on the initiative of the Romanian Government and comprises theRegional Task Force and the Regional Co-ordinator.

The regional structure is supported by the local structures, which are pres-ently being created. National Task Forces in all SECI countries are headed byNational Co-ordinators (not yet appointed in some of the countries). The TaskForce operates through liaison officers, from all participating countries, work-ing out of the SECI Centre in Bucharest. They are in permanent contact withtheir national authorities through their respective designated National FocalPoints, which communicate directly with the National Co-ordinators and theNational Trafficking in Human Beings Squads.30

1.5. Regional Conference on Trafficking in Human Beings and Illegal Migration

Following the adoption of the Palermo Protocols, Romania, as the Chair ofOSCE, hosted a Regional Conference on Trafficking in Human Beings and Ille-gal Migration (organised within the framework of the Stability Pact activities),which took place in Bucharest on May 21, 2001. Present at the meeting wereMinisters of the Interior and National Security Advisers from the BalkanRegion, and the Chair of SPTTF.

In the agreed conclusions from the conference, the participants confirmedtheir commitment to prevent and combat trafficking and specified the steps tobe taken at national and regional levels. At the regional level, SEE ministersacknowledged the need for the development of a regional campaign to raisepublic awareness, for exchange of information between national agencies, toconsider establishing joint law enforcement and border police teams, and forco-operation between national law enforcement agencies, IOM, NGOs andappropriate diplomatic and consular officials on the safe repatriation of traf-ficked persons.

At the national level, they recognised the need for strengthening nationalstrategies and structures on human trafficking, elaborating or revising legis-lation, strengthening national law enforcement and prosecution capabilities,strengthening border control systems, concluding bilateral re-admissionagreements, introducing campaigns to raise public awareness and ensuringassistance for the safe return and re-integration of trafficked persons.31

Representatives of the SEE countries agreed to operate within the frameworkof the SP Action Plan and agreed that “the SP Task Force Co-ordinator coulddraw up a matrix of all bilateral and multilateral programmes in the regionwith a view to co-ordinating activities and identifying future needs.” 32

They asked OSCE to monitor the extent of trafficking in the region and themeasures taken to tackle the problem and to co-operate with other interna-tional organisations, including IOM, European Union Monitor Missions, theCouncil of Europe, UNHCHR, the Stability Pact Task Force Coordinator andOSCE/ODIHR.

30. Southern European Cooperative Initiative, SECI information materials, Bucharest, 2001.31. Agreed Conclusions from the Regional Conference on Trafficking in Human Beings and

Illegal Migration, Bucharest, 21 May 2001, pp. 1-3.32. Ibid.


17


2. International OrganisationsThere are a number of international agencies working on the issue of traffick-ing in the region. The following organisations are particularly active.

2.1. Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

OSCE is engaged in a number of activities to combat trafficking in humanbeings, including the fields of law enforcement, public awareness, research,training and support for NGOs. The OSCE Vienna Ministerial Council DecisionNo.1 (2000)33 calls on participating States to take all necessary measures tocombat trafficking in human beings in the fields of prevention, protection andprosecution, and these commitments are reaffirmed in the OSCE BucharestMinisterial Council Decision No.6 (2001)34.

ODIHR’s anti-trafficking activities cover a wide-range of thematic issues withparticular focus on prevention and human rights protection, which includesestablishing a comprehensive legal framework to address trafficking in humanbeings. Furthermore, ODIHR provided administrative and technical support tothe SPTTF Secretariat from June 2000 to January 2001. Within the frameworkof SPTTF, ODIHR inter alia designed and implemented a project to produce the“Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review”, which serves toassist those who draw up the laws and to support NGOs in their advocacyefforts. Together with UNICEF and UNHCHR, ODIHR supported the expansionand up-dating of UNICEF’s inventory of trafficking situations and responses.

Moreover, OSCE field missions play a vital role in carrying out anti-traffickingwork, including monitoring and project implementation. Through the ODIHRAnti-Trafficking Project Fund, OSCE missions are encouraged and supported todesign and implement anti-trafficking projects with local partners.

In 2001, OSCE adopted Anti-Trafficking Guidelines and expanded its Code ofConduct with a provision specifically targeted at combating trafficking inhuman beings. This provision holds OSCE staff and secondees responsible foraffiliation with persons suspected to be involved in trafficking. The OSCE Anti-Trafficking Guidelines and the OSCE Code of Conduct are intended to ensurethat all OSCE personnel, institutions and field operations recognize the prob-lem of trafficking in human beings, and undertake appropriate action. TheOSCE Permanent Council has also urged its international partner organisa-tions to adopt similar anti-trafficking rules to those contained in OSCE Codeof Conduct.35

2.2. Council of Europe (CoE)

The Council of Europe has been involved for several years in the fight againsttrafficking in human beings. In 1991 it identified the most urgent areas foraction in this field, through a Group of Specialists, who had worked out a com-prehensive Plan of Action. The Committee of Ministers also adopted Recom-mendation No. R(2000) 11 on action against trafficking in human beings forthe purpose of sexual exploitation, on 19 May 2000.

As part of CoE's contribution to the Stability Pact for South East Europe, aninformation campaign on the risks of trafficking in human beings for the pur-pose of sexual exploitation was launched in Albania in June 1999 and targeted

33. See: http://www.osce.org/odihr/documents/trafficking/at_dec28nov00.pdf34. See: http://www.osce.org/odihr/documents/trafficking/at_dec6_minc.pdf35. Permanent Council Decision No. 426, PC.DEC/426, 12 July 2001.


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RegionalInitiatives

Kosovar refugee women. The campaign was organised in co-operation withUNHCHR and IOM.

An international seminar on “Co-ordinated action against trafficking in humanbeings in Southeastern Europe: towards a regional action plan” was held inAthens from 29 June to 1 July 2000, also within the framework of the StabilityPact. It was organised in partnership with OSCE/ODIHR and IOM. Recommen-dations for actions to be undertaken at national level were adopted, includingthe launching of national action plans against trafficking.

Finally, as part of the CoE contribution to the aims of the Stability Pact TaskForce on Trafficking as well as of the Stability Pact Initiative against OrganisedCrime (SPOC), the CoE (Directorate General for Human Rights in partnershipwith Directorate General I – Legal Affairs / PACO Programme) implemented apilot project in Romania and Moldova. This project, entitled “Criminal lawreform on trafficking in human beings in Southeastern Europe” was to contrib-ute to the effective criminalisation of trafficking in human beings at theregional level and to ensure the protection of the human rights of traffickedpersons.

On 23-24 November 2001, CoE in co-operation with the Stability Pact TaskForce on Trafficking in Human Beings organised a regional training course inBelgrade, on the reform of criminal law with respect to trafficking in humanbeings. This training course aimed to establish a framework for the necessarylegislative reforms taking into account relevant international instruments.

2.3. International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

IOM is the main organisation working in the area of assistance for the victimsof trafficking and trafficking prevention. In May 2001, IOM signed a Memoran-dum of Understanding with the SECI Centre in the field of assistance to repa-triated trafficked women in the Balkan region. IOM has started programmesin many countries in the region not only of assistance but also of re-integra-tion of trafficked persons and of raising awareness.

IOM’s programmes are organised to assist trafficked persons to return volun-tarily to their countries of origin. IOM is also involved in activities in SEE toprevent trafficking and to assist and protect the trafficked persons where pos-sible through partnerships between the countries of destination, transit andorigin. In the area of prevention, IOM organises seminars and training coursesto raise awareness of trafficking, and conducts nationwide public informationcampaigns.

Within the framework of the SPTTF, IOM is the lead agency for Return and Re-integration Assistance.

2.4. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR)

Since 1998, UNHCHR has taken an active interest in the problem of traffickingin human beings, focusing in particular on trafficking in women and children.

With the aim of providing policy guidance and leadership on the issue of traf-ficking, UNHCHR is currently in the process of developing guidelines for theintegration of human rights into national, regional and international anti-traf-ficking initiatives. The guidelines will serve as a practical tool for governmentsand international organisations, including the agencies and programmes of the


19


United Nations system. They will be linked to and seek to facilitate effectiveimplementation of the key provisions of the Palermo Protocol on trafficking.

A joint UNHCHR/CoE Trafficking Prevention Programme for Eastern and Cen-tral Europe was launched in 1999. UNHCHR also worked with the CoE andother international agencies on the organisation of a seminar in Athens (June2000) aimed at developing a subregional plan of action against trafficking inhuman beings in SEE.

Within the framework of SPTTF, in co-operation with ILO, UNHCHR is the leadagency for prevention measures.

2.5. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

Globally, UNICEF’s experience in addressing commercial sexual exploitation ofchildren in Asia and West Africa focuses on raising public awareness, childrights advocacy and improving the situation of children at risk.

In November 2001, together with CoE, UNICEF organised the Budapest Pre-paratory Conference for Europe on Protection of Children against SexualExploitation. In co-operation with ECPAT International and the NGO Group forthe Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNICEF co-sponsored the SecondCongress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children that took placein Yokohama, Japan in December 2001.

In SEE, UNICEF has carried out research and assessment on the situation andresponses to trafficking. UNICEF has taken a leading role in HIV/AIDS preven-tion in SEE, and in collaboration with local partners, is undertaking a RapidAssessment and Response (RAR) on HIV/AIDS and STI risk and vulnerabilityin Albania, BiH, FYR Macedonia and FRY. They will provide information that willbe the basis for developing targeted activities with especially vulnerableyoung people, including sex workers and trafficked women and girls, in theabove countries.

Within SPTTF, in cooperation with Save the Children, UNICEF is the leadagency for raising awareness. They have also been advocating for a broaderapproach to combating trafficking in women and children through addressingthe underlying causes, by focusing on special protection measures for chil-dren, gender-based violence and the development of life skills for young peo-ple to protect themselves from exploitation, including the risks of HIV/AIDS/STI and trafficking.

2.6. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

The United Nations Population Fund UNFPA, helps developing countries findsolutions to their population problems. The Fund has three main programmeareas, reproductive health including family planning and sexual health, popu-lation and development strategies, and advocacy. The Reproductive HealthProgramme supports the provision of reproductive health care including theprevention and treatment of reproductive tract infections and sexually trans-mitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. Within this programme UNFPA, in co-operation with IOM supports reproductive health programmes for traffickedwomen and children who are staying in the IOM shelters in countries of des-tination and of origin.


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RegionalInitiatives

2.7. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

UNHCR is not actively involved in anti-trafficking actions. It notes with concernthe documented evidence regarding the increase in trafficking and states thatnot only migrants but also asylum-seekers and refugees have to resort to theservices of smugglers and traffickers. As a result, measures to combat humansmuggling and trafficking may hinder asylum-seekers and refugees fromreaching safety and benefiting from international protection. UNHCR alsoacknowledges, however, that trafficking can amount to debt bondage situa-tions and enslavement for asylum-seekers and refugees or even to the loss oflife. Therefore, UNHCR, which is mandated to ensure the international protec-tion of refugees, co-operates with international organisations and govern-ments on regional and national initiatives but does not undertake anyseparate actions or initiatives in this field.

2.8. International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Throughout its standards-related work, ILO has dealt with the issue of humantrafficking in relation to forced labour, the abuse of migrant workers, discrimi-nation at work (particularly when certain sections of society, such as women orindigenous peoples, are affected), and as one of the worst forms of child labour.The ILO addresses trafficking in human beings through its Forced Labour Con-ventions (Nos. 29 and 105) and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention(No.182). The ILO emphasises that, in the European context, trafficking in per-sons, especially women and children, exists not only in the sex industry, butalso in other sectors, such as unskilled labour, begging and soliciting.

In 1994, ILO established the National Network of Foreign Labour in Centraland Eastern Europe. During the last six years, this network has providedopportunities for discussing at regional and bilateral levels possible joint mea-sures to deal with trafficking and irregular migration. Through this informalnetwork, migration authorities and researchers from 14 Central and EasternEuropean countries are exchanging information and addressing commonissues and problems. Reports on irregular labour migration and trafficking inthe Russian Federation, Ukraine, Moldova, Lithuania, Hungary and the CzechRepublic have been prepared and discussed.

The ILO is currently developing a sub-regional programme to combat traffick-ing in children and young people for labour and sexual exploitation in the Bal-kans and Ukraine. The first phase of this programme seeks to identify astrategy for concerted action against trafficking through situation analysis andappraisal of existing responses in the region. This will include further develop-ment of ILO’s Rapid Assessment methodology on the worst forms of childlabour, training for national partners, operational reviews, workshops andanalysis. On the basis of the lessons drawn from the first phase, a compre-hensive action programme will be implemented, focusing on prevention andreintegration.

ILO participates in the SPTTF and is a member of the Task Force Co-ordinationGroup.

2.9. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)

ICMPD is an inter-governmental organisation created in 1993 on the initiativeof Switzerland and Austria, and is based in Vienna. The purpose of the organ-isation is to promote comprehensive and sustainable migration policies, andto function as a service exchange mechanism for governments and organisa-tions on primarily European migration issues.


21


ICMPD acts as Secretariat to the Budapest Process, which is a pan-Europeanforum of more than 40 governments (Ministries of the Interior) and some 10international organisations, chaired by Hungary. The Process aims to preventirregular migration flows and to establish sustainable systems for orderlymigration in the wider European region. At the 1997 Prague Ministerial Con-ference of the Budapest Process, a set of recommendations was adopted,including the introduction of anti-trafficking legislation and penalties, as wellas their harmonisation. Progress towards the implementation of this recom-mendation has been monitored. A study of the links between illegal migration,trafficking in human beings and organised crime was also elaborated. A newMinisterial Conference is currently being prepared; recommendations will alsoinclude anti-trafficking legislation and measures. ICMPD has implementedseveral training seminars for SEE countries on European standards for migra-tion and border management, which include trafficking.

Within SPTTF, ICMPD is the lead agency for training and exchange, in conjunc-tion with IMP, and is developing a comprehensive regional training programmeon trafficking for government authorities and NGOs in SEE. The aims of thisprogramme, which is implemented in collaboration with the SECI Centre andIOM, are to foster a structured and enduring process of training and exchangeamong the SEE countries, to develop best practices for the region and to fur-ther regional co-operation among all the actors and countries concerned.Regional seminars at senior and technical levels are foreseen.

2.10.The International Migration Policy Programme (IMP)

IMP is an inter-agency activity of United Nations Institute for Training andResearch, UNFPA, IOM and ILO, implemented in collaboration with UNHCR,UNICEF, ICMPD and other relevant international and regional institutions. IMPworks to strengthen the capacity of governments in different world regions tomanage the flow of migration, and to foster greater regional and internationalco-operation towards beneficial and orderly migration. All of its regional train-ing activities include a component on trafficking (and smuggling) in humanbeings. Within SPTTF, IMP is working with ICMPD, SECI and IOM on a compre-hensive training, exchange and co-operation programme for SEE.

3. Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs)

3.1. La Strada Foundation

The most active NGO in the area of trafficking prevention, assistance to thevictims and re-integration is the La Strada Foundation.36 La Strada operatesas a network of independent organisations in the countries of Central andEastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Bulgaria). In response tothe growth of trafficking in the Balkan region, La Strada has recently creatednew chapters of the organisation in Belarus, BiH, FYR Macedonia and Moldova.La Strada co-operates with governmental institutions and international agen-cies and uses the network of local NGOs to support its work.

The La Strada Programme seeks to make the issue of trafficking in women vis-ible and to influence the authorities and public opinion to address the topicfrom a human rights perspective. The programme also seeks to refer victimsto support networks and to educate women and girls against the potentialdangers of trafficking. The needs and rights of the women concerned form thestarting point of all activities.

36. See: http://www.soros.org/women/html/info_trafficking.htm


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RegionalInitiatives

The La Strada programme functions under an on-going tripartite campaignstructure in order to most effectively cover all aspects of trafficking. The Press& Lobby Campaign seeks to raise public awareness and present to nationalauthorities the issue of trafficking as a serious violation of human rights. ThePrevention & Education Campaign addresses the potential victims of traffick-ing in order to educate on the dangers of trafficking. In addition, a telephonehotline offers advice and reliable information to women considering migrationto Western Europe. The Social Assistance Campaign targets trafficked per-sons. Through leaflets and the hotline, it offers them direct assistance andcounselling, but it can also refer them to a network of professionals who pro-vide legal, emotional, medical and practical help. La Strada may also providesupport to women who wish to file charges against their traffickers.

3.2. International Catholic Migration Committee (ICMC)

ICMC provides emergency assistance and promotes durable solutions for ref-ugees, internally displaced persons, returnees, and migrants, focusing on themost vulnerable within these populations. ICMC and its member agenciesadvocate for the protection of the rights and dignity of trafficked persons ininternational, regional and national forums.

In the Balkans, ICMC supports the development of local capacity to provideassistance, protection and durable solutions for trafficked women and girls.Since 1999, ICMC has partnered IOM, government ministries and local NGOsto shelter and return trafficked foreign nationals from Albania. In Croatia andBiH, ICMC is an active partner in emerging programmes for implementing theNPAs. It is currently developing comprehensive victim protection and assis-tance, advocacy and awareness campaign projects in Croatia, BiH and Kosovo.

3.3. Transnational AIDS/STD Prevention Among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe (TAMPEP)

TAMPEP is a project that seeks to increase empowerment and self-esteemamong migrant sex workers. It educates social and medical establishments tobetter respond to migrant sex workers' health needs. TAMPEP is a referencepoint for migrant sex workers as it observes the variations and dynamics ofmigration in the countries served by the project. It investigates the social,legal and working conditions of migrant sex workers through regular fieldworkin the various environments for prostitution. TAMPEP started in 1993, workingin four European countries, The Netherlands, Italy, Germany and Austria. It isa model of intervention, reaching more than 20 different nationalities ofwomen and transgender people from Central and Eastern Europe, SoutheastAsia, Africa and Latin America.

In 2000, TAMPEP started to extend its network to include countries from East-ern Europe as well as the member states of the European Union. In 2001, itstarted to build a network of organisations in Eastern Europe, including inRomania and Bulgaria, to provide migrant sex workers/trafficked women withculturally appropriate HIV/STI education, resources and materials. It hasdeveloped specific information materials in 10 different languages.

3.4. Save the Children

Save the Children is the leading international NGO working on children’srights. Through the Save the Children Alliance, it has 80 years of experiencein working with the poorest children in over 100 countries worldwide. It con-ducts emergency relief and long term development programmes.


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In April 2001, Save the Children published a report “Child Trafficking in Alba-nia” exposing the fact that thousands of Albanian children and young womenwere trafficked into prostitution across Europe on a daily basis. Members ofthe Save the Children Alliance are now developing a regional, action research-based programme in SEE to investigate, among other things, the extent ofchild trafficking, responses to child trafficking in a range of organisations, andmeasures that can be taken to prevent child trafficking. This work has nowbegun in Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania, with further work planned in Albania,Serbia and Kosovo. Current funding is provided by SPTTF donors. Within theframework of SPTTF, Save the Children focuses on research and raising aware-ness of child trafficking and, with ICMC and others, supporting increased NGOinvolvement in SPTTF activities.

3.5. International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX)

In September 2001, IREX, a US based NGO, started the Regional Empower-ment Initiative for Women programme, with USAID funding. The programmewill promote the empowerment of women from selected countries of theformer Soviet Union and SEE, including the Russian Federation, Bulgaria,Romania, Moldova, Lithuania and FRY, with the aim to prevent traffickingbefore women leave their countries. IREX is planning to administer a compre-hensive anti-trafficking programme by establishing anti-trafficking trainingand empowerment sites in seven major cities. The programme has four activ-ities: 1) basic job skills training and placement support; 2) women’s empow-erment, including crisis hotline assistance, as well as legal and psychologicalcounselling for victims and potential victims; 3) awareness promotion ofpotential trafficking schemes through targeted public outreach campaigns;and 4) small grants to support women entrepreneurs in the creation of sus-tainable enterprises.

3.6. Local non-governmental organisations

At the local level, it has been primarily women’s organisations, which haveconcerned themselves with trafficking. Some of them work generally in theareas of violence against women and women’s rights; others operate sheltersfor victims of violence or run projects for sex workers. Human rights organi-sations and organisations for migrants’ rights still consider trafficking to bemore an issue of gender violence than human rights abuse, and leave it to thewomen’s groups.

There is little networking between NGOs at the regional level, especiallybetween countries of origin and destination. Until now all networking initia-tives were undertaken by local groups seeking contact with similar organisa-tions or a partner organisation in other countries, with little support from theirgovernments and the involvement of only few international organisations,such as OSCE/ODIHR. Closer co-operation and exchange of ideas were possi-ble only for the NGOs connected with La Strada or TAMPEP. However, eventhese networks were organised more for practical reasons – providing directsupport to trafficked persons and organising prevention and awareness raisingactivities – than for creating a coalition of NGOs with a comprehensiveregional programme and approach. There are now plans, undertaken by ICMCand Save the Children, to organise regional meetings/networking of localNGOs within the framework of SPTTF.


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25

Republic of Moldova
Republic of
Moldova1. Overview Because of its geographical location and current economic situation, Moldovahas emerged as a major country of origin for trafficking in women and chil-dren. It is also a transit country for trafficking from Ukraine and other coun-tries of the former Soviet Union.

During the transition period in the 1990s, living standards in Moldova deteri-orated. Unemployment rose as the result of the delayed payment of salaries,pensions and social benefits, the liberalisation of prices and inefficient use oflabour so that 60 percent of the population were living below the absolute pov-erty line. The poorest people were families with children, pensioners and ruralinhabitants. Since the beginning of the transition period, there has been areduction of women’s participation in governmental bodies and in economiclife. Sixty-eight percent of the unemployed are women, despite having thesame level of training as men, and when in paid employment, they are onlypaid 70-80 percent of the salary a man would receive for the same job. Theonly exception is in small private businesses where women have becomeincreasingly active.37

The economic decline has also caused a growth in family violence, sexual vio-lence, alcohol abuse and prostitution. Family relations have been particularlyaffected and a large percentage of women are continuously subjected to vio-lence.38

1.1. Migration, prostitution and trafficking

It is estimated that at least 600,000 Moldavians out of a total population of4.3 million live abroad. In recent years, remittances from migrant labourersbecame a very substantial part of the country’s income. For the rural popula-tion, migration is perceived as the only survival strategy. In some villages,more than half of the population has migrated. Official polls show that 80 per-cent of the population wants to migrate.

Migration is a key issue for young people. During the past decade, net externalmigration of young people aged between 14-24 is estimated at 130,000, thethird highest rate in the Central and Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Inde-pendent States/Baltic region. Lack of opportunities for young people is under-stood to be the main reason. At present, almost 90 percent of young peopleaged 18-29 would like to leave Moldova for at least a little while. Over 37 per-cent would leave forever if they had the opportunity, with only 9 percent ofyoung people wishing to stay in Moldova.39

The very traditional attitudes toward women prevailing in society, extremepoverty and violence are behind the young women’s desire to migrate. Thosewho have contacts and money use safe, though still illegal, ways to pay for

37. Common Country Assessment, UN in Moldova, December 2000, p. 34 - 35.38. Ibid, p. 68.39. Interview with the UNICEF Assistant representative, Giovanna Barberis, 24 July 2001.


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Republic ofMoldova

the services of legitimate “travel agencies”. Young women, who do not havemoney, make arrangements with traffickers.

The majority of women and girls that are trafficked come from rural areas.Over 10 percent are under 18 years old, some as young as 12 years old.40

Traffickers recruit women and girls through different strategies:1. Direct contact, when women and girls, or their families, are

approached by traffickers. The traffickers are often women from thesame village who have previously worked as prostitutes or have beentrafficked abroad and became traffickers. The family is often paidmoney in advance and the woman or girl is expected to earn theadvance and pay back the family’s debts;

2. Advertisements are placed in the press, offering jobs abroad. Theadvertisements directed at young women offer jobs as waitresses orhouse help, but more often bluntly state that the jobs are for thosewilling to work in the sex industry;

3. Tourist agencies offer full migration services from arranging passportsand Schengen visas41 to transportation and work contracts. There aremore than 3,000 tourist agencies, of which only some 140 have anofficial license to operate42;

4. Job agencies. Out of a total of 100 job agencies, only fourteen haveofficial licenses and these mostly hire men for construction work. Onlythree agencies offer jobs to women as waitresses and nurses.43

Others offer illegal work. Some of these enterprises are run by orga-nised crime groups and operate as covers for trafficking;

5. There are also marriage agencies and Internet services used by traf-fickers but they are not very popular.

Leaving the country is costly, considering that the average salary is approxi-mately US$ 20-30 per month. For the police to issue a passport costs US$ 20,or if it is issued at short notice – US$ 100. Two to three hundred dollars wasthe figure repeatedly mentioned in interviews during the research for thisreport as the price for “buying a passport” from corrupt police. Some of thetrafficked women who were deported back to Moldova several times, boughta new passport each time. There is also information about young girls under18 travelling with fake adult passports provided by traffickers.

Although they are very difficult to obtain officially, Schengen visas can also bebought from “tourist agencies” at a cost of approximately US$ 1,500, althoughthese visas are not used by traffickers.

The most common and the cheapest way of trafficking is to transport womenin big groups, in a bus or a van. The border to Romania is crossed legally, withpassports, but further borders are crossed illegally – secretly or by bribing cor-rupt border police in Bulgaria or FRY. Stories of corruption and co-operationbetween border police and organised crime groups are very common.

Since June 2001, Moldavian citizens have needed a passport to enter Roma-nia, where previously they could enter with an ID card. As the result of thenew regulation, the officially registered border traffic decreased by 50 percentlast year.

40. Number of IOM assisted cases by countries as of February 12, 2002, IOM Chisinau, Counter Trafficking Unit.

41. Visa to all the European Union countries which signed the1996 Shengen Agreement (Austria, Benelux, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain).

42. Interview with Association for Women Lawyers, Iana Costachi, 26 July 2001.43. Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation to, through and from the Balkan

Region, Republic of Moldova, Chisinau, July 2001, p.14.


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Republic of Moldova

Prostitution is a criminal offence in Moldova, Art. 105-1 of the Criminal Code,punished with six months to 1 year’s imprisonment. Although practiced clan-destinely, it is widespread, mainly in big cities. In Chisinau, there are morethan 250 brothels and sex is also sold at train and bus stations. The majority,70 percent, of students think that work in the sex industry abroad is a goodway to earn money. The way prostitution is viewed by the society is based ona double standard: on one hand, it is perceived as a good way to earn money;on the other, prostitutes are ostracized. For trafficked women, the fear ofrejection by their family and community is one of the factors keeping themfrom going back home.

1.2. Trafficking of children

In addition to trafficking of teenage girls for prostitution, there is some anec-dotal, but not confirmed, information about traffic in children for organs. Whilethe story is often repeated, nobody is able to present concrete facts that couldlead to the identification of the persons involved, or at least to anyone whohas first hand information.

Trafficking in children for illegal adoption is reportedly widespread. There isinformation about children coming from big families in the countryside andchildren whose parents have migrated being offered for adoption.44 Thechange of the border regime between Moldova and Romania had somewhatdecreased trafficking in children for illegal adoptions. Before June 2000, achild could be taken through the border by anyone who could present a signedagreement from the parents. Now, a child has to be registered in the accom-panying person’s passport. Still, with widespread corruption and easy accessto new or false documents, this new requirement does not present a seriousobstacle.

1.3. Victim assistance: return and reintegration

There were 36 persons (men and women) returned to Moldova via officialchannels in 2000. The police received them after information from INTERPOLabout their arrival. Moldavian police, however, have neither the capacity northe necessary skills to receive and assist trafficked persons. Returning womenare treated like criminals, and do not receive any proper help or support.

Until recently, the only organisation that was involved in assisting and reinte-grating trafficked persons was Save the Children Moldova. In 2000, Save theChildren assisted approximately 400 trafficked persons, and from January toJuly 2001, 217 more. These were women and girls being repatriated mainly,but not only, with the assistance of IOM. Seventeen percent of them were girlsunder 18 years old.

Since January 2000, a larger number of trafficked persons have been returnedto Moldova with the financial assistance of IOM: 308 in 2000 (assisted by Savethe Children) and 363 in 2001 (assisted by Save the Children and after Sep-tember 2001 by La Strada). Most of the victims were aged between 18 and24. OSCE, the International Social Service and the Catholic Church of Italyhave also assisted some of the victims. Currently, it is estimated that about20-30 women and girls return to Moldova each month. Most of them are com-ing back from FYR Macedonia, Serbia, BiH, Kosovo and Albania.45 Only 50 per-cent of the women want to or can go back to their families. The rest need help

44. Interview with local NGO Centre of Support for Women from Hincesti Town, Ecaterina Bucur, Chisinau, 26 July 2001.

45. Interview with Save the Children president Mariana Petersel, Timisoara, 20 July 2001.


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Republic ofMoldova

and support – a place to stay, psychological and social support, such as hous-ing, a job, professional training or schooling.

A basic service that was offered by Save the Children included assistance fromthe airport to the shelter, voluntary STI and HIV/AIDS tests and financialassistance to some returned trafficked persons in the amount of US$ 150 perperson. Longer term help was offered by Save the Children to 25 percent ofthe returned trafficked persons, but there were no reintegration programmesand the support was very limited – a temporary place in a shelter, help withlooking for a job and arranging medical treatment.

According to NGOs, it is estimated that up to 50 percent of trafficked womenwho are returned, leave Moldova shortly after their arrival and are re-traf-ficked. Without any prospect of a job or means to support themselves andtheir families at home, some women believe that the next time will be betterand that they will be able to work abroad on their own and keep the money,while others simply do not see any other choice.

In the second half of 2001, IOM in co-operation with a network of local NGOsthroughout Moldova, started a reintegration programme that would provideshelter, social and psychological counselling, medical services and vocationtraining opportunities for returning trafficked persons. The programme wassupposed to be implemented by La Strada, which opened its chapter in Mold-ova in May 2001, but in the event La Strada had no capacity to manage it.Since the programme only started in September 2001, it is too early to eval-uate its effectiveness, although to date, this is one of the few examples ofreintegration programmes in the region.

1.4. HIV/AIDS and STIs

Like other countries in Eastern Europe, Moldova has witnessed a significantincrease in sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in the last few years.

The predominant means of HIV/AIDS transmission in Moldova is intravenousdrug injection, but there may be a shift towards more sexual transmission inthe near future. The UN “Common Country Assessment” Report,46 points tothe presence of the following negative factors, which will contribute to thespread of HIV/AIDS:

• High and increasing rate of illicit drug use;• Consistently high rates of sexually transmitted diseases and tubercu-

losis;• Growing unemployment, worsening standards of living and moral val-

ues, and prostitution;• High rate of migration of people of reproductive age in search of jobs

and commercial sex into other countries, especially those with a highprevalence of HIV/AIDS;

• Possible growth of the number of HIV-positive children.

In 2001, 50 percent of returned trafficked women and girls volunteered tohave STI tests, which were positive in 85 percent of cases. Only a quarter ofSTI positive women completed the treatment. There was one positive HIVtest, which has to be repeated.

There are no programmes addressing the health, including HIV/AIDS/STI pre-vention and treatment, of potential or returned trafficked persons. In 2001 theUN Development programme (UNDP) and the UN Joint Programme on HIV/

46. Common Country Assessment, UN in Moldova, December 2000, p. 64-67.


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Republic of Moldova

AIDS (UNAIDS) started a project for National Strategic Planning on HIV/AIDSand the implementation of prevention and information activities.

1.5. Prosecution

Traffickers can operate with impunity because of the prevailing corruption andalso the often-mentioned involvement of the authorities in organised criminalactivities. Until recently, Moldova had no anti-trafficking law, only a panderinglaw47 that has limited application in cases of trafficking.

On 30 July 2001, the Parliament passed a law on additions to the CriminalCode and Criminal Code of Practice and introduced Article 113 (2) “Illegal traf-ficking in Human Beings”.48 The law was drafted by competent institutions:the section of the Criminal Police responsible for combating trafficking inhuman beings at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in co-operation with the Jus-tice Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Police Academy; and inco-ordination with the Ministry of Justice, General Prosecution Office, Ministryof Labour, Ministry of Security and Ministry of Economy. The article covers allaspects of the term “trafficking’: sale of human beings (with or without theirconsent); forced labour or keeping a person in the conditions of slavery; sex-ual exploitation; pornographic industry etc., each one attracting a prisonsentence of 5 to 25 years.

However, this new law does not fully comply with the Palermo Protocol. OSCEhas issued a series of recommendations and submitted them to the LegalCommittee of the Parliament asking for a re-drafting of the present legislation.

As of September 2001, there were 33 cases against traffickers pending. The15 cases prosecuted before September 2001 ended in amnesties and there-fore no one has served any prison sentence.

Because of the lack of implementation of anti-trafficking legislation and lackof witness protection law, only five women so far have been willing to testifyagainst traffickers, and five penal cases were initiated as the result of theirtestimonies. Women are also not willing to testify due to fear of being accusedof prostitution. Prostitution was made a criminal offence in Moldova in 1998under Article 105-1 of the Criminal Code and is punishable by imprisonmentfrom six months to one year. In 2000, there were 50 women charged withprostitution.49

2. Current responses

2.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordination

On 16 May 2000, the Moldavian Parliament passed a resolution, signed by thePrime Minister, to establish the National Working Group on Trafficking Issuesto co-ordinate trafficking prevention activities. The group was supposed toreport quarterly on prevention measures, which would include co-operatingwith IOM on the implementation of their anti-trafficking programme andinspecting both legitimate companies and those that are fronts for organisedcrime. Deputy Ministers, Members of Parliament and leaders of NGOs wereincluded in the working group to ensure proper co-ordination of the activities,

47. Art. 105-2 of the Criminal Code.48. Law on the completion of the Criminal Code, and the Criminal Procedure Code of the

Republic of Moldova, Nr 450-XV, “Monitorul Oficial“ of Republic of Moldova, August 17, 2001.

49. Interview with the US Embassy employee Lisa Heilbronn, 25 July 2001.


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Republic ofMoldova

but the group only worked spasmodically and stopped all activities after theelections and changes in government in February 2001.

On 9 November 2001, the National Committee for Combating Trafficking inHuman Beings was created at the level of deputy ministers, with the DeputyPrime Minister Valerian Cristea, as the Co-ordinator of the Committee. At thesame meeting the Committee adopted the National Plan of Action for combat-ing trafficking in human beings.50

2.2. Roles of government, international organisations and NGOs

After years of ignoring the problem of trafficking, a significant amount of workhas been done in Moldova in the last two years, especially in the area of raisingawareness. However, it has to be added that these activities were initiated byinternational organisations, subsidized by foreign institutions and imple-mented by NGOs, without any support from the government.

After elections in February 2001, the new Prime Minister declared traffickingin human beings to be the priority issue for the government and a willingnessto participate in international co-operation. Although the Moldavian represen-tative on Working Table III of the Stability Pact, working on the traffickingissue, has not yet been appointed, the Co-ordinator for the Moldavian partic-ipation in the Stability Pact has already started his work. Close co-operationhas been established with the SECI Centre, even though Moldova does nothave a liaison officer in Bucharest.

However, there still no clear government policy on trafficking. The reason islack of resources on the one hand, and on the other, wide spread corruptionand the connections that government officials and police have with organisedcrime groups and the profits they make from trafficking in drugs, cars andhuman beings. The Anti-Trafficking Unit, consisting of just a few police offic-ers, the so-called “Moral Police”, is not well equipped, has no communicationlines and no petrol for their car, neither are they paid for months in a row.

There are a number of international agencies actively involved in anti-traffick-ing work in Moldova. In June 2001, UNICEF co-ordinated the establishment ofa Task Force on Trafficking, an inter-agency initiative for co-operation, com-mon action and exchange of information about anti-trafficking initiatives. Todate the group includes UNICEF, UNHCR, IOM, OSCE, UNDP, US Embassy,French Embassy, the European Commission and local NGOs. There is a data-base being created of all the actions and responses to trafficking in Moldova.

2.3. Prevention and raising awareness

The government has participated in various initiatives of the internationalorganisations, including police training organised by the NGO Winrock Inter-national, and in collaboration with La Strada, is planning a campaign to raiseawareness in schools. At policy level, the government has elaborated anational strategy on children and family protection.

The Ministry of Labour organised an international conference in September2000 on the problem of trafficking in human beings with the support of OSCE,CoE and IOM. A governmental report on trafficking “On continuous expansionof Trafficking in Human Beings and Anti-Trafficking Measures undertaken by

50. “Monitorul oficial” no. 136-138/1274 from 15 November 2001.


31

Republic of Moldova

the Government of the Republic of Moldova” was presented. There has, how-ever, been no follow up.

The Department of Migration of the Ministry of Labour is providing informationon the opportunities and conditions for legal migration through public infor-mation campaigns, written materials and in response to individual queries.

IOM launched a campaign to raise awareness in October 2001, aimed atpotential victims of trafficking, victims of trafficking, the relevant Moldavianauthorities dealing with migration, gender issues, human rights, organisedcrime issues and the general public. The campaign includes:

• Research into trafficking in women in Moldova, and research into themedia to identify the most effective and cost efficient channels for dis-seminating information;

• Dissemination of information through brochures, leaflets, TV docu-mentaries, TV public service announcements, public service announ-cements on the radio, press advertisements, press releases/conferences, stickers and direct dissemination through educationstructures;

• Hot-line support;• Awareness building workshops with government officials and national

NGOs;• Seminars for journalists;• Activities for the unemployed and for juridical entities, including infor-

mation about the situation on the labour market, training and infor-mation seminars for the unemployed.

UNICEF, through its Young People’s Health Development and Participation Pro-gramme, is supporting information, support and participation opportunitiesfor young people, including adolescents at risk of HIV/AIDS and STIs, alcoholand drug users, dropouts from formal education, adolescents separating fromresidential care and girls at risk of trafficking and prostitution. Activitiesinclude:

• Access to youth friendly health services through training of profes-sionals, supporting NGOs and providing age-appropriate informationpackages for adolescents on healthy lifestyles, HIV/AIDS preventionand issues related to juvenile delinquency, trafficking and abuse;

• Establishing youth friendly centres in five key cities with high levelsof juvenile delinquency, vagrancy and drug abuse. The centres will beopen and accessible to all young people and will provide meetingspaces, training facilities, equipment, internet access and facilities foryouth association meetings;

• Training of professionals and peer educators to develop and imple-ment peer education within the youth friendly centres, on the basiclife skills young people require to reduce their vulnerability, health,decision making, communication and negotiation skills;

• Supporting training courses for employees in the state institutions forchildren, in co-operation with La Strada Moldova.

OSCE/ODIHR is planning capacity building training for NGOs working on theprevention of trafficking for the year 2002.

In 2001, the US Embassy organised training for journalists and thematicreporting tours on the treatment and rehabilitation of prostitutes in the US. Ithas also financially supported campaigns for prevention and the raising ofawareness organised by local NGOs and the publishing of information materi-als for vulnerable groups distributed by the Moldovian customs police.


32

Republic ofMoldova

In the last two years local NGOs have been very actively involved in preven-tion work. They have received support from the US State Department, the USEmbassy, and other donors to organise information and awareness raisingcampaigns. There are six NGOs directly involved in these activities: the Asso-ciation for Women Lawyers, CIVIS, Civic Initiative, Gender Centre, the Asso-ciation for Youth Development and La Strada, which became active in Moldovain May 2001.

NGOs have engaged in a broad range of activities: publications includingbooks, magazines, leaflets and brochures; media campaigns; advertisementcampaigns; and documentaries about trafficking. The Association for YouthDevelopment conducted seminars for young women and distributed materialsfor raising awareness in high schools.

The Association for Women Lawyers is currently administering a Centre for thePrevention of Trafficking in Women. This project was launched on 15 February2001 with U.S. Government funding. Initially, the Centre concentrated ondeveloping a clear strategy for a multi-media campaign. It then went on toutilise radio, television, billboards and newspapers to publicise its anti-traf-ficking message. In addition, it publishes and distributes a monthly newsletterand brochures. It has also established and operates an anti-trafficking tele-phone hotline in Moldova. The Centre has developed contacts, which allow itto address requests from trafficked persons or from their families to the Min-istry of the Interior. The Centre now co-ordinates local law enforcement, NGOsand international organisations dealing with trafficking in women. It has pro-vided updated information and statistics on trafficking to all these groups andsupported their anti-trafficking efforts.

La Strada launched a prevention and education campaign in mid-2001,through seminars for groups at risk in educational institutions throughoutMoldova, including boarding schools, orphanages, high schools and technicalschools. Presently, La Strada is negotiating with the Ministry of Education forapproval and support for a programme of extracurricular education and pre-vention seminars in educational institutions. Seminars on trafficking for schoolstaff are also conducted. To ensure the continuity and effectiveness of the pre-vention campaign, La Strada is creating a network of local NGOs.

Other activities planned by La Strada and other NGOs include:• Collecting materials about trafficking and anti-trafficking initiatives;• “Women on Labour Market” project – creating jobs for women and

also for trafficked persons;• “Human Rights of Women” seminars providing general information

about women’s rights and information about trafficking;• Consulting and supporting a number of foreign TV stations preparing

documentaries about trafficking;• Preparing a database of organisations working on trafficking;.• Publishing educational materials on the issue of trafficking;• Organising round tables with NGOs on prevention and social assis-

tance.

Between 1999 – 2001, the International NGO Winrock International, ran aprogramme of:

• Research - comprehensive research on the prevalence and patternsof domestic violence and trafficking in women, and the relevant leg-islation, regulations, procedures in its four project countries;

• Training Design and Implementation - capacity building for NGOs toenhance their ability to train multi-disciplinary community audiences,and become long-term monitors of the criminal justice system; and


33

Republic of Moldova

arranging training seminars for community leaders on the preventionof domestic violence and trafficking in women;

• Public Awareness - information campaigns; publications in local lan-guages on the topics of domestic violence and trafficking in women;and distribution of information through government agencies andvarious community organisations;

• Institutionalised Co-operation - establishment of Advisory Boards topromote continuing co-operation and coalition building between thelaw enforcement system, court systems, medical institutions,women’s NGOs and other groups involved in preventing violenceagainst and trafficking in women.

Generally, as the result of the campaigns, trafficking became a better-knownissue at least in big towns and was discussed and shown in the media,although the media coverage was not always appropriate. However, some rep-resentatives of the NGO community were questioning the effectiveness of theNGO campaigns, pointing out that it was designed more to scare than providereliable information and was, therefore, not effective.


There is no government assisted reintegration programme. Only the Ministryof Labour has begun co-operation with IOM and signed an agreement to selectenterprises from all over the country that would be able to employ thereturned women. Under the agreement, IOM will pay half a year’s salary for150 women to the chosen enterprises, which guarantee employment for sixmonths.

IOM started its programme of assistance and reintegration in 2000 throughSave the Children Moldova, which was the only organisation in Moldova work-ing on assistance to victims of trafficking. Save the Children has a very basicshelter to accommodate returning trafficked persons but its staff is trained todeal with victims of violence and is also able to work with the victims of traf-ficking. Until the beginning of 2001, Save the Children Moldova was contacteddirectly by the IOM offices in the destination countries with information aboutthe trafficked persons being returned. Save the Children Moldova assistedthem from the airport to the shelter, offered shelter for one night, medicalcheckups and HIV/AIDS and STI tests, and was sometimes able to offer asmall reinstallation grant. Most of the trafficked women left the shelter afterone night, never to contact the organisation again. Even those who tested STIpositive did not stay to finish the treatment. Since the opening of the IOMoffice in Chisinau in January 2001, the local IOM office is passing on the infor-mation about arriving women and girls.

In May 2001, the Moldovan chapter of La Strada network was opened. Thestaff was trained by experienced workers from the other La Strada offices inCentral and Eastern Europe. The Moldovan organisation works according tothe same guidelines as other La Strada groups, implementing a multi-disci-plinary programme that provides social assistance to trafficked persons, pre-vention and education, information and lobby, using materials developed bythe La Strada network and adapted to the local situation.

La Strada also opened a hotline which provides anonymous, free of chargecounselling and information services to potential and actual victims of traffick-ing. The hotline operates nine hours a day, six days a week, providing infor-mation on topics such as social, legal and employment conditions abroadincluding the legitimacy of advertisements for employment abroad. Counsel-ling for trafficked persons and their families is also provided. Since the


34

Republic ofMoldova

opening of the hotline in September 2001, with appeals from the families, LaStrada has assisted in the return of several trafficked persons from Slovenia,Turkey, FYR Macedonia and Israel.

IOM opened offices in Chisinau in January 2001, and in September 2001started establishing a new programme and a new shelter in Chisinau. At thiscentre it will be possible to provide numerous services under one roof includ-ing medical examinations (STIs and HIV/AIDS tests) and treatment, socialand psychological counselling and group therapy, psychiatric support andvocational orientation. IOM also provides women who are part of their assis-tance programme with a reinstallation grant totalling US$ 150,000, US$ 50upon arrival, US$ 50 after the first month and US$ 50 after the second month.

According to IOM’s statistics, there are about 10 percent of minors who takepart in the IOM reintegration programme.51 Save the Children provides reha-bilitation and reintegration services for some girls under 18. In all cases ofgirls under 18, IOM tries to determine their educational and social needs. Psy-chologists also work with the girls’ parents to assist them in building goodfamily relations.

In May 2001, IOM organised a seminar for NGOs about assistance for traf-ficked persons with the aim of creating a network of co-operating organisa-tions involved with assistance and reintegration and establishing somestandards for treatment of the trafficked persons.

Although the new assistance and reintegration project of IOM is very good,there are some concerns. The network of NGOs working on the issue of traf-ficking is not expanding, and one organisation, Save the Children Moldova,which co-operated with IOM was replaced for a short while with another (LaStrada), and IOM is now implementing its own project without partnering alocal NGO. The experience that the Save the Children Moldova staff has gainedin the course of their work is no longer used, neither is the expertise of the LaStrada staff. There is also no continuity with the other NGO programmes forraising awareness that were conducted last year. Instead of building on theirexperience, organisations unable to continue their work on trafficking turn toother sources of funds and other projects and may lose interest in the issueof trafficking.

The hotline created by La Strada duplicates a project run by the Associationof Women Lawyers. The La Strada hotline provides more information aboutthe opportunities for migration, gives concrete information about the situationand legislation in the countries to which women want to migrate, and is ableto check the credibility of institutions offering services to migrant women,including travel agencies, job agencies, etc. For half a year until March 2002,there will be two parallel hotlines on trafficking operating in Chisinau. Even ifthe service offered by the second hotline is different, it will still be confusingfor clients to choose between the two services.

By January 2002, the Centre for the Prevention of Trafficking in Women (Asso-ciation of Women Lawyers), had assisted in the repatriation of 24 traffickedpersons. The Centre addresses requests for assistance from trafficked personsor from their family members to the Minister of Internal Affairs. On repatria-tion issues the Centre collaborates with IOM.

51. 2 Number of IOM assisted cases by countries as of 12 February 2002, IOM Chisinau, Anti- Trafficking Unit.


35

Republic of Moldova

The Italian Consortium of Solidarity (ICS) is an Italian NGO working in the Bal-kans, providing assistance to the war-affected populations. ICS has been pay-ing increasing attention to vulnerable groups, such as children, women andthe elderly. ICS is currently running a programme of income generation activ-ities for refugees and asylum seekers in Moldova. In partnership with IOM, thisorganisation has recently started a programme providing vocational trainingfor trafficked persons and offering them grants in kind to start up micro-enter-prises.

2.5. Law reform and enforcement

The National Working Group on Trafficking Issues, which was established inMay 2000, has begun work on new anti-trafficking legislation. The new Article113 (2) of the Penal Code was prepared and adopted by the Parliament at theend of July 2001. According to this new law, trafficking will be punished withimprisonment from three to seven years, in some cases with confiscation ofproperty. The sentence rises from five to 15 years with confiscation of prop-erty when trafficking is carried out for the purpose of sexual exploitation, sla-very, armed conflict and pornography, or by a group of people. Whencommitted repeatedly, against two or more people, using violence, for humanorgans or by a criminal organisation, it will be punished with a jail sentencebetween 15 and 25 years and confiscation of property.

The government has also taken the following actions:• Elaboration of a Draft Law on Children in Difficult Situations;• Elaboration of the “Social Allowances for Families with Children” Law;• Establishment of an Anti-Trafficking Unit within the police;• Training for the police from the Anti-Trafficking Unit;• Contacts with the SECI Centre;• Proposal of co-operation between the Moldavian and Romanian gov-

ernments on preparing trafficking administrative regulations, initiatedby the Romanian government.

OSCE has been supporting a project on the Trafficking Law Reform. In July2001, a German expert prepared a report Combating Trafficking in HumanBeings in the Republic of Moldova - Analysis of Existing and Draft Legislation.Unfortunately the report came too late, because the Parliament adopted thedraft legislation, without the suggested changes.

The US Customs Service has appointed an American consultant to providetechnical assistance to Moldavian Customs.

IOM is planning international networking visits for the relevant Moldavianauthorities to meet their counterparts in the countries to which Moldavianwomen and girls are trafficked. The network will be used to contribute to thedevelopment of complementary legal mechanisms and to facilitate the devel-opment of mechanisms for information and intelligence exchange that wouldassist in prosecuting traffickers.

Representatives from NGOs participated in the working group preparing anti-trafficking legislation.


36

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Republic ofMoldova

Overviewof Activities


37

Romania
Romania1. OverviewRomania is a country of origin, transit and also, to some extent, of destinationfor trafficked women and children, a centre for trafficking from the Republic ofMoldova, Ukraine and other countries of the former Soviet Union to the coun-tries of the former Yugoslavia, Turkey, Italy and Greece.
The government defines Romania as a country of origin and for transit, and isprepared to take action against traffickers. They recognise that trafficking isone of the trans-border criminal activities run by the organised crime groupsin the region, that thrive in areas where there is a lack of proper legislation,of a functional law enforcement system and of co-operation between the var-ious law enforcement agencies.

As in most East European countries, the transition to democracy was veryhard for the Romanian people in terms of income and social security. The col-lapse of the economy in the 1980s brought soaring inflation rates and highunemployment. In 1990 the new government took measures to start the tran-sition to a market economy, but the economy they inherited was not suited toa free market, and the industrial output decreased by 54 percent from 1990to 1992. The result was a drastic reduction in the number of jobs and theappearance of an impoverished majority. As in the other countries of theregion, women were the first to be hit by the rising unemployment. Their polit-ical participation started to decrease, while violence against them and theireconomic dependence increased. In particular, young women have littlechance in the labour market.


The main reason that women and girls migrate to big cities or try to go abroadis their difficult economic situation and lack of opportunities at home. Theycome from poor, often dysfunctional, families and have only basic educationand, therefore, no prospect of supporting themselves and having an indepen-dent life. Women are recruited through promises to arrange either a legitimatejob or one in the sex industry. To women who are already working in the sexindustry in Romania, traffickers offer better working conditions abroad. Somewomen and girls are kidnapped, forced to go abroad or bought from pimps.

The majority of trafficked Romanian women come from towns in the poorestnorthwest part of the country – Romanian Moldova – Iasi and Suceava. Thereis also internal trafficking from these poor areas into the big cities thatincludes not only women and girls for prostitution but also children and oldwomen for begging. Recently, internal and international trafficking havebecome more interconnected, more professional and better-connected withinternational criminal networks.

Prostitution in Romania is illegal. Sex workers plying the streets of Bucharestare mostly Romanian; many from the Roma minority. About 20 percent areforeign, mainly from the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and other coun-tries of the former Soviet Union. It is estimated that 30 percent are childrenunder 18. The sex workers are usually females who are under a pimp “protec-tion”. The pimps are usually men, but there are female pimps as well. Thereare many venues for commercial sex: “in house”; on the street; in hotels;bars, public toilets, etc. In the North Train Station area of Bucharest, there are


38

Romania
many “red light spots”, located in houses and cheap hotels. The pimps restrictthe freedom of movement of sex workers to a particular neighbourhood andsome women are trafficked from one neighbourhood to another, as well asfrom the countryside to the cities and abroad.52
Different networks of organised crime groups use various trafficking routes,starting in the Republic of Moldova or Romania. One runs from the Republic ofMoldova via Romania (Timisoara is often mentioned as a centre for trafficking)to Hungary where false documents are prepared, and on to Western Europe.Another route is via Serbia where Belgrade is a transit centre for trafficking,to the other countries of former Yugoslavia, Italy and Greece. A third routegoes via Bulgaria directly to Turkey and Greece, or to Italy via the countriesof the former Yugoslavia and Albania.

Women and girls travel usually in groups, sometimes of up to 100 people, withother illegal migrants. They cross the border illegally or legally with valid doc-uments, including tourist visas, to Bulgaria, Albania or Serbia, and then try toenter other countries illegally. Travelling without valid documents means eco-nomic dependence on the trafficker who pays for the false documents or illegalborder crossings, accepting the participation in illegal activities and furtherdependence on the trafficker in the country of destination.

According to government estimates, up to 40,000 illegal aliens crossed intoRomania in the year 2000. Due to the stricter border control from January toJune 2001, 32,838 persons were refused entry into Romania, an increase inrefusals of 57 percent in comparison with 2000. Reasons for refusing entryincluded fake passports, no entry visa and no financial means. Over 21,000persons were stopped while crossing the border illegally, an increase of 46percent over the previous year. The data on border traffic is not differentiatedby gender and it is impossible to estimate how many people were stopped onsuspicion of trafficking.53


There is no reliable data on trafficking of children. It is estimated that about30 percent of sex workers in Bucharest are under 18 years of age. Twentythree percent of IOM assisted trafficked persons were teenage girls less than18 years of age. According to the IOM research report on vulnerability to traf-ficking in Romania,54 one of the most vulnerable groups is institutionalisedchildren. Contrary to the IOM report, the National Authority for Child Protec-tion has had only one documented case of trafficking from a state institu-tion.55 Children in institutions may be vulnerable and are exposed to the riskof trafficking when they leave the institutions at the age of 18. Young womenjust out of such institutions have no economic means, professional skills orfamily network of support. They lack life skills to start their own life and thusbecome easy prey for traffickers.

There are stories and some reports of Romanian teenage boys involved in thesex trade in the countries of Western Europe, as well as international traffick-ing of young children for begging.

52. Information from Romanian Association against AIDS (ARAS), interview with Alina Bocai, 23 July 2001, Bucharest.

53. Interview with Lt. Colonel Florin Ionescu, Lt. Adina Cruceru, Organised Crime Squad, General Inspectorate of the Police, Ministry of Internal Affairs, 20 July 2001, Bucharest.

54. IOM, “Vulnerability to trafficking in human being of young female population of Romania”. Bucharest, July 2001.

55. Interview with Mariana Neacsu, National Authority on Child Protection and Adoption, 19 July 2001, Bucharest.


39

Romania
In the period between January 2000 and July 2001, 484 trafficked women andgirls were returned to Romania. IOM assisted the return of 297 of them, andthe other 47 percent were assisted by the local NGOs. The majority of thesewomen (48 percent) were from the region of Romanian Moldova and 23 per-cent were minors under 18 years of age.

The majority of women and girls that IOM assisted had been trafficked to theBalkans. Thirty percent were returned from BiH, 28 percent from FYR Mace-donia, 18 percent from Albania, 11 percent from Kosovo, six percent fromItaly, four percent from other countries and three percent from Cambodia. Tenof the women and girls were assisted by IOM in Romania while in transit totheir homes in the Republic of Moldova. Ten percent of assisted women andgirls used a shelter provided by IOM.56

The return procedure involves IOM and the local police. Women and girls aremet at the airport in Bucharest by IOM staff and transported to the shelter.Usually the next day, they have a meeting with an IOM social worker whointerviews each one, in order to find out details of their economical, educa-tional and family situation, and to present the possibilities for assistance athome or another chosen destination. If the trafficked person agrees, theRomanian police will interrogate her in the presence of an IOM representative.Women who testify are not provided with legal assistance, and sometimesincriminate themselves (as to crossing the border illegally, for example).Information about the trafficked person is collated by IOM and also sent bythe police to the SECI Centre in Bucharest.

There are no standardised guidelines or procedures for the process of assis-tance. A major concern of local NGOs is that, as a result of the Memorandumof Understanding between IOM and the Ministry of the Interior, the police arealways included in the return process for trafficked persons. Women, whohave been identified as victims of trafficking in the destination country, can bejudged by the Romanian police to be illegal migrants or prostitutes, often asa result of their testimonies, and be convicted after assisting the police withtheir investigation. According to NGOs it should not be possible to prosecutefor illegal migration and voluntary prostitution in cases where women receivedno earnings, were constantly abused and deprived of the freedom of move-ment, even if they had initially migrated voluntarily or consented to work inthe sex industry. There are also no special procedures for returned childrenunder 18. In accordance with CRC, and the Palermo Trafficking Protocol, incases of labour exploitation of children under 18, the issue of consent, forceand deceit is, of course, irrelevant.

To date, the law enforcement agencies, in majority of cases, have been verycareful not to charge the returned women and girls with prostitution or illegalborder crossings, and have described them as victims of trafficking. However,clear rules and procedures are necessary if the system of protection is to beeffective and fair. These should include a minimum standard of treatment forreturning trafficked persons that would protect the rights of the women andchildren, and would clearly describe the obligations of the governmental agen-cies and the rules of conduct of the institutions involved.

There are some other concerns arising from the way the return process is con-ducted. A routine part of the return process is the testimony given by the traf-ficked person, and women who wish to be assisted by IOM are obliged to

56. Interview with Luis Ulrich and Florin Pasnicu, IOM Office Bucharest, 20 July 2001.


40

Romania
answer questions. While obtaining information is very important from thepoint of view of law enforcement, the health and well-being of the womenmust also be taken into account. Psychologists from the local NGOs assistingin the return process are concerned about the consequences of interviewingwomen suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. NGOs also question theresults and quality of such interviews as it is becoming clear that a growingnumber of interviewees deliver similar “standardised” information, repeatingstories learned from others rather than sharing their own experiences. Insome cases such stories can make it more difficult to assess if the woman wastrafficked in the first place. The experiences of the NGOs suggest that only apersonalised approach with professional psychological assistance and longercontact with the returned women will enable them tell the truth and testifyagainst traffickers.
IOM’s programme of reintegration for trafficked persons offers “assistance tothe victims, including temporary accommodation, health care, psychologicalcounselling, educational and professional/employment orientation and socialreintegration, …carried out with the support of some 35 Romanian NGOsacross the country.”57

Local NGOs, however, have expressed concerns about the quality of helpoffered to women and girls by the organisations providing assistance and rein-tegration support. At the conference organised by IOM in Bucharest in July2001, there were 24 organisations from all over the country, the majority ofwhich had no previous experience of working with trafficked persons. Thereare no special IOM procedures or services offered for children, but minors arereferred to the Romanian branch of Save the Children or Service Sociale Inter-national (Italian branch).

Assistance offered by IOM includes transporting the trafficked persons fromthe airport to a shelter, providing them with a small allowance of US$150 intotal (given in three instalments), addresses of NGOs and information aboutthe possibility of having a medical check up and some help from NGOs in casesof emergency. Counselling and reintegration support are not part of a stan-dardized service but rather an exception in the routine of a much more modestoffer. From the total of 403 assisted persons, between January 2000 andDecember 2001, 173 cases were referred to local organisations for reintegra-tion assistance. Services provided through the partner NGO network can, inprinciple, include temporary shelter, medical assistance, psychological coun-selling, general social assistance, educational assistance, vocational training,career orientation, employment and job seeking, and legal support. However,in most cases, the support is limited to a couple of hours of counselling aweek, as NGOs without experience or financial resources cannot deal with theproblems of trafficked women. There are only few NGOs in the country(Reaching Out in Pitesti, SCOP in Timisoara, Pro Familia in Bistrita, and Arte-mis in Cluj) with capacity to offer more long-term support in reintegration, andnot all of them are among the organisations with which IOM co-operates.


There are no programmes in the area of HIV/AIDS/STIs prevention aimed attrafficked people. Women and girls assisted by IOM are offered free medicalservices, including STI and HIV tests. A National HIV/AIDS Strategy until 2003

57. “A comprehensive approach to the prevention of trafficking and to the protection of victims through strengthened coordination at the national, regional and international levels”, Keynote Address by Mr. Brunson McKinley, Director General, IOM at the Regional Trafficking Conference in Bucharest, 21 May 2001.


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has been developed and some pilot projects have been initiated by interna-tional organisations, but the government has no capacity to take them over.
Since 1999, UNDP/UNAIDS has supported a health prevention project forcommercial sex workers in Bucharest implemented by a local NGO, ARAS(Romanian Association against AIDS). Since the pimp negotiates with the cli-ent the characteristics of sex sessions, the pimp is the real decision-maker.Pimps often force sex workers to have unprotected sex, as this is demandedby the clients. In general, sex workers learn that they have STIs from clientswho inform their pimps. Pimps are not interested at all in the women’s healthstatus and prefer to sell a woman to another pimp or to move her to anotherplace because it is cheaper to buy a new girl than to pay for medical treatment(a female sex worker costs about US$ 50). In the period January 2000 to June2001, only 40 women reached by the ARAS street workers were willing tohave the HIV test and none of them tested positive.58

1.5. Prosecution

Since January 2001, there have been 110 cases opened against traffickers inRomania and 148 traffickers have been prosecuted, including pimps, smug-glers and recruiters. The police have dismantled 64 criminal groups involvedin trafficking in human beings and illegal migration. As trafficking across theborder is not a crime under the existing law, traffickers are prosecuted forother crimes related to prostitution, smuggling of migrants and violence. Theexisting law enforcement agencies and judicial system lack the expertise todeal with this problem effectively. As prostitution is illegal, the victim is stillmore often targeted in the legal process than the perpetrator.

The crime of trafficking is considered to be one of the illegal activities con-nected with illegal migration and is treated as such. As a result, traffickedwomen and female illegal migrants are lumped together in one group and thetrafficked women and girls receive insufficient protection and are further vic-timised. There have been cases when the victims who testified against traf-fickers were prosecuted and sentenced for prostitution and illegal bordercrossing. There has also been a case whereby returned victims were used fora press conference of the Police Trafficking Task Force, their faces shown onTV and names published in the press.

In March 2001, the police organised an action called “The Moon”, during whichthey arrested all the sex workers in Bucharest and let them go after a coupleof hours. The action had no follow up and no clear purpose except of provingthe efficiency of the police and creating publicity for the new anti-traffickinginitiatives undertaken by the Ministry of the Interior.


2.1 National Plan of Action and co-ordination

In spring 2001, Romania established the National Task Force on Trafficking, toco-ordinate the efforts made by the Romanian Government to prevent andcombat trafficking. The chief of the General Directorate for combating organ-ised crime was appointed as the National Co-ordinator. Additionally, an Inter-Ministerial Committee was established on the initiative of the Ministry of For-eign Affairs in co-operation with the Ministries of the Interior, Justice, Educa-

58. Information from the Romanian Association Against AIDS (ARAS), interview with Alina Bocai, 23 July 2001, Bucharest.


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tion and Research, Labour and Social Solidarity, the Prosecutor’s Office, aswell as international and local non-governmental organisations.
The Committee has met twice a month since July 2001, to draft the NationalPlan of Action (NPA). The first draft of the NPA was prepared by the Ministryof Foreign Affairs in co-operation with the Ministry of the Interior, Ministry ofJustice, the SECI Centre and the FBI advisor at the SECI Centre. It is compat-ible with the regional Plan of Action of the Stability Pact Task Force on Traffick-ing. The NPA is focused, primarily, on law enforcement and legal reform, andincludes the activities and co-operation of all relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions in all areas of action (research, prevention, raisingof awareness, assistance, legal reform and law enforcement). The draft of theNPA was shared for consultation with the international agencies and NGOs andsent to all relevant ministries for comments. The government approved theNPA in August 2001.

The Inter-Agency Working Group on trafficking in human beings, as a support-ing body for the National Task Force and one of the agencies implementing theNPA, was also established to work on the legislation, law enforcement proce-dures and victim assistance issues. The Working Group includes government,international organisations and donors, including IOM, CoE, UNHCR, UNDP,SECI and USAID. FBI and the US Embassy also provide support for the group.

In March 2001, a group of seven local NGOs prepared an Alternative NPA onTrafficking. The document was produced as a discussion and position paperbut it did not reach the phase when it could be distributed and broadly dis-cussed.

In October 2001, a Round Table on trafficking in human beings was heldbetween government representatives and NGOs to foster co-operationbetween the government, international organisations and NGOs in the imple-mentation of the NPA.


The Romanian government has identified trafficking as one of the priorities inits efforts to fight organised crime.59 The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairsvoiced its “surprise” at the U.S. State Department report on the situation offighting human trafficking.60 This report, released in July 2001, placed Roma-nia among the countries in “Tier 3” – the group of countries which do not meetthe minimum standards for fighting trafficking in human beings. As the Roma-nian government has taken many actions against trafficking, some with thesupport of American experts, the report was a very big disappointment.

In October 2000 the ODIHR together with the Ministry of Justice organised around table on trafficking in human beings. In 2001, the government under-took many new initiatives in the fields of prevention, prosecution and protec-tion of trafficked persons. The signing by Romania of the Palermo Conventionand its Protocols resulted in the initiation of changes in legislation in compli-ance with international standards. The Stability Pact has provided a regionaland institutional framework within which the response to trafficking becomes

59. “Romania’s Government considers that fighting the human trafficking networks is a priority in its actions devoted to the fight against organised crime and it shows full responsibilities in fulfilling its international duties in the field”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, press release 16 July. Rompress English Bulletin, 16 July 2001, p. 2.

60. See: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/usdocs/traffickingreport-2001.html


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easier and has supported given new initiatives for dealing with the issue, suchas SECI.
There are a number of international agencies in Romania, which take part inthe activities to combat trafficking in women and children. While internationalagencies do not implement anti-trafficking activities directly (with the excep-tion of IOM), they co-operate with the governmental bodies, share theirexpertise and support the activities of NGOs financially. International organi-sations also participate in the Inter-Agency Working Group established aspart of the NPA.

There is no government support for the NGOs dealing with trafficking. Most ofthem started their activities as women’s organisations working in other areas,mainly violence against women. In the course of their work, they respondedto the need to support trafficked women and started to develop programmesof assistance for them. All NGOs rely on outside donors to survive and dependon short-term grants, which do not allow the planning of long term strategiesand programmes. Despite the shortage of financial resources, which leads tocompetitiveness between NGOs, there are some new initiatives in the area oftrafficking that demonstrate the involvement of local organisations and theirwillingness to co-operate.

2.3 Prevention and raising awareness

2.3.1. Government

The National Plan of Action was introduced very recently and it is too early toevaluate its effectiveness. Some of the planned initiatives started in 2001:

• Within the framework of the Stability Pact activities, the Ministry ofthe Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs organised a RegionalConsultative Meeting on the Combat of Trafficking in Human Beingsin Bucharest in May 2001. The "Anti-trafficking Law Enforcement"political declaration was adopted.

• The General Inspectorate of the Police of the Ministry of the Interiororganised a press conference hosted by the Trafficking in HumanBeings Squad. During the conference, the NPA was presented to themedia and the Ministry of the Interior commented on the report ontrafficking published by the US State Department.

• The Institute for Research and Criminality (under the Ministry of theInterior) has started new initiatives, including campaigns to raiseawareness, seminars, lectures, training in crime prevention with traf-ficking prevention as an integral component, programmes againstviolence in the family which are on-going in 42 counties, research onprostitution and training plans for police officers.

• The Ministry of Education is co-operating with IOM to introduce theissue of trafficking into the school curricula. The ministry will help todevelop the message and adjust it for school needs, and with the dis-semination of educational materials prepared jointly with IOM.

• In co-operation with the international organisations, the NationalAuthority for Child Protection (NACP) has updated a report on SexualAbuse and Exploitation of Children in preparation for the SecondWorld Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children inYokohama, Japan, in December 2001. The report includes a sectionon commercial sexual exploitation and internal trafficking of children.The NACP is also preparing the National Plan of Action on the Protec-tion of Children.

• The Ministry of Health has planned a programme on health protectionfor vulnerable groups for autumn 2001.


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• The Romanian government has also presented a report by localexperts on the situation regarding trafficking and prostitution, at theMinisterial Regional Conference on Trafficking held in Bucharest inMay 2001.
Many more prevention and awareness raising activities are listed anddescribed in the NPA and reflect almost all the activities suggested in themodel NPA prepared by SPTTF: research into the causes and patterns of traf-ficking; assessment of policies and legislation; information campaigns for thegeneral public and special target groups; raising awareness in the media,including trafficking information in school curricula and special programmesabout trafficking in children; training, seminars and meetings about traffick-ing; and dissemination of information about legal migration.

There are also activities planned that were not proposed by the model NPA:creation of a code of conduct for the employees of the state institutionsregarding trafficking; and involving religious institutions in the anti-traffickingcampaign. There are also plans for school programmes to target both girls andboys to promote a zero tolerance of violence against women and girls, and toprovide appropriate information on sexual relationships, as well as STI andHIV/AIDS prevention.

In the area of gender discrimination in the labour market, the NPA proposesthe establishment of programmes to combat discrimination against women inthe labour market and special programmes for professional re-training ofwomen.

The NPA also proposes issuing special certificates for persons willing to workin the entertainment industry abroad and prohibiting publications “hurtingpeople’s dignity” – press announcements offering visas to the Schengen coun-tries or organisation of work abroad.

The plan is very broad and ambitious. It covers almost all areas of anti-traf-ficking activities. However, there might be problems with its implementation,as there may be neither capacity to actually implement the activities, nor doesthe government allocate resources, nor have alternative sources of fundsbeen identified.

2.3.2. International organisations

IOM is the most active of all the international agencies. It has taken an activepart in all the anti-trafficking initiatives organised by the government, startedprevention campaigns and assistance activities and initiated co-operation withthe NGOs which were already actively involved in assistance work.

UNAIDS is supporting programmes on HIV/AIDS prevention and harm reduc-tion programmes for injecting drug users addressed to sex workers.

UNICEF provides support for programmes for children in institutions and thoseleaving institutions. UNICEF also supports local NGOs to do outreach work onHIV/AIDS prevention with sex workers.

Since 1999, UNDP/UNAIDS has supported a health project for commercial sexworkers in Bucharest implemented by a local NGO ARAS.

USAID is the main donor for the anti-trafficking work and supports initiativesby IOM, UNDP and local NGOs in the area of trafficking prevention and victimassistance.


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OSCE organised a round table on trafficking and initiated a dialogue betweenthe government, international organisations and NGOs. It also supported localNGOs to work on the elaboration of the Romanian National Plan of Action.
2.3.3. Local NGOs

In April 2001, the Romanian Government established an inter-ministerialworking group against trafficking in human beings and also invited non-gov-ernmental and international organisations to participate in the discussion.Selected NGOs working on anti-trafficking issues (namely Fundatia SEF,ARCA, SCOP, Artemis, Reaching Out, Phoenix Carita, Pro Familia) gathered inSinaia, 4-7 April for training supported by ODIHR, on networking, and policyand strategy building in preparation for their work with the government.

In July 2001, IOM organised a conference on “Interagency Co-operation inFighting and Prevention of Traffic in Women” in which 24 local NGOs partici-pated. The aims of the conference were to strengthen capacity and consolidatelocal NGOs, which included designing training programmes for NGOs workingin the area of victim assistance, creating working procedures for victim assis-tance and creating a network of NGOs to support a prevention campaign.

A group of 13 local NGOs has recently formed a coalition FAMNET, to start ajoint project on trafficking prevention and information. They have joinedforces to establish a telephone hotline on trafficking and develop informationmaterials for women who want to migrate.

There are several local NGOs, including ARAS, working on HIV/AIDS preven-tion among vulnerable groups that include sex workers and trafficked womenand girls. IOM organised a seminar in April 2001 in Sinaia for local NGOs activein prevention campaigns to develop working procedures. Local organisationsincluding ARCA, SEF, Reaching Out, Artemis, SCOP Timisoara, Pro Familia andPhoenix Carita, participated in this seminar.

The Women’ Programme of the Open Society Institute (OSI) has initiated a"Theoretical and Empirical Models on Trafficking in Human Beings" project,prepared as a research and assessment project, which includes a survey oforganised crime, a national migration survey, and programmes to develop vic-tims assessment and prevention measures.

The Centre for Legal Resources organised two other events:• Regional Forum on Trafficking in Human Beings, 21-23 June 2001, in

Bucharest. Nine relevant Romanian NGOs took part in the Forum: OSIRomania; Equal Opportunities for Women; Romanian AbolitionistSociety; Reaching Out Foundation; Association of Romanian Womenwith Legal Careers; Partners for Change; ARCA-Romanian Forum forRefugees and Migrants; SCOP-Society for Children and Parents; andthe Artemis Centre, and five NGOs from FRY: Forum Iuris, Novi Sad;Centre for Human Rights; Roma National Congress; Association forWomen's Initiatives; and PRALIPE-Roma Organisation, and the dailynewspaper, Politika and TV Studio B. The aim of the forum was tobring together people from NGOs and public institutions, in order toidentify the problems/obstacles regarding the phenomenon of traf-ficking in human beings, and to advance realistic and effectiveapproaches, so as to solve them through collaboration among thepartners from both countries.


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• Workshop organised with financial support from Council of Europe onCriminal Law Reform on Trafficking in Human Beings in SoutheasternEurope. This project is part of the Council of Europe contribution tothe aims of the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking as well as ofthe Stability Pact Initiative against Organised Crime.
The Romanian Orthodox Church is included in trafficking prevention activities.The Patriarch of the Church is supposed to issue a statement warning againsttrafficking and information about trafficking will be given out at church ser-vices.

2.4. Victims assistance: return and reintegration

2.4.1. Government

The first action taken by the Romanian government in the area of victim assis-tance was to open a shelter for trafficked persons in Bucharest in co-operationwith IOM. The shelter opened in November 2001 and is managed by a localNGO, the Estuar Foundation. The services provided in the shelter include med-ical, social and psychological assistance and reintegration programmes.

Other plans for victim assistance and support included in the NPA are to con-clude bilateral and multilateral agreements on returns, to create facilities forreturning trafficked persons, to provide legal, social, medical and psychologi-cal assistance, to hire and train personnel to work with trafficked persons, toestablish a hotline for victims, to create alternative programmes for thosetrafficked persons who chose not to go back home and to educate families andcommunities not to stigmatise or blame the victims.

In the government programme of victim assistance, there is no mention ofproviding information on the rights of trafficked persons, of providing inter-preters and information in their own language, or the rights to claim compen-sation or occupational reintegration. There are no plans to provide traffickedpersons with an alternative settlement, including the right to apply for asylumin appropriate cases, or access to welfare. Most of the above are connectedwith financial commitments, which the government is not ready to make. TheNPA also does not mention the possibility of co-operation with NGOs andestablishing a network of NGOs to assist with reintegration.

2.4.2. International agencies

IOM has been very active in the area of victim assistance and reintegrationsince the beginning of 2001 when it started a special programme of assistancefor women and girls being returned by IOM from the countries of destination.IOM also provides return/transit assistance for trafficked women and girlsfrom the Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia and Central Asia.

Direct IOM assistance includes meeting women at the airport and provision oftransportation to shelter or other locations. To date, IOM-supported reintegra-tion assistance has mainly been sub-contracted to the NGOs working to pre-vent violence and to support victims of violence.

Acting on the Memorandum of Understanding between IOM and the RomanianMinistry of the Interior, signed in March 2001, a shelter for trafficked personswas opened in Bucharest on 1 November 2001. The shelter, whose premisesare provided by the Ministry of the Interior and refurbished by IOM, is man-aged by an NGO, the Estuar Foundation. The centre provides assistance ser-vices on a 24h basis. The main services include psychological assistance toovercome traumas suffered during trafficking, medical assistance (gynaeco-


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logical examination, HIV and STI testing, as well as treatment), a vocationalcourse for a period of 3 months (hairdressing, bakery-pastry, other), counsel-ling on administrative, juridical, educational and vocational procedures andassistance in regard to local administration and state agencies. During the firstthree months of functioning, 34 persons received transit assistance (maxi-mum 2 days) and nine opted for longer term assistance (up to 3 months). In2001, IOM also supported the organisation of a network of local NGOs that willco-operation with them in the provision of victim assistance and reintegration.
2.4.3. NGOs

Until recently, the only institutions directly involved in assisting and reinte-grating trafficked women and children were NGOs. The first NGO to start workwith trafficked persons, in 1998, was Reaching Out from Pitesti. Reaching Outhas an on-going training programme for 10 social workers working in theirshelter for trafficked women and children, and has achieved an 84 percentrate of reintegration. They have also prepared “Standards to work with thevictims of trafficking”.

Before 2001, the Romanian NGOs operated as a network of organisations andshelters, which could provide trafficked persons with basic assistance and sup-port. The shelters, which operate in three towns outside of Bucharest (Timi-soara, Pitesti, Constanta), are small and designed in the first place for victimsof domestic violence. They are used for trafficked women and children as anemergency solution (with the exception of the Reaching Out shelter). Prior to2001, neither NGO staff nor shelter personnel, with a few exceptions, hadbeen trained to assist trafficked persons. They have developed skills andexpertise in the course of their work and at present are able to continue theiractivities and share their experience with others, but are not in a position toprovide long-term support and run reintegration programmes without addi-tional training and support, including financial support. These women’s organ-isations and shelters for victims of violence were supported mainly by theSoros Foundation and have not benefited from the funding designated foranti-trafficking activities in the region.

Since 2001, IOM has started to build a new network of NGOs. In July 2001,IOM organised a conference “Interagency Cooperation in Fighting and Preven-tion of Traffic in Women” in which 24 local NGOs participated.

The “old” NGOs working on trafficking have also started to organise them-selves, but separately from the IOM network. The FAMNET coalition of 13 localNGOs is a network working in the field of victim assistance and reintegration.Their activities include prevention campaigns, a hotline and website for organ-isations within the network, shelters for trafficked women and children (inTimisoara, Pitesti, Constanta) and reintegration programmes, including train-ing, schooling and job training. Reaching Out will start training social workersfrom FAMNET, according to their “Standards” document.

There is no continuity in the work with trafficked persons. Some of the NGOswhich had been most active during the last two years in the area of victimassistance and support, are not involved in the new projects and campaignsstarted by IOM. IOM has chosen new partner organisations, which have to betrained and to learn how to work with trafficked persons. The FAMNET networkof “old” NGOs is preparing a new programme. The tension is partially due tothe fact that the NGOs do not agree with IOM’s approach to reintegration.FAMNET views IOM as an organisation working with migrants and as havingno expertise in developing or implementing reintegration programmes fortrafficked women. According to the NGOs, IOM’s approach is to send the


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women back home, to the environment from which they were trafficked in thefirst place and to provide them only with some counselling, which is notenough assistance. Another reason is that the NGOs do not have the financialcapacity to assist the trafficked women, so they have to rely upon IOM tocover their costs, but the support they receive is not always sufficient. IOMhas had no clear policy or guidelines for preparing reintegration programmesfor trafficked women or for co-operating with NGOs, which has led to mistrustand misunderstanding.
Now, however, IOM co-operates with 23 Romanian NGOs committed to pro-viding reintegration assistance to trafficked persons on the basis of formalbilateral agreements. IOM also organises training for the NGOs, on the socialassistance services provided to trafficked persons and on psychologicalassessment and treatment for them. The result of these workshops will be aguide to the principles of the assistance provided to trafficked persons, theminimum standards of reintegration services provided by NGOs and otheragencies; and a collection of case studies. The guide will serve as a writtenreference in terms of know-how and best practices in the field of assistance totrafficked persons. The guide will be disseminated among interested partiesand will be used as well by the NGOs to train their permanent staff and vol-unteers adequately.

2.5. Law reform and enforcement

The Romanian government has recently taken many actions in the area of lawreform and enforcement. These activities are connected with the demands onRomania to adjust its national legislation to European Union standards in theprocess of accession to the EU. Other changes are the result of the NATOaccession process, the Stability Pact agreements or bilateral contracts forcombating organised crime in the Balkan region.

The working group on legal reform consisting of representatives of the Minis-tries of Justice, the Interior and Foreign Affairs, and international organisa-tions and NGOs, with assistance from the Vienna-based UN Centre for CrimePrevention and a legal adviser from the US Embassy, has revised legislationto create a separate Bill on Prevention and Fighting Human Trafficking. Thenew law is based on the US Trafficking Bill and was pending approval by Par-liament at the end of 2001.61 The Bill includes legal mechanisms and proce-dures for implementation and protection, including the adoption of new lawson combating organised crime, on evidence, and on victims and witness pro-tection, and training programmes for law enforcement, lawyers, border policeand to improve co-operation between the police and NGOs.

As the result of the working group’s efforts a draft Law on Combating Traffick-ing in Human Beings and Preventing Corruption was adopted by the RomanianGovernment and is pending parliamentary approval.62

Government has also taken new measures to organise national law enforce-ment structures to combat trafficking. The National Focal Point on traffickingmatches the Regional Focal Point established at the SECI Centre. The Traffick-ing in Human Beings Squad is a part of the Anti-Organised Crime Division andhas approximately 40 representatives in 15 counties.

61. The team (Ministry of Justice, Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity) was created by the Centre for Legal Resources. The project was co-financed by IOM, UNDP and UNFPA. In the mean time, this bill became Law no.678 and was published in Romanian Official Journal 783/ 11 December 2001. Within 60 days of publication Romania has to draft the Regulation of the law.

62. In compliance with Civil Convention on the Corruption adopted in Strasbourg on 4 November 1999 and Convention on Corruption adopted in Strasbourg on 27 January 1999.


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As a result of the European Union accession requirements, constant efforts arebeing made by the law enforcement bodies to tighten border control byincreasing patrols and introducing visa requirements for the countries consid-ered potential sources of illegal migrants.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is organising a joint project with the govern-ment of the Republic of Moldova - the "Criminal Law Reform on Trafficking". Itincludes sharing information and experience in drafting the law on trafficking,help with drafting new law, creating an institutional network to combat traf-ficking, international co-operation and training for law enforcement officials.

Many activities have been planned for 2001 and 2002 within the framework ofthe NPA, including adoption of the new Bill on Prevention and Fighting ofHuman Trafficking. There are also plans for making new, secure travel docu-ments, providing the Trafficking Task Force with the equipment necessary forits work and creating a computerised data base and system of exchange ofinformation for the enforcement agencies. Separate programmes are plannedfor reintegration of the convicted traffickers.

Missing from the NPA are plans to prosecute traffickers and law enforcementofficials involved in trafficking, to fight corruption and to close down traffickingroutes. It will be difficult to measure the effectiveness of the NPA using theindicators of achievements i.e. showing a decrease in trafficking activities(prosecution of traffickers and corrupt officials, closed trafficking routes etc.),without programmes in these areas.

The SECI Centre is undertaking a number of activities related to law enforce-ment, including:

• Creation of a case-based Regional Anti-Trafficking Law EnforcementManual for use by the local police in SECI countries;

• Training for the law enforcement agencies;• Joint training sessions for police and NGOs; • Support for the border police and training for the police conducted by

the FBI representative at the SECI Centre.

IOM organised an "Inter-Agency Cupertino in Fighting Trafficking in Humansin Romania" in March 2001. Twenty-two representatives of the Romanian Bor-der Police and Crime Squad attended the event, which resulted in a plan ofaction for the law enforcement representatives.

The local NGO Centre for Legal Resources is co-ordinating efforts to createnew trafficking legislation and operates as the secretariat for the inter-agencyworking group that worked on the new Bill on Prevention and Combating Traf-ficking in Human Beings. The Centre managed to secure the co-operation ofgovernmental and international organisations and co-operates closely with allof them. Other activities of the Centre include:

• Organisation of the Regional Forum to discuss the phenomenon oftrafficking between Romania and FRY Serbia;

• Establishing an inter-ministerial expert group (2 representatives fromthe Ministry of Justice, and one from each of the ministries of theInterior, Labour and the Centre for Legal Resources) to work on thedraft legislation);

• Preparing a draft Bill on Prevention and Combating Trafficking inHuman Beings.


50

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Activities


51

Bulgaria
Bulgaria1. OverviewBulgaria is a transit country for women from the Republic of Moldova, Roma-nia, Ukraine and other countries of the former Soviet Union who are trying toreach Western Europe via the neighbouring Balkan countries. It is also a coun-try of origin for trafficking in Bulgarian women to Greece, FYR Macedonia, Kos-ovo, Turkey, Italy, Cyprus, and less frequently to the Czech Republic, Poland,Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Austria and France.
As with all the countries of the region, Bulgaria underwent a process of polit-ical and economic transition in the 1990s. The economy started to stabilise in1997 making Bulgaria one of the positive examples of free market economyreforms. A good sign of this was the removal of visa requirements for Bulgar-ian citizens to enter the countries of Western Europe, which put Bulgaria a fewsteps ahead, politically and economically, of her neighbours, Romania andMoldova. As in other countries of the region the unemployment hit womenhard and their participation in political life decreased. However space was cre-ated for speaking openly about violence against women and for the develop-ment of women’s organisations working in this area, as part of the developingcivil society. Thanks to their efforts the problem of trafficking in women cameto light, prompting governmental response.

1.1. Migration, prostitution, trafficking

1.1.1. Bulgarian women and girls

In the last four years, approximately 2,500 Bulgarian women who had beentrafficked, complained to the police, co-operated with law enforcement agen-cies in Bulgaria or abroad, or took part in investigations and testified againsttraffickers.63 In the past couple of years, there has been an overall decreasein the number of Bulgarian women trafficked abroad. The countries of desti-nation have also changed in recent years and most of the trafficking is nowfrom or through Bulgaria into Kosovo and the western part of FYR Macedoniaand to Western Europe.

Although not illegal, prostitution is stigmatised in Bulgaria. According to thelocal NGO Animus/La Strada, about 47 percent of women and girls working inthe sex industry are Bulgarians and about 35 percent are from the Romaminority. Most women and girls are between 16 and 20 years old and haveonly primary education. These statistics do not include women from other EastEuropean countries that are also reported to work in Bulgaria – Romanians,Ukrainians, Russians and Moldovans.

Trafficked women mostly come from the border areas in the northeast(Dobrich, Varna, Rousse) and the southwest (Blagoevgrad, Kyustendil, Kurd-jali, Petrich). There are some small villages in the northeast part of the coun-try from which several women have been trafficked. The border area nearPetritch is know to be an area controlled by organised crime groups, involvedin drugs, vehicle and human smuggling as well as prostitution and traffickingin human beings. Women and girls are recruited in different ways:

63. Information from the interview with Peter Vladimirov, Head of Division of Organised Crime, and Plamen Petrov, Head Illicit Traffic of Human Beings, 5 August 2001.


52

Bulgaria
• Young women, rarely under 18, who come from big and smaller citiesand to a lesser extent from villages. Traffickers make contact withthem directly or through peers, rarely through their families;
• Young women who answer job advertisements offering them attrac-tive jobs as models, dancers, au pair, etc;

• Sex workers;• Girls from the Roma minority, who are often under 18 and are often

sold to traffickers by their families;• Teenage girls are often kidnapped.

As in other countries, the data on trafficking is usually fragmentary andincomplete. According to the statistics of the border police, only 10 percent ofthe trafficked women stopped at the border are Bulgarian. However, theseparticular statistics refer only to women who are trying to leave Bulgaria with-out valid documents. It shows that the law enforcement authorities tend toattach the word “trafficked” to data on female migrants who have beenstopped at the border.64 Other statistics show the number of illegal femalemigrants deported to Bulgaria. In 2000, 679 Bulgarian women were deportedback to the country, the majority from Germany, Poland and Greece.65

Reliable statistics and their analysis can only be based on the actual caseloadof trafficked persons assisted by IOM Bulgaria. During the period March 2000to August 2001, IOM Sofia assisted 63 cases of trafficked women and girls.Thirty-five women were of Bulgarian origin, returned from Kosovo, FYR Mace-donia, Albania, Italy and Spain. The profile of trafficked women from Bulgariabased on the 35 assisted cases is as follows:

• Age breakdown: 56 percent are aged between 20 and 25; 12 percentbetween 25 and 30; and 8 percent are under 20 (of whom only onein the sample was under 18). Another eight percent are over 30 yearsold;

• Background: 53 percent of the victims come from the big cities and40 percent from smaller cities of Bulgaria. Eight percent have univer-sity education and forty percent high school education, including eightpercent that have finished Professional school. Thirty six percent haveonly finished primary school; eight percent have not completed sec-ondary education;

• Twenty eight percent of the women report having had difficult to badfamily relations in their childhood or before being trafficked;

• Way of recruitment: 56 percent of the girls have been lured throughfalse job promise; 24 percent through false invitation for visit, mar-riage or tourism; and 20 percent are kidnapped;

• In the majority of cases, the recruiters are men (12 male recruitersand only three female) of Bulgarian, Albanian or, in only one case, ofMacedonian origin;

• Conditions of life and work while trafficked: only eight percent ofwomen had freedom of movement and it was denied completely for84 percent. Seventy six percent received no payment for their ser-vices; eight percent received incidental payment and only eight per-cent were paid regularly.

1.1.2. Foreign women and girls

In the past few years, Bulgaria has also become a country of transit and des-tination. During the summer season, women from Romania and countries ofthe former Soviet Union work in the sex industry in the area of the southernborder. This shift from being a country of origin to one of destination is due to

64. Interview with a Border Police officer, Sofia, 5 August 2001.65. Information provided by the National Co-ordinator to the Stability Pact Task Force, 2001.


53

Bulgaria
the comparatively better economic situation in Bulgaria, the introduction ofnew and more secure travel documents, stricter border controls as well as bet-ter organisation of the law enforcement agencies and comparatively low cor-ruption within them, and campaigns of information and to raise awarenessorganised last year by IOM and local NGOs.
According to border police statistics, 90 percent of women stopped at the bor-der are foreigners. In terms of deportation of female illegal migrants, a totalof 888 foreign women were expelled from Bulgaria in 2000, most of whomcame from the Republic of Moldova, Romania and Turkey.66 During the periodMarch 2000 to August 2001, IOM assisted 28 foreign women to return fromBulgaria to their countries of origin - Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia andRomania.


There is no information on trafficking of children. The trafficked Bulgarianwomen returned from the Balkans and Western Europe are somewhat olderthan returnees to Albania, the Republic of Moldova or Romania. Sixteen per-cent of the survivors of trafficking who used the services and the care pro-gramme of Animus/La Strada were adolescents. According to informationprovided by state institutions, child trafficking is not a serious problem inBulgaria.


IOM and the NGO Animus/La Strada provide assistance to victims who returnback to Bulgaria and who are in transit to other countries.

La Strada started to work on the issue of trafficking in 1997 as one of theprojects of the local NGO the Animus Association. The organisational focuswas on violence against women and during the course of work it became clearthat the kinds of violence against women that the staff was confronted with,falls into three, not necessarily mutually exclusive categories: domestic vio-lence, sexual violence and trafficking in women and girls. Psychologists work-ing with the foundation had also noticed that victims of trafficking sufferedfrom post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). The Animus Association startedto develop and use a range of services, both supporting the victims of violenceand attempting to create some measures of prevention.

According to Animus/La Strada, 80 percent of women who return to Bulgariaafter being trafficked sooner or later go back to prostitution abroad. This isdue to the absence of any other economic alternative and due to negativereactions of the environment towards women who come back and are treatedas “prostitutes” and the lack of longer-term support in the psychologicaltrauma recovery process. The women leave again feeling that there is no placefor them at home.

IOM have registered some successful cases of full reintegration of ex-victimsof trafficking that started a new life thanks to the joint effort of IOM and itspartners. IOM returned victims statistics show that out of the 35 returned Bul-garians only 4 women have reverted back to professions or environment thatmight be leading to sex work. In all other cases IOM was able to assist womenwith 3 months social support programme. IOM is in contact with these womenand still assists on an ad hoc basis. 10 women were provided with long termcounselling (3 to 6 months) by a local NGO, the Nadya Centre. Sixty percent

66. Ibid.


54

Bulgaria
of women took part in vocational training. Job placement has been imple-mented mainly through informal institutional contacts – IOM was able to assistdirectly in this regard to 10 percent of women. In general, according to theIOM in at least 50 percent of cases reintegration was successful – measuredby the fact that women were reinserted back into their families, relatives andfriends’ environment.

There are a few HIV/AIDS prevention programmes in Bulgaria. All of them arefocused on Bulgarian sex workers and do not reach out to migrant sex workersor trafficked women. Outreach workers try to limit themselves to health pre-vention issues as not to jeopardise the contacts and trust they have built withsex workers or pimps who allow access to sex workers.

As in the Republic of Moldova and Romania, women work for pimps who useviolence to control them. However, unlike in Romania and Moldova, sex work-ers in Sofia and in the border area near Petrich can more easily be contactedby outreach workers from the HIV/AIDS prevention programmes, and aremore willing to take precautions against STIs and HIV/AIDS.

1.5. Prosecution

In 2000, according to data from the border and organised crime police, therewere eight organised crime groups involved in the trafficking or smuggling ofpeople. These were small groups, from two to eight persons each. During thesame period, 231 persons were identified as involved in the organisation andfacilitation of illegal border crossings and 175 of them were detained.67 It isnot possible to estimate how many of them were involved directly in traffickingas the information refers to all border crossings and does not differentiatebetween smuggling of illegal migrants and trafficking in human beings.

Since the beginning of 2000, there have been 16 police operations againsttraffickers/smugglers. In the first half of 2001, ten organised groups havebeen detected and 14 legal proceedings initiated. In June 2001, the SECI Cen-tre co-ordinated a joint operation of Bulgarian, Moldavian and Ukrainian policeto break down an illegal channel of trafficking organised by criminal groupsfrom Greece.

The Ministry of the Interior’s new Task Force to Combat Human Trafficking hasalready started initiatives to co-operate with neighbouring countries as well aswith the SECI Centre. This increased co-operation has resulted in several jointinvestigations and an increase in the sharing of law enforcement information.This has yet to yield prosecutions or concrete results.

2. Current reponses


Since 1999, Bulgarian government has focused its anti-trafficking initiativeson legal reform and law enforcement, led by the Ministry of Justice and theMinistry of the Interior. After the elections in June 2001 and a change of gov-ernment, the new Prime Minister stated that trafficking would become one ofhis government’s priority issues.

67. Information provided by the National Co-ordinator to the Stability Pact Task Force, 2001.


55

Bulgaria
In June 2001, the Ministry of Justice appointed, its Chief Inspector, to lead aformal ministerial working group to draw up a comprehensive law to addresstrafficking in human beings. A special commission would be created to co-ordi-nate and oversee the actions of the state institutions dealing with trafficking.This legislation is also supposed to address the situation of the victims, finan-cial, psychological and legal provisions as well as other measures of support.68
The development of the NPA was initiated and facilitated by Animus/La Stradawith the aim of uniting and co-ordinating the efforts of all institutions in onenational strategy against trafficking. The draft NPA was prepared by Animus/La Strada and contains ideas arising from the two inter-institutional roundtables, which they organised in 2000. Specialists and representatives of allinstitutions engaged in trafficking took part in the round tables – the NationalPolice, the National Service for Combating Organised Crime, the Border policeand the other structures of the Ministry of the Interior, the ministries of For-eign Affairs, Labour and Social Policy, Health, Education, Justice, the NationalHealthcare Fund, and representatives of municipal and county administration,as well as non-government organisations. The draft NPA was prepared by LaStrada in 2001 and presented to the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking bythe Bulgarian Government.

The Ministry of the Interior has established a Task Force to Combat HumanTrafficking in Persons for Sexual Exploitation. This Task Force was formallyestablished on 18 June 2001 by an intra-ministerial Memorandum of Under-standing to address human trafficking for sexual exploitation within theSoutheast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) framework.

Pursuant to Decision No. 608 of the Council of Ministers on 22 August 2001,a permanent expert group has been established to solve urgent problems aris-ing from the migration policy of the Republic of Bulgaria. This group includesrepresentatives of the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Justice, Finance, Transportand Communications, Labour and Social Policy, the Customs Agency and alsothe following services within the Ministry of the Interior: the National Servicefor Combating Organised Crime, the National Security Service, the NationalPolice Service, the National Border Police Service and the International Co-operation Directorate of the Ministry of Interior.


During the last two years Bulgaria has undertaken many actions to combattrafficking. Governmental activities were concentrated in the area of lawenforcement and legal reform. However trafficking has been treated almostexclusively as a trans-border crime and as part of the issue of illegal migra-tion. Not much attention has been paid to the human dimension of the prob-lem or to the rights of the trafficked persons.

International organisations and donors, including USAID, IOM, UNDP and theUS Department of Justice are actively involved in anti-trafficking activities.They support the government in its anti-trafficking work, mainly by providingfinancial support for the government and NGOs. An informal working group hasalso been established to exchange information and to lobby the government.

NGOs have been working on the ground with trafficked people for many yearsin the areas of prevention and provision of assistance. The La Strada Project

68. Interview with Antonia Balkanska, Chief Inspector, Ministry of Justice, Sofia, 6 August 2001.


56

Bulgaria
of the Animus Foundation is the main organisation active in the anti-traffickingefforts since 1997.

Prevention campaigns are a recent development and are conducted by inter-national and non-governmental organisations. The only prevention campaignconducted by the Government is an information and prevention campaignaimed at HIV/AIDS prevention, which only marginally addresses trafficking.

The Ministry of Health and the National HIV/AIDS Coalition are implementinga National Strategy on the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS that includessex workers as one of the vulnerable groups and offers special activities forthis group. Since sex workers are one of the target groups of this campaign itwill, therefore, also touch upon the issue of internal trafficking. The Ministryof Health has also prepared a report on mobile populations (including sexworkers).

The Ministry of Education co-operates with IOM on their prevention and infor-mation campaign for the general public and on the prevention campaign inhigh schools. Experts from the National Service for Combating OrganisedCrime actively assist the lecturers in the course of the campaign.

IOM has organised a nationwide prevention and information campaign for thegeneral public, (January-December 2001) with the support of the ministriesof the Interior, Foreign Affairs, Labour, Justice, Education and Health, and LaStrada Bulgaria. The campaign includes:

• Research on the level of information and attitudes towards migrationand trafficking – national survey on trafficking conducted duringDecember 1999 – January 2001;

• Dissemination of information;• Regional seminars;• Promotion of the La Strada helpline.

In co-operation with the Ministry of Education, IOM has also launched in 2000a pilot project for an educational campaign on the prevention of trafficking, inhigh schools for teenagers 12-18. The project includes five workshops forpartners, experts and future trainers; development of an educational model,campaign materials, a manual for teachers and an educational movie; andtraining for trainers – teachers, police officers, students, school psychologists,so that they can become peer group trainers.

The main principle of the La Strada prevention/raising awareness activities isto provide girls and women with the opportunity to make an informed choicewhen planning to go abroad. This is achieved by various means, including themedia, information materials, and through direct work with potential victimsof trafficking. Recent activities of La Strada have included:

• Organisation of an inter-institutional round table of governmental,NGO and international organisations with the aim of creating a plat-form for discussion, collecting data and making proposals for theNational Plan of Action against Trafficking. As the result, La Stradadeveloped a proposal for the National Plan of Action;

• Information and prevention campaign, including dissemination ofcopies of the leaflet “Travel Guide for Modern Girls”, the video “YouHave the Right to Dream, You Have the Right to Know” (developed byLa Strada Poland), a prevention leaflet for girls with a lower level ofeducation, “A Girl’s Story”, a leaflet for sex-workers “Small Book forthe Big World”;


57

Bulgaria
• Consultants to the IOM prevention campaign;• Training for local and foreign NGOs, law enforcement agencies, social
workers and lawyers;• Prevention lectures at schools;• Press and Lobby Campaign to inform the general public about the

issue of trafficking and to achieve the recognition of trafficking inwomen as a violation of their human rights;

• Monitoring of the press, including an archive of press cuttings;• Fact Sheets, published bimonthly, distributed to more than 130 insti-

tutions, which aim to provide information on the trafficking and anti-trafficking initiatives from the human perspective;

• A helpline for trafficked women and women who want to migrate. In2000, there were 476 calls related to trafficking.

Activities of other local NGOs, such as Women Alliance for Development andthe Bulgarian Gender Research Project, include campaigns to raise awarenessand to prevent violence against women, reports on the situation of women inBulgaria and violations of their human rights, projects to assess, report andrecommend on the situation of women in the labour market. Local NGOs fromoutside Sofia have developed campaigns to raise awareness and to preventviolence against women.

The Health and Social Environment Foundation is doing outreach work withprostitutes in Sofia and in Petritch at the Greek border. The programme isfocused on HIV/AIDS prevention and harm reduction and includes STI and HIVtests, visits to gynaecologists and venereal disease specialists, distribution ofthe birth control pill, lubricants and condoms, and distribution of needles andsyringes for injecting drug users.

2.4. Victim assistance and support

IOM started its Assisted Return to and from Bulgaria Programme in 2000. Itincludes safe transportation assistance, pre-departure and arrival assistance,documents procurement, escort in transit, financial support and a reintegra-tion programme.

In 2001, IOM has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with SECI and anagreement with the Bulgarian Government, according to which trafficked per-sons returning to Bulgaria via official channels are referred to IOM. IOM is alsothe referral agency that assists foreign nationals to return from Bulgaria totheir countries of origin. IOM is supporting only those trafficked persons whoagree to sign the IOM questionnaire and answer questions referring to pre-trafficking and trafficking circumstances.

Between March 2000 and August 2001, IOM assisted 63 trafficked persons,including 35 of Bulgarian origin and 28 foreigners. All 35 Bulgarian womenreceived reintegration assistance – financial support (US$150) paid in threeinstalments, medical care and psychological counselling, if needed. Sixty per-cent of the women took part in vocational training, and three were helped tofind a job.

Until the end of 2001, IOM did not have its own shelter but provided safeaccommodation for transit people and returned Bulgarians in need of specialprotection or referred women to shelters run by local NGOs. In 2001, IOM wasin the process of developing a local structure for a full reintegration pro-gramme. As in other countries of the region, IOM is developing its pro-grammes in conjunction with existing ones developed by NGOs. The IOMshelter for the trafficked women became operational at the beginning of 2002.


58

Bulgaria
This is a new shelter, managed by IOM, and has the capacity to provide long-term lodging and social care for trafficked women.
Animus/La Strada assists trafficked women referred to NGOs working in thedestination countries, or when contacted directly by the victim or by her fam-ily. Police also used to refer trafficked women and girls to La Strada, althoughsince the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding between the policeand IOM, the police have been cooperating with IOM, and IOM is not co-oper-ating with La Strada.

Animus/La Strada provides assistance and support for returning traffickedwomen, including arrival assistance, placement in safe accommodation, directassistance and reintegration. La Strada also runs the Centre for Rehabilitationof Women Adolescents and Children Victims of Violence, which offers the fol-lowing core programmes:

• Help line for the victims of violence and trafficking;• Crisis unit with accommodation, which gave consultations to 39 traf-

ficked women in 2000 and 67 in 2001;• Social programme to assist with administrative and institutional

requirements;• Psychotherapeutic programme. Twenty-three trafficked women took

part in the consultative and therapeutic programmes in 2000.

Even though Animus/La Strada was, until the IOM programme started, themain organisation providing support to trafficked women, and still is able tooffer unique support, especially to traumatised victims, there is no co-opera-tion and co-ordination of activities between IOM and La Strada. According toLa Strada, IOM operates as a competing NGO that tries to monopolise themarket and not as an international agency aiming to initiate and support sus-tainable projects managed by local groups.

Other local NGOs, from the network of women NGOs working against violencealso provide reintegration assistance and social support in the cases wheretrafficked women are referred to them by IOM or Animus/La Strada:

• Nadya Centre for Women Victims of Violence (NC) in Sofia, works inco-operation with IOM in the field of reintegration, providing safeaccommodation, psychiatric counselling and long-term post-traumatreatment and care as well as case management. NC also co-operatesin the field of prevention, providing psychological assistance andtraining to specific target groups in Bulgarian high schools;

• Neglected Children Society (NCS), Sofia works in the field of preven-tion as well as in the field of social and psychological support to girlsfrom child delinquency institutions. NCS assists through providingpsychological and legal assistance and consultations to underage girlswho are the victims of forced prostitution and trafficking. NCS has aco-ordinating role with all relevant institutions in the country;

• SOS Families in Distress in Varna, assists in the field of reintegration,assistance and support to trafficked women in the region of NortheastBulgaria;

• Demetra Association in Burgas, assists in the field of reintegrationassistance and support to trafficked women in the region of SoutheastBulgaria;

• Open Gate Foundation in Pleven, co-operates in the field of reintegra-tion, assistance and support to trafficked women;

• Youth Counsel Centre in Blagoevgrad, co-operates in the field preven-tion, help-line support and safe accommodation in the region ofSouthwest Bulgaria;


59

Bulgaria
• National Family Planning Association (NFPA) in Sofia co-operates inthe field of prevention and free medical care, offering regular freemedical screening and consultations to all trafficked women referredby IOM. The NFPA is going to incorporate the educational module ontrafficking produced by IOM Sofia into its specialised ReproductiveHealth-care Programme targeting secondary schools;
• Triaditca Youth Centre in Sofia co-operates in the field of preventivecounselling and help-line support.

2.5. Legal reform and law enforcement

In 1999, the Bulgarian Government began its actions against trafficking byfocusing on two areas: law enforcement, where the Ministry of the Interior ini-tiated several actions; and legal reform, led by the Ministry of Justice with theassistance of the international organisations. These actions were prompted bythe requirements to adjust local law to European standards and by thesignature of the UN Convention Against Trans-national Organised Crime andits Protocol.

The Ministry of Justice prepared a new article of the Penal Code (280a) on traf-ficking. The definition of trafficking used in this article is based on the PalermoTrafficking Protocol. The draft law was sent to Parliament in Spring 2001 andwent through the first reading before the change of government in 2001.Since the elections and the appointment of a new government, the processhas to be repeated.

In June 2001, the Ministry of Justice approved the creation of a formal inter-ministerial legislative working group to draft a comprehensive law to addresshuman trafficking that would include the creation of a Central Commission andlocal commissions to co-ordinate and oversee actions of the state institutionsdealing with trafficking. The Central Commission will: 1) co-ordinate the coop-eration between the relevant agencies and organisations; 2) develop a gov-ernment policy and strategy for combating human trafficking; 3) draft anannual report; 4) undertake or co-ordinate research, analysis and data collec-tion regarding human trafficking; 5) facilitate bilateral and multilateral co-operation; 6) carry out information campaigns for potential victims of illegaltrafficking; 7) develop training curricula for officials vested with responsibili-ties in the prevention and combat of trafficking; and 8) manage and supervisethe activities of the local commissions, the shelters for temporary housing andthe centres for support and assistance to trafficked persons. This body willalso develop an NPA on trafficking, although the Animus Association with inputfrom government and NGO representatives has already drafted one.

The protection of trafficked persons, when they act as witnesses and collabo-rate with the preliminary proceeding authorities, has been stipulated in Article97a of the Legal and Procedural Code. Witnesses are protected either upontheir request or with their consent, if there are enough reasons to presumethat as a result of providing evidence, a real threat with respect to their life,health and property and/or that of his/her relatives has arisen, or may arise.Witness protection is secured by concealing his/her identity and by providingsecurity measures for him/her.69

The Ministry of the Interior has established a Task Force to Combat Human Traf-ficking in Persons for Sexual Exploitation. The Task Force comprises personnel

69. „Combat of Trafficking in Women for the purpose of Forced Prostitution, Bulgaria Country Report”. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna, 2000, p. 19-20.


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Bulgaria
from the National Service for Combating Organised Crime; the National PoliceService; the National Border Police Service and the Gendarmerie Service.
The National Service Against Organised Crime (NSBOP) was established in1997. It has a specialised unit dealing with illegal migration, organised illegalmigration of the labour force and trafficking in human beings, and 28 units allover the country dealing with organised crime, including 40 police officers whowork on the issue of trafficking. In 2001, a task force to combat organisedcrime engaged in human trafficking was established within NSBOP with rep-resentatives from the Border Police, the National Police and the Gendarmerie,and with a technical advisor from the FBI. This task force shares informationwith and co-ordinates with the SECI Centre. Within the framework of SECI,NSBOP adopted 26 bilateral and multilateral agreements that are being imple-mented in the area of police co-operation.

An inter-institutional working group has been established in order to developa National Schengen Action Plan, which aims to develop measures to increasethe efficiency of border control and thereby reduce migration pressure in theRepublic of Bulgaria. The group has proposed the following amendments tothe Penal Code:

• A legal definition of the term "trafficking in human beings" in Article93 of the general section of the new Draft Penal Code should be intro-duced;

• The regulation in Article 156 of the Penal Code referring to "abductionfor the purpose of sexual exploitation" (also including cases of abduc-tion outside the state borders (Paragraph 2, item 3)) should be moredetailed with respect to the purposes of trafficking and its mechanisms.

The National Border Police has established bilateral co-operation with the bor-der police of neighbouring countries, Romania and FYR Macedonia, on opera-tional collaboration, exchange of information and prevention and eradicationstrategies.

The National Agency for Child Protection is working on the Law on Child Abuseand Rights, which includes anti-trafficking provisions.

International and foreign agencies (US Department of Justice, ABA CEELI70,IOM) have supported various activities in relation to legal reform and lawenforcement:

• Two Polish-Bulgarian governmental conferences on trafficking, inSpring 2000 in Poland and in November 2000 in Bulgaria, involvingrepresentatives of governments, international agencies and NGOs. Aworking group to prepare new anti-trafficking legislation was pro-posed;

• Support for legal reform (Penal Code);• Support for drafting new legislation on trafficking and victim protec-

tion;• Exchange of information and support for the IOM information cam-

paign and network of NGOs;• Establishing an informal working group to work with NGOs;• NGO and donor co-ordination and information sharing meetings;• Preparation of the National Plan of Action. A draft of the NPA was pre-

pared by Animus/La Strada.

The American Bar Association has hosted (provided space and coordination)an informal working group on human trafficking.

70. American Bar Association, Central and Eastern European Law Initiative.


61

Bulgaria
The U.S. Department of Justice and the Ministry of Justice are co-hosting aformal legislation drafting working group comprising representatives from theministries of Justice, the Interior, Foreign Affairs and Labour, members of thejudiciary and prosecution services, and NGOs. A draft law following therequirements of the UN Protocol is in progress. The target date for a final firstdraft is the end of March 2002.
The U.S. Department of Justice will fund and co-ordinate a public discussionon the draft law once it is finalised, and in collaboration with the Ministry ofJustice or with other government bodies and NGOs, will also fund and organisetraining for the professionals who will be required to implement the law.

The local NGO Animus/La Strada has provided training for local and foreignNGOs, law enforcement agencies and social workers at 28 educational trainingseminars involving approximately 500 participants. In addition, Animus/LaStrada is lobbying the government and running a media campaign to intro-duce anti-trafficking legislation.

The Bulgarian Gender Research Foundation has published an issue of its legalmagazine focused on the issue of trafficking. Other planned activities includecounselling and legal aid for trafficked persons, preparing lawyers to work withcases of trafficking, offering legal services to shelters and human rights pro-tection for victims. The Foundation is also reviewing legislation and legal ini-tiatives in Bulgaria for compliance with the UN Convention Against Trans-national Organised Crime and its Protocols, as well as with European law.

Organisation of Police Women in Bulgaria has organised training in DolnaBania for the police on the issue of missing and kidnapped people. This organi-sation also conducts training on child abuse for the police, social workers andNGOs, and supports NGOs by providing contacts within the police and tracingmissing persons.

The Bulgarian Helsinki Committee is implementing an information project formigrants coming to Bulgaria, asylum seekers and Bulgarians leaving thecountry. Materials will include information on trafficking and organisationsproviding help and information.


62

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BulgariaOverview of

Activities


63

Bosnia and
Herzegovina1. OverviewAs a sovereign territory, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is in a unique position.Under the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement, the international community hasleverage and influence unlike any other country in the region, apart from theUN Administered Province of Kosovo, including executive powers invested inthe High Representative to impose or veto laws.71 BiH is comprised of twoentities, Republika Srpska (RS) and the Federation of BiH (FBiH). The Feder-ation is further divided into ten districts called cantons. Both entities havetheir own governments and civil structures.

There are a large number of international actors present in BiH and these rep-resent government, international agencies and NGOs. The following have amandate under the Dayton Peace Agreement72:

OHR: the Office of the High Representative, who is appointed by the UN Secu-rity Council under the Dayton Peace Agreement. OHR has the authority to co-ordinate all intergovernmental organisations in BiH and is the principal medi-ator between the international community and the national authorities. OHRhas the authority to intervene and pass decisions that are binding by law inthe event that national parties are unable to resolve difficulties.

UNMIBH: the UN Mission in BiH is mandated by the Security Council, and itsmission is to contribute to the establishment of the rule of law in BiH in orderto create conditions conducive to multi-ethnic co-existence and returns.UNMIBH's specific role is to assist civilian law enforcement agencies to operatein accordance with highest international police standards and to ensure thatthese agencies observe international human rights standards and fundamen-tal freedoms.73

IPTF: the International Police Task Force is responsible for assisting in therestructuring and training of law enforcement agencies, with the aim of creat-ing police forces that are democratic, multi-ethnic and adhere to acceptedinternational standards. IPTF is comprised of international civilian police offic-ers from member states of the UN.

UNHCHR: UN High Commissioner for Human Rights focuses on discriminationsurrounding gender and diversity, the protection of minorities and the rule oflaw with an emphasis on social and economic rights. UNHCHR works with thehuman rights office of UNMIBH in relation to the police mandate and adviseson human rights aspects of its work.

71. The Dayton Peace Agreement, signed in December 1995, established BiH as a state comprising two entities, RS and FBiH. The Agreement includes the State Constitution, which establishes the equal rights of the three ethnic constituents peoples: Serbs; Bosniaks; and Croats. The Office of the High Representative (OHR) is the chief civilian peace implementation agency in BiH with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Agreement and the High Representative has the final authority to interpret its civilian aspects.

72. The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Paris, 14 December 1995.

73. http://www.unmibh.org/unmibh/statement


64

Bosnia andHerzegovina

SFOR: Stabilization Force of the Partnership for Peace. This is the internationalmilitary authority in BiH, currently with some 19,000 troops.

OSCE: the BiH mission of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation inEurope was established in December 1995 under the Dayton Peace Agreement.The mandate includes promoting democratic values, monitoring and furtheringthe development of human rights, and organising and supervising elections, aswell as implementing arms control and security building measures.


During 1998, the first reports of trafficking in BiH emerged. These were fromNGOs and from IPTF who were beginning to come across isolated cases. IOMcollates and publishes figures for women it assists to return to their countryof origin each month. The figures from the beginning of December 2001 revealthat a total of 440 women and girls had been assisted by IOM since August1999, and 370 had been repatriated to their home country. There was onecase of resettlement in a third country and the rest were awaiting repatriation.The women were predominantly from the Republic of Moldova and Romania,with others from Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, FRY, Kazakhstan and Hungary.About 10 percent were girls from 13 to 18 years old. Although there is strongevidence that BiH is a destination country for trafficking in women for the pur-pose of sexual exploitation, there is less evidence that it is a transit or sourcecountry, although some such cases have been informally reported by NGOs,the press and IOM.

The UN identified 260 nightclubs throughout the country, which they sus-pected were involved in prostitution. Local NGOs, however, estimated thenumber to be as high as 900, with between 4 and 25 women in each nightclub.The turnover is very high; women and girls are frequently moved around frombar to bar, with an average stay in one bar of one to three months.

According to NGO estimates, in the Tuzla area for example, there are overseveral dozen bars with 10 to 25 women working in each bar. The price of sexservices in a bar is from 50 KM (US$ 25) upwards. NGOs also estimate thatup to 90 percent of sex workers in bars and nightclubs are foreign. In RS, traf-ficking in local prostitutes is reported, as local women and girls are sold andmoved from place to place. Local street prostitution also exists in Tuzla and ischeaper – US$10-25 and in the border area, there are local women who sellsex for as little as 5 KM.

The same patterns and forms of recruitment used elsewhere in the region arereported by women trafficked in BiH. They are typically lured into prostitutionthrough promises of work as a barmaid, dancer or housekeeper. The mainroute into BiH is through Serbia and into RS. Border control is weak and cor-ruption at the local level makes movement of women easier. Many women aresmuggled in, while others have documentation taken from them once theyarrive in BiH. Other women have documents with visas for temporary workand residence; however some of them are forged or not valid.

According to the Federal Employment Institute of FBiH, there were 1,617 workpermits issued to foreigners in 2000. Only 23 work permits were issued towomen from Eastern Europe for entertainment/dancing (22 to women fromRussia and 1 to a woman from Ukraine). In 310 cases the application for awork permit was refused. From 2001, bar owners have stopped requestingwork permits for foreign citizens, as a result of police raids on premises withregistered foreign workers.74


65


Since July 2001, as a result of increased bar raids, a number of bars have beenclosed. Police bar raids have also proved not very effective in stopping traf-ficking. Often bar owners are tipped off and prepared for the police visit. Clo-sure of bars and nightclubs does not mean that the trafficking is stopped, butrather that it is moved to private apartments, hotels and motels where thepolice does not have easy access.

According to local NGOs, 50 percent of clients are internationals, mainly sol-diers from SFOR. According to the IPTF the number is lower, they estimatethat approximately 30 percent of the clientele are internationals. However, atleast 70 percent of all profits from prostitution are estimated to come frominternationals, who pay different rates and spend more money in bars thanlocal men.

1.2. Victim identification, referral and assistance

The victim identification and referral system depends on IPTF as the first pointof contact with the women usually during bar raids, and IOM as the providerof assistance to return to the country of origin.

In July 2001, UNMIBH launched the UN Special Trafficking Operation Pro-gramme – STOP, aimed at providing more effective direct action against traf-ficking, to include bar raids. STOP teams are on call 24 hours a day and dealexclusively with the issue of trafficking. The bar raids are organised jointly bythe STOP team and the local police. There has been some police training inhow to deal with trafficked persons.

Local police raids, monitored by IPTF, revealed that 25 percent of the womenworking in the clubs claimed to have been trafficked and forced into prostitu-tion.75 About 10 percent of trafficked persons are girls under 18. These figuresare based on the results of identification carried out by the local police and theSTOP teams.

During the second half of 2001, as a result of STOP activities, 10 out of 16bars were closed in Bråko. In the Arizona Market, known as a transit place forwomen trafficked from Serbia to BiH, only two bars are still open.76

The process of identification and referral is as follows. Foreign women discov-ered during bar raids without legal documents are divided into two groups:those that declare willingness to return home are identified as trafficked andthose that do not. These “trafficked” women have to sign a form provided toIPTF by IOM, stating that they wish to be repatriated. Only then they are“identified” as the victims of trafficking by IPTF, and IOM is informed. Thesewomen also have to give a statement to the local police, or if they are unwill-ing or afraid to do so, at least to IPTF.

There is a standardised questionnaire with 30 questions, prepared by IOM,which is used by the police for interviewing the trafficked people. IOM receivesa copy of the form, without any information about the potential perpetrators.IOM’s copy is confidential, but the IPTF copy is shared with the SECI Centrein Bucharest. On the basis of the answers to the questionnaire filled out byIPTF and its own follow up interviews, IOM makes the final decision whether

74. UNHCHR, “ Analysis of the situation in the field with regard to implementation of the Law on Immigration and Asylum and the Law on Employment of Foreigners”, 17 April 2001, p. 1.

75. Interview with the IPTF officer, Jacek Walaszczyk from STOP Team Bråko, 28 September 2001.

76. Ibid.


66


a trafficked woman qualifies for IOM’s programme of return, and is acceptedat the shelter.

The only shelter programme for trafficked persons in BiH currently is managedby IOM for trafficked women and girls who are being assisted by IOM to returnto their countries of origin. There are two shelters – a high risk one, for thosewomen who are in danger of being found by traffickers or who come from Sara-jevo, and a low risk one for other trafficked persons. Women, found outside ofSarajevo spend the first two days in local temporary accommodation (either ashelter run by a local NGO or a hotel room guarded by the police) and then areescorted by the police to one of the IOM shelters in Sarajevo.

In the shelter, women are questioned again by IOM, their situation is assessedand the necessary steps for repatriation are undertaken. A medical examina-tion and STI/HIV/AIDS testing is available but not obligatory. IOM is treatingthe results of testing as confidential but warning the women willing to havethe HIV/AIDS test that confidentiality cannot be guaranteed by local medicalservices as testing is not anonymous.77 There are no special services or pro-tections for children, and girls under 18 are treated as adults. However, thereturn of minors is governed by the laws of their home country, and prior toreturn, a minor must have a legal guardian appointed in the country of origin.

Women who are not determined to have been trafficked or do not qualify forthe IOM programme of return face 15 to 30 days of imprisonment for illegalstay and a deportation order. However, there is no clear mechanism for theexecution of deportation neither is there any assistance and a support pro-gramme for those trafficked women who do not want to or cannot be acceptedfor the IOM programme of return. Recently, a local NGO, La Strada fromMostar, started to look at the possibilities for assisting these women by placingthem in a shelter and organising psychological, social and legal support forthem. An international NGO, ICMC78, in co-operation with the government, isplanning to develop a shelter that will be open to all trafficked persons.

1.3. Operation “Macro” – failure of police “rescue” actions

In March 2001, as the result of co-operation between the Ministries of theInterior of both entities, and under the auspices of UNMIBH, operation Macrowas conducted, with the aim of revealing acts of trafficking, of finding andprosecuting traffickers and rescuing trafficked women. During one night, 39bars were raided. The police found 177 foreign women in the bars. Out ofthese 177 women, only 13 (including two girls under 18) were referred toIOM. Only four of these women had identification documents. Many morewomen may have expressed the wish to return to their country of origin butthey were never given that option.

As result of “Macro”, 34 foreign women and eight Bosnians have been chargedwith prostitution. The women were found guilty of prostitution and sentenced(14 women were sentenced to 15 days of imprisonment and deportation fromthe canton, 19 women were fined 400 KM79 and sentenced to deportation).However, in practice the measure of deportation had no consequences, sincethere are no instruments for implementing the order. According to local

77. The testing is not anonymous, however, Article 26 of the Law on Health of FBiH, paragraph 1, point 8, says that each citizen has the right to confidentiality of all information with regard to his/her health and article 156 of the same Law envisages that responsibility for violation of article 26 lies with the institution. A similar regulation exists in the Law on Health in RS. Article 13 says that information on disease and mode of treatment of a person is a doctor's secret. Article 98 of the Law envisages punishment for violation of this article in cases where doctors’ professional secrets are revealed.

78. International Catholic Migration Committee.79. Konvertibila Marka.


67


sources the majority of women, including those against whom charges werelaid, have returned to the places where they were found.

The charges against BiH citizens for mediating in prostitution were lifted dueto a lack of evidence. Four BiH citizens were charged with renting a place forprostitution and were sentenced to from 20 to 40 days imprisonment. Twocriminal reports sent to the municipal prosecutor’s office about the owners ofthe bars resulted in only one of the owners being detained.

Almost all the raids took place without the presence of IPTF Human RightsOfficers until most of the women were already booked and/or charged. Therewas no co-operation between UNMIBH, UNHCHR and UNHCR. IOM wasinformed about the action one day in advance by the IPTF Human Rightsoffice. However, according to IPTF sources, the bar owners knew about theaction a couple of days in advance and were able to prepare themselves. Theinformation provided by the women about trafficking mechanisms and routeswere not collated or checked. Children under 18 were not identified. Nobodywas charged for other crimes related to trafficking but not to prostitution. Nobars were closed as a result of the action.80 In general, Operation Macro canbe seen as an example of how the police should not deal with trafficking.

1.4. Prosecution

To date, there have been 11 successful cases of prosecution of traffickers inBiH. There are four trafficking cases currently before the trial court. In 2001,one person was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for the offence of tradingin women for the purpose of prostitution, one to 2 years and 4 months for thesame offence, one to 1 year and 3 months (same offence). Others were sen-tenced to 1-2 years or 4-5 months. Approximately 17 victims of traffickingtestified at trial against bar owners or traffickers, and 174 trafficked personstestified before the Investigative Judge.81

Repatriation of the victims prior to the trial is one of the significant impedi-ments to a successful prosecution. Another is the fact that in the cases of traf-ficking there are no other witnesses or testimonies but those of the traffickedwomen. There is no witness protection under BiH criminal procedural law.Another impediment is that the girls and women receive threats at home andthey still have little hope that their testimonies will result in a prosecution,much less a conviction.

Until recently, BiH law did not include any explicit anti-trafficking provisions.Law enforcement is a complex process due to the various levels of government.There is no anti-trafficking legislation in FBiH, and until October 2001 there wasnone in RS. There were some provisions in the Criminal Codes of both the FBiHand RS which could be applied, including slavery and transportation ofenslaved persons, unlawful detention, rape, forced intercourse, sexual inter-course with a minor and recruitment into prostitution. These provisions are notrecognised by the police in relation to trafficking, nor for interpretation by thejudges, and the sentences are often not a sufficient deterrent.

In October 2001 a new Criminal Code entered into force in RS, which nowincludes a distinct crime of “trafficking in persons for the purpose of prostitu-tion” and penalises it with six months to twelve years imprisonment. In orderto prosecute the person under this provision, it has to be proven that moneyhas been given for the services of a woman, which is very difficult. This new

80. Report by UNHCHR on the Effects of Operation “Macro”, 3 May 2001, p. 1-6.81. Sonja Cronin, Prosecution of Trafficking cases. UNMIBH, Sarajevo, updated 14 December

2001.


68


law replaced the old one related to the prohibition of slavery and mediation inthe exercise of prostitution. Paradoxically, this change has complicated the sit-uation and made it rather more difficult to penalise the crime of trafficking.

Other obstacles are the legal regulations governing the entry, movement andemployment of foreigners in BiH. The state has constitutional responsibility forthe legal regulation of immigration. However, criminal law and control of for-eigners is a matter for the entity, therefore, different codes exist in the twoentities, in the FBiH and RS. There is no criminal justice structure at the statelevel and because of the political situation there is little co-operation. The newstate criminal code and criminal procedures are in the process of drafting andit is expected that they will include an article on trafficking, and that the lawon offences of minors at the state level will be established.

1.5. Codes of conduct and their enforcement

Over the past couple of years, there have been a number of allegations andsome evidence on corruption and involvement in trafficking of not only thelocal police but also IPTF. The most serious allegations suggest that somemembers of IPTF directly participated in trafficking in women for forcedprostitution (recruitment and sale of women, purchasing false documents,patronising brothels).82 Other allegations include informing bar owners aboutpolice raids, “buying women” and having sex with them. UNMIBH had deniedany participation of its personnel in trafficking but acknowledges that severalmembers of its staff have been sacked for sexual misconduct. However nocritical remarks were made on their personal records.83

As a result of allegations of the involvement of peacekeeping personnel in traf-ficking, the code of conduct for UN personnel was changed in 2001 to specif-ically include trafficking and status of enforcement. OSCE also developed andadopted its own Code of Conduct in June 2000, to ensure that OSCE personnelpractice exemplary standards of behaviour that do not compound the traffick-ing problem in host countries.84 It holds OSCE staff and secondees responsi-ble for any affiliation with persons suspected of involvement in trafficking, andstates that any breach of these standards must be regarded with the utmostseriousness.



Since the end of 2000, the government in BiH has become much moreinvolved in anti-trafficking work. In December 2000, BiH signed the UN Con-vention Against Trans-national Organised Crime and its two Protocols, as wellas the Anti-Trafficking Declaration of South Eastern Europe. In December2001, the Convention was ratified. Under the leadership of the Ministry ofEuropean Integration, a National Working Group on Trafficking was estab-lished in November 2000, to identify priorities and co-ordinate activitiesamong government, international organisations and NGOs.

Under the joint leadership of the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees andthe Ministry of European Integration, the working group has developed a com-prehensive National Plan of Action to combat trafficking that was adopted by

82. “U.N. halted probe of officers' alleged role in sex trafficking. Lack of support from above, in field impeded investigators” by Colum Lynch, in The Washington Post, Thursday, 27 December 2001; Page A17.

83. “US Scandal. Prostitution, Pimping and Trafficking”. Bosnia Daily, Daily e-newspaper, No 42, Sarajevo, 25 July 2001, p.1.

84. See: www.osce.org/news/generate


69


the Council of Ministers in December 2001. The NPA focuses on the followingareas:

• Establishment of a committee responsible for the implementation ofthe NPA;

• Border control and law enforcement;• Support to the victims of trafficking: building of safe and secure shel-

ters, which will provide medical, legal and psychological support; lan-guage and interpretation services; and information materials;

• Legal reform: legal harmonization between the entities and the Bråko

District;• Awareness raising and education;• The first actions undertaken by the government will be establishing

the committee to implement the NPA, preparing concrete projects forthe each part of the Plan, making budgets and securing funding toimplement the Plan.


UNHCHR has been the lead agency in raising awareness and advocating forpriority to be given to trafficking since 1998. The Gender Trafficking SubGroup was established within the Inter-Agency Gender Co-ordination Groupin December 1998, and served as a forum for exchange of information and co-ordination for international agencies, including UNMIBH, OHR, OSCE, UNHCHRand IOM, and some representation from NGOs.

Under pressure and support from the international agencies and the StabilityPact Trafficking Task Force, the government has taken over co-ordination andis seeking to take responsibility by developing and implementing an NPA andworking closely with NGOs. The government is looking to the internationalcommunity for technical expertise and funds to ensure implementation ofanti-trafficking activities. Currently, the majority of trafficked women and girlsare still assisted through IPTF and IOM.

The OSCE Mission to BiH is involved in capacity building of the local NGOsworking on the issue of trafficking. It is implementing two projects togetherwith the International Human Rights Law Group on legal protection for traf-ficked women and children.

Some local NGOs have been active for many years in raising awareness and,increasingly, in ad hoc victim assistance and support. As a response to thisemerging need, ten NGOs came together in 1999 and formed a coalition calledthe RING. The RING includes organisations from both entities of BiH. Quiteapart from the need to develop appropriate responses, they also realised theneed to consider carefully their capacity to become involved in the work ontrafficking. Many local NGOs have limited capacity, consequently a decisionhas to be taken as to whether working on trafficking will require and/ordemand cutting back on existing programmes, and/or investment of time andenergy into building separate capacity and expertise. Although there is a clearneed to become involved, the RING coalition initially decided to ensure thatthey had the capacity and expertise to respond in the most appropriate andeffective manner. To achieve this, the RING has developed an action plan withshort, medium and long-term goals and activities. These will include research,raising awareness, data collection, training, protection and assistance.


70



Raising awareness and education are included into the NPA, but the govern-mental institutions have not yet produced any concrete actions. The Ministriesof the Interior of both entities acknowledge that there is a problem with thetrafficking of women and children and are also willing to co-operate with theinternational organisations on prevention issues.

Within the framework of the NPA, the government is going to address the fol-lowing:

• National assessment of policies and legislation which address traffick-ing;

• Prevention campaigns in schools;• HIV/AIDS prevention.

The Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, in collaboration with UNHCHRand NGOs, has drafted a Gender Equality Law, which is pending parliamentaryapproval at the beginning of 2002.

UNMIBH has established codes of conduct for international workers andpeacekeepers, which specifically mention trafficking. UN personnel are forbid-den to visit places where prostitution might be taking place.

UNMIBH also collects information about all known cases of trafficking, as wellas about the IPTF and STOP Teams actions, and is establishing a database.Copies of the IOM questionnaires, in possession of IPTF and filled in by traf-ficked women taking part in the IOM project, are part of the database. Theinformation is shared with the SECI Centre in Bucharest.

UNHCHR’s principle role is to advise on the human rights dimensions of theproblem and to propose appropriate responses on the part of others. UNHCHRis involved in a system-wide effort to provide assistance and protection to traf-ficked women and to strengthen the law enforcement response to the growingproblem of trafficking in the region. In BiH, UNHCHR is involved in advocacyand expert advice to government, international organisations and NGOs andwas instrumental in the preparation of the NPA to combat trafficking. UNHCHRadvocates for implementing international standards into domestic legislationthrough collaboration and facilitation, and has also been active in promoting ahuman rights response to the growing problem of trafficking in and from BiH.

UNICEF has undertaken situation assessment and the mapping out ofresponses to trafficking in BiH as part of a sub-regional project. In collabora-tion with the local NGO Medica Zenica, UNICEF is supporting local capacitybuilding and training of government authorities at the municipal level toaddress gender-based violence, including trafficking. Within the regionalframework, UNICEF has taken the lead in HIV/AIDS prevention and in collabo-ration with partners has undertaken a Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR)on HIV/AIDS and STIs risk and vulnerability in BiH. This will provide the infor-mation from which will be developed concrete targeted activities with espe-cially vulnerable young people, including sex workers and trafficked womenand girls.

Within the framework of the NPA to combat trafficking, UNICEF’s plannedactivities for the next three years include:

• Research and assessment of the extent and nature of child trafficking,including internal trafficking and child sexual exploitation within BiH,to include mapping out and assessing services available for traffickedchildren, and cases of sexual abuse;


71


• Development and dissemination of guidelines for the treatment ofchild victims of trafficking/sexual exploitation based on the CRC;

• Support for local NGO interventions to prevent risk behaviours and topromote young people's health and development, based on theresults of the RAR in eight selected locations in BiH;

• Capacity building on HIV/AIDS prevention peer education for NGOpartners working with vulnerable young people through training;

• Promotion of children’s and women’s rights, including support to thedevelopment and implementation of a State Plan of Action for Chil-dren in collaboration with the government and NGOs.

IOM in cooperation with MIB, a local media organisation, carried out the firstinformation campaign in August and September 2000 and they will implementthe second involving two target groups in February and March 2002. The sec-ond campaign targets BiH youth nationwide to inform them about the risks oftrafficking, and trafficked girls and women primarily in the Bråko District toinform them about services and assistance available to them. The materialsand information will reflect the specific needs of each group. IOM also collectsinformation on the trafficked persons it assists to return home.

UNFPA is integrating trafficking into its ongoing projects. The project “Repro-ductive Health Education through Youth Peer Counselling” will be developed toinclude trafficking and the surrounding health issues. In co-operation withIOM, an expanded project to provide medical and social assistance to traf-ficked women in the IOM shelter is planned, and includes provision of healthservices in the shelters and through a referral system to other providers, suchas family planning centres and gynaecological units. The medical serviceincludes voluntary HIV testing and counselling.

OSCE has recently begun to actively support capacity building activities for theRING Network and promote a regional approach and co-operation amongNGOs.

The local NGOs network RING was set up in 1999 but has been inactive untilvery recently. In December 2001, on the initiative of the International HumanRights Law Group, which is running a project to strengthen the network, withthe support of OSCE, the RING has reorganised, expanded its membershipand is planning the following activities:

• Campaign to raise awareness, including media sensitisation and train-ing;

• Research and data collection to provide information regarding traf-ficking. This research will be based in Bijeljina and Sarajevo. Part ofthis work is to create a proper database;

• Gender sensitisation training for the police, judges, social and healthworkers, NGOs etc;

• Harm reduction programmes for sex workers – health information,condoms, needle exchange, health tests, but not HIV/AIDS tests;

• Workshops on primary prevention - drugs and HIV/AIDS – organisedin schools, and conducted by mobile teams;

• Co-ordination of NGO activity, capacity building for NGOs, internationalnetworking and co-operation, and dissemination of information.

The International Human Rights Law Group (IHRLG) is the leading interna-tional NGO in the field of anti-trafficking work. They have conducted numeroustraining sessions on trafficking and human rights issues. The training wasdeveloped primarily for NGOs, but participants have also included judges,prosecutors, journalists, members of the police and social workers. The train-ing resulted in the creation of the RING network against trafficking. IHRLG is


72


an implementing NGO for the NPA and have been working on the institutionalstrengthening of the RING network.

The local NGO Medica Zenica has developed gender sensitisation training onviolence against women and children, including trafficking, for local govern-ment authorities, social workers, health, judicial and police personnel andNGOs. Training was implemented in Zenica in 1999, supported by UNHCHR,and in Mostar in collaboration with Zena BiH in 2001, with UNICEF’s support.Training in Bihac and Prijedor is planned for 2002 with UNICEF’s support.

La Strada is planning a prevention and education campaign targeted at thepotential victims (secondary school students, returned minorities) and profes-sionals (social workers, policemen, teachers). The campaign includes lectures,training for target groups, and printed materials.

Save the Children Alliance has supported research on child trafficking in BiH.The FBiH Ombuds Office for the Children completed the draft of the “Reporton the Situation of Child Trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina” in December2001.

Forum for Solidarity is carrying out HIV/AIDS prevention and harm reductionthrough outreach to drug users and sex workers in bars and nightclubs in theTuzla and Doboj areas. This includes distribution of male and female condomsand education materials.

2.4. Victims assistance

The Ministry of the Interior of FBiH is presently providing two police guards foreach of the two IOM shelters for trafficked women. However, the establish-ment of a safe shelter for trafficked victims is one of the priorities stated inthe NPA. The Ministry of Human Rights had developed a plan to build the shel-ter and to provide victims with medical and other assistance. The shelterwould be run by local staff trained to work with trafficked people85 and willcooperate with local NGOs and the IOM.

IOM is managing two safe shelters in Sarajevo, high and low security, andreception facilities for trafficked persons who voluntarily want to return home.Both shelters are guarded by the local police and have 24 hour protection. Theyare managed by women from local NGOs, who have been trained by Oxfam.Women who have documents stay in the shelter about a week, while thosewithout documents stay as long as necessary. Women from Romania, theRepublic of Moldova or Ukraine have to wait for the documents up to two tothree months, while some women who testified and/or had difficulties in doc-umentation have remained in the shelter for more than three months. As IOMcould not identify an NGO willing to manage the shelter because of serioussecurity risks when it was opened, IOM is also acting as the temporary imple-menting agency and running the shelters directly. Services include: providingtranslation; psychological and psychiatric services; hospitalisation (when nec-essary); educational services; recreation; medical service; and testing, includ-ing the HIV/AIDS test; arranging travel documents and exit visa, whennecessary; and safe repatriation and return to the country of origin.

IOM also provides support for the reintegration of trafficked women returnedfrom other countries. So far, there has only been one case of a trafficked Bos-

85. Nine women were trained in 1999 by La Strada Netherlands with the assistance of Oxfam BiH.


73


nian woman returned with IOM assistance, from Italy. The reintegration assis-tance is implemented by a local NGO.

UNHCHR has developed guidelines for IPTF on how to deal with incidentsinvolving persons who have been (or who are suspected of having been) traf-ficked.

Local NGOs, including Lara in Bijelina, Forum of Solidarity in Tuzla and ZenaBiH in Mostar are also part of the referral network that provides ad hoc assis-tance, including temporary shelter, for women who have been identified asvictims of trafficking by IOM, before they are sent to the IOM shelter.

Few international NGOs are involved in trafficking except for limited supportbeing provided for ad hoc services. These include the Swedish NGO Kvinna TillKvinna that supports local women’s NGOs that are involved in anti-traffickingwork and Oxfam that has supported NGO capacity building, including thetraining of nine people in 2000 in co-operation with La Strada Netherlands towork with victims of trafficking on gender sensitivity and procedures.

ICMC has plans to develop a project for a shelter and assistance to traffickedpersons in co-operation with the government and local NGOs. The project willbe aimed at all victims whether or not they want to return home.

2.5. Law enforcement and legal reform

The Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees is co-ordinating a working group,in which international organisations and NGOs are participating, to review thelaws relating to trafficking set up under the framework of the NPA, includingimmigration, civil and criminal law, health and social welfare.

The Ministry of Civil Affairs and Communication in close co-operation withOHR, has established a working group with the Ministries of Justice of RS andFBiH, public prosecutors from both entities and university law professors, todraft the new state level criminal legislation. The new legislation was sup-posed to be ready in December 2001. The Association of Minor Offence Judgeshas also requested establishment of a new law on minor offences at the statelevel.

Currently, the Ministries of the Interior in both entities and UNMIBH are co-operating to establish a Joint Entity Task Force on Illegal Immigration andOrganised Crime. The purpose of the Task Force is the mutual exchange ofintelligence and security information on illegal migration and organised crimeactivities in BiH. The Task Force is also supposed to address the issue of traf-ficking.

UNHCHR is providing technical expertise and advice on the review of selectedlegislation related to trafficking. This has included an analysis of the legal obsta-cles that prevent the state of BiH from dealing with trafficking, exploring thedevelopment of a witness support programme and including trafficking in thecriminal code.86 UNHCHR has also assisted in training for IPTF on trafficking andin co-operation with the STOP Team, training for the State Border Service.

UNHCHR has also developed guidelines for IPTF on how to deal with incidentsinvolving persons who have been (or who are suspected of having been) traf-ficked, and is currently assisting the Government in reforming laws and prac-

86. In cooperation with IHRLG, draft legislation for RS on trafficking was submitted to OHR.


74


tices to ensure that traffickers (and their collaborators) are prosecuted andthat victims are protected.

UNMIBH established STOP – the UN Special Trafficking Operations Programmeunit in IPTF - in July 2001. STOP Teams are working in all districts and co-operating with local police to monitor bars and nightclubs and organise raids.

OSCE is providing support to the International Human Rights Law Group(IHRLG) for the following:

• Training for lawyers “Enhancing Legal Protection for Trafficking Vic-tims in BiH”;

• Increasing awareness among defence lawyers;• Establishing a group of the defence lawyers specialised in trafficking

issues;• Developing guidelines for the protection of trafficked persons that will

be distributed to all courts and prosecutors offices.• As part of its gender sensitisation training, the local NGO Medica

Zenica trained police, judges and prosecutors in Zenica in 1999, andin Mostar in 2001, on violence against women and children, includingvictims of trafficking.

• IHRLG has conducted numerous training sessions on trafficking andhuman rights issues. The training was developed primarily for NGOs,but participants also included judges, prosecutors, journalists, mem-bers of the police and social workers. Presently it is working on aproject to strengthen the capacity of the RING network to support itsadvocacy for the adoption of appropriate anti-trafficking laws. IHRLGis also working on a review of existing legislation relevant to traffick-ing, including immigration, civil and criminal law, health and socialwelfare.


5

Bosnia and HerzegovinaOverview of Activities

7

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76


77

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Federal Republic
of YugoslaviaThe Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) comprises the Republic of Serbia andthe Republic of Montenegro. Following the 1999 NATO intervention and UNSecurity Council Resolution 1277, UN administers the province of Kosovowithin the Republic of Serbia. The following sections cover the Republic of Ser-bia (excluding Kosovo), the Republic of Montenegro and the UN AdministeredProvince of Kosovo separately, as the situation and responses to trafficking inhuman beings has developed differently in each location.

Yugoslavia under communism enjoyed a higher standard of living, greaterfreedom of movement and benefits for its citizens than the other communistcountries in central, eastern and southeastern Europe. Following the fall ofcommunism, FRY therefore became an attractive destination for women seek-ing employment from other parts of Central and Eastern Europe, mostly fromRussia, Ukraine and Romania.

The conflicts of the past ten years coupled with political and economic transi-tion have created a context in which organised crime, including the traffickingof human beings, has flourished. Sanctions and the isolation of FRY by theinternational community have resulted in increasing and widespread povertythroughout the country. The NATO bombing campaign of 1999 further desta-bilised the economy and the destruction of major infrastructure and industryresulted in further job losses. Although political changes after 5 October 2000resulted in the lifting of economic sanctions, FRY is still one of the poorestcountries in Europe.

The pattern is the same as in other parts of the region, whereby most womenand girls initially come voluntarily to work as dancers or waitresses in bars andcafes, but are then forced to work as prostitutes and are sold on and/or traf-ficked to other countries. A smaller group of women does come voluntarily towork in the sex industry but these women are then trafficked against their will.With the worsening economic situation in FRY, the situation of young womenis also changing, putting them at risk of being trafficked. Until now, FRY wasa transit and a destination country, but now it has also become a country oforigin.


78

Republic ofSerbia

(excludingKosovo)

Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo)

1. Overview


The geographical position of Serbia makes it a central transit point for the traf-ficking of women and girls into BiH, Kosovo, FYR Macedonia and WesternEurope from Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, Russia and Bulgaria. Serbian womenand girls are trafficked mostly to Italy and Greece, although there are alsocases of women from Serbia working in the sex industry in Kosovo, Montene-gro and Albania.

Belgrade is a major transit centre. Women are transported from Central andEastern Europe and kept in private houses before they are trafficked to otherlocations. Due to control and raids by the police, the number of bars hasdecreased and part of the trafficking business has moved from the centre intothe suburbs and less obvious locations.

No reliable data on the migration of women is available, as the Serbian author-ities keep no gender-differentiated statistics. According to the police, a totalof 1,260 women from Eastern European countries (Romania, Ukraine, Mold-ova and Russia) tried to enter FRY illegally in 2000 and were stopped at theborder.87 Young women from Moldova who are suspected of being prostitutes(on unclear grounds) are refused an entry visa at the border.88 However, themajority of women from Romania and Moldova come in groups, for whichtravel has been organised by travel agencies operating in their own countries,and so they have legal documents. According to a survey of 58 foreign sexworkers carried out by a Serbian NGO, the majority of women come for purelyeconomic reasons, having found work via job agencies in their countries, andare expecting to work in professions other than the sex industry.89


Practically no information exists on the trafficking and commercial sexualexploitation of children. Anecdotes of child prostitution around train and busstations, mainly of Roma children, are common. There are some reports thatRoma girls and children from FRY are sold to Italy for the sex industry and forbegging. There are also reports of Romanian children and adolescents in Bel-grade living on the streets because they are too old to be placed in institu-tions. The Romanian Embassy is not interested in repatriating these childrenand adolescents, and no special programmes or services exist for migrant chil-dren living on the streets.


At present, in the absence of a structured referral system, women come to theattention of the police mainly though police raids on brothels and clubs. Dur-ing the period from January 2000 to July 2001, the police stopped and ques-

87. Interview with the police, Belgrade, 11 November 2001.88. According to existing regulations, Moldavian citizens can obtain a FRY tourist visa at the

border.89. Report on a survey “Voice to Victims of Sexual Exploitation in Serbia”, Beosupport, 2001.


79


tioned approximately 600 women. Three hundred of them were judged to betrafficked.

The police practice is not to detain any women who have valid documents andhave not committed any crime, but simply to leave them in the brothels.Women without valid documents and those who have committed crimes (whomust first serve any sentence), are taken by the police to the Federal Recep-tion Centre for Foreign Citizens (the detention centre for illegal migrants) inPadinska Skela. Women, who are judged to be victims of trafficking – accord-ing to the police investigation and on the basis of their own statement - mustsign a statement confirming that they are victims of trafficking and want to bevoluntarily repatriated. These women are not prosecuted for illegal statusoffences and are expected to testify against traffickers.

Those not judged to be trafficked persons are accused of illegal stay in thecountry and can be sentenced to up to 60 days in the detention centre priorto deportation. Although in principle women can also be charged with prosti-tution, in practice this is not done. No witness protection programme exists,and trafficked women who do not wish to be repatriated to their countries oforigin are treated as illegal migrants, arrested, detained and deported to theborder.

In July 2001, the Federal Ministry of the Interior allocated space in the FederalReception Centre for Foreign Citizens in Padinska Skela as a temporary shelterfor trafficked persons who qualify for IOM support. IOM-trained staff interviewall referred women to asses their eligibility for the return programme.90

Women who are not eligible for the IOM programme are deported from theshelter to the border. Those that are covered by IOM programme are assistedto return to their country of origin once their travel documents have beenarranged. At the moment IOM only organises basic counselling for traffickedwomen. Basic medical treatment is provided on request at the Federal Recep-tion Centre for Foreign Citizens. International organisations and NGOs thatwork with trafficked women have to ask the Federal Ministry of the Interiorofficially for permission to enter the Federal Reception Centre for Foreign Cit-izens, which in practice means they have no access to the detention centre.

According to the police, women refuse to participate in the IOM programmenot only because they do not wish to go back home, but also because they areafraid to be recognised as prostitutes once they go back. The Moldavian press,for example, published some articles about IOM activities in Moldova, whichpublicly condemned women who return to Moldova with IOM support as pros-titutes.

1.4. Prosecution

According to the Criminal Code of Serbia and of FRY, trafficking is not a specificcriminal offence. However, trafficking is covered by the section on slavery,under Article 155, which pertains to the slavery and transportation of humanbeings. This crime belongs to the group of crimes against humanity, coveredunder international law within the chapter on “Criminal Acts Against Humanityand Other Objects Protected by International Law.” FRY has ratified the 1926Convention on Prevention and Combating Slavery and the 1956 AdditionalConvention on the Elimination of Slavery and Trafficking in Human Beings.91

90. To be eligible, women must be victims of trafficking and willing to return voluntarily to their home country.

91. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Report to the OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting on Trafficking of Human Beings, A Form of Slavery: “Trafficking in Women in OSCE Member States”, 19 June 2000, p. 68.


80

Republic ofSerbia

(excludingKosovo)

The punishment for engaging in acts, which give someone the status of sla-very, or inducing someone to sell themselves or others into slavery, and/or beinvolved in the movement of people for the purpose of slavery is from one to10 years imprisonment. Prostitution is prosecuted as a misdemeanour, andattracts a fine and imprisonment of up to 30 days. Article 251 of the FRY Crim-inal Code is another relevant provision, as it allows punishment of those whopromote prostitution.92 Whilst there is provision under the Criminal Code toprosecute trafficking for the purposes of forced prostitution and labour, theinterpretation and implementation of this provision is unfortunately very weakwithin the judicial system.

In 2000, police arrested 41 traffickers, and in 2001 (until the end of Septem-ber) over 50. Traffickers were accused of smuggling illegal migrants, organi-sing prostitution, restricting freedom of movement and confiscatingdocuments, and in five cases of keeping a person in slavery.93

Due to the lengthy legal process (2 to 5 years) and weak evidence againsttraffickers, only two traffickers were prosecuted in the year 2000, and theyreceived only a suspended sentence. To date, only one person has beencharged under Article 155 and he is still awaiting trial.


2.1 National Plan of Action and co-ordination

In April 2001, the OSCE mission in Belgrade organised a National Round Tableon trafficking, attended by representatives of the Federal and the SerbianRepublic Ministries and representatives of the Stability Pact. As a result, theFRY government appointed a National Co-ordinator on Trafficking and a Co-ordinator for the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking.94

In June 2001, the National Co-ordinator launched the Initial Board for Com-bating Trafficking in Human Beings with the support of representatives of theFederal and Republic Ministries, national NGOs, international agencies andmedia. The Initial Board with the participation of the government, interna-tional agencies and NGOs formed four working groups: 1) Prevention and rais-ing awareness; 2) Protection of the victims; 3) Law enforcement; and 4) Datacollection; through which it aimed to prepare a long term, coordinated andmulti-disciplinary approach to trafficking.

The working groups met several times to prepare plans of action in theirrespective areas, which will be combined and co-ordinated to form theNational Plan of Action (NPA) to combat trafficking in FRY. The NPA will providea model for co-operation between the agencies and will describe areas foraction.

92. “Whoever recruits, induces incites or lures a female person into prostitution or whoever in any way takes part in turning over a female to another for the exercise of prostitution shall be sentenced from 3 months to 3 years. If perpetrated against a minor the offence carries a sentence from 1 to 10 years”. FRY Criminal Code, Article 251.

93. Information on Illegal Migration, Head Office of the Border Police for Foreigners and Administrative Issues, 16 March 2001.

94. Brankica Grupkovic, Assistant Federal Minister of the Interior.


81



The FRY government appointed a National Co-ordinator on Trafficking and aCo-ordinator for the Stability Pact Task Force and convenes working groups ontrafficking. According to the government, the priority issues related to traffick-ing are in the field of law enforcement - actions against and prosecution of thetraffickers, and collection and processing of reliable data. Although traffickinghas been put on the government agenda, it is rather a low priority and raisingof awareness and services fall to the international organisations, and to theNGO sector which receives no state support. Co-operation between govern-ment and NGOs is very weak.

Before 2001, there were no international agencies working on the issue oftrafficking in Serbia. Following the Federal elections at the end of 2000, OSCEestablished a mission in FRY and took a lead in putting trafficking on the gov-ernment’s agenda, as well as supporting co-ordination and providing exper-tise. OSCE has appointed a full time trafficking expert and has developed verygood co-operation with governmental institutions and NGOs. In December2001 OSCE organised a round table in Bujanovac, a meeting of the FRY teamto combat human trafficking, chaired by the Assistant Federal Minister of theInterior. The team was charged with developing and implementing projectsaimed not only at preventing trafficking but also at protecting the victims andprosecuting the traffickers. The roundtable was also an opportunity to presentstrategies for the promotion of local initiatives. IOM is managing shelters fortrafficked persons as part of its return and reintegration programme.

Participants in the NGO sector in Serbia have had a very different experience totheir colleagues and counterparts in other parts of the region. Many countriesin the region experienced the injection of large amounts of money into civil soci-ety activities. Whilst this led to a flourishing NGO sector, it also led to the estab-lishment of many weak organisations. As the level of support and resourcesdeclined, so did the number of organisations that were able to survive.

This has not been the experience in Serbia. While limited resources have hada constraining influence on NGOs’ capacity and ability to scale up activities, ithas also meant organisations have developed sustainable and creative workwith limited amounts of money and support. They have also been less subjectto donors’ agendas and have been able to remain true to their mandates.NGOs in Serbia have also had to operate in a hostile environment with theiractivities coming under increasing scrutiny and pressure from the govern-ment. As isolation from the international community increased, so did theintimidation NGOs experienced and to continue working in this environmentrequired courage and commitment.

There are a number of women’s organisations in Serbia that have beenaddressing the problems surrounding violence against women, such as sexualassault and domestic violence, for many years. They have also been veryprominent in anti-war, anti-conscription and peace activism. Such has beenthe power of some of the initiatives started by these organisations that wehave seen them develop into international campaigns, such as the Women inBlack. They have established programmes to support victims of violence, setup SOS hotlines and shelters for abused women, and have networked withother organisations in the region. Despite lack of state support and relianceon outside donors for funding, local NGOs have managed to remain indepen-dent and self-sustaining for many years.


82

Republic ofSerbia

(excludingKosovo)

ASTRA, Anti-Sex Trafficking Action Project, is co-ordinating a network ofwomen’s NGOs looking at the issue of trafficking in FRY. The network is veryeffective and has achieved co-operation for some time between Montenegroand Serbia. They have good links with La Strada, international and local NGOsin other parts of the region and internationally, which are also involved in com-bating trafficking of human beings. There has been support provided to localorganisations from international NGOs such as Kvinna Till Kvinna and Norwe-gian People’s Aid.


Although government, international agencies and NGOs participated in theInitial Board’s working group on prevention and awareness, NGOs have under-taken or planned most of the activities in this area to date through informationcampaigns and raising of awareness in women’s groups and the general pop-ulation.

ASTRA organised a campaign to raise awareness in 1998. This campaigninvolved translation of the movie “Bought and Sold”, filmed by Global Survi-vors Network, and its distribution to women’s groups throughout FRY, includ-ing Montenegro, Kosovo and Vojvodina, via ASTRA’s network which covers 40women’s NGOs. The film was also shown on television and in some highschools.

Together with other women’s groups, ASTRA has been advocating and lobby-ing government to put gender issues, including violence against women andtrafficking, on the governmental agenda. Activities included:

• Participation in the National Round Table on Trafficking and in working groups;

• Training for women’s groups and social workers;• Lectures and discussions organised for women’s groups, school chil-

dren, NGOs (mixed), groups of people at risk, potential clients of prostitutes;

• National campaign to raise awareness through the media, including spots in TV and radio jingles, articles and advertisements in the press, printed information;

• SOS hotline for the trafficked persons.

Another local NGO, Beosupport, conducted a survey in 2001 on the situationof trafficked women in Serbia through interviews with 58 trafficked women ineight locations in Serbia.95

2.4. Victim assistance

A working group on Victims Protection, created as one of the Initial Board’ssub-groups, is addressing the need for shelter for trafficked women and devel-oping procedures for assistance.

In July 2001, the Federal Ministry of the Interior allocated space in the FederalReception Centre for Foreign Citizens, in Padinska Skela, as a temporary shel-ter for trafficked women. The activities at the Centre, which are related to traf-ficked women who are willing to go back to their country of origin, aremanaged in co-operation with IOM. In the shelter, trafficked women awaittravel documents and the organisation of their safe return. Medical assistanceand counselling is provided on victims’ request by the federal authorities.From July 2001 until the end of 2001, the police referred 45 potential victims

95. The “Summary of Trafficking Survey implemented by Beosupport” does not provide information on the time and locations of the survey.


83


of trafficking to IOM. After the IOM staff had interviewed all of them, eightrefused assistance, claiming they were not victims of trafficking, one was noteligible for the programme and 36 asked for IOM assistance. Twenty percentof the women were under 18 years of age and their average stay in the shelterwas 2-3 weeks.

There is no on-going co-operation between the Reception Centre authoritiesand the NGOs, or between IOM and the NGOs, in the area of support for thewomen at the Centre. The NGOs that could provide psychosocial, medical andlegal assistance have no free access to the shelter. There are no special pro-cedures or services in place for children.

Within the framework of the Stability Pact, the Austrian Government has givenIOM funds to organise a shelter for trafficked women different from the onecurrently used. The Federal Ministry of the Interior is presently looking for alocation for a permanent shelter for trafficked women, which will be placed ina more appropriate location. The government will provide security for the newshelter, and medical care and socio-psychological services for the women inco-operation with the NGOs. The shelter will be set up by IOM and managedby a local NGO (Counselling Against Family Violence) with experience in sup-porting women victims of violence. The NGO will receive specific trainingunder the IOM programme. The new shelter is planned to assist foreignwomen being trafficked to FRY for the purpose of sexual or any other form ofexploitation as well as Serbian women who have been trafficked for the samepurposes and have returned. The shelter will be available not only for womenwho wish to return to their country of origin, but also to those who cannot ordo not want to return, for whom a system of support is planned. IOM, andother organisations working in the area of victims support, have accepted therules defined in the Code of Conduct for the shelter proposed by OSCE inNovember 2001 in the “Guidelines for a referral mechanism on Trafficked Per-sons in FRY”.

IOM arranges transportation by air to the country of origin and payment of thereintegration allowance – 150 USD. The allowance is paid in three instal-ments: the first upon leaving Padinska Skela; the second and third in thecountry of origin during the monthly contacts with IOM offices or authorisedNGOs. IOM also refers the trafficked person to the existing structures in thecountry of origin to facilitate the reintegration process.

For women who do not qualify for the victims return programme, but wish toreturn home, there will be a separate IOM programme for stranded and des-titute migrants.

In Serbia, local NGOs have come in contact with very few trafficked womendue to a lack of access and referral. They have realised that the priority is toco-ordinate the efforts of the small group of organisations, both internationaland local, which are working on the issue of trafficking. Since the beginningof 2001, OSCE has been consistently supporting NGOs and has organisedtraining programmes (1) to promote co-ordinated co-operation betweenNGOs and the law enforcement agencies and (2) to establish a system of vic-tim protection including referrals to shelters and other services, as well as theelaboration of a witness protection programme.

The NGO ASTRA is running an SOS hotline for trafficked women, and hasassisted those who did not qualify for IOM assistance.96 ASTRA provides assis-tance, including safe shelter, the facilitation of contacts between various insti-tutions, the organisation of travel documents, legal help and contact withfamilies.


84

Republic ofSerbia

(excludingKosovo)

2.5. Guidelines for a referral mechanism for trafficked women and children in FRY

OSCE, together with the Working Group on Victims Assistance has developed“Guidelines for a referral mechanism on Trafficked Persons in the FRY”. Theseguidelines describe the system of identifying the trafficked woman, and thesupport which should be given to her. Identification is going to be carried outby the representatives of government, international organisations and NGOsduring the clearing and referral process. The system includes all traffickedwomen, regardless of their initial wish to stay or to leave the country, givingthem the possibility, once they are under protection, to decide if they want:(1) to return to the country of origin; (2) seek asylum; or (3) be a witness incriminal procedures against traffickers.

Once the clearing and referral point has identified the needs of the victim, sheis transferred to the women’s shelter or a specialised orphanage, where shecan receive assistance in the form of safe accommodation, long term counsel-ling, legal consultation and preparation for the next steps.

The guidelines also suggest that before the victim is sent back to her countryof origin, all the partners should be involved in preparing reintegration mea-sures and safe conditions for return. The victims who take part in the IOM safereturn programme should be able to receive on return to their country of ori-gin (1) appropriate sheltering, (2) medical, social and psychological counsel-ling, (2) assistance in finding job opportunities and housing, (3) protection bylaw enforcement when necessary and (4) financial support.

Follow-up monitoring on the situation of the trafficked person should be estab-lished and agreed with the respective returnee.


In June 2001, FRY signed and ratified the Palermo Convention and its two pro-tocols97 and now is in the process of adjusting national laws to internationalstandards. In October 2001, the Federal Ministry of Justice initiated a WorkingGroup on Legal Reform, to work on the new anti-trafficking provisions. Thenew law will incorporate anti-trafficking provisions in the Criminal Code, aswell as targeting laws that provide support for trafficked persons and protec-tion of their rights to social welfare and education and in the media.

Representatives from the Federal Ministry of the Interior are also participatingin the regional training programmes and initiatives organised within theframework of the Stability Pact Trafficking Task Force:

• Regional training on law reform for experts and parliamentarians from Balkan countries organised in Belgrade in November 2001 by the Council of Europe;

• Regional training on Trafficking and Smuggling of Human Beings organised in Hungary in November 2001;

• Co-operation with the SECI Centre in Bucharest, to which liaisons officers are to be nominated;

• Co-operation with Interpol on the cases of trafficking.

96. Charged with prostitution or other crimes and sentenced for deportation. IOM’s rules and regulations do not allow the Organisation to assist either irregular migrants who do not want to return voluntarily or Governments/Authorities in the implementation of forced deportation acts.

97. UN Convention Against Trans-national Organised Crime, Protocol on Trafficking and Protocol on Smuggling.


85


OSCE advises and facilitates the FRY team’s working group on legislation andlaw enforcement and plans to conduct legal training in 2002. OSCE also orga-nised training programmes for NGOs on building skills and co-operation withlaw enforcement agencies in order to strengthen co-operation between thepolice and NGOs and to improve referral mechanisms for trafficked persons.

UNHCHR took part in the National Round Table on trafficking and participatedin the Working Groups developing the National Plan of Action. UNHCHR isinvolved in advocacy and expert advice to government, international organi-sations and NGOs. It advocates for implementing international standards intodomestic legislation.

2.7. Data collection

Collection of reliable data on trafficking is one of the priorities identified by thegovernment. The government is going to support the initiative of IOM andICMC, proposed within the framework of the SPTTF to organise a RegionalClearing House on Victims of Trafficking in Belgrade. This Regional ClearingHouse, to be set up by IOM and ICMC in 2002, will consolidate data from var-ious sources, including information about victims, national referral mecha-nisms, actions taken against trafficking and the situation in the region. IOMcollects information on the women and girls it assists to return home. NGOshave been collecting information and data on the situation of trafficking.Through their local contacts, ASTRA is collecting data on the placement andnumber of brothels/bars where foreign women work, and sharing this with thepolice when necessary.

Beosupport, has conducted a survey on the situation of trafficked women inSerbia – interviews with 58 victims of trafficking on eight locations in Serbia.Some human rights organisations also involved in monitoring the problem andare dealing with individual cases on an ad hoc basis.


86

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Republicof Serbia

(excludingKosovo)

Overview ofActivities


87

Republic of Montenegro
Republic of
Montenegro1. OverviewThe FRY Republic of Montenegro has a multi-ethnic and multi-religious popu-lation of approximately 650,000. Montenegro continues to keep its distancefrom the Federal government in Belgrade, and a referendum on independencefor Montenegro is continually the subject of debate in the political arena split-ting politics and society into two camps – for and against secession from FRY.The conflicts in the region have enabled organised criminal networks to flour-ish in Montenegro, and women are trafficked through and to the country, oftenwith the co-operation of local authorities and the police. Until recently, theresponse to trafficking in Montenegro has been very weak, but the Govern-ment is now supporting actions to combat trafficking and assist traffickedwomen and girls, in cooperation with international organisations and NGOs.


Montenegro appears to be primarily a transit area for the movement of womenand girls from Serbia into Albania and Western Europe. In the past couple ofyears, it has also become a destination point for trafficking from the Republicof Moldova, Romania, Ukraine and Russia. The sex industry in Montenegro isrun from bars, clubs and motels, and is reportedly centred in the areas ofPodgorica, Rozaje, Berane, Bar (the main port in Montenegro), Ulcinj andBudva, the last two being tourist resorts on the Adriatic coast.

Reports are beginning to emerge on trafficking of women from Montenegro,although only a few to date.98 Taking into account the difficult economic situ-ation in Montenegro and the high rate of unemployment, it is likely thatwomen, especially, will follow promises of jobs abroad.

As documented elsewhere in this report, the usual pattern of recruitment per-tains, responding to advertisements for international employment as wait-resses, housekeepers, dancers or models in the countries of origin. Althoughthe women generally have had their documentation taken from them and heldby their pimps or protectors, many have had official documentation and workvisas issued. This documentation is often issued through the local police whoare complicit with the work of bar owners and traffickers. The women do notusually even have to present themselves at the police station, and passportsand documents are not checked for authenticity.

The information and statistics available from the Montenegrin Ministry of theInterior relate to illegal migrants. According to the Ministry, foreign women arebrought to Montenegro mostly from Serbia and either stay to work in bars andcafes as dancers and waitresses or are moved on to Albania and Italy. Mostforeign women come legally and are granted a residence visa for one monthas tourists, although some have legal contracts with entertainment businessagencies based in Serbia or with bar owners in Montenegro. When legal resi-dency and visas expire, the women are detained by the Montenegrin author-

98. Recently local NGOs received information about 18 women from Montenegro arrested in Albania by the police during a raid on a club and probably deported to the border.


88

Republic ofMontenegro

ities and deported back to the Serbian border, where their pimps or protectorsusually pick them up.

According to the Ministry of the Interior, 93 foreign women were stopped whilecrossing the border to enter Montenegro in 2000, and were refused entry onsuspicion of prostitution. During the first half of 2001, there were 185 illegalborder crossings, including 11 women, and 118 persons were trying to enterMontenegro with false documents. In general, however, border control sta-tions are neither well equipped nor computerised and checking passport per-sonal data and the period of stay in Montenegro is not possible.

In 2000, a new pattern emerged, of an increase in women and girls from BiHand Serbia working in the sex industry, while trafficking from Eastern Euro-pean countries decreased. There is no visa regime for foreigners wishing toenter the country and, obviously, people from Serbia can move freely withinFRY. The police cannot detain BiH and Serbian women or girls on the groundsof documentation or status, when they are stopped during police raids or atcheck points. Therefore, due to a lack of questioning and investigation, it ishard to obtain evidence proving that these women have been trafficked. Theirpresence shows only that a growing number of women from Serbia and BiHare working in the sex industry.

There is no information on the ages and numbers of migrant children gener-ally. There may be a few underage girls working in the sex industry. However,this is difficult to confirm, as data on foreign workers, illegal migrants and traf-ficked women are not segregated by age, and many of the teenage girls havedocumentation from their home country, which shows that they are over 18.


Trafficked women come to the attention of police and NGOs primarily throughbar raids. Co-operation among police, NGOs and international organisations isimproving and a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the policeand NGOs on victim assistance has been signed. In practice, however, theidentification and referral system is very weak and women continue to bearrested and deported. As of September 2001, the Montenegrin Special Teamon Trafficking and Smuggling have conducted two police raids on brothels inPodgorica, in the spring and the fall. During the second raid, 10 bars werechecked and foreign women found in the bars were arrested and deported tothe Serbian border.

Another police raid took place in Bar at the beginning of October, when localpolice from Bar found three trafficked women from Ukraine in one bar andarrested the bar owner. One of the women decided to testify and as the resulttwo Russian traffickers were arrested. The woman expressed a wish to returnto her home country and was taken to the shelter for trafficked women inPodgorica. The next day the other two women also decided to go to the shel-ter. There is no witness protection programme.

A local NGO opened a shelter for trafficked women in Podgorica in October2001. Prior to that, women received assistance at a shelter for victims ofdomestic violence. Women are referred to the shelter by the police, by theMontenegrin Women’s Lobby (SOS hotline) and other NGOs. Most of thephone calls to date received by the SOS hotline, which started operating inJune 2001, have been from women (trafficked women, sex workers, families)calling from Serbia, Vojvodina and Republica Srpska in BiH. During the firstsix months, there were 30 phone calls from trafficked women. In four cases,the hotline, at the request of the caller, established contact with the police.


89


IOM also provides support for the trafficked women in the shelter who qualifyfor the IOM programme of voluntary return to the country of origin. To date,IOM has been referred eight potential victims of trafficking. After IOM staffhad interviewed them, three refused to be assisted claiming they were not vic-tims of trafficking, three decided to leave the shelter while the procedure fortheir return was still ongoing, and two of them requested IOM’s assistance.

1.3. Prosecution

At present, Montenegro has two criminal codes, Federal and Republic, both ofwhich can be applied to the prosecution of trafficking. However, since neitherhas specific provision for the prosecution of trafficking, it is interpreted underother relevant articles regarding slavery, prostitution and juvenile abuse. TheFRY Criminal Code has been outlined in the previous chapter on Serbia and issimilarly interpreted in Montenegro.

According to the Criminal Code of Montenegro, trafficking can be prosecutedunder Article 93: “Procuring and Allowing of Sexual Abuse”. Under this article,sexual abuse of an adult attracts a punishment of up to three years imprison-ment and abuse of a minor or juvenile from 1 to 10 years. Prostitution is pros-ecuted under federal law and is considered a misdemeanour, which attracts afine and imprisonment of up to 30 days.

Because of the lack of legislation, there is no information about prosecutionsfor trafficking. During the raids, the police tend to check the women ratherthan the owners. During the last raid, in Bar, two Russian men were arrestedbut it is not known if they were prosecuted. A local NGO, Women’s SafetyHouse, representing a victim who was ready to testify, sued a trafficker forselling a woman five times, and for abusing her. The man was released by thejudge, with the warning that next time he might be sentenced to one monthin jail.99



The government appointed a Co-ordinator for Trafficking in February 2001.Although the government is engaged on the issue of the NPA, is participatingin the development of the victim protection system and is willing to engage injoint actions with NGOs, co-ordination and drive to create anti-traffickingresponses adequate to meet the Stability Pact requirements has been drivenby the international agencies under the strong leadership of OSCE.

OSCE has organised and is co-ordinating the Inter Agency Working Group onTrafficking with active participation of the Ministry of the Interior, IOM, UNICEFand two local NGOs, Women’s Safe House and Montenegrin Women’s Lobby.By the end of 2000, the working group had developed a comprehensive Vic-tim’s Protection Project (VPP) for 2001-2002. The VPP is grounded in the inter-national human rights standards and based on the experiences and capacitiesof the participating organisations. The VPP includes:

• Campaign to raise awareness;• Establishing an open, transparent and objective system and pro-

cesses for identifying and supporting trafficked women (MOU between police and local NGOs);

• Assistance to all trafficked women, not only those ready to return vol-untarily to their country of origin;

99. Interview with Liljana Raicevic, Co-ordinator of Women’s Safety House, 4 October 2001.


90


• Ensuring sustainability by having local agencies implement the project, with international agencies acting as donors and advisors, rather than implementers;

• Establishing clear rules of co-operation between partners.

As the VPP was designed in response to immediate concrete problems on theground, gaps in coverage have appeared that can potentially be addressed asthe project is further developed:

• Lack of support or reintegration for Montenegrin women who are traf-ficked abroad;

• No response to internal trafficking, particularly from Serbia;• No special procedures or protection measures for children (under 18);• Lack of HIV/AIDS prevention and harm reduction programmes;• Lack of witness protection procedures;• Lack of the necessary legal reform to create clear anti-trafficking reg-

ulations.

2.2. Roles of the government, international organisations and NGOs

In addition to its obligations under the Palermo Protocols,100 the MontenegrinGovernment supports the efforts of the Stability Pact Task Force on Traffick-ing,101 has appointed a Trafficking Co-ordinator and is taking an active part inthe Inter Agency Working Group on Trafficking initiated by the OSCE Missionin Montenegro. The government supports the VPP developed by the workinggroup and has established a special anti-trafficking task force within the Min-istry of the Interior.

Although, the government is willing to engage on the issues surrounding traf-ficking and to place trafficking on its agenda, the initiative and drive for actionto date has come from the international organisations. OSCE has taken thelead on co-ordination and has done an excellent job on bringing governmentand NGOs as well as relevant international agencies together to develop theVPP. International organisations, OSCE and UNICEF among others, have alsosupported capacity building and training for NGOs that provide services to traf-ficked persons. IOM provides assistance for safe return to countries of origin.

Although local NGOs are fairly weak in capacity, their initiative and commit-ment, as well as experience, in dealing with the issues of violence againstwomen and children, place them as the best service providers for traffickedwomen. NGOs have developed good co-operation with the government andthe police, which is the basis for a good referral system that reaches all victimsof trafficking.

2.3. Prevention and raising of awareness

The Ministry of Education has indicated a willingness to include the issue oftrafficking in school curricula and to support the training of teachers and thedistribution of information on trafficking in schools.

IOM launched a campaign to raise awareness in June 2001, with a nationalsurvey on trafficking for prostitution in six municipalities. The results, pre-sented at a press conference in July 2001, showed that more than 50 percentof respondents did not know about trafficking in Montenegro. Campaign activ-ities included press advertisements, TV spots, radio jingles, posters, leaflets,

100. Montenegro is a member of FRY, which has signed the Palermo Protocols.101. The Montenegro Ministry of the Interior also signed up to the Stability Pact Anti-Trafficking

Ministerial Declaration for Southeastern Europe, 13 December 2000, Palermo, Italy.


91


sugar bags, beer mats and bus tickets. All the materials gave information notonly about trafficking but also about the anti-trafficking information hotline –the SOS telephone line operated by an NGO in Podgorica. The informationmaterials were distributed in cooperation with governmental authorities andthe mayors of 21 municipalities, who publicly supported the campaign, andthrough NGOs in different regions of the country. Ten persons were hired todisseminate materials at the coast during the summer season and in the maincities during the winter season. The campaign will end with another survey inMarch 2002.

UNICEF has supported capacity building through training for local NGOs,police and social workers, and judges and prosecutors dealing with trafficking.In addition, training for professionals working in the health and social sectoris planned, as well as peer education sessions in schools.

The Council of Europe has included information on trafficking in various sem-inars it has organised, including seminars for the police on anti-corruption,and a seminar on refugees and freedom of movement for judges, at which theinformation about trafficking was delivered by the National Co-ordinator.

Many local NGOs took an active part in the IOM campaign: Anima from Kotor,Bona Fide from Pljevlja, Mother and Child from Herceg Novi, New Horizon fromUlcinj, SOS Line from Niksic and SOS Line from Podgorica.

The local NGO Montenegrin Women’s Lobby, has started a hotline for traffickedwomen. The line is available 7 days a week, 10 hours a day and is operatedby three trained volunteers.

At the beginning of the IOM campaign to raise awareness, the hotline receivedas many as 8-10 calls a day. Most of the calls came from people who wantedto obtain information about the issue. One third of the calls came from poten-tial victims, women working in the sex industry or the families of thesewomen. The hotline workers do not keep a record of all incoming calls, henceit is not possible to assess the role of the hotline in raising awareness – whatkind of information was given and how many people were informed. Montene-grin Women’s Lobby is also responsible for creating and updating a databaseon trafficking.

Safe House for Women runs the shelter for trafficked women and also organ-ises training, conferences and lectures on the issues of violence againstwomen, women’s rights and trafficking. A regional conference “Round Tableabout the Shelters for Women – Victims of Violence” took place in October2001.

2.4. Victims assistance

The VPP, initiated by OSCE, includes all relevant governmental, internationaland non-governmental bodies active in Montenegro. All the proposed actionsfocus on respecting and protecting the rights of trafficked women by:

• Providing all the victims with safe place to recover;• Allowing sufficient time to recover (no time limit for staying in the

shelter); • Providing required support and professional services (medical, psy-

chological, legal);• Assisting voluntary returns to the country of origin;• Assuring safe conditions in which to testify.


92


Within the framework of the VPP, the Government is responsible for assistanceto trafficked women and girls, by ensuring that those staying in the shelterhave access to medical, psychological and legal assistance.

The Ministry of the Interior has signed a MOU with NGOs in which it agrees toco-operate in assisting trafficked women. Among other conditions, the MOUstipulates that the police will not arrest and deport women suspected of beingtrafficked. The NGO running the shelter for trafficked women will be informedabout any such women known to the police or in police custody, and would beable to take them to the shelter to rest and recover for at least 3 days beforepolice interrogation. Interrogation will take place in the presence of a shelteremployee.

Safe House for Women, which runs a shelter for the victims of domestic vio-lence, opened a shelter for trafficked women in Podgorica in October 2001.The shelter can host 10-15 persons and offers safe accommodation, prelimi-nary counselling, medical examination, legal support, social support, andreferral to IOM for assistance to return voluntarily to their country of origin.All trafficked women can stay in the shelter, including those that do not qualifyfor the IOM return programme, although the maximum period of stay in theshelter is still being negotiated.102 Those women that decide to testify will beable to stay up to 3 months in the shelter. The Ministry of the Interior is alsoconsidering introducing a special programme for trafficked women who do notwant or cannot go back to their country of origin, and therefore do not qualifyto take part in the IOM assistance programme. These women will be able tostay in the shelter for a certain length of time.

Within the framework of the VPP, IOM is responsible for voluntary return andreintegration assistance. IOM also covers the financial costs of women stayingin the shelter while awaiting repatriation, and liaises with Embassies/consu-lates, relevant authorities and local NGOs in the countries of origin to ensurethe reintegration of the victims.

The SOS Hot Line run by the Montenegrin Women’s Lobby for trafficked per-sons is the part of the referral and assistance system. Together with Women’sSafe House they build the Civil Victim’s Protection Institution (VIP) in Mon-tenegro, which is a part of the Victims Protection Project. The SOS hotline issupported financially by OSCE/ODIHR.


The Inter Agency Working Group on Legal Reform was established in March2001. The group participants include the National Co-ordinator, OSCE, Councilof Europe, ABACEELI103, the Associations of Attorneys and of Lawyers and thelaw faculty of Podgorica University. The group is preparing a comparative anal-ysis of the trafficking regulations throughout the region, and drafting the nec-essary amendments to the existing laws, to be finalised by the end of 2001.The new law will include provisions for the protection of victims, witness pro-tection and the prosecution of traffickers.

The Special Task Force on Border Control and the Special Task Force on Traf-ficking and Smuggling were created in September 2001, each with specialistteams of 5-6 persons in the seven Centres for Security covering the wholecountry. The teams will include women police officers. The Special Task Forceis also co-operating with SECI in Bucharest.

102. According to IOM, 15 days – 1 month. According to the Ministry of the Interior, the period of time that women will be able to stay in the shelter is still unknown.

103. American Bar Association Central and Eastern European Law Initiative.


93


The Montenegrin Ministry of the Interior has established contacts with Interpoland bilateral contacts with Albania, BiH and Italy.

The Council of Europe is providing support for a legislation review and hasorganised several seminars for police on anti-corruption, on refugee law andon freedom of movement.

OSCE is supporting training for the members of the Special Task Forces as wellas for the law enforcement agencies, to include police, prosecutors, lawyersand judges.

UNICEF, within the framework of its child protection programme, is supportingtraining for judges, prosecutors, police and social workers on child rights andspecial protection.

IOM has co-operated with OSCE in the organisation of the training activitiesfor the police.


94

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FRY Republicof Montenegro

Overview ofActivities


95

The UN Administered Province of Kosovo

The UN Administered Province of Kosovo1. OverviewThe situation in Kosovo is unique. Although Kosovo remains a province withinthe Republic of Serbia, since the end of the conflict in June 1999, under Chap-ter 7 of the UN Security Council Resolution 1244, the United Nations InterimAdministration Mission (UNMIK) fulfills the role of government as an interimarrangement. Resolution 1244 vested in UNMIK authority over the territory ofKosovo, which includes all legislative and executive powers and administrationof the judiciary, police and domestic security. The peacekeeping force (KFOR),operating within the framework of resolution 1244, but not reporting to theUN Special Representative, is responsible for international security and peace-keeping operations.

In May 2001, UNMIK Regulation 2001/9 approved the Constitutional Frame-work for Provisional Self-Government in Kosovo. Following elections inNovember 2001, the setting up of the new National Assembly and appoint-ment of the new government is expected in March 2002. Until then, however,UNMIK has been directed “to provide transitional administration for Kosovo,whilst establishing and overseeing the development of provisional democraticself governing institutions to ensure the conditions for a peaceful and normallife for all inhabitants of Kosovo.”104 The tasks of UNMIK are presided over bya Special Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG) and divided intofour sectors, known as pillars, as follows:

1. Justice and Police: covers UNMIK Police and the Department of Jus-tice;

2. Civilian Administration: covers civilian police, judicial affairs, publicadministration and civil affairs;

3. Democratisation and Institution Building: led by OSCE andresponsible for developing good governance and democratisation, thetraining of the police and judiciary and human rights monitoring;

4. Economic Development: led by the European Union.

Consequently, UNMIK and the agencies heading two of the pillars have actu-ally been administering the territory and have been responsible for the devel-opment of policies. This is a substantially different role to that which they playin other parts of the region where they are responsible for assisting govern-ments to develop policies and capacities, or for monitoring government policyand action. Under the Kosovo arrangement, the civilian police (CIVPOL) fallunder UNMIK control and are responsible for domestic security. CIVPOL is amulti-national police force and works with the newly established Kosovo PoliceService (KPS).

104. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 on the situation relating to Kosovo, S/RES/1244, June 1999, p. 10.


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The UNAdministered

Province ofKosovo


Kosovo has been identified predominantly as a destination and to someextend a transit point for trafficking of women and girls. The main routes intoKosovo appear to be through FYR Macedonia and Central Serbia. If women aretrafficked on from Kosovo, it is mainly through Montenegro into Albania, andthen to Italy and Western Europe.

During the period February 2000 to August 2001, IOM in Priãtina collecteddata from 200 foreign women and girls that they assisted to return home,which provides some glimpse into the patterns and methods of trafficking.According to this data, women and girls were mainly trafficked from theRepublic of Moldova (60 percent), Romania (19.5 percent), Ukraine (10 per-cent) and Bulgaria (7 percent), followed by singular cases from Albania andRussia. Ten percent of victims were under 18 years of age. Sixty eight percentof women had been in Kosovo less than three months.105

The patterns of recruitment are the same as described elsewhere in thereport.106 The majority of women and girls had been told that they were goingto work in Italy (57 percent). Seventy-two percent were recruited by false jobpromises, and nine percent were kidnapped.107 Only 30 percent were awareof the possibility of being involved in entertainment-related activities. Fiftypercent of recruiters were women, 51 percent of recruiters were unknown tothe victim prior to recruitment.

The living and working conditions in the Kosovo sex industry are abhorrent,exploitative and akin to slavery. Only 13.5 percent of women received regularpayments for the services they provide. Fifty-five percent were beaten by traf-fickers, and 55 percent were sexually abused. The majority of women and girlswere forced to have unprotected sex, 40 percent of women used condomsonly occasionally. Thirty-six percent were denied medical care, and only 10percent had regular medical care.

According to the CIVPOL Trafficking and Prostitution Investigation Unit (TPIU)estimates, there are approximately 1.000 women and girls in Kosovo whomight be victims of trafficking and approximately 85 recognised brothels,including five in Priãtina. These figures seem rather low, especially as theNGOs estimate the number of brothels in Priãtina to be much higher.

According to the police, the majority of customers are local men, althoughmembers of the international community constitute a sizeable 40 percent ofthe clientele, mostly KFOR soldiers. There is a suspicion that UNMIK interna-tional police officers might be involved in trafficking - some members of theinternational police were repatriated for suspected involvement in traffick-ing.108 According to local NGOs, prior to the war in 1999 and the consequentinternational presence in Kosovo, not only trafficking but also prostitution wasvery uncommon. As in other countries in the region, even if the internationalclients are a minority of customers, they bring the bigger profit, by spendingmuch more money in brothels.

There is also growing evidence of internal trafficking of women and girls fromSerbia into Kosovo and within Kosovo of both Kosovo Serb and Kosovo Alba-

105. Return and Reintegration Project, Situation Report – February 2000 to August 2001, IOM, Priãtina, 2001.

106. Ibid. p. 8.107. Ibid. p. 9.108. In a recent case in Mitrovica North, three higher level police officers, including a station

commander, were repatriated for suspected involvement. See: “Minutes from October 18 Trafficking Round Table Meeting”, OSCE, Pristina, 22 October 2001.


97


nian women and girls. As there is no issue of cross-border migration or workpermits for women from Serbia, the police do not detain or interview them.Even in overt cases of trafficking when the women themselves ask for protec-tion and assistance, there are no support services established for them (onlythe Centre for the Protection of Women and Children can offer limited accessto their shelter), as the existing shelter only provides support for foreign vic-tims of trafficking being assisted by IOM to return home.

Taking into consideration the deteriorating situation of women in Kosovo, withgrowing poverty and unemployment, changes in family patterns and violenceagainst women, and more visible and accepted prostitution, Kosovo may alsosoon become a source of women for trafficking abroad. Little evidence is avail-able on women from Kosovo being trafficked abroad. To date, IOM has sup-ported only four victims of trafficking from Kosovo: two were trafficked to FYRMacedonia, one to the United Kingdom and one was internally trafficked.


Women and girls come to the attention of OSCE and IOM in several ways:• Police raids on bars (according to IOM statistics, 60 percent of women

and girls);• Women and girls come to the police station, either when they manage

to escape or when brought by the bar owners to be registered asemployees;

• Vehicle checkpoints manned by local police and UNMIK police;• Referral by OSCE field offices and local police;• In some cases women are “let go” by brothel owners and search for

assistance to return home.

Identification and referral of trafficked women depends upon CIVPOL, OSCEand IOM. In October 2000, the Trafficking and Prostitution Investigation Unit(TPIU) was established within CIVPOL, with teams in all regions of Kosovo.The regional teams consist of approximately four officers, at least one of whichis female, and at least one speaks Russian or Romanian.

CIVPOL or Kosovar Police Service (KPS) officers make the first contact withwomen and girls during bar raids, arrest and detention. Most raids are orga-nised by TPIU or by regional serious crime or intelligence units in co-operationwith TPIU. TPIU takes statements from the women and assesses their situa-tion. As soon as the police suspect that they have a trafficked person in cus-tody, they call the OSCE regional trafficking focal point to conduct a victiminterview. OSCE will determine whether the case should be referred to IOM forrepatriation assistance and whether the shelter should be contacted foradmission. TPIU then makes arrangements directly with IOM and the shelter,which is run by The United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR). TPIU alsoinforms IOM and the shelter in advance when major raids are planned, so thatthe number of the potential shelter beneficiaries can be assessed.

Although TPIU estimates that at least 90 percent of foreign women and girlsworking as prostitutes in Kosovo are victims of trafficking, not more than 50percent identify themselves as such, and even fewer want to go back to theircountry of origin or to request police assistance. TPIU informs OSCE, whocarry out the first screening of these cases. IOM then makes a second and finalassessment on the woman’s eligibility for their return and reintegration pro-gramme. The shelter management makes the final decision about acceptanceto the shelter, which normally relies on IOM’s final assessment.

Women refuse offered help for various reasons:


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The UNAdministered

Province ofKosovo

• Do not want to go home without money. Since placement in the shel-ter and repatriation are immediate upon detention by the police,women who still hope to collect their wages from bar owners refuseimmediate assistance (However women are given more than onechance to seek assistance. Those refusing the first time, can beassisted later);

• Threat from pimps;• Do not understand their situation or distrust the police and fear legal

repercussions;• Do not want or cannot go back to their country of origin.

As of October 2001, out of about 450 women who were brought to IOM’sattention, 180 refused assistance, 250 were helped and four were refusedassistance by IOM. Assistance was refused by IOM when women wereassessed to be residing voluntarily in Kosovo and voluntarily performing theirjob, having their own means (money and documents) to return home andbeing not at risk, or when they had already refused the offer of assistance sev-eral times. For women who do not qualify for the IOM trafficking victims returnprogramme but wish to go back home, there is a separate IOM programme forstranded migrants. In order not to create a magnet, the selection for the sec-ond assistance programme is very strict.

Women who refuse to identify themselves as victims of trafficking in front ofthe police are charged with prostitution, illegal border crossing, illegal resi-dency in Kosovo without documents or possession of illegal documents, or acombination of these. They face up to 20 days in a detention centre in Lipjan.They may also be sentenced to longer terms for the crime of falsification ofdocuments. A deportation order was often issued in the past, but did not inpractice lead to deportation due to a lack of legal mechanisms in Kosovo.Cases of deportation are decreasing although they are still a problem. Afterdetention in Lipjan, the women are free to leave and as there are no otheroptions, they usually return to the bars and brothels where they were arrestedin the first place.

In summary, under the current victim identification and referral system, onlywomen willing to return home are provided with assistance and are recognisedas victims of trafficking. Other trafficked women are not recognised as such,and face conviction for minor offences or crimes, and detention. It is also notclear whether any distinction is made between adult women and girls under18, who are defined as trafficked, regardless of consent, according to the Traf-ficking Protocol, with respect to identification and assistance procedures.

In 2000 and 2001, there were 254 women and girls assisted by the co-ordi-nated victim assistance programme. The programme offers psychologicalassistance and legal assistance through the OSCE, assistance with documents,return assistance and repatriation. Only women and girls taking part in the IOMprogramme of return are placed in the shelter. The local NGO – The Centre ofProtection of Women and Children - that runs a shelter for victims of domesticviolence, has assisted several internally trafficked women and several minors.IOM, TPIU, OSCE, Social Welfare and the local NGOs are in the course of final-ising a Standard Operating Procedure for internal victims of trafficking.

1.3. Prosecution

In January 2001, a new regulation against trafficking “Regulation on the Pro-hibition of Trafficking in Persons in Kosovo” was promulgated. The Regulationmakes human trafficking a criminal offence punishable by two to 20 years inprison, while also providing for better protection and assistance for trafficked


99


persons. The Regulation also allows an establishment, which is involved in orassociated with trafficking, to be closed, and the confiscation of property oftraffickers.109

Ten legal cases have been brought against traffickers under the new regula-tion. In most of the cases, the traffickers were sentenced and immediatelyreleased, and to date only a few perpetrators have received punishmentaccording to the new law. There have been 52 cases prosecuted under the oldprovisions, Trafficking Regulation (44 cases) and the FRY Criminal Code crimeof “intermediation in the exercise of prostitution” (12 cases). There are 15cases involving trafficking currently ongoing in the courts. In addition to theone offender currently serving a three-year sentence under the TraffickingRegulation, there are four offenders currently sentenced and detained (pend-ing appeal).110

Police have closed several establishments after raids and have taken testimo-nies from the trafficked women willing to testify. The bars were, however, re-opened soon after as a result of court decisions. In the case of one bar inMitrovica, police asked six times for a court order to close the place, withoutresult. No establishment was closed for good and no property was confiscated.

Even with testimonies from trafficked women and a new law in place, the traf-fickers are not punished and it has proved easier to close bars for not comply-ing with labour and health codes, than on the basis of the anti-traffickingregulation. The reasons given by local and international institutions – TPIU,OSCE, IOM, NGOs - vary from a lack of understanding of the issues relatingto trafficking on the part of the judges, and a lack of knowledge and trainingon how to apply a new and complicated law, to weak evidence given by thetrafficked women and the lack of a witness protection programme.

The only evidence is usually the victims’ testimonies taken after their arrest.The women whose testimony is being used in cases that may warrant thearrest of people involved in organised crime, may pose a serious security risk(TPIU gives a security profile for each shelter beneficiary) to herself and allinvolved, and cannot, therefore, be housed at the shelter as it does not have24 hour police protection. Currently, this rule is being reviewed. Due to thelack of a witness protection programme, trafficked women are almost alwaysrepatriated by IOM or OSCE before the trial date and their testimony is eitherlost or their statements are read out in court. Such statements have a muchweaker, if any, impact. As of October 2001, there had been only one casewhere the witness was actually present to give testimony in court.

In December 2001, two UN police officers were arrested as part of an inves-tigation into trafficking and prostitution. The deputy commander of the policestation said that if it could be established that they broke the law, their immu-nity would be revoked.111


2.1. Co-ordination

The OSCE Mission in Kosovo plays the main role in all anti-trafficking activitiesas the leader of Pillar 3 for Democratisation and Institution Building within

109. Regulation No. 2001/4 On the Prohibition on Trafficking in Persons in Kosovo. UNMIK/REG/2001/4.

110. Information from IOM, Shelley Inglis, 17 January 2002.111. ONASA wire service – EnLj – 2 December 2001 15:10:41 – GEN – 0007.


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The UNAdministered

Province ofKosovo

UNMIK, and co-ordinates a Round Table on Trafficking in which participate allrelevant international agencies. IOM is the main agency dealing with directassistance to trafficked persons who voluntarily wish to return home.

During 2000, under the leadership of OSCE, UNMIK worked with partnerorganisations and agencies to create a system for victim assistance, establisha legal instrument to both criminalise the act of trafficking and to institute anoffice to assist victims. OSCE has also organised training for the legal commu-nity and the local police and encouraged the UNMIK international police(CIVPOL) to create a specialised trafficking unit – the Trafficking and Prostitu-tion Investigation Unit (TPIU).112

OSCE’s anti-trafficking activities are co-ordinated through the Department ofHuman Rights by the Rule of Law’s Gender and Trafficking Advisor, the FieldCo-ordinator and the Head of the Human Rights Division. In addition, fiveHuman Rights Officers have been appointed in the field to run trafficking focalpoints (TFPs) and to co-ordinate activities at regional and municipal level.These TFPs provide a link between the trafficked women and the local author-ities, including UNMIK Police, UN Penal Management and the local courts. TFPsalso disseminate the Standard Operating Procedures to UNMIK Police in thefield.

A Victims Assistance Co-ordinator is to be appointed within the newly createdVictim Assistance and Advocacy Unit which is part of the new Judicial Devel-opment Division. This post will initially support the work of the internationalagencies on trafficking but will gradually assume responsibility for fundraisingand anti-trafficking programmes. A Victims Advocacy Co-ordinator will ensureprovision of legal assistance to all injured parties appearing in court, includingvictims of trafficking.

Local structures, including a Ministry of Public Administration, are being set upand UNMIK is planning to develop and hand over some of the co-ordination ofanti-trafficking programmes to them. As a first step, a National Co-ordinatorfor Trafficking will be appointed in 2002 followed by the development of aNational Action Plan to be completed by a Task Force which involves both localgovernment structures and the UN supervised Police and Justice Pillar.

2.2. Roles of international organisations and NGOs

As outlined above, the government in Kosovo is UNMIK, comprising four pillarsled by international agencies, namely the OSCE, EU and the UN. Work on traf-ficking falls under under Pillar 3, led by OSCE. In this context, co-ordinationand almost all activities are developed and implemented by internationalorganisations. OSCE is leading the development of policy and procedures, IOMis leading in the field of prevention and assistance to the victims, whileUMCOR, an international NGO, is the implementing agency running the shelterfor the internationally trafficked women. Other international agencies, includ-ing UNICEF and UNIFEM, are not very active, although they participate in theanti-trafficking working group and support programmes dealing with chil-dren’s and women’s rights that are related to the prevention of trafficking,such as political participation or sexual health.

The international community undertook the initial response to foreign victimsof trafficking, without involving local NGOs. Local NGOs are facing a heavyburden of responsibility and service provision for their own communities fol-lowing the war in 1999. Additionally, many do not understand the issue, as

112. Background Report on Combating Trafficking in Kosovo, OSCE, 5 June 2001, p.1.


101


there is a strong societal stigmatisation of prostitution. Coupled with a fear ofinvolvement for security reasons, there is a great reluctance on the part ofmany NGOs to become involved, as they perceive that involvement in thiswork could jeopardise their credibility and long-term objectives. However theyhave responded to internal victims of trafficking and recently they havebecome more interested in the issue of trafficking generally, and in assistanceprogrammes.

Despite these reservations, discussion and sensitisation of the issue is takingplace amongst women’s organisations. The involvement of local NGOs in rais-ing awareness of the trafficking phenomenon is increasing. IOM organised acampaign to raise awareness in collaboration with local NGOs. Members oflocal NGOs are also taking part in the OSCE legal advocacy-training pro-gramme with the aim of assisting trafficked persons. The shelter for the vic-tims of domestic violence is also assisting internally trafficked women. But ingeneral, NGOs need support to build their capacity and to strengthen theirinstitutional structures. There are examples of groups of women’s NGOs work-ing to support each other and to extend networking both nationally andregionally with local and international NGOs.


OSCE has developed a programme for training and for raising awareness forfour critical target groups:

• OSCE Human Rights Officers and regional Trafficking Focal Points (anti-trafficking regulations, international standards, local proce-dures, interview techniques);

• The judiciary and prosecutors (various training programmes on anti-trafficking regulations for different groups, e.g. regional discussionsessions by OSCE Human Rights and Rule of Law officers, officialtraining for judiciary by the Kosovo Judicial Institute);

• The general public (raising of awareness through NGO meetings andone seminar in November 2000 organised by the Human Rights Divi-sion and the Kosovo Law Centre);

• Local NGOs (ongoing capacity building).

IOM has conducted a campaign to inform and raise awareness addressed to:• Clients and potential clients;• International community;• General public;• Youth (on trafficking prevention and migration);• Young women (on work and migration).

The IOM is supporting an ongoing campaign for young women organised incollaboration with the network of local women’s organisations (KosovoWomen’s Network) and youth NGOs, including Alternativa and Post Pessi-mists. The main goals of the campaign are the prevention of trafficking to andout of the country and information on legal travelling and migration. The cam-paign includes leaflets, a booklet “Young Women’s Guide to Work in Kosovo”,an employment assistance service, radio programmes on the local youth radiostation Urban FM, live radio programmes prepared by the Kosovo Women’sNetwork about migration and illegal travel. The campaign was launched bywomen’s magazines in Kosovo. Daily newspapers are also involved and offersupport.

UNICEF is planning to incorporate awareness of trafficking into the existingprogrammes on juvenile justice and advocacy of children’s and women’s rights


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The UNAdministered

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among community leaders and policy makers. Research focused on the traf-ficking of women and girls from Kosovo is planned for the future.

UNIFEM produced a report in April 2000 on violence against women in Kosovothat included a section on trafficking, sexual slavery and prostitution.

Local NGOs have participated in the IOM campaign to raise awareness and thecapacity building training organised by OSCE and IOM. Local NGOs are alsoundertaking research on internal trafficking and trafficking of women fromAlbania.


All the institutions and partners taking part in the anti-trafficking activities aretaking part in the Trafficking Round Table and are part of the Direct Assistanceand Shelter Co-ordination Working Group.113 The working group is responsi-ble for assistance to trafficked women in Kosovo and provides a forum to dis-cuss individual cases and the needs of the beneficiaries.

To ensure that all programme areas are covered and all activities properly co-ordinated, the working group has adopted the joint Standard Operating Pro-cedures for victim assistance (SOP). The SOP describes the procedures to beundertaken to assist a trafficked woman from the point of identification to themoment she reaches the shelter. It also describes the referral system for theorganisations involved. The SOP does not outline the rights of a traffickedwoman nor does it describe the obligations of the participating agenciestowards the women.

Only those women that are willing to return to their country of origin areassisted and referred to the shelter. The agency responsible for identifyingtrafficked women is TPIU. TPIU informs IOM, OSCE and the shelter only whenthe person expresses a wish to be repatriated. Women who are not willing togo back to their home country are not recognised as victims of trafficking, andare often charged with prostitution and illegal residency and detained.

Currently, the members of the Trafficking Round Table are discussing theeffect of restricted access to safe shelter, which excludes those women whoare willing to testify but provide a serious treat to the security of the shelter.There is a proposal to establish an interim secure facility for witnesses untilsuch time as they can be accepted into the shelter.

OSCE, with IOM and the UNMIK Police, has been co-ordinating the develop-ment of structures and a referral mechanism for assistance to traffickedwomen which includes:

• Referral system for trafficked women – “Standard Operating Proce-dures” - prepared together with other members of the Direct Assis-tance and Shelter Co-ordination Working Group;

• Identification of trafficked women at the local level by the RegionalTrafficking Focal Points;

• Draft for “Direct Assistance to Internally Trafficked Victims” whichincludes a referral system, procedures and a shelter project for thevictims of internal trafficking (in co-operation with IOM);

• Advocating for establishing a Victim’s Assistance Co-ordinator’s postwithin the Inter Agency trafficking legislative working group;

113. The Direct Assistance and Shelter Co-ordinating Group comprises IOM, OSCE, UMCOR and TPIU.


103


• Legal Assistance for trafficked women to provide them with legal rep-resentation during legal procedures;

• Victims Advocacy Conference organised in Priãtina in December2001;

• Advocating special intermediate secure facilities for witnesses wherewitnesses to trafficking could acquire short-term safe housing whilethey testify and make other decisions about their future.

In addition, OSCE has given repatriation and reintegration assistance directlyto 23 women, consisting of organisation and payment for travel to the countryof origin. This was carried out even during the time when IOM could not assistwomen served with deportation orders, and during a period when IOM had tofreeze activities. Currently, IOM assists persons served with deportationorders who still express a willingness and desire to return home voluntarily.

IOM is taking active part in assistance work, as in preparing a draft on “DirectAssistance to Internally Trafficked Victims”, in co-operation with OSCE andTPIU.

IOM is also providing direct assistance for voluntary return and reintegration.Assistance is given on a voluntary basis and includes:

• Direct assistance prior the woman’s return to her country of origin:case screening, acquisition of valid travel document, Fit-To-Travelmedical examination, travel arrangements from departure point inKosovo or Macedonia, procurement of travel supplies, assistance andmedical escort at transit points, data gathering and analysis;

• Psychosocial support prior the woman’s return to her country of ori-gin: psychosocial counselling and anti-trafficking awareness activitiesin the shelter;

• Reintegration assistance upon the woman’s return to her country oforigin: travel arrangements from arrival point to home town or, ifrequired, alternative sheltering facilities, provision of a reinstallationgrant, and tailored reintegration schemes including monitoring andfollow up.

Since July 2000, an international NGO UMCOR has been managing a shelterfor trafficked women who come under the IOM repatriation programme. Dueto the security risks of women being able to identify the location and compro-mise the integrity of the shelter, the shelter, in principle (although there aresome exceptions), does not accept victims of internal trafficking or womenwho are willing to testify against traffickers. Victims of internal trafficking areeither placed in a shelter run by the Centre for Protection of Women and Chil-dren, supported by other NGOs or not recognised as such at all. Witness state-ments are taken in the regions or at the central UNMIK TPIU interview locationin Priãtina, before women are placed in the shelter.

Since the beginning of UMCORs operation in July 2000 until the end of Sep-tember 2001, the shelter has provided support to 232 foreign traffickedwomen, including basic medical care and medical counselling, psychosocialsupport (from Sept. 2001 a Romanian IOM psychologist has also been con-ducting counselling sessions at the shelter) and vocational training (computerskills, English lessons). Sexually transmitted infection (STIs) and HIV/AIDStests are not provided, as there is no HIV/AIDS testing in Kosovo.114 The shel-ter can accommodate up to 15 women and an average stay is two weeks.

114. The shelter is providing a voluntary presumptive treatment for syphilis, gonorrhoea, and trichonomas. Trafficked women are in a high risk group for STIs, and because there is no testing, it is ‘presumed’ that they may have an STI and are voluntarily treated, with no side effects. Information from UMCOR, 18 January 2002.


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Province ofKosovo

Women can stay longer, usually about another two weeks, while waiting forthe necessary travel documentation to be issued.

As part of the IOM return and reintegration assistance, women receive a “dig-nified return pack” with clothes and souvenirs for their family as well as US$150 as a reinstallation grant. Additionally between US$1,000 and US$2,000 isavailable for each case for reintegration activities after return. IOM office inthe home country administers this money.

UNFPA is developing a reproductive health care project for the victims of traf-ficking that will include information, medical services and counselling for thewomen staying in the UMCOR supported shelter for trafficked women willingto return home.

The local NGO Centre for Protection of Women and Children is running a shel-ter for the victims of domestic violence. This shelter also accepts traffickedwomen who cannot be placed in the other shelter, including victims of internaltrafficking and girls under 18. According to the annual report of 2000, 26cases of trafficking were assisted.115 During 2001 (until November) the shel-ter supported nine trafficked women with medical counselling, socio-psycho-logical support, an obligatory gynaecological examination and vocationaltraining. Women and girls can stay in the shelter for up to three months.

As almost all the women who came to the shelter in the past few months werefrom the Mitrovica region, the shelter initiated cooperation with the NGOsactive in Mitrovica North to provide women with vocational training after theirreturn home.


An inter-agency Legal Working Group on Trafficking in Persons, in which par-ticipate the Joint Department for Democratic Governance and Civil Society(JIAS), the UNMIK Justice Department, the UNMIK Office of Gender Affairs,IOM and UNICEF, drafted the anti-trafficking regulation at the end of 2000.The “Regulation on the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons in Kosovo”116 wentinto force in January 2001. It makes human trafficking a criminal offence pun-ishable by two to 20 years in prison and allows an establishment to be closedif it is involved in or associated with trafficking, and the confiscation of traf-fickers’ property. The new regulation also provides for better protection forand assistance to trafficked women, including a defence against prostitutioncharges and an option to request victim assistance. The regulation also fore-sees higher penalties when the victim of the trafficking is under the age of 18.

The legal working group is currently made up of the UNMIK Office of GenderAffairs, the Office of Human Rights, OSCE, IOM, UMCOR, UNICEF, TPIU andJIAS. The group is now working on an administrative directive that will giveinstructions to the administration and the courts on the implementation ofduties assigned to the Victim’s Assistance Coordinator.

Trafficking and Prostitution Investigation Units were created within UNMIKPolice in October 2001 and operate in all five regions of Kosovo.

115. Information from IOM, Shelley Inglis, 17 January 2002.116. UNMIK/REG/2001/4.


105


OSCE has developed a Victims Advocacy Programme with a special mecha-nism for trafficked persons – “Legal Aid for Trafficking Victims”. OSCE has alsoorganised training for judges on the new anti-trafficking regulation.

The local NGO Norma – Association for Legal Aid for Women has participatedin the training for victim advocacy and can provide legal assistance for traf-ficked women.


106

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KosovoOverview

of Activities


107

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1. OverviewAs with other countries in the region, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace-donia (FYR Macedonia) reports an increase in the trafficking of and presenceof foreign women in the country. The problem has been exacerbated over thepast seven years by the transition from a communist system, the Kosovo cri-sis, an increase in organised crime and a breakdown in border controlthroughout Eastern Europe. An increased international presence has also beenlinked to the increase in prostitution and trafficking, particularly in touristareas such as Ohrid and Struga. However, the police report that the sex mar-ket is still mainly domestic.

Since March 2001, armed conflict with the Albanian National Liberation Army(UCK) in the west of the country and the ensuing political crisis has haltedactions against trafficking and made it virtually impossible to obtain informa-tion from western FYR Macedonia. As most of the trafficking is taking place inthat part of the country - the area of most unrest and conflict – up to dateinformation on trafficking does not exist at the time of writing this report.Apart from Tetovo and Gostivar, a police presence has not been restored inwestern FYR Macedonia.


FYR Macedonia is recognised as a transit and destination country for traffick-ing in women and girls for forced prostitution, particularly in the tourist areasof Struga and Ohrid in the south, and the predominantly Albanian towns ofTetova and Gostivar in the west. This situation has arisen partly as a result ofthe comparative ease with which tourists can enter FYR Macedonia comparedto West European countries, and partly as a result of the presence of a greatnumber of foreign soldiers from UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, KFOR and other for-eign missions.117

Women enter FYR Macedonia legally or illegally from Serbia (area ofKumanovo, part of Kosovo and the area of Tetovo) and Bulgaria (Kriva,Palanka, Delcevo and Strumica). The illegal channels to exit FYR Macedoniaare from Dojran and Gevgelija to Greece, and from the area of Struga to Alba-nia. The women are coming mainly from the Republic of Moldova, Romaniaand Ukraine. The number of Bulgarian women has decreased and it isexpected to become even smaller with the introduction of a Shengen visa118

for Bulgaria. Because of the change in the situation in Kosovo – new legislationon trafficking, raids on clubs and more police actions against traffickers –there is reportedly a new pattern emerging of removing trafficked womenfrom Kosovo to FYR Macedonia.

117. UNPREDEP-United Nations Preventive Deployment and UNPROFOR - United Nations Protection Force; two missions present in FYR Macedonia until 1999, when KFOR- Kosovo Force - arrived in Kosovo and Macedonia.

118. Visas which permit entry to all the countries of the European Union which signed the Shengen Agreement.


108

FormerYugoslav

Republic ofMacedonia

As elsewhere in the region, it is reported by most sources working on traffick-ing that many of the trafficked women were deceived by promises of work andthen lured and forced into prostitution. Most women are trafficked by organ-ised crime networks, which stretch between the Balkans and the countries oforigin. These groups are invariably involved in arms and drugs trafficking too.

According to local sources, since the beginning of the conflict in March 2001several factors have affected trafficking and/or information on the traffickingsituation:

• Trafficking in women is decreasing, as dealing in arms during the con-flict is more profitable;

• In UCK controlled territory, the bars were closed at the beginning ofthe conflict and drinking alcohol and using prostitutes were prohibitedfor religious reasons. However, according to other sources, bars wereonly temporarily closed so that protection money could be collectedfrom the owners;

• Due to the conflict, UN personnel and KFOR soldiers from Kosovostopped visiting the tourist areas of Struga and Ohrid, which resultedin less clients and slower business;

• Some women have been allowed to go home by the traffickersbecause the conflict has caused reduced demand and slower busi-ness;

• Reported internal conflicts between criminal groups in the region, whoare fighting to dominate the sex market;

• Lack of access to the conflict area makes it difficult to assess the cur-rent situation;

• Lack of police presence and actions against traffickers is resulting ina lack of information and control.

There is a possibility that after the conflict trafficking will start to boom as traf-fickers try to compensate for their losses.

During the first nine months of 2001, 7490 persons were stopped and accusedof illegally crossing the border. Women who are judged to be illegal migrantsare accused of illegal border crossing and deported to the border.

According to various sources,119 the estimated number of women in FYRMacedonia who might be victims of trafficking varies from 1500 to 2500. Debtbondage is the most common, as women work to pay back the money barowners spent on buying them. The moment the debt is paid, women are soldon, so that they have no money of their own and are constantly dependent ontraffickers. Prostitution is more often carried on from hotels and rented apart-ments, than from clubs and brothels, because of the criminal charges that canbe filed against the owners. Women are sent to see clients with taxi driverswho are paid by the club owners and are supposed to watch them.

Velesta, a village in the southwestern corner of the country near the borderwith Albania, is a well-known place with many bars serving mainly KFOR sol-diers on weekend leave from Kosovo. Despite the fact that Velesta has beenwell known for prostitution for years, the police did not take any action againstbar owners after raids in Summer 2000 (August-Sept.). Last September thepolice organised raids after they were alerted by the La Strada Foundationfrom Moldova, about Moldavian women kept in Velesta. As the result, 15women from Romania and Moldova were freed and put into a shelter.

119. Local NGO and The New York Times, 28 July 2001.


109



In June 2001, IOM and the government signed an agreement for the police toinform IOM about all female illegal migrants. The identification and referralsystem for trafficked women operates within the framework of this agree-ment. The police identify women who might be trafficked and transfer themto the shelter in Skopje where IOM makes a second assessment.

During the period August 2000 to November 2001, IOM Skopje directlyassisted 328 trafficked women to return to their countries of origin: 60 percentto the Republic of Moldova; 27 percent to Romania; and the rest to Ukraine,Belarus, Bulgaria, Russia and Kosovo. Twelve percent were under the age of18. Thirty four percent had valid travel documents when they were picked up.

In March 2001, the Ministry of the Interior opened a shelter for traffickedwomen. IOM is taking care of the day-to-day management of the shelter andmedical screening, and provides a civil presence at the shelter. During theperiod March to November 2001, 148 women stayed at the shelter and werereturned to their countries of origin by IOM. The conditions in the shelter arevery good, and women have protection from traffickers. However, they havecontact only with the police and IOM, and are not prepared for going backhome. No information on their legal situation or rights is provided, and thereis no psychosocial support available at the shelter.

According to the police, all trafficked women that come in contact with thepolice reach the shelter and are repatriated by IOM. However, as the shelterreceives only those victims who are willing to return to their country of origin,trafficked women that did not want to take part in the IOM programme mayhave simply been deported. In the period between November 2000 and July2001, approximately 500 foreign women were deported from the country.120

Deportation means only to the border of FYR Macedonia, so the women usu-ally go straight back into the trafficking cycle.

Despite efforts by IOM and OSCE to raise awareness, some police officers con-tinue to see trafficked women as illegal prostitutes. This is in contrast to thestrong government stance against trafficking. There is also information aboutpolice turning a blind eye for and cooperation with traffickers. Traffickedwomen are aware of the role played by the police and are afraid to ask forhelp. There are almost no cases of women turning to the local police for helpand most of the women come to the attention of the police through bar raids.Out of 148 women who received assistance in the shelter, 90 percent wereidentified during police raids on clubs and brothels and only a few werereferred to the shelter after they sought assistance from the local police or theRomanian Embassy.

1.3. Prosecution

FYR Macedonia has signed but has yet to ratify the Palermo Protocols. The cur-rent legislation contains no special anti-trafficking provisions. Prostitution(soliciting) is not illegal, but mediation and pimping is. Trafficking can be pros-ecuted under various other articles of the criminal code, including illegal cross-ing of state border (Art. 402), illegal deprivation of freedom (Art. 140),abduction (Art. 141), mediation in performing prostitution (Art. 191), pimpingand enabling sexual acts (Art. 192), a sexual act on an incapable person(Art.187), sexual assault on a child (Art. 188), founding a slave relationshipand transport of persons with slave status (Art. 418).121

120. Carlotta Gall, New York Times, 28 July 2001.


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According to the police, in 1995-2001, 147 persons were arrested for traffick-ing. According to the Public Prosecutor Office, there were 80 cases of prose-cution of traffickers in 1997-2000. Until now, only 30 cases have beencompleted; one person received five years in prison, the rest were fined andparoled. Four cases were dismissed and 47 cases are still pending.122

The most commonly used articles in prosecuting cases of trafficking have beenthose on illegal crossing the border, mediation in performing prostitution, andpimping and enabling of sexual acts. As in other countries of the former Yugo-slavia, the article on slavery has rarely been used for the prosecution of traf-fickers. In 2000, however, for the first time criminal charges were filledagainst eight persons under the slavery Article 418.123

The new article on trafficking has been drafted (Art. 418a) by the Interdisci-plinary Committee appointed by the Ministry of Justice, and submitted to theParliament. Approval is now awaited.


2.1. National Action Plan and coordination

OSCE has been co-ordinating round tables on trafficking since August 2000,with government, international and local NGO participation. The round tableshave covered four policy areas: prevention; legal policy; victim assistance;and security. However, the groups’ meetings have been suspended sinceMarch 2001 because of the conflict in western FYR Macedonia. The only workto continue has been co-operation between the government and IOM to pro-vide direct assistance to trafficked women.

At the beginning of 2001, the government appointed a National Council onTrafficking and Illegal Migration to develop a National Plan of Action on Traf-ficking. The Minister of the Interior was appointed as the National Co-ordina-tor, and the NPA has been drafted, to be finalised before the end of 2001.

2.2. Roles of international organisations and NGOs

Prior to the conflict in March 2001, the main push for anti-trafficking actioncame from the international organisations, chiefly IOM and OSCE. The inter-national agencies have also organised and supported activities on preventionand raising awareness. The government, however, was very interested in tak-ing action on trafficking. The government actively participated in the StabilityPact Trafficking Task Force and was planning to host a Task Force meeting inApril 2001 that was cancelled due to the conflict. The Government has alsoparticipated in and supported actions undertaken by IOM.

Until recently local NGOs were not interested in anti-trafficking activities. Theyworked on the broader issues of violence against women, changes in legisla-tion and women’s rights. The exception was the Association of MacedonianWomen (AMW). This organisation had already started to work on trafficking in1999, organising seminars and training, and co-operating with IOM to providesupport and expertise. Currently AMW is not involved in any anti-traffickingprojects. A new organisation in the field is La Strada Macedonia, which co-operates closely with the La Strada Bulgaria and HOPS (Healthy Options

121. Criminal Code of FYR Macedonia, Official Gazette No 52, 1991, after: Human Trafficking, the Crime Business with Slavery Image, IOM, Skopje, 2001, p. 29-37.

122. Interview with representatives of the Public Prosecutor Office and the Ministry of the Interior, Skopje, 7 November 2001.

123. Interview with representatives of the Public Prosecutor Office, Skopje, 7 November 2001.


111


Project) in HIV/AIDS prevention work. Generally NGOs are weak and lack thesupport and expertise necessary to develop bigger projects.


The government, international organisations and NGOs have undertaken anumber of activities on prevention and to raise awareness. Most of these havebeen based on experiences and information from other countries in theregion, rather than on research and assessment of the situation in FYR Mace-donia. There is little or no evaluation of the effectiveness or impact of cam-paigns to raise awareness beyond a general assessment of knowledge of theexistence of trafficking.

Activities to raise awareness organised by the Ombudsperson for Childrenhave included:

• Information pamphlet on Child Rights which includes information ontrafficking;

• Round tables on domestic violence and child abuse organised withinthe framework of preparations for the Second World Congress againstCommercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Yokohama in December2001. The work was divided into three working groups: policy andlegislation; identification and assessment; and access to support/community based services.

The Ministry of Labour and Social Policy’s Unit for Development of GenderEquality has developed a National Plan of Action for Gender Equality, whichincludes anti-trafficking provisions.

UNICEF has developed activities for the children who are potential victims oftrafficking:

• Trauma awareness training for professionals who come in contact withthe victims of trafficking;

• Child rights training for professionals carried out by NGO representa-tives trained in child rights;

• Education for children and young people on the dangers of sexualexploitation including the risk of HIV/AIDS and STIs;

• Lectures from the police for young people at schools and youth cen-tres;

• Public information campaign including information for young people,posters, leaflets, stickers, TV spots.

IOM activities included raising of awareness, NGO capacity building and infor-mation:

• Campaign to raise awareness in the general public through publica-tions and leaflets and targeting KFOR soldiers through calendars forKFOR;

• Regional Seminar for Prevention of Trafficking and Victim Support inorder to foster a national network for the prevention of trafficking andvictim support;

• Capacity building with local NGOs and authorities;• Data base on the scope of trafficking and illegal migration in the

region.

The NGOs La Strada Macedonia and Open Gate are planning a joint preventioncampaign including publishing posters and post cards. The campaign will bebased on the experiences of other La Strada organisations in the region andaimed at the potential victims of trafficking. A hotline/information line abouttrafficking will provide information about agencies offering jobs in foreign


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countries, risks connected with work abroad, help in the situation of traffickingand contacts with the relevant institutions. It will also gather informationabout the scope of the problem.

The NGO HOPS is doing outreach work with especially vulnerable young peo-ple on HIV/AIDS/STIs prevention, including drug users and sex workers.

Other local NGOs have expressed interest in developing and implementinganti-trafficking activities, including training for the high risk groups, raisingawareness about trafficking, prevention and education, and outreach work forhigh-risk groups and potential victims of trafficking.


In March 2001, under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior, the gov-ernment opened a Reception and Transit Centre for irregular migrants andtrafficked women, with capacity for 20-30 persons. The Transit Centre pro-vides extended lawful stay for the trafficked women on a voluntary basis. TheCentre is the result of a multidisciplinary approach by the Department forOrganised Crime, the Department for Foreigners and Asylum seekers, theOffice of the Public Prosecutor and the Ministry of Justice. It is managed jointlywith IOM, and is transit accommodation for women and girls awaiting repatri-ation. During their stay there they are not allowed to leave the shelter. Thegovernment provides security - there is a female guard inside the shelter 24hour a day and additional guards outside – and covers running costs. Policeinterrogation of the women takes place in the shelter. There is also a databaseof all trafficked women, managed by the police. It has to be stated that theReception and Transit Centre is the only, and very positive, example of a gov-ernment-run shelter in the region.

In June 2001, the Ministry of the Interior and IOM signed an agreement onscreening for trafficked women. According to the agreement, all foreignwomen, with or without valid documents, are screened at police stations124

and IOM is informed of any who are victims of trafficking.

IOM co-operates with the government and provides assistance to the traf-ficked women in the shelter:

• Medical examination (obligatory) and further medical help, voluntaryHIV/AIDS and STI tests (HIV/AIDS test now suspended);

• Arranging travel documentation;• Safe return to the country of origin.

IOM also collects information on the victims of trafficking and has a databaseof the cases.

UNHCR has supported a network of NGOs working on a programme to assistrefugees and asylum seekers with legal concerns. The network will also beable to give advice to trafficked women and inform them if they have a legit-imate claim to seek asylum.

Local NGOs, including La Strada/Open Gate, Caritas, HOPS and AMW, are alsoinvolved in the victim assistance work and are co-operating with IOM to estab-lish the referral and support system. As part of the referral and support sys-tem, NGOs are planning the following activities:

• Prevention and education campaigns;

124. Every police station has one officer in charge of immigration issues and issues of foreigners, who is responsible for the screening.


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• Hotline for victims of violence and information line about trafficking;• Treatment for underage victims of trafficking;• Assistance to access the social welfare system;• Counselling, therapy and legal support;• Shelter for trafficked women.

HOPS is also doing outreach work on HIV/AIDS prevention for sex workers andpotential trafficking victims.


The FYR Macedonia Criminal Code has no specific article that criminalises traf-ficking in human beings. The existing practice shows that trafficking is not rec-ognised as a crime. Prosecution is usually achieved through the application oftwo articles of the Criminal Code, mediating prostitution and illegal crossingof a state border. Recently, the government has made efforts to increase theefficiency of prosecuting and convicting traffickers but they are still limited bythe lack of an appropriate law, no testimonies from the witnesses and the atti-tude of the police. The existing anti-slavery law (Art. 418) has been used onlyrecently and in exceptional cases.

The National Council on Trafficking and Illegal Migration, appointed by thegovernment in February 2001, has organised an Interdisciplinary Committeeled by the Ministry of Justice to work on harmonising Macedonian law with therequirements of the Palermo Protocols. Legal reform will include:

• Introduction into the Criminal Code of the new crime of trafficking inhuman beings, according to the definition from the Palermo Protocol,and also adding punishment to the existing provision for organisedforms of trafficking;

• Introduction of the crime of illegal border crossing; • Change and amendment of the Criminal Procedure Law to facilitate

the investigation of all forms of organised crime activities; inclusionof new investigative techniques (electronic and other forms of surveil-lance);

• Change of the existing regulations on labour and health inspection toenhance the ability to identify trafficked women by introducingchanges in the Labour Code and Health Legislation, and by issuingwork permits;

• Improvement of international co-operation with other countries forthe purpose of extraditing traffickers;

• New asylum law – already in draft form.

Within the Ministry of Justice, the Legal Policy Working Group has been har-monising the existing anti-trafficking legislation with international law. Thenew article on trafficking has been drafted (Art. 418a), submitted to the Par-liament and now awaits its approval.

Within the police force, the Task Force to Combat Trafficking was set up in2000, with representatives in all districts.

In March 2001, the Public Prosecutor’s Office issued a letter to the govern-ment expressing concern with the low number of prosecutions for trafficking– 80 cases in the period 1997 to 2000. Only 30 cases have been completed.One person received a sentence of five years in prison, but the rest only finesand parole. Forty-seven cases are still pending, and four have been dismissed.The difficulty with the prosecution of traffickers is that there is no evidenceagainst them that can be presented in the court. The witnesses – traffickedwomen – are not present. In conclusion, the public prosecutor pointed out that


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the new law on testimony and witness protection is needed to combat organ-ised crime.

IOM has organised and supported training for law enforcement authorities.This included a Regional Seminar for Prevention of Trafficking and Victim Sup-port in co-operation with the SECI Centre in Bucharest and the FBI. The sem-inar was organised for police and customs officers, with the aim of raisingawareness and increasing skills among relevant authorities dealing directlywith trafficked persons. In addition, IOM has organised training for Ministry ofthe Interior officials dealing with trafficked women, a seminar on legal issueswith the Office of the Public Prosecutor, and a training course for MacedonianNGOs working with trafficked women.

IOM organised two days of training for police officers involved in counter traf-ficking activities, who work directly with the trafficked women. The sessionswere facilitated by La Strada Bulgaria in January 2001. This was a primeexample of cross-border and police-NGO co-operation.

ABACEELI125, through its gender programme, has supported a network ofNGOs to draft legislation on domestic violence, as well as providing legal aidfor victims of gender based and domestic violence.

125. American Bar Association Central and Eastern European Law Initiative.


5

FYR Macedonia Overview of Activities

11

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116


117

Croatia
Croatia1. OverviewLike the other countries of the former Yugoslavia, Croatia has been undergo-ing social, political and economic transition. The war of 1992-1995, and thepost conflict political and economic situations, along with corrupt privatisationpolicies have resulted in a dramatic decline in industry and employment, anda sharp increase in poverty. Notwithstanding the post-conflict difficulties,Croatia is doing relatively well in comparison to other countries in SEE. Inearly 2000, Croatia elected a new government, which has presided over theopening up and normalisation of foreign relations.

According to the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, women are not traf-ficking into Croatia for the sex industry. Twenty-four cases of trafficking inwomen have been recorded in Croatia in the past three years.126 Approxi-mately 12 women from Croatia have been found in Spain, Switzerland andItaly, the main country of destination for women who are in transit throughCroatia.127 NGOs report that there is some evidence to suggest that traffick-ing may take place, although the scale of the problem is difficult to ascertain.The information available suggests that Croatia is a transit country, and onlyto a very limited extent a destination country, for foreign women and girls traf-ficked for sexual exploitation.128

Most information available relates to prostitution and illegal migration. Prosti-tution is illegal in Croatia and is conducted from bars, nightclubs and privateaccommodation. There is also significant activity operated through newspaperadvertisements, usually involving individual women working from home tosupplement low incomes. The bars are mostly located on the edge of townsand are more common in Zagreb, Split and Dubrovnik. There is a mixture oflocal and international markets in these locations. According to NGOs, prosti-tution increased with the international presence during the war, but has since,however, declined.

According to an IOM study conducted between March and September 2001,patterns of prostitution and trafficking in Croatia have changed significantly inthe past five years. Before 1997, the sex market was concentrated in Zagreband prostitution operated from bars and nightclubs. It was stopped by a seriesof raids organised by the police, which closed the trafficking route from Hun-gary.129

After 1997, new routes from BiH opened up, but trafficking became more dis-persed. The sex industry spread to tourist towns and places frequented bySFOR military personnel. Recently, there has been more seasonal and tempo-rary employment of women from BiH as prostitutes, advertising through pressadvertisements with mobile phone numbers as the most common way for cli-ents to contact prostitutes. There is also seasonal prostitution aimed at tour-ists in tourist spots.130 However, it is difficult to assess whether this isvoluntary or forced and whether or not it is connected to trafficking.

126. IOM, “Sex Trafficking in Croatia. An Assessment Study” Zagreb, September 2001 – draft. p.10.

127. Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, Report from Conference organised in Stubicke Toplice in May 2001.

128. Interviews with B.a.be. and House Rosa, Centre for Women War Victims.129. IOM, “Sex Trafficking in Croatia. An Assessment Study” Zagreb, September 2001 – draft.


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Croatia
According to the survey carried out by IOM in March 2001, 73 percent of theCroatian population is aware of organised prostitution involving foreignwomen in Croatia. Although this survey provides some evidence for the pres-ence of foreign sex workers in Croatia, it does not prove the existence of traf-ficking. Nevertheless, the results are interesting. The majority of thepopulation had heard about foreign prostitution in Croatia from the media,and 36 percent from friends and acquaintances. The highest level of aware-ness was in Slavonia, which borders on Hungary, FRY and BiH, where 53 per-cent of respondents knew of foreign prostitutes. Sixteen percent ofrespondents stated that there were cases of organised prostitution of foreign-ers in their community. About eight percent responded that there was a caseof prostitution of a foreign minor in their community. The largest percentageof those who had heard about child prostitution in their community was inSlavonia (15.6 percent).131 Slavonia also had the largest numbers of interna-tional peacekeepers during the years 1996-1998.
The Ministry of the Interior reports that the use of Croatia as a transit countryfor illegal immigrants entering Western Europe is a growing problem. Thenationalities in recent deportations have included Bosnians, Iranians, Turksand more recently Chinese. The police hold illegal immigrants, who have beendetained mainly at the border whilst trying to cross illegally, in a shelter inJezevo near Zagreb. They are detained there until their papers are in orderand they are then deported to their country of origin.

In 2000, the police registered 24,000 illegal migrants crossing the border intoCroatia, double compared to 1999. Sixty-five percent of migrants crossed theborder from BiH, 28 percent from FRY. Seventy percent had no valid traveldocuments. Twenty- five percent are of Romanian origin, 28 percent from FRYand 30 percent from Iran. However, only 9 percent of migrants were womenand 11 percent children under 18. There is no evidence that any of the womenor children might have been victims of trafficking.132

During 2000, 198 female citizens from SEE were deported from Croatia: 144to Romania; 16 to FRY; 26 to the Republic of Moldova; 10 to BiH; and othersto Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia (16) and Ukraine.133

In 2000, 180 unaccompanied foreign children were found in Croatia. Most ofthem were from Turkey, BiH, Romania, FRY and Bangladesh. Among themwere 27 girls who were sexually abused while in Croatia, BiH or FRY.134


Women or children who are taken into custody as illegal migrants, are notscreened as potential victims of trafficking. The border police are not trainedto identify trafficked persons; victims of trafficking are treated as illegalmigrants or foreigners involved in international prostitution, and are finedaccording to the national laws governing these offences.

Illegal migrants, when stopped the first time are fined US$25 and released.They have 24 hours in which to leave Croatian soil. The second time they arestopped by the police, they are detained in the detention centre in Jezevo nearZagreb and deported to the border. In the case of suspicion that a foreigner isa minor, a local Social Welfare Centre is informed and provides assistance.

130. Ibid.131. IOM, ibid. p. 32.132. Ministry of the Interior statistics, “Illegal migrations in the Republic of Croatia”, Zagreb,

March 2001.133. Ministry of the Interior statistics, letter from 27 November 2001.134. Article from Jutarnji List, 22 May 2001.


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There is no outreach work with sex workers and no HIV/AIDS prevention out-reach programmes. Street prostitution is a well-known phenomenon, but doesnot attract the attention of the government or of NGOs.
1.3. Prosecution

Croatia has signed the Palermo Protocols and is in the process of re-draftingthe Criminal Code specifically to include an article on trafficking. The presentprovisions according to the Croatian Criminal Code are:

• Article 175: slavery and transport of slaves is prohibited and punishedby imprisonment for one to ten years. The article includes enslave-ment of minors and transporting persons in a position of slavery;

• Article 195: trafficking in women of all ages is defined as procure-ment. This is punishable with a fine through to one to eight years inprison;

• Article 177: an individual can be charged with illegal border crossings.This punishes someone for taking an individual across the border ille-gally, for purposes of self-interest. This offence usually attracts a fineand deportation to the country of origin. The sentence is usually a finebut can be imprisonment for up to one year. Also, whoever organisesperpetration of the criminal offence can be imprisoned for up to 5years;

• Article 178 (international prostitution): whoever leads another personto offer sexual services for profit can be imprisoned for up to 3 years.Whoever forces another person to go to a country where he/she hasno right of residence for sexual purposes can be imprisoned for up to5 years. If the criminal offence is committed against a child, the per-petrator can be imprisoned for up to 10 years;

• The law on Misdemeanours and Crimes regulates prostitution. Article12 states that a person who engages in prostitution can be fined upto DM 200 or imprisoned for up to 30 days. Article 7 regulates pun-ishment for the provider or mediator of prostitution who can be finedup to DM 350 or imprisoned for up to 30 days.

There is no commitment on the part of police to treat trafficking as a specificissue. However, there is commitment to work on the issue of organised crime.Croatia has signed “The Agreement on Co-operation to Prevent and CombatTrans-border Crime” with SECI and is a member of the Adriatic Sea Initiative.Bilateral relationships have been developed with Republika Srpska and FRY toachieve more effective border control.

From 1998 to 2000, only five criminal offences were reported under Article175 of the Criminal Code and 21 under article 178. These cases involved 24trafficked women, the majority from Hungary and Ukraine, but including twogirls under 18 from Romania.135

Between 1995 and 2000, 56 persons were arrested as intermediaries in pros-titution, including six women. These organisers were also sentenced foremploying foreigners without a work-permit, or bearing unlicensed weap-ons.136

The IOM report points out that since prostitution in small towns and villagescan hardly escape police attention, the lack of police action should be ques-tioned and addressed. Police officers interviewed for the report either margin-alised trafficking as an artificially created problem or called the known cases

135. IOM report, ibid. p. 10.136. IOM report, ibid. p. 38.


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the tip of the iceberg. A second group of interviewed police officers pointedout three obstacles to efficient policing: lack of funds and training, corruptionwithin the force and the absence of a clear and decisive plan of action.137
2. Current Responses

It has to be stressed that, in contrast to other countries in the region, there isno evidence that trafficking in women is a problem in Croatia. To date, therehave been only a few victims identified and supported, but neither have anyefforts have been made to expose any evidence of organised trafficking thatmight exist.

2.1. National Plan of Action and coordination

In November 2000, OSCE organised a Round Table on Trafficking attended byMembers of Parliament, representatives of the ministries of Justice, ForeignAffairs and the Interior, international agencies, NGOs and a representative ofthe Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking. During the meeting four workinggroups were established: prevention, return and assistance, legislation andlaw enforcement.

At the beginning of 2001, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs organised an Inter-ministerial Meeting on Trafficking and the Ministry of the Interior wasappointed to co-ordinate anti-trafficking activities in Croatia. In July 2001, aNational Co-ordinator was appointed, although the Government did not offi-cially confirm the appointment.

The trafficking working group from the Ministry of the Interior is developing aNPA in consultation with NGOs and international organisations. A first draftwas finalised at the end of 2001, but without the input from NGOs.


The government does not see trafficking as a problem due to a lack of anyevidence and no victims of trafficking to deal with.

The position of the international agencies varies. Some see trafficking as aserious but hidden problem, which has to be exposed and combated; somestate that trafficking in Croatia is presently a marginal issue but could becomea more serious problem because of the economic situation and the deteriora-tion of the position of women on the labour market. Both groups agree thatthe country needs a plan to combat trafficking and a structured approach tothe issue.

Most of the local NGOs see trafficking as a very marginal problem imposed bythe international organisations, which introduce their own agenda withouttaking into account the local situation. These NGOs also point out thatwomen’s organisations do not have enough resources to work on existing andpressing issues such as violence against women and the economic situation ofwomen and yet are expected by the international community to start work ontrafficking. However some organisations are willing to include anti-traffickingwork in their present activities and co-operate with international organisationson anti-trafficking projects.

137. IOM, “Sex Trafficking in Croatia. An Assessment Study” Zagreb, September 2001. p. 49.


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In the areas of prevention and raising awareness, the government has takenno action. However, government representatives take part in the anti-traffick-ing initiatives organised by international agencies, especially IOM and ICMC.The issue of trafficking is also included into NPA of the Government Commis-sion for Gender Equality.

IOM conducted a research study “Sex Trafficking in Croatia”, which was pub-lished in November 2001. The study was based on media analyses, a reviewof the current legal framework, a public opinion survey and in-depth inter-views with those involved in trafficking, including traffickers, traffickedwomen, police officers, owners of the establishments, NGOs and governmentrepresentatives. Due to a lack of co-operation by the police and only a fewinterviews with persons directly involved in trafficking, the results of the studyare not conclusive and do not give a clear assessment of the scope of theproblem. Nevertheless the findings were used as a basis for IOM recommen-dations for actions to combat trafficking that should be incorporated into theNPA. These include:

• Special training for the police;• Regional co-ordination and sharing of information;• Establishment of a counter-trafficking unit within the police;• Legal reform and training for judges;• Establishment of a shelter for trafficked women;• Raising of awareness in the media;• Establishment of a network of organisations to combating trafficking;• Inclusion and support for NGOs working on the issue of trafficking.

In October 2001, IOM in co-operation with the University of London organised“Training for Trainers” for government officials and NGOs working on the issueof trafficking.

IOM is also planning a prevention campaign aimed at policy makers, in collab-oration with other organisations, SADA SOS hotline and Centre for WomenWar Victims that will include a media campaign, a hotline on trafficking, train-ing and education.

UNICEF is supporting an HIV/AIDS prevention programme in Croatia, whichincludes sex workers as one of the high risk groups.

ICMC, in co-operation with IOM and the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare,has organised a Regional Counter-Trafficking Conference. The conference “Ini-tiatives in the Republic of Croatia for the Development of the Programme ofAction against Trafficking in Women and Children” was held in StubickieToplice in May 2001. The goal of the conference was to sensitise both publicand participants, to exchange experiences within the region, to educate mem-bers of the four established working groups and to work on anti-traffickingaction plan. Recommendations for the National Plan of Action were handed tothe Inter-ministerial Working Group.

NGOs have not taken any action to date. However, some (ICMC, Centre forWomen War Victims) are planning prevention campaigns on trafficking.


Until now, there has been no need in Croatia for direct assistance to the vic-tims of trafficking and currently there is no victim assistance programme.


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However, the draft NPA includes the establishment of a safe house for traf-ficked women, psychosocial assistance and a reintegration programme.
IOM and ICMC initially co-chaired the working group on victim assistance andreturn. This position was then transferred to the Ministry of Labour and SocialWelfare at the request of the Croatian government. The working group out-lined a scheme for assistance and protection and ICMC wrote a draft proposalfor the development and implementation of this scheme that included theestablishment of a national referral system, and the establishment of a shelterfor trafficked women, that would provide medical care, psycho-social support,legal advice, return and legal assistance. Medical assistance would include ageneral check up, contact with specialists, HIV and STIs tests and STIs treat-ment.

With the support and collaboration of ICMC, the local NGO Centre for theWomen War Victims, which is currently managing a shelter for victims ofdomestic violence, is prepared to establish on its premises a shelter for thetrafficked women. The shelter would be open to all victims, regardless ofwhether they express an immediate wish to return to their country of origin.The programme for the centre was based on the example of Stella Polare – ashelter in Trieste, Italy - and the ICMC shelter in Albania. The Stella Polarestaff took part in the trafficking conference in Stubicke Toplice in May 2001and shared their experience and methods of work.

ICMC, in co-operation with local NGOs is planning to establish a national hot-line for trafficked women.


Under the Stability Pact, the Republic of Croatia has signed a “Partner agree-ment for the preparation of the National Action Plan on the Permanent Stabil-ity in the Field of Asylum, Migration, Border Control and Surveillance of theState Border” with the Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Ger-many, the Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Austria and Min-istry of the Interior of the Republic of Slovenia.

The Ministry of Justice has established a working group on the Preparation ofthe Alien Law and Asylum Law, which will enable provisions for the protectionof victims to be developed.

With support from UNIFEM, the local NGO B.a.b.e. is involved in the genderassessment of legislation in Croatia, as part of the regional programme orga-nised by UNIFEM.


23

Croatia Overview of Activities

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124


125

Albania
Albania1. OverviewOver the last 10 years, with the fall of communism and the problems sur-rounding the consequent transition, Albania has emerged as a major player inthe trafficking of women and children. It has the dubious honour of being botha major country of origin and for transit of trafficked women for the morelucrative Western European sex markets, and to a lesser degree a destinationcountry for the domestic market in Albania.
Prostitution in Albania is illegal, hidden, and normally run from motels, privateagencies, hotels and bars. Pimps or protectors, who are typically part of alarger network, usually manage the women and girls. Trafficking in childrenfor the purposes of begging and drug dealing is also a major problem, withorganised networks smuggling children to Greece and Italy. Some of thesechildren are inevitably sold on for the purposes of prostitution, though thereis little available information regarding the extent of this problem.

There are three main categories of human beings trafficked to, from orthrough Albania: Albanian women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploi-tation; foreign women and girls for sexual exploitation; and Albanian children(boys and girls) for forced labour.


1.1.1. Albanian women - their situation, migration and trafficking to Western Europe

It is estimated that over the past 10 years 100,000 Albanian women and girlshave been trafficked to Western European and other Balkan countries.138

Many of them have been trafficked into prostitution through false promises ofmarriage or employment, coercion and sometimes kidnapping. The typicalprofile of a trafficked Albanian woman is a young unmarried woman taken toItaly by a family member, often a fiancé under the promise of marriage and/or employment. Victims typically range in age from 15 to 35 years, which isyounger than trafficked women of other nationalities, and some research indi-cates that up to 80 percent are girls under the age of 18.139 Police and somelocal NGOs report some trafficking in girls aged between 12 and 14 years, andthe involvement of older women who have become vulnerable through socialand personal circumstances. The young age of some victims appears to be dueto a culture of early marriage, particularly in rural areas. It is also reportedthat up to 40 percent of Albanian prostitutes in Italy are minors.140

Trafficked women and girls come from all over Albania. However, in recenttimes they have increasingly been coming from rural areas, as the women incities and towns have become more aware and better informed about the real-ity of the situation. Furthermore, widespread poverty and unemployment inrural areas has driven people to emigrate for employment purposes, which isseen as more desirable and lucrative than internal migration. The migration ofyoung men from villages to cities and abroad for work has also influenced theyoung Albanian women’s desire to leave home, as there are fewer candidates

138. National Strategy to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings (draft), Council of Ministers, Tirana, November 2001. p. 12.

139. Daniel Renton, “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Save the Children report, Tirana, 2000. p. 9.140. Ibid., p. 24.


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for marriage. This, combined with a change in younger women’s personalaspirations for a better life and independence, makes them vulnerable andeasy targets for traffickers. In addition, the migration of male family membersto work in Greece and Italy has left some families vulnerable to possible crim-inal activities, including kidnapping.
Gender relations in Albania are still significantly influenced by strong patriar-chal traditions, including those of the various versions of the law of theKanun,141 particularly in the rural areas of Northern Albania. However, whilstemphasising close family ties, honour, revenge and giving control of womenand children to men, the Kanun does not legitimise their sale and exploitation.There have been cases of revenge killings of traffickers by families shamed bythe trafficking of their relatives into prostitution. Police report that this has ledto a decrease in the number of Albanian women being trafficked, and anincrease in trafficking of foreign women. An alarming consequence of the fearof trafficking is a decrease in the number of girls attending high school. Savethe Children estimates that in some areas, as many as 90 percent of girls donot receive a high school education, as parents see them as a risk to the family“honour” and keep them at home for fear of lack of security on the route toschool.142

Upon arrival in Italy or other West European countries, women and girls faceforce and abuse, which is traumatic and can lead to long-term physical andpsychological difficulties. As a woman is an investment, the pimps behaveaccordingly to ensure a profitable return. Intimidation and fear are used tocontrol them and, as a result, women and girls are often subjected to limitedfreedom, rape and physical violence, and are sometimes murdered. Theyreceive threats directed at themselves and their families at home. Women andgirls also face health and other risks to their well being, by being forced to usedrugs and unsafe sexual practices, and through abuse.

Most women and girls work on the streets in Italy, which is a violent andunpredictable environment, though some are trafficked on to other countriesin Western Europe including France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands,Switzerland and the UK. Police also report a trend towards trafficking Albanianwomen from Italy further into Western Europe in order to create distance frompossible reprisal or revenge killings by the women’s families.

1.1.2. Foreign women and girls

Albania is one of the main transit countries for the trafficking of women andgirls from Central and Eastern Europe. The women come mainly from theRepublic of Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Bulgaria. The main traf-ficking routes into Albania follow the arms and drug smuggling routes,through Romania, Serbia and either Montenegro or FYR Macedonia, fromwhere women and girls are trafficked onto Western Europe or Greece. Thereare other routes for moving women but the main route is from the country oforigin such as the Republic of Moldova or Ukraine to Serbia, Montenegro andAlbania and onto Western Europe.

Shkodra is usually the main transit town in Albania for trafficking from Mon-tenegro, and Korca for traffic from FYR Macedonia. Women are generallybought and sold in these cities and then sent to the ports of Durres or Vlora,bound for Italy. Similar markets are reported to exist in Berat, Elbasan, Fierand Tirana. Albanian police report that a decision is made at this stage as to

141. The Kanun of Lek Dukajini is a traditional mediaeval law and code of conduct, which re-emerged in the northern part of the country during the period of transition.

142. Daniel Renton, “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Save the Children report, Tirana 2001, p.10.


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how “saleable” the woman is; the most attractive ones are sold and traffickedinto Italy, the less attractive ones are sold to work in Albania, and the leastattractive are often abandoned. Members of this group are sometimesarrested and deported, or picked up by cheaper local networks that run themin prostitution in Albania. Sometimes foreign women are forced to work inAlbania during transit.
According to the government figures, 437 women were repatriated to Albaniain 2000 and 2001. Forty percent of these women stated that they have beenforced into prostitution.143 In 2000, 125 women were sheltered and returnedhome through the IOM/ICMC return programme. Thirteen percent were girlsunder the age of 18. Over 60 percent were from the Republic of Moldova andabout 30 percent from Romania.144 From January to November 2001, therewere 60 foreign women in transit in Albania who stayed in the ICMC shelterfor trafficked women in Tirana and were assisted by IOM to return home. Themajority of these women were from Moldova and Romania.


1.2.1. Identification, return and reintegration assistance for Albanian women

Until recently, the system of support organised by international organisationsin Albania, was designed only for trafficked women from other countries.There was no shelter or support for Albanian women and girls. Albanianfemale illegal migrants and trafficked women, who were deported to Albaniafrom Italy or caught by the police during transit to Italy did not receive anysupport. However, Vlora Women’s Hearth, the local NGO running a shelter inVlora, has been screening Albanian women and now accepts trafficked Alba-nian women, who have been deported from Italy and are often re-trafficked,if they do not receive immediate assistance. In February 2002, there will alsobe a IOM shelter in Tirana opened for Albania trafficked women, which willaccept longer term cases and provide longer term reintegration assistance.

Before the new IOM programme of reintegration starts to function, IOM isplanning to organise a six month campaign of capacity building activities forlocal NGOs, which will create a Reintegration Support Network to offer directassistance to trafficked women and girls. Referrals will be made internationallyby the IOM offices in destination countries, and domestically by the police andthe local NGO in Vlora, which has contacts with deported illegal migrants.Albanian trafficked women will be sent to the new IOM shelter in Tirana andforeign nationals will be sent to the current IOM/ICMC shelter in Tirana.

At the moment, there is just the one shelter for trafficked Albanian women runby the NGO Women’s Hearth, from Vlora. The women, who stay there, arereferred by the police and NGOs. The majority are women who were judgedillegal migrants in Italy and were deported. These returned women are offeredcounselling, vocational training, support in finding jobs and most of themreturn to their families.

The return and reintegration of Albanian women requires the provision of sup-port services and security to ensure that women returning home are notcaught up in a further cycle of trafficking. Women are currently being returnedinto an environment in which only extremely limited assistance is available,and to the same situation from which they were originally trafficked. They areoften re-trafficked by the same networks, or, upon being ostracised and

143. Draft National Strategy to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Tirana, 2001, p. 15.144. Interview with IOM trafficking programme co-ordinator, Tirana, 16 November 2001.


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rejected at home, they “choose” to return to prostitution either in Albania orabroad.
1.2.2. Identification, referral and assistance of foreign women and girls

According to the police, if these women come to their attention as a result ofeither being arrested or escaping, they fall into two categories: those whowere brought to Albania voluntarily; and those who were brought involun-tarily. According to the Memorandum of Understanding signed in 2001between the Albanian Government, OSCE, UNHCR, IOM and ICMC, all foreignillegal migrants should be reported to UNHCR, which does the first screeningfor trafficked women. Trafficked women who are willing to be repatriated aretransferred from local jails or the NGO transit centre in Vlora, to the ICMCshelter in Tirana. Women can stay at the Tirana shelter for up to 3 months andare offered a medical examination, including a STI test and a voluntary HIV/AIDS test, counselling and social services provided by IOM and ICMC.

The police have a duty to inform UNHCR about all the foreign female illegalmigrants. UNHCR makes the first assessment of these women and refersthose that have been trafficked to IOM, and informs OSCE. Currently, 90 per-cent of referrals are coming from the police, IOM makes its own assessment,taking into consideration whether the woman wants to return to her countryof origin. In situations where women have not been trafficked but still want toreturn home, IOM is able to help them though the Programme for StrandedMigrants. IOM does not offer any support to trafficked women who are notwilling to be repatriated.

If women are judged to have come to Albania voluntarily and/or do not wantto be repatriated, they can be fined, or charged with prostitution which carriesa jail term of up to three years. These women are then usually deported tothe border where the trafficking cycle is repeated, or granted bail and releasedback to their protectors. These arrangements take no account of the fact thatthe women may be traumatised and/or extremely frightened, and thereforeunable or unprepared to ask for assistance to return home. There is also a gapin the provision of services available for women who do not want to be repa-triated immediately but who still require support and protection as victims oftrafficking.

1.3. HIV/AIDS

To date, there have been no reports of HIV/AIDS among non-Albanian traf-ficked women and girls returned from Italy145. According to women assistedby ICMC, they had almost always used condoms, a measure pressed on themby their traffickers as a way to count their clients.


1.4.1. Situation

According to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs there are at least 6,000Albanian children in Italian orphanages and 1,000-2,000 children in Greekorphanages.146

145. A bi-lateral agreement allows foreign nationals to be re-admitted to Albania if they entered Italy from Albania.

146. Governmental Conference on Trafficking “All Together against Child Trafficking”, Presentation of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Tirana, November 2001.


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The trafficking of children in Albania, both boys and girls, appears to be mainlyfor the purposes of forced labour including begging, drug dealing and activitiessuch as washing car windows. However, there have been some reports of chil-dren being re-sold for prostitution. This is organised by networks of traffickerswho move the children into Greece where there is a lucrative market for thisactivity. Newspaper articles also report children being used for organ dona-tion, but this is unsubstantiated.
These children come from all over Albania but the main areas are Berate,Korce, Fier, Elbasan and Tirana. The children range in age from 0 to 15 years.There are reports from an Albanian NGO that girls as young as 12 years areoften re-trafficked into prostitution from these begging rings, though there islimited information on this.

Children generally come from impoverished and dysfunctional families. Typi-cally, these children have either never attended school or have dropped out inorder to work to support the family. These families are known to the traffickersand are groomed to permit their children to travel to Greece to work. Promisesof monetary remittances are made, but cease rapidly after a couple ofmonths.

The majority of trafficked children come from the Roma minority in Albania,although there are also children of Albanian origin and the problem cannot beseen as specific to one minority group. There are several categories of childrenwho leave Albania and stay abroad:

• Those who leave with their parents who then abandon them; • Those sold by their parents to traffickers in Albania, in exchange for

a promise of future income;• Abandoned children who are taken abroad by traffickers;• Those who are sent by the family to earn money.

Children are trafficked into Greece either by foot across the mountains, in theback of a lorry or across the border with false documents and with false“mothers”. Again, it appears that the connivance of the authorities in bothGreece and Albania is an implicit part of the problem.

In the country of destination, children work on the streets, begging, washingcar windows and selling things. Older children, over 12, are often involved inillegal activities, and prostitution. There are no special provisions for the treat-ment of underage illegal migrants in any of the countries of destination, sothey are treated the same way as adults. They are arrested, detained, andkept in detention centres together with traffickers and other adult illegalmigrants. While in detention they are often abused, mistreated and raped, bythe guards and other inmates. After a couple of days they are deported to theborder and left there. Younger children, under 12 years old, are placed inorphanages where they are forcibly nationalised and lose contact with theirnative language.

In Greece the situation of children has recently changed. In 2000, an interna-tional NGO, Terre des Hommes (TdH) reported on the many children openlycarrying out “illegal activities” on the streets of the main cities of Greece.Today, the Greek police have “cleaned” the streets of the main cities. Traffick-ers have responded by changing the routes and the characteristics of child traf-ficking have changed. Around 80 percent of the trafficked children that were inGreece have changed location and activities, and disappeared into other net-works, cities or countries. According to TdH, neither the police nor the stateinstitutions nor NGOs in Greece know the whereabouts of the children.


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According to sources in Greek national institutions, of the 644 Albanian chil-dren who were being sheltered, 487 have escaped, 90 have been sent back totheir families, 45 have been placed in institutions and 22 have been caught bythe police (source: Greek national institutions). In the last three years, about75 percent of Albanian children have “disappeared” from Greek institu-tions.147
1.4.2. Return and assistance

There is no reliable information on the number of Albanian children kept inorphanages in Greece. The Greek Ministry of Health had refused the requestof the Albanian NGO Help for Children (NPF) for information and access to theorphanages. During one of the anti-trafficking conferences, the Greek GeneralProsecutor stated that there is no other way to send children back home otherthan deporting them together with adults.148 Readmission agreements do nothave any special provisions for children, and the deportation procedure is thesame for all illegal migrants, including unaccompanied children.

In general the situation of children is resolved in several ways:• Informal return:

• Detained and send back together with adult illegal migrants;• Returned from the border as result of readmission agreements

between Albania, Italy and Greece, together with other illegalmigrants. In this case, the Albanian institutions and police are notinformed about these actions and the children left alone at the bor-der are easy prey for traffickers and can be re-trafficked.

• Integration into institutions/orphanages – left without contact withtheir native language and community. The children are integrated intothe local society;

• Trafficking to other country. After some time staying in Greece or Italychildren can be trafficked further into Western Europe;

• Some disappear or die. 149

There is anecdotal evidence of:• Traffic in organs reported by those children who came back from

Greece, which is corroborated by some NGO workers;150

• Use of children for pornography and prostitution;• Mutilation of children to make them more profitable as beggars.

If children are caught and arrested in Greece they are treated differentlyaccording to their age. If they are 12 years old or over, they are kept in jail,and when there are enough children to fill up a lorry or bus, they are deportedback to the Albania border from where the trafficking cycle is usuallyrepeated. Children below 12 years of age are placed in an orphanage. TheNational Centre for the Protection of Children in Greece, which tries to identifyfamilies in Albania to whom to return children, reports that from 272 childrenfound in this situation in 1999, only two had been returned to their families.

1.5. Prosecution

The protectors or pimps are mainly young Albanian men who are involved intrafficking, but who are part of a larger organised crime network for drug orarms smuggling. They see an opportunity for making easy money through the

147. Information from Vincent Tournecuillert, Head of Mission, Terre des Hommes, January 2002.

148. Interview with Director of NPF, Robert Stratoberdha, Elbasan, 14 November 2001.149. Information from Vincent Tournecuillert, Head of Mission, Terre des Hommes, January

2002.150. Interview with NPF, Elbasan, 14 November 2001.


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exploitation of family friends or neighbours. If lured by the promise of mar-riage, a woman or a girl is taken overseas on a “honeymoon” and/or in searchof a better life.
In a majority of cases, local people living in the border areas are also involvedin the trafficking of foreign women. Traffickers are well known in the commu-nity and to the police and operate with impunity. The cruelty of Albanian pimpsand traffickers is often reported, as well as the fear they generate of revengeagainst women and their families for disobedience, insufficient earnings andtrying to escape. NGOs have stated that they know the names of the peopleinvolved and are sure that these names are also well known to the police. Thesame sources talked about involvement of the local police in trafficking: con-nections with traffickers; turning a blind eye on their activities; deportingwomen instead of informing UNHCR about their presence; raping women inpolice custody; and accusing them of crimes instead of arresting and punish-ing the traffickers.

According to the OSCE field stations, the police arrested 150 persons in rela-tion to trafficking, between March and November 2001, but pressed chargesagainst only 10 percent. Three persons, involved in the same case, werecharged with trafficking and received sentences of 7 years (2 persons) and 9years in prison. One of the reasons for the failure in prosecution is the corrup-tion of the police and judiciary. The Prime Minister has recently sent a letterto the Ministry of Justice and to the judges with the instruction to pay moreattention to the prosecution and punishment of traffickers. A similar letter wassent by the Minister of Justice to the prosecutors.

In November 2001, the police initiated an action against traffickers by raidingplaces known for trafficking and arresting some of the traffickers amongstothers, using the recently established Task Force Against Trafficking within thepolice.



In June 2001, the Prime Minister authorised the Ministry of Public Order to cre-ate an Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Trafficking with the goal of prepar-ing a National Strategy to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings. The groupconsisted of representatives of the ministries of Public Order, Labour andSocial Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Education and Science, and Justice, the GeneralProsecutor’s Office, the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports and the NationalIntelligence Service, and was headed by the National Co-ordinator. The work-ing group issued a draft of the National Strategy in November 2001. The workwas carried out in consultation with the international organisations and localNGOs. The Strategy was approved by Parliament in December 2001. The planincludes concrete actions against trafficking, names responsible institutionsand presents a budget for all the activities, which include:

• Research on trafficking; • Services to protect trafficked persons, including shelters to be man-

aged by NGOs with government support, and training for the staff ofthe shelters;

• Reintegration programmes for trafficked persons;• General campaign on prevention and raising awareness supported by

the Ministry of Education, and also including anti-HIV/AIDS educa-tion;


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• Education of women and children regarding protection against traf-ficking and exploitation;
• Improvement of social and economic conditions for women;• Measures to prosecute and punish traffickers, including changes to

legal regulations and better law enforcement;• Strengthening control of national borders.

The Plan also includes a deadline for implementation of September 2004,when its objectives should have been reached.

In November 2001, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs organised a gov-ernmental conference on trafficking. At the conference, the draft NationalStrategy to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings was presented. The discus-sion on finalising the co-operation agreements between the government andNGOs, that started at the conference on Corfu in June 2001, was continued.For the first time the problem of trafficking in children was recognised and dis-cussed.

2.2. Roles of governments, international organisations and NGOs

For a long time the Albanian Government denied that the problem of traffick-ing was a serious issue for their country. The change in attitude towards traf-ficking is very recent, although even now the government is describingAlbania as a transit rather than both a source and a transit country. Severalfactors have brought about this change:

• Accession procedures to the European Union and the necessity to co-operate with the EU structures, which named trafficking as one of thekey issues Albania should resolve.151

• US Department of State Report on Trafficking, which placed Albaniaamong the countries which was not putting any effort into combatingtrafficking.152

• Other reports on trafficking in Albania published in 2000-2001,including the Save the Children Report on Traffic in Children,153 theIOM Report,154 and the UNICEF Report.155

• Signing of the UN Convention Against Trans-national Organised Crimeand its two Protocols, and the Palermo Declaration.

OSCE has been co-ordinating anti-trafficking activities among the interna-tional organisations and providing support for local NGOs, including capacitybuilding. Most of the direct assistance to date has been provided by IOM andICMC.

International NGOs were the first to take action against trafficking and are stillvery active, especially on the issue of trafficking in children.

Local women’s NGOs have been active in the area of anti-trafficking work fora long time now, mainly in the field of prevention and raising awareness. Theyhave published anti-trafficking brochures, and organised training and meet-

151. http://www.popte l.org.uk/aries/members/est/archive/msg00430.html152. U.S. Department of State, Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000:

Trafficking in Persons Report (2001), Part V. See: www1.umn.edu/humanrts/usdocs/traffickingreport-2001.html

153. Daniel Renton, “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Save the Children report. Tirana 2001.154. Research report “Third Country National trafficking Victims in Albania”, IOM, ICMC, Tirana

2001. 155. Jane Gronow, “Trafficking in Human Beings, An Inventory of Situation and Responses in

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”. UNICEF Area Office for the Balkans, 15 August 2000.


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ings. Recently women’s NGOs have also become more active in the areas ofvictim protection, work with high-risk groups (sex workers) and advocacy.

To date, there has been no direct action taken by the government in the areaof prevention and raising awareness. The government has, however, providedsupport for the campaigns run by the NGOs aimed at preventing trafficking ofwomen and children (especially the State Committee for Equal Opportunities).

IOM is planning an 18-month long campaign to provide information and raiseawareness aimed at potential victims of trafficking, the Albanian authorities,NGOs and the general public, to begin in 2002. The campaign will include datacollection, a nation-wide survey targeting potential women migrants, focusgroups and informal interviews and discussion.156

The information campaign will include the following dissemination mecha-nisms:

• Training and grassroots networking, as part of the capacity buildingfor institutions dealing with trafficking;

• Seminars and workshops with government officials;• “Basic facts” brochure, poster campaign, radio jingles and TV spots,

TV documentaries, press releases and conferences, seminars for jour-nalists and support for a Trafficking Hotline.

In co-operation with the University of London, IOM also organised a Training ofTrainers course on trafficking for the government officials and NGOs in 2001.

OSCE is the co-ordinating body for international anti-trafficking efforts. Inaddition to holding regular meetings, either ad hoc or more formally consti-tuted Friends of Albania157 meetings, OSCE produces a weekly newsletter.

OSCE has supported the Women’s Rights and Anti-Trafficking EducationProject (WRATE), which began in November 2000 with the goal of raisingawareness in Albania to women’s rights under international human rights con-ventions and domestic law, and to illustrate how trafficking is an abuse ofthose rights. The project included Training for Trainers in women’s humanrights and developing a curriculum in training in human rights and trafficking.Sixteen OSCE-trained Albanians conducted 49 seminars for more than 700people in the last six months of 2001.158

UNICEF has been supporting the NGOs Terre des Hommes and NPF to do out-reach work with children at high risk of being trafficked and their families.

In October 2001 UNICEF started a new project on Rapid Assessment andResponse to HIV/AIDS. In Albania one of the target groups are sex workersand returned victims of trafficking.

The international NGO Terre des Hommes (TdH) and the local NGO Help forChildren (NPF) are jointly implementing a prevention project for children andtheir families, including:

• Training for teachers in anti-trafficking prevention work;• Debates and meetings in schools;

156. Project for the prevention of trafficking in women though awareness raising and institutional capacity building, IOM, Tirana 2001.

157. Friends of Albania is the co-ordinating body for all bilateral missions and international, governmental and non-governmental organisations involved in providing assistance to Albania. The OSCE holds the Chair of Friends of Albania.

158. “The OSCE Presence and Trafficking”, OSCE document, 24 October, 2001, p. 2.


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• Prevention materials, including comic strips, stickers, leaflets, videoof interviews with trafficked children;.
• Brochures for teachers.

TdH and NPF are also supporting the development of other NGOs working onthe issues of child trafficking through transfer of experience.

Save the Children Albania prepared a report on traffic in children from Albaniain 2001, providing information on trafficking in young girls for prostitution andboys, primarily, for begging and cheap labour.159 Save the Children has alsofully supported Women’s Hearth to establish their shelter in Vlora.

In June 2001, an NGO coalition against trafficking in children from Albania wasformed during a conference in Corfu organised by Greek NGOs.

Local women’s NGOs160 participated in training in human rights and women’srights, in violence against women and trafficking in women, which was orga-nised by OSCE. Training on women rights is also an ongoing activity inwomen’s organisations.


Office for Refugees signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2001 with IOM,OSCE, UNHCR and ICMC, concerning screening of trafficked women, and ille-gal migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. This agreement is one of the mostimportant developments for the identification and referral of trafficked per-sons, since it obliges the police to inform UNHCR about all female illegal for-eign migrants and provides the means for an initial assessment of detainedpersons, and, if necessary, intervention by the appropriate organisation.

The government is also providing support and security for the ICMC/IOM shel-ter for foreign nationals, and the transit centre for both Albanian and foreignnationals run by Women’s Hearth in Vlora.

UNHCR is providing screening and referrals to the ICMC shelter for foreigntrafficked women.

IOM is providing support for those staying at the ICMC-managed shelter forforeign trafficked women. This includes medical support – examination, test-ing and treatment - counselling, document processing, travel arrangementsand financial support.

IOM is also planning a reintegration programme for Albanian women who havebeen trafficked abroad. The programme includes six months of capacity build-ing for local NGOs, and the creation of a Reintegration Support Network, whichwill include governmental and non-governmental institutions with capacity toprovide direct assistance to the women, and will run a shelter.

OSCE, through its field stations, is monitoring and evaluating the process ofreferral and support to trafficked persons from local police stations to the shel-ter in Tirana.

The International NGO International Catholic Migration Committee (ICMC) ismanaging a shelter for foreign victims of trafficking, who are being assistedby IOM to return home. The shelter accepts only those victims that are volun-

159. Daniel Renton, “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Save the Children report. Tirana 2001.160. Women’s Centre, Land o’Lakes, Youth Centre, Counselling Centre for Disabled People.


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tarily willing to return home, and offers medical and social services, providedby IOM. Women and girls can stay in the shelter during the time it takes toprepare the travel documentation. If necessary, they can stay in the countryfor up to 3 months for stabilization.
The local NGO NPF is working on the reintegration of children coming backfrom Greece. According to their assessments, 80 percent of their beneficiarieshave been trafficked. The programme of reintegration for children traffickedto Greece includes:

• Assessment of the situation in Greece, in co-operation with Greekorganisations;

• Monitoring of informal repatriation (by NGOs);• Reintegration of children into schools (special classes, special educa-

tion, support in adaptation, vocational training);• Development of a legal model for the protection of trafficked children,

and lobbying for children’s rights.

The local NGO Women’s Hearth in Vlora is managing a shelter for Albaniantrafficked women and girls returned from abroad and for foreign illegalmigrants, who have been stopped while in transit through Albania to Italy. Theshelter is supported by Save the Children and USAID. It also provides basicassistance for illegal migrants who have been deported from a third countryand await deportation from Albania. These women are screened by UNHCR atthe shelter, and those who are willing to return home are referred on to IOMin Tirana. The shelter will be a part of the Reintegration and Support Networkof governmental and non-governmental organisations which is being set up toprovide assistance to trafficked persons. Both UNHCR (at Vlora) and IOM willscreen women, and prepare case profiles and programmes of reintegration.The shelter will provide counselling, vocational training and assistance withfinding jobs.


In January 2001, the amendments to the Penal Code in respect of traffickingwere introduced. The new anti-trafficking articles (113 and 114) increased thepunishment for trafficking, from 10 to 25 years of imprisonment, and for traf-ficking in children from 15 to 25 years. They also introduced a new definitionof trafficking, which is in compliance with the Palermo Protocol’s definition.

The current legislation provides sanctions for criminal offences related directlyor indirectly to trafficking in human beings. These criminal offences includetrafficking in human beings, in women for prostitution and in children; illegalcrossing of the border and assistance in illegal border crossing; exploitation ofprostitution, including incitement, intermediation or profit from prostitution;conducting prostitution; exploitation of prostitution in aggravated circum-stances involving minors or people incited or forced to exercise prostitutionoutside of Albania by criminal organisations; the maintenance, exploitation,financing and renting out of premises for prostitution; kidnapping a person orparticularly a child under the age of 14; removal of identification papers; andcommission of criminal offences in collusion with armed criminal organisa-tions. There are also provisions for the confiscation of property used to com-mit a crime, the deportation of foreigners involved in criminal offences, andfor compensation for civil damages to victims of crime.

The new articles use terminology, which is not clearly defined and is not usedin other parts of the Penal Code. This will allow flexibility in interpretation ofthe law, unless clear guidelines for the judges are available to make the lawapplicable. There is no law in Albania governing witness protection.


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Other activities of the government:• The Minors Division of the Ministry of Justice prepared analyses of the
legal aspects of trafficking in children; • New provisions for the protection of children – changes in the Adop-

tion Law and Labour Code;• National Strategy for Children is based on the principals of the CRC; • Prevention of trafficking in children and implementation of the

National Strategy to Combat Trafficking;• National Strategy for Women includes anti-trafficking measures and

prevention activities, including providing girls with a better educationand securing their right to education;

• Readmission agreements between Albania, Italy and Switzerland aswell as the bilateral agreement between the Ministry of Public Orderof Albania and the Greek Ministry of the Interior on co-operation andreadmission of children.

Since September 2001, IOM has implemented counter trafficking police train-ing, which resulted in the training of approximately 165 policemen, includingpolicemen from the Anti-trafficking Task Force of the Ministry of Public Order.IOM is working closely with the Police Academy and the local NGO NetworkAgainst Gender Violence and Trafficking. The training has already been inte-grated into the academic curriculum at the Police Institute.

OSCE, through its field stations, monitors arrests and prosecutions for traf-ficking and trafficking related offences. The OSCE survey has shown an unfor-tunate deficit of successful prosecutions compared to the number of arrests,as well as great variations in the rate of arrests in different areas in the coun-try. Those areas, which have traditionally the greatest links to trafficking, arethose with the lowest rates of arrest and prosecution.

OSCE conducted an assessment of the Albanian Criminal Code and its anti-trafficking provisions, and prepared an analysis of the existing law. The con-clusion of this analysis was that there was no need for new legislation, exceptwhere gaps existed, particularly in the area of asset forfeiture and witnessprotection. Partly as a result of this analysis, the Government’s emphasisshifted from drafting new legislation to implementing the existing laws.

A Training of Trainers programme “Policing the Rights of Women” was organ-ised for the teaching staff at the Police Training Institute and the Police Acad-emy in Tirana, with the aim of contributing to the combat of trafficking andviolence against women, while ensuring witness protection and maintainingeffective police procedures. The original materials were developed by UNH-CHR in consultation with OSCE/ODIHR, and then further elaborated by a UKpolice trainer. The project was implemented by the OSCE Mission in Albaniaand the National Network against Gender Violence and Trafficking, in co-ordi-nation with IOM.

OSCE is also supporting:• Development of curricula for police training and for the Police Acad-

emy; • Monitoring of trafficking cases and legal support for trafficked per-

sons;• Assessment of the legal aspects of readmission agreements and the

situation of trafficked children.

TdH and NPF are working on the legal aspects of trafficking in children, includ-ing the consequences of the readmission agreements and the protection of


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unaccompanied minors in exile. The organisations advocate that the govern-ments of countries of destination161:
• Take legal and operative measures to ensure that a child victim oftrafficking remains in the territory of the respective country tempo-rarily or permanently, with this being similar to the principle non-refoulement for asylum-seekers;

• Provide assistance to children to ensure their physical and mental wellbeing;

• Ensure the protection and safety of a child for as long as he/she in onthe territory of the said country;

• Seek information on the family, or legal representative, in the countryof origin;

• Take measures for the child’s return and reintegration.

TdF and NPF are also preparing a draft Co-ordinated Repatriation Proceduresof Trafficked Children between Albania and Greece. The draft includes specialmeasures that must be taken, in compliance with the CRC, while treatingunderage illegal migrants and victims of trafficking.162

161. Terre des Hommes and NFP, “Legal Basis for the Repatriation of Trafficked Children”, paper presented at the Governmental Conference “All together against child trafficking”, November 2001, Tirana.

162. Terre des Hommes, Draft for “ Coordinated Repatriation Procedure of Trafficked Children between Albania and Greece”, 13 November 2001.


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AlbaniaOverview of

Activities


139

Victim Referral and Assistance System and Gaps Therein

Victim Referral and Assistance System and Gaps Therein1. General PrinciplesAssistance to trafficked persons should be based on the principles of protec-tion and respect for the human rights of women and children, non-discrimina-tion, access to justice, safety and fair treatment, free will and no harm done:

• All trafficked persons should be identified as such and the identifica-tion should be based on the Palermo Protocol definition and otherinternational standards;

• There should be no prosecution of trafficked persons and they shouldnot be treated as illegal migrants;

• All victims should have unconditional access to justice and to a shelterand should receive assistance for an appropriate period of time;

• Those who are willing should be able to return home;• Those who want to testify should be able to do so. They should be able

to await the trial in the country where it will take place, to testify dur-ing the trial, and, when appropriate, take part in any witness protec-tion programme afterwards;

• Those who cannot return to their home country should have a fairchance to seek asylum or apply for resettlement or resident status;

• All victims should be able to participate in reintegration programmesand receive security protection, medical help, psychological counsel-ling, legal advice and long-term social support (vocational training,job placement, housing) so that they secure employment andindependence;

• All children under 18 years of age are entitled to special protectionand treatment.163

2. Current Victim Referral and Assistance SystemIn the countries of transit and destination in SEE, trafficked women and girlscome in contact with the authorities or NGOs through:

• Detention or arrest by the police during bar raids;• Detention or arrest by the police during routine controls (traffic

control, checks of sanitary and labour conditions in bars);• Escape and asking the police for help;• Escape and asking their national embassy for help;• Assistance from a client who informs the police;

163. Compare: “Human Rights Standards for the Treatment of Trafficked Persons”, Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, Foundation Against Trafficking in Women, International Human Rights Law Group. January 1999. http://www.inet.co.th/org/gaatw/HRSIndex.html


140

Victim Referraland Assistance

System andGaps Therein

• Information from friends, family or NGOs from their home country,who contact NGOs or the police in the countries of transit or destina-tion;

• Termination of the contract with the club owner and his/her agree-ment to departure.

But the questions: “who is the victim of trafficking?” and “how to recognisetrafficked women among foreign illegal migrants, who usually work in prosti-tution?” remain.

While it is not possible to estimate the exact numbers of trafficked women andchildren in the region, it is possible to make some generalisations based oninformation collected from various sources, including IOM, local NGOs andpolice. For the purpose of this chapter, the estimates refer to percentages andnot to total numbers, and do not describe the situation in any particular coun-try but the average estimated rates for the region.

According to local NGOsworking on trafficking in theregion, at least 90 percent offoreign migrant sex workersin the Balkan countries canbe recognised as victims oftrafficking, according to thePalermo Definition. How-ever, the identification pro-cess and the referral andassistance system in thecountries of transit and des-

tination reaches only a small group of trafficked persons, estimated to repre-sent only 1/3 of all foreign trafficked women and girls. There is no system toidentify or refer internally trafficking women and children, children traffickedfor forced labour or younger children trafficked for prostitution.

In reviewing the current programmes of assistance for the victims of traffick-ing in SEE described in this report and the gaps in those programmes, somecommon principles and patterns can be observed and identified. For the pur-pose of the analysis, these can be grouped into four areas:

1. Identification and referral2. Assistance3. Reintegration4. Prosecution

The issues of prevention and reintegration are linked, but this chapter will onlyfocus on the victim referral and assistance system and reintegration assis-tance. The whole area of prevention warrants a separate comprehensivereview. Prevention and programmes to raise awareness need to be evaluatedfor their effectiveness and impact.

Prevention campaigns are usually aimed at potential victims of trafficking (orhigh risk groups), youth, journalists, people working with high risk groups(social workers, teachers), law enforcement agencies, policy makers or thegeneral public. In general, the most effective are those campaigns, which areorganised by or in close co-operation with local groups, and are reaching par-ticular communities or target groups. Knowledge about the existence of traf-ficking, after years of media attention, is quite wide spread. What is lacking isthe recognition that trafficking is a problem or potential problem for particulargroups/communities and the lack of involvement of those groups in counter-

• 90% of all migrant sex workers are traf-ficked, according to the Palermo Definition;

• Victim referral and assistance system rea-ches only 1/3 of foreign trafficked women;

• No special protections for children under 18;• No system exists for identification, referral

or assistance of internally trafficked womenand children;

• No system exists for identification, referralor assistance for children trafficked for for-ced labour.


141


trafficking activities. As long as trafficking is perceived as an issue concerningmigrant women and anti-trafficking activities are organised by internationalorganisations, there will be no real counter-trafficking activities at the locallevel.

There has also been very little analysis of the prevention of trafficking beyondthe very general picture of the causes of the economic and social situation ofwomen that are related to female migration. Although trafficking often occurswithin the context of migration, it is not necessarily a result of migration itself.There has also been no analysis of the differences between adult and childtrafficking, particularly the differences in causes and patterns of trafficking inteenage girls under 18, young women over 18 or young children under 12.

2.1. Identification and referral

According to the organisations assisting victims of trafficking in the region, inalmost all the cases that they assisted, the first point of contact with the traf-ficked women was through the police. The police are the first to identify traf-ficked women, usually immediately following a bar raid. Although there havebeen many courses to train and raise the awareness of the police in the regionon trafficking, there are no specific guidelines for local police on the processof identifying trafficked women and children in line with Palermo and otherinternational conventions.

In general, the police base their selection on the following categories:1. Women with valid documents (passports, visas, work visas), whom

the police have no right to question;2. Women without valid documents who can be questioned and arrested

by the police:a. those that want to return home are recognised as victims of traf-

ficking;b. those that do not want to return home are not recognised as vic-

tims of trafficking but as illegal migrants.

2.1.1. Trafficked women and girls with valid documents

During bar raids or routine controls, the police do not usually arrest, take tothe police station or interrogate women with valid documents, i.e. those thathave valid passports and visas to stay and work legally in the country. Thisgroup is not questioned and the police have no mechanisms to identify traf-ficked women among them, unless the women request assistance at the timeof the raid. This very rarely happens because most women and girls have alanguage barrier, a lack of knowledge of their own situation and a fear of thepolice, traffickers and pimps. Girls under 18 often have false documents andpass as adults. There are no guidelines or procedures in place that clearly out-line the obligation of the police to identify children under 18 and steps theyshould take to ensure that this obligation is met.

Therefore, from the start, one significant group of trafficked women and girlsis not recognized as such. According to the information gathered from thepolice and NGOs in the region, this group constitutes approximately 30 per-cent of all trafficked women and girls working in bars and brothels. Some ofthese women are able to seek the assistance, contact the police or anembassy, but they have to do it on their own.

2.1.2. Trafficked women and girls without valid documents

According to the police, IOM and local NGOs, women and girls without validdocuments constitute about 70 percent of all trafficked women and girls. This


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is the group that the police detain, interrogate and further divide on the basisof whether:

• they are illegal migrants;• they work as prostitutes;• they are willing to return to their country of origin.

The referral system is a crucial part of the whole assistance, return and rein-tegration system. The identification is closely related to the provision of assis-tance and the police must know where and to whom to refer trafficked personsfor assistance. Unless there are clear rules for identification, assistance andreintegration, and services available to assist all groups of trafficked womenand children, the referral system cannot be developed.

In the majority of the destination and transit countries, the main organisationthat has developed and has been providing services to assist trafficked per-sons is IOM. IOM programmes for stranded migrants are designed to supportthose migrants who voluntarily want to return to their countries of origin. Thesame requirement applies in the case of the IOM’s support for trafficked per-sons – IOM assists those who are voluntarily willing to return home. IOM co-operates with state institutions, Ministries of the Interior and the police, andhas agreements with those institutions for the referral of trafficked persons toIOM programmes of assistance.

This situation has had an impact on the referral system. Those women whoare not willing or cannot decide, while being interrogated by the police, toreturn to their country of origin, are not usually recognised as victims of traf-ficking but are treated as illegal migrants. In some countries, these womenare not referred to IOM at all. They are arrested, charged with illegal bordercrossing and/or prostitution and after approximately 30 days are deported tothe border. At the border, they are often picked up by traffickers and end upback at the bars and brothels. In some cases, women who are not willing toreturn home, are set free by the police (in Kosovo, for example) and godirectly back to traffickers. The police and IOM estimate that less than half ofan estimated 70 percent of women and girls without valid documents who arequestioned or interrogated by the police become part of the IOM programme.Thus, not more than 35 percent of all trafficked women and girls are referredto the existing assistance programmes.

In addition, there are alsowomen who are released oreven sent by the bar or clubowners to IOM to availthemselves of the opportu-nity for free travel back totheir home country. Theypresent a well-rehearsedstory in order to receiveassistance. Especially in sit-

uations where the corrupt police co-operate with traffickers, the womenreferred to IOM as those who need assistance, might be those who are allowedby the traffickers to go back. Some of them come back again with newlyrecruited women.

Sometimes the identification also depends on the woman’s willingness to tes-tify. Police often promise help in exchange for testimony against traffickers.

Another group of women who are not recognised as victims are those that donot know what trafficking is, do not understand their own legal situation, and

• 65% of victims of trafficking are NOT identi-fied by the police;

• 30% with legal valid documents are notquestioned= left in bars/brothels;

• 35% without legal documents and unwillingto go home are charged, detained, deportedto border = back in bars/brothels;

• 35% without legal documents and willing togo home are referred to IOM = assisted.


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are convinced that they themselves are criminals (and can be charged withprostitution, illegal work, illegal border crossing, etc). They are, therefore,afraid of the police, and when asked, answer that they are not trafficked. Thesewomen are often too frightened or traumatised to communicate with the policeor are unaware that they can ask for assistance - especially when they arequestioned in the bar, in front of the owner, and in the presence of other peo-ple. Women, who have been taught not to trust the police, are convinced thatthey are the ones who have committed a crime and are afraid of their bosses,do not want to reveal any information and to incriminate themselves.

Girls under 18 are a special group - even if their transportation and work inthe country of destination was arranged with their consent, and not by forceor deceit, they must still be recognised as victims and provided with assis-tance.

2.2. Assistance

Generally, it can be stated that as a result of the organisation, or lack of organ-isation of the identification and referral system, not more than 35 percent oftrafficked persons are recognised as such and receive assistance in the coun-tries of destination and transit.

In the countries of destination, IOM interviews women referred to them, orga-nises temporary accommodation, travel documents and safe return to theircountry of origin. All women and girls who are part of the IOM assistance pro-gramme are sent back home. A “victim’s profile” is sent by IOM to the traf-ficked person’s home country where local NGOs or IOM offices offer furtherassistance. In the shelter, women and girls undergo a medical examination,including a gynaecological examination. Usually, as part of the IOM reintegra-tion assistance, women and girls receive US$50 upon leaving the country ofdestination and further US$100 in two instalments in their home country.There are no special programmes or special procedures or services for girlsunder 18.

At present, in all locations except the FRY Republic of Montenegro where alocal NGO is running a shelter for trafficked women, IOM is only offering assis-tance to women who are willing to return home. This situation is caused by

65% of Trafficked women and girls are not identified and referred for assistance

Obstacles Remedies

• Lack of guidelines or procedures for identifying all victims of trafficking, according to Palermo Definition.

• No procedure for identifying women with legal documents as trafficked.

• Girls under 18 pass as adults.• No procedure for children under 18.• Police only involved in identification.• Victim’s lack of awareness of their own

situation and of trafficking.• Victim’s fear of police, traffickers and

consequences of illegal stay and work in sex industry.

• Lack of assistance/services for victims not willing to return home.

• Women are blackmailed by the police to testify, and are refused support if they do not agree to cooperate with the police.

• Standardised procedures for identifica-tion of both adults and children (based on Palermo Protocols), with written guidelines.

• Independent agency doing assessment of the situation and identification of the vic-tims (NGOs, social workers, etc.).

• Training for the police, NGOs and other agencies involved in the process of iden-tification.

• Time and safe space for women to understand situation and their rights and to consider available options.

• Monitoring and evaluation for system of identification.


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the fact that IOM is the only organisation with structured and well-fundedassistance programmes. Even though the La Strada network has experienceand methodology in anti-trafficking work, which is often used by other organ-isations including IOM, it lacks capacity and resources to offer assistance totrafficked persons on a larger scale. Currently, ICMC in BiH and La Strada inFYR Macedonia are developing programmes of assistance for the victims whodo not qualify for IOM’s assistance. Other local NGOs are even less able to dothis.

Another problem is the circumstances of women who decide to testify againsttraffickers. They decide to do that often at great personal risk, believing thattheir decision will make a difference and that the traffickers and pimps will payfor their crimes. In reality, the conviction of traffickers is very rare and the tes-timonies of their victims often lost. When women are sent back home beforethe trials, only the written statements are read in court, and these have tocompete with the testimonies of witnesses brought in by the traffickers. Thisweakens the case for the prosecution and consequently the possibility of con-viction. There is no civil procedure. Due to the lack of legal mechanisms,women frequently cannot wait for the trial to take place and are sent backhome not knowing the results of their actions and facing the risk of revenge.

2.3. Reintegration

Upon arrival in their home country, and an interview with IOM, traffickedpersons who qualify are offered medical assistance, shelter and financial sup-port. The majority of women do not take the offer for further assistance anddo not contact the NGOs or stay in touch with IOM, except for the personal orphone contact necessary to collect the US$100. Half of the returned womenand girls claim that they can go back home and live with their families, whichmeans that they are going back into the situation from which they had triedto escape. Some, about 30-50 percent of the returned trafficked women andgirls, confronted with ostracism, a negative attitude in the family and lack ofopportunities contact the traffickers and return to the cycle.164

65% of Trafficked women and girls are not assisted

Obstacles Remedies

• Focus on return of trafficked persons and their legal status as irregular migrants instead of status as victims of trafficking.

• Restricted access to shelters - no safe place or assistance to victims not willing to return to country of origin.

• Lack of special services and treatment for children under 18.

• Lack of legal framework for assistance – there are no provisions allowing women to stay in country of destination, even to testify.

• Lack of engagement of local NGOs in assistance work.

• Inadequate security and lack of witness protection.

• No alternatives to return.

• Focus on status of women as victims and not illegal migrants.

• Standard minimum treatment of traf-ficked persons accepted by all institu-tions taking part in assistance, return and reintegration.

• Unconditional access to shelters and ser-vices.

• Special services for children.• Guidelines and procedures for assistance

and return of children under 18 based on the “best interests of the child”.

• Creation of legal framework for:• Legal stay for the duration of recovery;• Asylum;• Witness protection.

• Funding for capacity building of local ser-vice providers (local NGOs and govern-ment).

• Provision of security for trafficked per-sons and service providers.

• Information for trafficked women on options and alternatives to repatriation.


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Not many women and girls receive really long-term support. According toIOM, reintegration assistance should “address the root causes of traffickingand avoid potential re-trafficking of the victims after return. Reintegration ele-ments to be included are, inter alia, medical and psychological assistance,security protection, vocational training, job referral, subsidised employment,self-employment and micro credits.”165

In reality, according to NGO and IOM data, these components are rarely deliv-ered. The routine procedure is to send women back to the place from whichthey were trafficked with a list of NGOs operating nearby. It appears that con-tact with IOM is usually continued only because the women have to stay intouch to collect the second and third instalments of their social supportmoney. Additionally, local NGOs give the reasons why returned women do notcontinue to seek support as a lack of resources, of local capacity and of long-term service provisions.

As many NGOs point out repeatedly, working with trafficked women is a verydifficult and long-term process. It requires well-trained and committed staff,a good understanding of the issue and a well-developed work methodologyand individual approach to each case. Some of the women, who are sufferingfrom post-traumatic stress disorder need long term (two to three years) indi-vidual therapy. The majority need far reaching economic and social support:vocational training; jobs; housing; micro-credits. At this moment this kind ofreintegration assistance is available to almost no one. Of the 35 percent oftrafficked women and girls repatriated to their home country, it would appearthat only one in five, or seven percent, received any kind of long-term help orsupport.

Another issue is the security of the returning women. While their security is apriority in the country of destination and during the journey home, there is notmuch consideration for their safety after return. There are no security mea-sures for the women once they have returned. In situations where women stillowe money to the traffickers, or where they have testified against them, theyor their families can be in danger. Women placed in the same environmentfrom which they were trafficked, without any protection, are easy targets forre-trafficking and, if they had decided to testify, for revenge.

It has to be said that the system of return and reintegration assistance doesnot yet work well, when less than seven percent of trafficked persons receivereal assistance and support. It requires the provision of support, services andsecurity to ensure that women and girls are not caught up in a cycle ofrepeated trafficking. The NGOs’ capacity to assist victims is very limited –shelters are small and mainly used for the victims of domestic violence. Often,there are no trained psychologists or social workers that could help thewomen. The special needs of girls under 18 are not addressed at all. Feworganisations that could help have resources for starting programmes for traf-ficked persons. No one is offering long term reintegration programmes – pro-fessional skills training, educational opportunities, or loans. Except for verybasic temporary accommodation for the most desperate women, there is noalternative to returning to the traffickers or going back home, usually to thesituation which had created the conditions for the woman to be trafficked inthe first place.

164. Information from “Save the Children Moldova”, interview with Mariana Petersel, 20 July 2001.

165. “Trafficking in Persons: Update and Perspectives”, IOM, MC/INF/245, 22 November 2000, p.3.


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2.4. Prosecution

The current situation is characterised by the following:• Majority of trafficked persons do not receive assistance;• Some of the victims are returned to the same conditions that origi-

nally caused them to be trafficked;• Some are trafficked again, after taking part in return and reintegra-

tion programmes;• New women are being trafficked to the Balkans and Western Europe.

In this context, there is a danger that the whole system of victim assistanceand reintegration will have to expand to accommodate still bigger groups ofwomen and girls if trafficking is not stopped. Prosecution of traffickers, there-fore, is an essential part of the system.

At this moment, prosecution is the weakest part of the whole anti-traffickingsystem in SEE. Even if, in some countries, there are many people arrested andcharged with trafficking, very few are prosecuted and sentenced. In countrieswhere there is no anti-trafficking legislation, this is presented as the obstacleto prosecution, although the existing law, if applied, is usually sufficient toprosecute traffickers for crimes of kidnapping, slavery, sale, rape, etc.166 Incountries where there is a new anti-trafficking law, corruption of the localpolice, who are deliberately not taking any action against traffickers, is there-fore highlighted. However, in BiH, where international police (IPTF) accom-pany local police or in Kosovo, where international police (CIVPOL) areresponsible for anti-trafficking actions, there are not many more cases of suc-cessful prosecution in comparison with other places.

In Kosovo, the new legislation, which came into force in January 2001, notonly allows traffickers to be arrested but also enterprises suspected of facili-tating trafficking to be closed and the assets gained from trafficking to be con-fiscated. However, until the end of November 2001, there had been just a fewcases of prosecution of traffickers and only one person had been sentenced.Not one bar was shut down permanently and there were no cases of assetsbeing confiscated. The lack of witness protection programmes, a complicatedlaw that is not understood by judges, lack of training for law enforcementagencies and the judiciary, and corruption among not only local police but also

Reintegration reaches only 7 % of trafficked women and girls

Obstacles Remedies

• Weak reintegration programmes due to lack of funding and co-operation between government, NGOs and inter-national organisations.

• Lack of support from Governments, who leave all responsibility to international agencies.

• Disempowerment of local NGOs and lack of capacity.

• Shame and stigma of being labelled as a prostitute.

• Discrimination against women and girls in general, lack of opportunities, low social position of women, bad economic situation, unemployment, and family violence.

• Implementation of NPAs - commitment of governments, international agencies and local NGOs to organise and run rein-tegration programmes within NPA frame-work.

• Cooperation with and funding for NGOs. • Long term programmes leading to sus-

tainability: social and legal support, edu-cation and vocational training, re-schooling in skills relevant to local needs, sustainable jobs, system of micro-credits.

• Counselling and long-term support for traumatised victims.

• Special support to girls under 18.• Programme to raise awareness and pre-

vention programmes.• Empowerment of women and girls.

166. For example, see OSCE legal review of Albanian legislation: „Review of Albanian Legislation on Trafficking in Human Beings”, 5 April 2001, OSCE, Tirana, Albania.


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among the politicians and allegedly amongst UN personnel, are the most com-monly cited causes of impunity.

Prosecution of traffickers is the most basic precondition for preventing traf-ficking and stopping the “recycling” of women and girls. Otherwise, the anti-trafficking action will stimulate illegal migration and trafficking rather thanreduce it. Return programmes will become free travel agencies used by traf-fickers to send back, at the international community’s expense, those womenand girls whom they choose to release.

2.5. Summary and concluding observations

At present, governments in SEE have failed to discharge their internationalobligations with respect to protection and assistance for trafficked persons.Regional organised victim assistance programmes are currently implementedthrough IOM as part of their voluntary return programmes, and are thereforedesigned only for those trafficked women who would like to return home vol-untarily. In some cases, NGOs are providing assistance on an ad hoc basis,including legal and psychological counselling, medical help and help in returnand reintegration for trafficked persons through direct contact between coun-tries of destination and origin.

There are no standard procedures for the treatment of trafficked persons andno standard protocol for the behaviour of the law enforcement agencies, inter-national organisations and NGOs providing identification, referral and assis-tance. Decisions about the status of trafficked persons are very subjective andthe support they receive is inadequate. There is no monitoring or evaluationof assistance and reintegration programmes. There are also neither specialprocedures or programmes for the girls under 18 nor any HIV/AIDS/STIs pre-vention and protection programmes incorporated into the assistance, returnand reintegration activities.

There is no comprehensive and systematic referral system. Women arrestedduring bar raids or who ask for help from the local police to return to theircountries of origin and are judged by the police167 to be trafficked, arereferred to IOM or UNHCR. If the police decide that a woman came to thecountry voluntarily or does not want to be repatriated, she can be charged

Prosecution – Little Progress

Obstacles Remedies

• Lack of political will and action against traffickers.

• Lack of anti-trafficking legislation.• Failure to apply relevant existing law

except to prostitution.• Lack of enforcement of law due to cor-

ruption, lack of understanding of the legislation, lack of knowledge about trafficking and anti-trafficking legisla-tion.

• Lack of information and training for the police and judiciary.

• Written testimonies of the victims of trafficking are not sufficient evidence in the court.

• No witness security.• Lack of international co-operation and

exchange of information.

• Political will.• Legal reform to implement Palermo Con-

vention and Trafficking Protocol.• Law enforcement.• Monitoring of law enforcement.• Anti-corruption measures and pro-

grammes.• Training of law enforcement agencies and

the judiciary.• Using confiscation of assets and closing

enterprises involved in trafficking as part of anti-trafficking measures.

• Witness security and assistance pro-grammes.

• International co-operation, exchange and training.

167. In BiH and Kosovo, international police.


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with prostitution, entering the country illegally or illegal work and stay. Some-times women are fined, and usually deported to the border, where they con-tact traffickers and are trafficked again. Girls under 18 are treated as adults.

There is also a group of women who are too frightened or traumatised to com-municate with the police or who are unaware that they can ask for assistance.On the other hand, there are also women who repeat a well-rehearsed storyin order to be sent back home. Especially where corrupted police co-operatewith traffickers, women referred to the IOM as those who need assistance,might be only those who are allowed by the traffickers to return home. Someof them come back again with newly recruited women.168

There is almost a complete lack of support and assistance for traffickedwomen and girls who do not wish or cannot be voluntarily repatriated. Thereis very little exchange of information at the regional level among the NGOsinvolved in the assistance and reintegration work, and practically no donatedfinancial or technical support for the NGOs that have the experience and thewill to help trafficked women.

Reintegration programmes for trafficked persons are the most controversial,difficult and undeveloped part of the whole victim referral and assistance sys-tem. To date, the minimum reintegration assistance in home countriesincludes safe accommodation for the first night, a medical check-up and areintegration allowance. There is no special assistance for children. Womenleave the shelter after the first day back in their home country and disappear.Some of them contact traffickers and go abroad again. Others leave the safeaccommodation with a list of activities offered by IOM or a list of NGOs thatare supposed to help them.

Unfortunately, the limited assistance is still insufficient. Housing, jobs andcredits are not part of the basic reintegration package. In some cases, espe-cially when women and girls are traumatised, special help is very difficult tofind and achieve and requires years of support or individual therapy. In othercases, when women are not able to go back to their families, they need assis-tance to organise an entirely new life, which again requires long term commit-ment on the side of assisting organisations and substantial financial input.Furthermore, reintegration programmes cannot be organised outside of thebroader context of the empowerment of women and girls, changes in theirpolitical and social status as well as their economic situation. These are theunderlying causes of the difficult situation of women in countries of transition.

The system of the identification of trafficked persons, referral, return and rein-tegration does not work well. It requires the provision of support, services andsecurity to ensure that trafficked women are not caught up in a cycle ofrepeated trafficking.

3. Examples of Good PracticesIn some countries, actions are already being undertaken to overcome theshortcomings of anti-trafficking measures, including new initiatives to developbetter systems of support, undertaken mainly by the coalitions of NGOs andinternational organisations. These initiatives aim to develop mechanisms thatwill ensure that the process of identification will reach all victims of trafficking,including those staying in the destination country legally and those not willing

168. Information from “Save the Children Moldova”, interview with Mariana Petersel, 20 July 2001.


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to go back home, and that the whole anti-trafficking process will focus in thefirst place on the protection of all trafficked women and their well-being.

3.1. Identification

Remedies identified in relation to the shortcomings of the identification pro-cess are based on the elements of the systems of identification already func-tioning in different countries:

• In Albania and FYR Macedonia, IOM, OSCE and UNHCR have signed aMemorandum of Understanding with the Ministry of the Interior.According to the agreement, all victims of trafficking have to bereferred to IOM;

• In FYR Macedonia, UNHCR is responsible for the identification of traf-ficked women. All victims – those who want to go back home andthose who want to stay are referred to IOM and placed in the shelterrun by the Ministry of the Interior;

• In FRY Republic of Montenegro, as a result of the Memorandum ofUnderstanding signed between the Ministry of the Interior and localNGOs, all trafficked women who were found by the police are placedin the shelter run by the NGO. The police interrogate them after threeor four days. During this time the women have time to recover,receive information about their situation and counselling, talk to spe-cialists, and to decide if they want to testify;

• In Montenegro, all institutions involved in the process of assistance totrafficked women agree on common principles, based on humanrights and a code of conduct for treating the women;

• In FRY Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo), OSCE has prepared astandardised procedure and referral system for trafficked women,including special procedures for children. The identification is going tobe carried out jointly by representatives of the police, IOM and theNGOs; all women will have access to the shelter and the aim is to pro-tect women’s and children’s rights.

3.2. Assistance

In the FRY Republic of Montenegro, and in exceptional cases in Albania, thosewomen who are not willing to or cannot return home, can be placed in a shel-ter. In BiH and Croatia, plans for a shelter with unrestricted access are beingdeveloped.

There is a great need for support for women that are not willing or cannotreturn home, as they constitute an estimated 70 percent of all trafficked per-sons in the region. Even if in the current situation it is unrealistic to expectthat all women would be able to stay in the country of destination or in anothercountry in the West, they cannot be refused assistance as persons who havehad criminal acts perpetrated against them. A safe place to recover, counsel-ling, explanation of their situation and the available options, legal advice,information about the meaning and consequences of testifying against traf-fickers and information about support and reintegration programmes backhome, are necessary and will assist women in making informed, albeit verylimited choices.

Distinction between young women and girls under 18 is important as the legalobligations towards children are different under international law. When deal-ing with children, the general principles of the CRC should be used as guid-ance: the best interest of the child should be the primary consideration in allactions taken. Appropriate shelter should be provided for children. If they are


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placed in a shelter for victims of trafficking or domestic violence with adults,then staff should be trained and special services should be provided. Before atrafficked child can be repatriated, the safety of the child in their home countrymust be assessed. “Best interest of the child” should guide the decision of thechild’s legal guardian in the host country based on the assessment of the fam-ily situation or suitability of child care agencies in the country of origin.

3.3. Reintegration

At the moment, a more developed reintegration programme exists only inMoldova where IOM and La Strada have established a reintegration pro-gramme and a shelter for the victims, managed directly by IOM, which is ableto answer most of their needs.

Also in Moldova, there are some initiatives in the field of economic empower-ment and support for the victims:

• La Strada was able to start co-operation with the Ministry of Labourand with private entrepreneurs, to secure jobs for returning women;

• Social Solidarity – an Italian NGO gives micro-credits, allowingwomen to start their own businesses;

• ILO is organising a programme to strengthen the position of womenon labour market and to provide the victims of trafficking with workopportunities.

In Bulgaria, La Strada runs a programme for the victims of trafficking that suf-fer from the post-traumatic stress disorder, involving long-term individualtherapy and psychological support.

In relation to children, reintegration needs and possibilities must be assessedbefore the child is returned home and should be part of the criteria upon whichit is decided whether it is in the best interest of the child to return. Emphasisshould be placed upon family or community-based placement in foster fami-lies rather than institutionalisation. However, before putting a child back intothe same situation, the family and community situation must be carefullyinvestigated and assessed, in particular with respect to the issues of sexualand other abuse.

3.4. Prosecution

• In Albania, the Prime Minister’s Office has issued a letter with instruc-tion to judges to prosecute traffickers according to the existing regu-lations;

• In Albania, OSCE monitors all prosecutions of traffickers;• In Kosovo, a witness protection law is being prepared and lawyers to

represent trafficked women are being trained;• In FYR Macedonia, the Public Prosecutor has issued a letter to the

Ministry of the Interior voicing concern and requesting an explanationfor the lack of successful cases of prosecution of traffickers;

• In FRY Serbia, in the framework of the Stability Pact there was aninternational conference organised for the Ministries of Justice and forparliamentarians from the Balkan countries to exchange informationabout trafficking legislation;

• Regionally, the SECI Centre has organised several meetings andtraining for law enforcement agencies to inform them about the issueand to start co-operation.


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In general, the organised response to trafficking in the SEE region has onlyrecently started. At the moment it is not yet possible to evaluate how success-ful it will be, as most of the initiatives are still not yet fully operational or notyet implemented. However, it has to be acknowledged that all the countries inthe region have made significant progress in the last year, compared to theprevious year. The framework for anti-trafficking activities is in place, andhopefully during the next few years it will be implemented and translated intoconcrete actions.


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153

Summary and Recommendations
Summary and
Recommendations1. Roles of Government, international organisations and NGOsAlthough the majority of actions against trafficking were undertaken after theyear 2000, some anti-trafficking initiatives in SEE started before, as early asin 1997. The majority of the early activities were initiated by local NGOs inresponse to the situation on the ground – the need to support traffickedwomen and the need to raise awareness. A more structured approach to traf-ficking in the region, involving all relevant actors as well as fostering regionaland international co-operation and information exchange, started after thegovernments of SEE signed the Palermo Protocol and the SPTTF MinisterialDeclaration in December 2000.

1.1. Role of Governments: summary and recommendations

Since the end of 2000, there has been a major change in attitude and in thelevel of the government involvement in counter-trafficking activities. Fromdenying the existence of trafficking just couple of years ago, the governmentsare now giving priority to anti-trafficking initiatives and assigning responsibil-ities at ministerial level. The governments have also developed NPAs, whichallow a structured, comprehensive approach to the problem, and the involve-ment of international agencies and NGOs, as well as a willingness to co-oper-ate and exchange information at regional level.

Although regional and national mechanisms to combat trafficking have beendeveloped by the governments, the establishment of working structures is stillin progress and the implementation of the NPAs has barely started. Therefore,at this point it has to be stated that although the governments in SEE havemade significant progress and have clearly expressed the political will to com-bat trafficking, they are still not able to discharge their international obliga-tions with respect to combating trafficking in persons, especially women andchildren.

The multitude of often ad hoc initiatives and projects already being imple-mented on the ground by international organisations and NGOs are not partof the NPA frameworks since these activities were not planned or implementedin co-operation or co-ordination with the government. This partly reflects thelack of attention and the inaction on the part of the governments for manyyears, which has resulted in international organisations and NGOs taking thelead in anti-trafficking actions.

1.1.1. National Plans of Action

Generally speaking, there are two types of NPA. Firstly, there are NPAs thatare based on, or even duplicate, the model NPA provided by SPTTF. Theseplans cover all areas of concern, including prevention, raising of awareness,victim protection, return and reintegration, legal reform, law enforcement,training, regional co-operation and exchange. Such NPAs create a frameworkfor counter-trafficking activities, but are general and often do not stipulate


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Summary andRecommendations

concrete steps for achieving goals, nor do they identify responsible institutionsor budgets to finance the proposed activities.

Secondly, another type of NPA has been created in response to the situationon the ground and to the most urgent needs. These plans are less compre-hensive, but are focused on concrete and sometimes even very particularactivities. They also include budget requirements or suggestions about theallocation of funds to implement proposed activities. Some parts of theseNPAs are already in the process of being implemented, other parts still haveto be developed.

It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the NPAs and governmental pro-grammes, as they are still in the process of development. Although the theo-retical framework and proposals are already in place, the real process ofestablishing working structures is far from finished and the implementation ofthe NPAs has barely started. The assessment of the activities organised withinthe frameworks of the NPAs will be possible only in 2003, when the first resultsand achievements of the anti-trafficking activities mapped out in the NPAs canbe assessed.

1.1.2. Recommendations

• Elaborate the priorities, time frames and means for the implementa-tion of the NPAs, including specific activities, partners, budgets andpossible sources of funding;

• Expand NPAs, if necessary, to cover all areas of concern and to func-tion as a comprehensive framework for national anti-trafficking initi-atives and international co-operation;

• Include local NGOs and international organisations in implementationof the NPAs;

• Report on the implementation of the NPAs to SPTTF.

1.2. Role of international organisations: summary and recommendations

In the first phase of anti-trafficking actions, the international organisationsplayed a co-ordinating role, supporting NGOs (mostly through financial assis-tance) and trying to mobilise government interest and involvement. They pro-vided information to the governments, secured exchange of information atregional and international levels and supported the work, co-operation andcapacity building of local and international NGOs. The international organisa-tions in the region also function as donors, supporting local projects organisedby international and local NGOs.

However, the elaboration of the NPAs referred ownership of national anti-traf-ficking initiatives to governments in the region. The capacity of governmentalbodies is still weak and local institutions require support in terms of technicalexpertise and funding. In this context, the main role of the international agen-cies should be to support capacity building of the local institutions and sus-tainability of the projects. In particular, international organisations should notestablish new usually expensive projects that are unsustainable and notalways relevant to the situation on the ground. International organisations canstill co-operate with governments and NGOs as partners on concrete projects,but the responsibility should be handed over to the national institutionsresponsible for the implementation of the different parts of the NPAs.

Of all the international organisations, IOM is the one which plays the mostprominent role in the region, as it runs many projects to raise awareness, andon return and reintegration. IOM has developed a whole system of support for


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trafficked women willing to return to their home country, and this is the onlypart of the victim assistance system in the region that is well developed andco-ordinated. Because of involvement in so many projects and initiatives,often in different capacities, IOM has undertaken many different tasks andacts at the same time as the funding, implementing and monitoring agency.It co-operates with local NGOs not only though financial support, but also bygetting involved in existing projects or taking over the implementation of pro-posed projects.

On the one hand, this situation is very positive – IOM’s programmes are on alarger scale than most and are well organised. There is an exchange of infor-mation and co-operation within the region between IOM offices in the differentcountries. There is also co-operation between IOM and governmental institu-tions, often formalized by Memoranda of Understanding. This co-operationresults in the involvement of governments in IOM projects on assistance totrafficked persons (opening, or at least providing security for, the shelters)and in prevention campaigns. It also makes possible regional co-operationwith the SECI Centre, as well as building a regional network of IOM projects,co-operation with governments and international institutions, and the creationof a database of the cases of trafficking and support to those trafficked.

On the other hand, there are some gaps and questions. There is a lack of clar-ity about the multiple roles that IOM plays. There are also no clear, writtenguidelines for the identification, referral, and reintegration procedures used byIOM. Moreover, the decision whether to accept a woman or a child for the IOMreturn programme, and the treatment and assistance given to those in theprogramme, depends on subjective decisions made by IOM staff, on a case bycase basis, when work with trafficked persons should be based on clearlystated principles that protect their dignity and human rights. IOM does not useclear human rights standards when dealing with trafficked persons. However,it seems that IOM has now reached a stage at which it is no longer possiblefor them to operate counter-trafficking projects, without applying humanrights standards and clearly stating the responsibilities of the organisation.


• International organisations to co-ordinate their support and initiativeswith the governments to ensure that their activities support the prio-rities identified by the NPAs;

• Ensure sustainability by providing technical and financial support tolocal government and local NGO initiatives;

• Provide support for capacity building of local institutions that shallimplement projects, or take over activities started and currently beingimplemented by the international agencies or international NGOs;

• Provide technical and financial support for the implementation of theNPAs;

• Develop and/or adopt human rights standards for the treatment oftrafficked persons, including special procedures for children under 18based on CRC, particularly in relation to return and reintegration;

• Develop and implement exit strategies for project implementation,including capacity building of local organisations, building partnerrelations with them, including them in existing projects, informationexchange and handing over projects;

• Co-operate with SPTTF to ensure exchange of information, and co-ordination of the projects in the region.


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1.2.2. Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings

SPTTF provides a co-ordination framework for governments and other rele-vant actors in their fight against trafficking in human beings. Currently, SPTTFfunctions as supporting institution, stimulating activities at the regional leveland providing a framework for developing national structures. The NPAsdeveloped in all countries (with exception of Croatia), are based on the guide-lines for national plans of action as set out by the SPTTF. In addition to facili-tating regional co-operation and creating a regional framework for nationalstructures, SPTTF has also stimulated inter-agency co-operation, exchange ofinformation, and the development of joint initiatives in which all institutionsinvolved in counter-trafficking action have their place.

In practice, the Task Force does not co-ordinate activities in each country orprioritise their needs and projects. SPTTF supports development of anti-traf-ficking policy in the region and provides a forum for discussion and co-opera-tion for governments and international organisations. Although theinvolvement of NGOs has been generally weak, international NGOs (ICMC andSave and Children) are participating in the SPTTF co-ordination team, whichis working to develop structures to ensure a broader participation of localNGOs from the region.

One of the tasks of SPTTF is to facilitate funding for anti-trafficking activities,and to inform potential donors about needs and capacity to deal with the prob-lem in the region. However, the SPTTF Action Plan is not a comprehensivecompilation of projects, but rather a regional framework, identifying priorityareas for action. A few projects in each area of concern are developed by theinternational organisations that are members of the Expert Co-ordinationTeam. Thus, these projects assist in establishing regional co-operation and infilling some of the obvious gaps. SPTTF does not raise funds for the implemen-tation of the country level NPAs.

The SPTTF priority for 2001 was victim protection, and the Task Force was suc-cessful in raising substantial funding for IOM shelters for trafficked womenreturning home, as well as for the IOM/ICMC regional clearing house on victimassistance and return. Regional training and the exchange project imple-mented by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)is also being developed with funding raised through SPTTF. Assessment ofdata collected on trafficking has been undertaken by IOM and the LegislativeReview Guide has been prepared by OSCE/ODIHR. Relatively little funding wasraised for the research on child trafficking to be undertaken by Save the Chil-dren and UNICEF in the region, and the issues of prevention and reintegrationof trafficked women and children are yet to be addressed.

1.2.3. Recommendations for SPTTF

• Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementa-tion of the NPAs;

• Evaluate the relevance of projects implemented by the internationalorganisations and funded through the SPTTF framework and NPAs;

• Establish mechanisms for governments to submit project proposalsfor fundraising through SPTTF;

• Future priorities for policy and programme development should be onprevention, reintegration and child protection.

1.3. Role of NGOs: summary and recommendations

NGOs were the first to respond to the concrete needs and situations of traf-ficked persons. They started to develop projects and activities in the fields of


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victim assistance, prevention and raising awareness, and law reform by apply-ing innovative methods and flexibility and by adjusting the programmes as thesituation changed, as knowledge of the problem expanded and as expertisewas gained during the course of the work. Other qualities of NGOs were theirability to carry out research and prepare analyses and reports on existing sit-uations, to share information with the general public, local communities andgovernmental/international agencies, to be deeply involved and to bring apersonal approach to the work. Financial advantages were the very low costof the projects, their low operational costs and the willingness of NGOs to co-operate with other agencies.

However, the involvement of NGOs in counter-trafficking work varies enor-mously from country to country in SEE. In countries like FYR Macedonia andCroatia as well as FRY Republic of Montenegro, trafficking is seen as an exter-nal issue, which does not concern the local population. Therefore, local NGOstend to work on other issues and the anti-trafficking work is usually relegatedto women’s groups and some organisations working on child rights. OtherNGOs, including those working in the area of human rights, or with migrantsand minorities, are still not interested in this issue.

Most of the NGOs willing to do anti-trafficking work are organisationally andfinancially weak. This lack of long-term strategies and insufficient funding cre-ates a situation in which expertise and willingness is lost and projects lackcontinuity, while NGOs are reluctant to broaden their scope. These weak-nesses are also reflected in lack of exchange of information and lack of co-operation between NGOs working in the countries of origin and of destination,which makes the work more difficult and less efficient. International network-ing between NGOs and governmental agencies had barely started when LaStrada opened new programmes in BiH, FYR Macedonia and the Republic ofMoldova in 2001. NGOs do not have much experience, working with govern-mental agencies and are often ignored as partners by governments.

NGO involvement is, however, invaluable for many reasons. They are in thebest position to reach local populations and dispel the prevailing opinion thattrafficking is a phenomenon brought to SEE, especially the Balkans, only bythe international community, and should be dealt with by international organi-sations without local involvement. They are also able to develop new pro-grammes and new approaches and to respond to changes in situation andpatterns of trafficking. NGOs are also the only organisations that are capable,in co-operation with governments, of ensuring the success of the NPAs, andthe continuity and sustainability of the programmes after the internationalcommunity has left.

Presently, many NGOs work as sub-contractors for IOM’s projects rather thanas independent or even partner organisations. NGOs have limited responsibil-ities and influence on the projects. This situation creates tension between theIOM offices and the NGO community. In addition to NGOs feeling marginalizedand not being given credit for the work done, a main reason for this tension islack of clear written agreements and contracts between IOM and local NGOs.NGOs are also convinced that IOM’s policy does not support the capacity build-ing of local partners and future sustainability of the anti-trafficking projects.


• Exchange information at regional level between the NGOs involved inthe assistance and reintegration work, especially between countriesof origin and destination;


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• Develop NGO networks at national and regional levels to deal withanti-trafficking issues and other related areas (human rights, HIV/AIDS prevention), and to exchange information at regional level;

• Create formal structures and sign agreements of co-operation withgovernments and international organisations, especially concerningthe issues of victim identification, the referral system and security oftrafficked persons;

• Develop fundraising strategies (financial and technical expertise) withlocal NGOs, which have the experience and will to assist traffickedpersons;

• Donors and international organisations to provide support (financialand technical expertise) to local NGOs.

2. Role of donors

2.1. Summary

The role of donors has not been addressed in this report. However, anti-traf-ficking activities in SEE have been largely influenced and supported by fundingfrom the countries of Western Europe and the USA. Although there is a lot ofdiscussion on the importance of human rights, donor countries have primarilycontributed to the development of law enforcement projects and victim returnprogrammes, areas directly related to the issues of security, organised crimeand migration.

Furthermore, donors have also largely funded international organisations,resulting in the marginalisation of local efforts, not to mention the often inef-ficient use of limited resources on expensive, sometimes irrelevant, andunsustainable programmes, which could have been implemented at a fractionof the cost using local experts and NGOs.

Although some NPAs include budgets and some governments have committedthemselves to supporting anti-trafficking work financially, the implementationof the NPAs largely depends on external donor support.

2.2. Recommendations

• Evaluate programmes and projects funded over the past severalyears for impact and effectiveness;

• Provide support to activities as set out in the NPA frameworks, withthe aim of developing and securing sustainable local institutions andorganisations;

• Co-operate with the SPTTF to secure exchange of information and co-ordination of efforts;

• Consult with SPTTF on regional priorities, activities and regionalprojects;

• Co-operate with other donor agencies to avoid duplication of effortsand projects, and to develop common funding standards.

3. Prevention and raising awareness

3.1. Summary

According to the SPTTF model NPA and to national NPAs, prevention and rais-ing of awareness should include not only information about trafficking butshould also address root causes that contribute to the vulnerability of women


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and children to trafficking, including poverty, discrimination, inequality anddemand for the services of trafficked women and children.

Until now, all campaigns for prevention and raising awareness were organisedand run by the local NGOs and international organisations with very limitedinvolvement of governmental institutions. Campaigns were mostly focused onraising the awareness of the general public and of particular groups, includingpotential victims, politicians, journalists, youth, law enforcement agencies,judiciary, etc. The prevention element was limited to warnings about the dan-gers of migration addressed to high-risk groups, and to creating anti-migra-tory laws, which were more part of state policies on migration.

The first information campaigns were organised by NGOs. The best campaignsfollowed the model developed by La Strada for their campaigns organised inCentral Europe. La Strada developed several rules, which are still used in alltheir campaigns, aimed at high risk groups and potential victims:

• the well being of the trafficked women should be at the centre of allactivities;

• the women should be provided with information which allows them tomake informed decisions;

• the women should be informed about migration opportunities andrisks, about the legal situation in the countries of destination andabout the assistance and support available.

However, there is not much information about the results of the campaigns toraise awareness or their impact. To evaluate their campaigns, IOM, forinstance, is using as a measure of success the number of phone calls to theanti-trafficking hotlines, or the number of persons seeking assistance. Usuallythe numbers go up during, or directly after, such campaigns, only to declineagain shortly, showing that the campaigns achieve their goal but the resultsare not long lasting.

Another evaluation tool is a public opinion poll organised before and after thecampaign, to show the increase in awareness of the issue among the generalpopulation. However, in the countries where trafficking became an issue sometime ago, the general awareness is high, and majority of people declare theirknowledge of the issue. It is unknown exactly what the public know, as veryoften, declared knowledge means scandalous information about foreign pros-titutes working within the country or migrating for work abroad. There is aneed for more information about the nature of the crimes of trafficking inhuman beings, as well as to view trafficked persons as victims of crime.

The impact of the campaigns for high-risk groups and potential victims is notknown. There is, therefore, a need for more information about the impact ofthe campaigns organised to date, to include research and evaluation as wellas collecting information from trafficked persons about their assessment ofthe campaigns, and suggestions for prevention tools and peer educationmethods.

Governments’ involvement in campaigns for prevention and raising awarenessto date has been limited. Governments have tended to approve and some-times support NGOs and IOM programmes, rather than come with their owninitiatives. Long-term prevention measures including anti-discriminatorymeasures, job opportunities for women, legal migration projects aimed atwomen, the raising of awareness and programmes against violence againstwomen, are planned under the NPAs, but not yet implemented.


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Projects aimed at the economic empowerment of women, organised in theregion by the international agencies are usually part of broader economic sup-port and development programmes, and become only slowly part of anti-traf-ficking strategies. There is not much exchange of information or co-operationbetween the institutions working on the issue of trafficking and developmentagencies. There is also no research or information on the impact of economicreform/development programmes on trafficking in the region and how thepotential and actual victims might benefit from them.

Neither are there any research, information or effective prevention measuresfocused on the demand side of trafficking. Although the phenomenon of traf-ficking in SEE was clearly connected with the presence the international com-munity in the region, there is no assessment of the present situation. So farthere has been only a little discussion about how the presence of peace keep-ing forces facilitates trafficking and what kind of measures could be taken toprevent involvement of the international community.

More information and educational campaigns regarding safe sex, safe druguse and HIV/AIDS for both sex workers and clients is needed.


Governments:• Disseminate and generate access to information about legal means of

migration and employment in all countries where there is a populationat risk.

Donors/international organisations:• Provide support to governments to include information about traffick-

ing, HIV/AIDS prevention and non-discrimination into school curricula.

Governments/donors/international organisations:• Evaluate the impact of the campaigns to raise awareness organised

to date, including collecting information from trafficked persons abouttheir assessment of the campaigns and suggestions for preventiontools and peer education methods;

• Conduct/support research on the relationship between economicdevelopment, restructuring programmes and trafficking in SEE;

• Research, assess and develop projects in order to address thedemand side of trafficking, including the link with the presence of theinternational community and peacekeeping forces;

• Support projects on HIV/AIDS prevention among sex workers, traf-ficked women and other high-risk groups;

• Support projects aimed at combating violence against women andchildren, discrimination against women, feminisation of poverty andlack of participation of women in public life.

4. Victim’s assistance and support

4.1. Summary

There is lack of a comprehensive and well-structured assistance-support-referral system, designed to protect the human rights of trafficked persons.The current system of identification, referral to the shelters, return and rein-tegration does not work well, as described in detail in the previous chapter –“Victim Referral and Assistance System and Gaps Therein”.


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Although the only option that trafficked persons who seek assistance havenow, is to be returned to their country of origin, there are no real offers oflong-term reintegration programmes. Going back home usually means goingback to the situation, which had caused the woman to be trafficked in the firstplace. Professional skills training and job placements leading to economic sus-tainability, housing, educational opportunities and systems of loans, are theexception rather than the rule. The lack of alternatives forces a considerablenumber of women to re-enter the trafficking cycle.

There are no standard procedures or standardised rules for the treatment oftrafficked persons. National referral mechanisms, to include the role andbehaviour of the law enforcement agencies and other governmental bodies,international agencies and NGOs are in the process of being created. Decisionsabout the status of a trafficked woman or child are very subjective, and veryoften the support she receives is insufficient and not adequate to her needs.

In the governmental programmes for victim assistance, the issues of provid-ing information on the rights of victims, providing interpreters and informationin their own language, the right to claim compensation and the right to occu-pational reintegration (in the countries of origin) are usually not mentioned.There are no programmes that provide trafficked persons with an alternativesettlement, including the right to apply for asylum, and access to welfare.Most of the above issues are connected with financial commitments, which thegovernments are not ready to make.

In some countries, governments have started to co-operate with IOM andNGOs on assistance to trafficked persons. So far, organised assistance pro-grammes are only implemented by IOM. Governmental support is usually lim-ited to providing security at the IOM shelters. These shelters are part of theIOM’s voluntary return programmes for migrants, and are therefore designedonly for those trafficked women who would voluntarily like to return home.There are no special programmes for children, who are treated as adults.

Until now only NGOs have developed human rights standards to protect andassist victims of trafficking. The work of La Strada and co-operating organisa-tions is based on the principles of no harm done in the process of assistance,and protection of the rights and dignity of the trafficked persons.

NGOs are trying to provide assistance on an ad hoc basis to all trafficked per-sons, even those who do not qualify for the IOM programmes. NGO assistanceincludes legal and psychological counselling, medical and social support andhelp for return and reintegration through direct contacts between the coun-tries of destination and origin. NGO capacity, as the organisations that are inthe best position to help trafficked women, is very limited – shelters are smalland usually used by victims of domestic violence, and there are few specifi-cally trained psychologists or social workers that can help the women. Few ofthe NGOs with expertise have resources to start programmes for traffickedwomen.


Governments:• Develop a system to identify and refer trafficked persons, to be imple-

mented jointly by the police and international organisations/NGOs.

Governments, in cooperation with international organisations and NGOs:• Develop special procedures to identify and refer trafficked children

under 18 based on the “best interests of the child”;


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• Guidelines/procedures for the treatment of trafficked persons to bebased on human rights standards, with special protections for chil-dren under 18;

• Establish and support shelters for all trafficked persons regardless oftheir status, and to provide all victims with medical care and legalassistance and access to remedies;

• Establish clear rules on which shelters are set up and run, to protectthe rights of the users;

• De-link sheltering and return programmes, to avoid detention centre-like conditions for trafficked persons;

• Develop programmes for the assistance and return of children basedon the “best interest of the child”;

• Information about the identity of the trafficked persons benefitingfrom support programmes, and their personal data, should not beregistered with local or international authorities.

International organisations, in co-operation with governments and NGOs:• Establish a Regional Clearing House on assistance, return and reinte-

gration programmes for trafficked persons, within the framework ofSPTTF.

Donors:• Ensure monitoring and evaluation of assistance and reintegration pro-

grammes, especially looking at long-term results of reintegration.

5. Legal reform and law enforcement

5.1. Summary

In all countries of the region, the existing legislation has been reviewed, andlegal reform has or is taking place with the aim of harmonising the existinglaws with the Palermo Protocol and with EU standards, and inserting specificanti-trafficking articles into the Criminal Codes. In some cases, there is alsowork to be done on provisions to protect trafficked persons and ensure thatthey receive reparations in the Criminal Procedures Codes, Labour Codes andCivil Codes. However, in some countries the reform is not yet completed andin others the new anti-trafficking legislation is not yet implemented.

Unfinished legal reform and lack of trained judges and prosecutors are botharguments used by governments to explain the lack of successful prosecutionsof traffickers. However, as the results of the analysis of the Criminal Code ofAlbania show,169 existing law (even without special anti-trafficking provisions)if implemented and used in trafficking cases, could be sufficient to prosecutetraffickers for crimes committed against trafficked women. What is lacking isthe understanding of the issue of trafficking by law enforcement agencies andthe judiciary, and the political will to take the issue seriously and to deal withit, including dealing with the corruption of state employees.

Another obstacle to effectively combat trafficking is a lack of clear understand-ing of the distinctions between trafficking, illegal migration, smuggling ofmigrants and prostitution among representatives of the institutions that dealwith trafficked persons. There is also too little understanding of traffickingamongst the judiciary and law enforcement officers who demonstrate a reluc-tance to treat it as anything than prostitution or illegal migration. It is still

169. Review of Albanian Legislation on Trafficking in Human Beings, OSCE Mission in Albania, Office of Legal Counsellor, 5 April 2001.


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common practice for trafficked women to be targeted as criminals, notinformed of their rights, prosecuted for illegal acts, detained and deported.There are still only a few examples of successful prosecution of traffickers andthe successful implementation of anti-trafficking regulations.


Governments:• Ensure prosecution of traffickers through existing law, as well as by

using newly adopted anti-trafficking legislation;• Review and reform all relevant areas of law in light of combating traf-

ficking in human beings as a multifaceted and complex crime;• Develop guidelines and training for judges, prosecutors and lawyers

to use the existing law to prosecute traffickers;• Develop guidelines and training for judges, prosecutors and lawyers

on the legal rights and treatment of trafficked women and children, inaccordance with the international human rights standards and CRC;

• Enable victims to claim and extract compensation from their exploit-ers, and arrange for unbiased supervision of any money they mayobtain;

• Identify and eradicate public sector involvement or complicity in traf-ficking.

Governments and the UN:• Establish mechanisms to enforce specific anti-trafficking regulations

or codes of conduct for all international personnel of peace–keeping,peace building, civilian policing, humanitarian and diplomatic mis-sions, and for the systematic investigation of all allegations of traffick-ing among these personnel.

6. Training

6.1. Summary

In the late 1990s, many NGOs and international organisations, includingOSCE/ODIHR and IOM, started to do training on the issue of trafficking in SEE.At the moment, there are many training initiatives in the region focused ontraining for NGOs, social services providers, law enforcement agencies, judi-ciary, government officials, the media, high risk groups and the general public:

• Training designed as a general awareness training for the generalpublic, the media, politicians and services providers (i.e. trainingdesigned by La Strada, and duplicated in the region by many organi-sations);

• Training for NGOs and other organisations working with traffickedpersons (La Strada, IOM);

• Training, which presents trafficking as a legal and human rights issue,and is useful for the judiciary and as an advocacy tool for NGOs work-ing on anti-trafficking regulations and changes in national and inter-national law (International Human Rights Law Group, OSCE/ODIHR,UNHCHR);

• Training developed by law enforcement agencies and NGOs to trainpolice, border police and other law enforcement agencies on the issueof trafficking, including identification of trafficked persons and thereferral system (IOM, FBI, German, Austrian, Dutch police in co-oper-ation with NGOs);


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• Training for trainers in presenting trafficking as a human rights viola-tion. Future trainers are supposed to be able to conduct training forthe general public and for individuals involved in anti-trafficking activ-ities (OSCE/ODIHR, University of North London/IOM);

• Within the framework of SPTTF activities, the International Centre forMigration Policy Development, International Migration Policy Pro-gramme and SECI, in co-operation with IOM is organising the Com-prehensive Programme for Training, Exchange and Co-operation. Theprogramme is to contribute to the combat of trafficking in humanbeings by establishing a comprehensive, structured and enduringprocess for training, exchange and co-operation activities in theaffected regions and between the relevant actors (including govern-mental representatives, law enforcement agents, NGOs, representa-tives of international organisations). The programme seeks to fosternational and regional capacities to tackle comprehensively traffickingin human beings, to further the exchange of information, experienceand best practices, and to enhance national and regional co-operationamong all concerned.

The multiplicity of approaches and training institutions, which worked withoutany co-ordination of their efforts and without any knowledge of each other orof the other training programmes, was useful and inevitable in the beginningphase of the anti-trafficking action. Currently, when a more comprehensiveapproach and co-operation within the SPTTF structure are better developed,there is also a need for more co-ordination of the training programmes, andco-operation between training agencies.

Some training programmes still ignore the fact that the legal and institutionalframework for anti-trafficking work in the region already exists, althoughthere is a generally accepted definition of trafficking and a clearly expressedwill in the region to harmonise anti-trafficking law with the UN and the EU legalframeworks. The co-operation within SPTTF provides the countries of theregion with an organisational structure for anti-trafficking action at regionaland national level. The NPAs, which clearly describe plans for action andresponsible agencies, are the basis for current and future anti-trafficking ini-tiatives. Training programmes, which ignore the role of the NPA and do notsupport them, are not useful, as the information they provide does not har-monise under the NPA umbrella.

The Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit of the University of North Londondeveloped a training programme before the SPTTF National Plans of Actionwere in place. This programme, unfortunately, does not co-ordinate well withthe outlined framework or with other partners in the field. Therefore its rele-vance as a source of information about trafficking and combating traffickingin the region is decreasing and the information is often outdated or not useful,while useful information is lacking.

While regional training projects are important and have their place, they aretoo generic and limited by nature to general awareness raising and exchangeof experiences. However, the general awareness and knowledge of traffickingamong governments and NGOs has increased in the past couple of years sothat training needs are now more specific and related to either planning orimplementing anti-trafficking laws and the development or implementation ofguidelines at the country level.

New training programmes should be based on the current information fromthe region and take into account all the new developments. They should beinformed about the NPAs initiatives and support them, they should foster


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national and international co-operation, and the exchange of information,experiences and best practices. The programmes should also be designed toensure the development of sustainable training structures in the region, andto create a pool of experienced local trainers. Sustainability can also beachieved by including anti-trafficking information into formal and non-formaleducation, general training curricula of all law enforcement agencies and thetraining for government officials.


Governments:• Include information about trafficking, HIV/AIDS prevention, and vic-

tim’s rights, and non-discrimination in school curricula, as well as inthe curricula of police academies, law schools and schools/training forsocial workers.

Donors, international organisations and NGOs:• Training programmes should be based on information from the region

and support regional and national initiatives developed and imple-mented within the NPA frameworks;

• Training should be adjusted to local needs at the country level, devel-oped in a way to reflect the changing situation in the region and thedevelopment of anti-trafficking initiatives in particular countries;

• Training initiatives should support development and give informationon the guidelines for identifying trafficked persons, the referral sys-tem, assistance initiatives and the protection of the rights of traffickedpersons to specific target groups (procedures for police, guidelines forsocial workers, health professionals, NGOs, etc);

• Regional training initiatives should consult SPTTF to avoid duplica-tions and to ensure that training programmes reflect and support thepriorities identified by the NPAs.

SPTTF:• Evaluate existing training initiatives in the region to check their rele-

vance and compatibility with the existing framework for anti-traffick-ing action.

7. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

Governments• Develop NPAs to elaborate the priorities, draw up time frames and

define the means of implementation, or to expand them to cover allareas of concern and function as a comprehensive framework fornational anti-trafficking initiatives and international co-operation;

• Ensure inclusion of local NGOs and international organisations inimplementation of the NPAs;

• Disseminate information about legal means of migration and employ-ment in all countries where there is population at risk;

• Develop a system for the identification and referral of trafficked per-sons, which will be implemented jointly by the police and internationalorganisations/NGOs;

• Ensure prosecution of traffickers and the criminalisation of traffickingin human beings through exiting criminal law, as well as through newanti-trafficking legislation;

• Review and reform all relevant areas of law in the light of combatingtrafficking in human beings as a multifaceted and complex crime;


166


• Develop guidelines and training for judges, prosecutors and lawyerson how to use the existing law to prosecute traffickers, and on thelegal rights and treatment of trafficked women and children, in accor-dance with international human rights standards and CRC;

• Enable victims to claim and extract compensation from their exploit-ers, and arrange for unbiased supervision of any money they mayobtain;

• Identify and eradicate public sector involvement or complicity intrafficking;

• Include information about trafficking, HIV/AIDS prevention, and vic-tim’s rights, and non-discrimination in school curricula, as well as inthe curricula of police academies, law schools and schools/training forsocial workers.

Governments and the UN• Establish mechanisms for implementing specific anti-trafficking regu-

lations or codes of conduct for all international personnel of peace–keeping, peace building, civilian policing, humanitarian and diplo-matic missions, and for systematic investigation of all allegations oftrafficking among these personnel.

Governments, in co-operation with international organisations and NGOs

• Open or provide support for shelters for all trafficked persons, regard-less their status, and provide all such people with medical care, legalassistance and access to remedies;

• Establish clear rules on which shelters are set up and run, in order toprotect the rights of the users;

• Develop special procedures for the identification and referral of traf-ficked children under 18, with guidelines and procedures based onhuman rights standards, with special protections for children under18, based on the “best interest of the child”;

• Information about the identity of the trafficked persons benefitingfrom support programmes, and their personal data, should not beregistered with local or international authorities.

International organisations• Co-ordinate support and initiatives with the governments and other

relevant actors according to the priorities of the NPAs;• Provide technical and financial support to local government and local

NGO initiatives to ensure sustainability;• Support capacity building of local institutions to implement and take

over activities started and currently being implemented by the inter-national agencies or international NGOs;

• Co-operate with SPTTF to ensure exchange of information and co-ordination of the projects in the region.

International organisations, in co-operation with governments and NGOs

• Establish a Regional Clearing House on assistance, return and reinte-gration programmes for the victims of trafficking;

• Develop and/or adopt minimum human rights standards for the treat-ment of trafficked persons;

• Develop procedures for the treatment of victims based on humanrights standards, including special procedures for children under 18based on CRC, particularly in relation to return and reintegration.


167


SPTTF• Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating implementation

of the NPAs;• Establish mechanisms for governments to submit project proposals

for fundraising through SPTTF;• Future priorities for policy and programme development should be on

prevention, reintegration and child protection;• Evaluate existing training initiatives in the region to check their rele-

vance and compatibility with the existing framework for the anti-traf-ficking action;

• Evaluate the relevance of projects implemented by the internationalorganisation and funded through the SPTTF framework and NPAs.

NGOs• Exchange of information at the regional level among NGOs involved

in the assistance and reintegration work, especially between coun-tries of origin and destination;

• Develop country and regional networks of NGOs working on traffick-ing as well as other related areas (human rights, HIV/AIDS preven-tion);

• Create formal structures and sign agreements for co-operation withgovernments and international organisations, especially where theissues of identification of trafficked persons, the referral system andthe security of the trafficked persons and of organisations areconcerned;

• Develop fundraising strategies (financial and technical expertise) withlocal NGOs, which have experience and will to assist traffickedpersons.

Donors • Evaluate programmes and projects funded over the past several

years for impact and effectiveness;• Provide funding to secure development and sustainability of local

institutions and organisations, working on the issue of traffickingwithin the NPA framework;

• Co-operate and consult with SPTTF to secure exchange of informationand co-ordination of efforts on regional priorities, activities andprojects, including training programmes;

• Cooperate with others donors agencies to avoid duplication of effortsand projects, and to develop common funding standards;

• Ensure monitoring and evaluation of assistance and reintegration pro-grammes, especially looking at the long term results of reintegration.

Governments, donors, international organisations, NGOs• Evaluate the impact of the campaigns to raise awareness conducted

to date, including the collection of information from trafficked personson their assessment of the campaigns and suggestions for preventiontools and peer education methods;

• Conduct/support research on the link between economic develop-ment/restructuring programmes in the region and trafficking;

• Research, assess and develop projects to address the demand side oftrafficking, including the link with the presence of the internationalcommunity and peacekeeping forces;

• Support projects aimed at combating violence against women, dis-crimination against women, feminisation of poverty and lack of par-ticipation of women in public life;


168


• Support projects on HIV/AIDS prevention among sex workers, traf-ficked women and children and other high risk groups;

• Provide, suggest/include information about trafficking, HIV/AIDS pre-vention and non-discrimination into school curricula;

• Training programmes should be based on regional information andsupport regional and national initiatives developed and implementedwithin the NPA frameworks, adjusted to local needs at the countrylevel, the changing situation in the region and the development ofanti-trafficking initiatives in particular countries;

• Training initiatives should support development and give informationon the guidelines for identifying trafficked persons, the referral sys-tem, assistance initiatives and the protection of the rights of traffickedpersons to specific target groups (procedures for police, guidelines forsocial workers, health professionals, NGOs, etc.);

• Regional training initiatives should consult SPTTF to avoid duplicationand to ensure that training programmes reflect and support the pri-orities identified by the NPAs.

Summary of Regional Initiatives


169
TA
BLE 1

: S

UM

MA

RY

OF R

EG

ION

AL I

NIT

IATIV

ES

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s

REG

ION

AL A

ND

GO

VER

NM

EN

TA

L I

NIT

IATIV

ES

TH

ES

TA

BIL

ITY

PA

CT F

OR

SO

UTH

EA

STER

NEU

RO

PE

The

Sta

bili

ty P

act

for

South

east

ern E

uro

pe

was

ag

reed

in C

olo

gne

on 1

0

June

1999.

The

Sta

bili

ty P

act

aim

s to

st

imula

te c

ountr

ies

in

SEE,

to f

ost

er p

eace

, dem

ocr

acy,

res

pec

t fo

r hum

an r

ights

and e

co-

nom

ic p

rosp

erity

in o

rder

to

ach

ieve

sta

bili

ty in t

he

whole

reg

ion.

Task

Fo

rce o

n T

raff

ick-

ing

in

Hu

man

Bein

gs.

Under

Work

ing T

able

III

: Ju

stic

e an

d H

om

e Aff

airs

: Com

-bat

ing O

rgan

ised

Crim

e an

d D

rug T

raff

icki

ng.

Traf

fick

ing T

ask

Forc

e:w

ith s

trong lin

ks t

o W

ork

ing T

able

1

(Hum

an R

ights

and D

emocr

atis

atio

n)

and

Gen

der

Tas

k Fo

rce.

Prio

rity

for

Task

Forc

e is

to p

ersu

ade

stat

es t

o t

ake

resp

onsi

bili

ty.

Advo

cate

s fo

r nom

inat

ion o

f fo

cal poin

ts (

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ators

) in

eac

h c

ountr

y to

lia

ise

bet

wee

n a

ctors

in a

ll se

ctors

, an

d

for

dev

elopm

ent

of

NPA

s to

com

bat

tra

ffic

k-in

g.

Faci

litat

es f

undin

g f

or

anti-

traf

fick

ing ini-

tiat

ives

in S

EE.

1st

Tas

k Fo

rce

Mee

ting

(Lau

nch

ing o

f th

e Ta

sk F

orc

e)

Pale

rmo M

inis

terial

Dec

lara

tion

2nd T

ask

Forc

e M

eeting

Zag

reb M

inis

terial

Dec

lara

tion

3rd

Tas

k Fo

rce

Mee

ting

(Gov

ts o

f SEE p

rese

nt

thei

r N

PAs)

SEE

Vie

nna

Pale

rmo

Vie

nna

Zag

reb

Sar

ajev

o

OSCE/O

DIH

R

Chai

rper

son

appoin

ted J

une

2000.

Sep

t/O

ct 2

000

Sep

t 2000

Dec

2001

Apr

2001

Nov

2001

Dec

2001

Ch

air

: H

elga

KO

NRAD

Bal

lhau

spla

tz 2

, A-1

010 V

ienna

phone/

fax:

+43-1

-53115-3

266

+43-1

-53185-2

97

hel

ga.

konra

d@

bm

aa.g

v.at

Aw

are

ness

rais

ing

Yulia

KRIE

GER -

UN

ICEF

phone/

fax:

+

387 3

3 2

30 1

18;

+387 3

3 6

42 9

70

ykrieg

er@

unic

ef.o

rg

Chris

CU

NIN

GH

AM

E,

SC

17 G

rove

Lan

e, L

ondon S

ES B

RD

phone/

fax:

+44 2

07 7

03 5

400

+44 2

07 7

16 2

339

C.C

unin

gham

@sc

fuk.

org

.uk

Retu

rn a

nd

rein

teg

rati

on

ass

is-

tan

ceIr

ena

VO

JACKO

VA-S

OLL

ORAN

O -

IO

Mphone/

fax:

+43 1

585 3

3 2

2-2

6/2

1;

+43 1

585 3

3 2

2-3

0/3

1 ivo

jack

ova@

iom

.int


170

Summary ofRegional

Initiatives

Mai

n p

roje

cts

in 2

000/2

001:

1.

IOM

pro

ject

to c

olle

ct a

ccura

te d

ata

2.

OD

IHR p

roje

ct o

n leg

isla

tive

rev

iew

3.

UN

ICEF/

UN

HCH

R/O

DIH

R inve

nto

ry t

o

asse

ss r

esponse

s to

tra

ffic

king in S

EE

Plan

ned

for

2002:

1.

Reg

ional

cle

arin

g h

ouse

on t

raff

icki

ng

2.

Reg

ional

public

aw

aren

ess

cam

pai

gn

3. La

w e

nfo

rcem

ent

and b

ord

er p

olic

e co

-oper

atio

n

Com

ple

ted in

2001

Com

ple

ted in

2001

Com

ple

ted in

2002

Tra

inin

g a

nd

exch

an

ge p

rog

ram

mes

Ger

da

TH

EU

ERM

AN

N -

-ICM

PD;

Colle

en T

HO

UEZ -

IM

PIC

MPD

phone/

fax:

+43 1

504 4

677-1

7;

5

04 4

677-7

5IM

P phone/

fax:

+

41 2

2 9

17 7

8 6

2;

+41 2

2 9

20 2

2 2

2G

erda.

Theu

erm

ann@

icm

pd.o

rgU

NIM

P@gve

.ch

Rele

van

t le

gis

lati

ve r

efo

rmG

abriel

e REIT

ER,

OD

IHR

Al. U

jazd

ow

skie

19,

PL-0

0-5

57 W

arsa

wphone/

fax:

+

48 2

2 5

20 0

6 0

0

ext

4152

+48 2

2 5

20 0

6 0

5

gab

riel

e@odih

r.osc

e.w

aw.p

l

Anne-

Mar

ie F

ARAD

JI, CoE

F-67075 S

tras

bourg

Ced

exphone/

fax:

+33 3

88 4

1 2

1 3

0+

33 3

90 2

1 4

9 1

8,

anne-

mar

ie.f

arad

ji@

coe.

int

Law

en

forc

em

en

t co

-op

era

tio

nFe

renc

BAN

FIphone/

fax:

+43 1

531 3

7-4

23;

+43 1

531 3

7-4

20

seci

1@

osc

e.org

Ale

x R.

DU

PON

T, S

ECI

OSCE H

ofb

urg

, H

elden

pla

tz 1

, A-1

010 V

ienna

phone/

fax:

+43 1

531 3

7-4

23

+43 1

531 3

7-4

20,

seci

1@

osc

e.org

Pre

ven

tio

nM

adel

eine

REES -

UN

HCH

Rphone/

fax:

+387 3

3 4

9 6

4 0

2;

+387 3

3 4

9 6

4 3

8M

adel

eine.

Ree

s@unm

ibh.o

rg

Laet

itia

DU

MAS -

ILO

4,

route

s des

Morillo

ns,

CH

-1211 G

enev

a 22

phone/

fax:

+41 2

2 7

99 7

3 5

3+

41 2

2 7

99 8

7 7

1,

dum

as@

ilo.o

rg

Vic

tim

s p

rote

ctio

n p

rog

ram

mes

Sar

ah S

TEPH

EN

S -

ICM

Cphone/

fax:

+41 2

2 9

19 1

0 2

5;

+41 2

2 9

19 1

0 4

8st

ephen

s@ic

mc.

net

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s



171

Sta

bil

ity P

act

In

itia

tive

on

Org

an

ised

Cri

me i

n

So

uth

east

ern

Eu

rop

e

(SP

OC

)

SPO

C a

ims

to s

upport

co-o

rdin

ated

ac

tion a

gai

nst

org

anis

ed c

rim

e in

cludin

g

traf

fick

ing in h

um

an b

eings

in S

EE.

The

inte

rnat

ional

com

munity

is t

o s

upport

co

untr

ies

thro

ugh t

echnic

al c

o-o

per

atio

n

pro

gra

mm

es.

SEE

2000-2

003

Paolo

BO

RG

NA,

Exp

ert

Org

anis

atio

n:

SCSP

phone/

fax:

+

322 4

01-8

726

+322 4

01-8

712

Paolo

.Borg

na@

stab

ility

pac

t.org

So

uth

East

Eu

rop

ean

C

o-

op

era

tive

Init

iati

ve (

SEC

I)

To e

nco

ura

ge

co-

oper

a-tion a

mong p

artici

pat

ing

stat

es a

nd t

o f

acili

tate

in

tegra

tion into

Euro

pea

n

stru

cture

s.Em

phas

ises

co-o

rdin

atio

n

and r

egio

n w

ide

pla

nnin

g.

Agre

emen

t on C

o-

oper

a-tion t

o P

reve

nt

and C

om

-bat

Tra

ns-

Bord

er C

rim

e

Est

ablis

hed

a C

rim

e Cen

tre

in B

uch

ares

t in

Nov

ember

1999.

The

Cen

tre

oper

ates

on t

he

bas

is o

f ta

sk

forc

es.

SECI

Ille

gal

Hum

an T

raff

icki

ng T

ask

Forc

e in

cludes

exp

erts

fro

m s

upport

ing s

tate

s an

d o

ther

inte

rnat

ional

org

anis

atio

ns.

Sig

ned

by

Alb

ania

, BiH

, Bulg

aria

, Cro

atia

, FY

R M

ace-

donia

, G

reec

e,

Hungar

y, M

old

ova,

Rom

ania

and

Turk

ey

May

1999

Ale

x R.

DU

PON

T S

ECI

OSCE H

ofb

urg

, H

elden

pla

tz 1

, A-

1010 V

ienna

phone/

fax:

+

43 1

531 3

7-4

23

+43 1

531 3

7-4

20,

seci

1@

osc

e.org

Fere

nc

BAN

FIphone/

fax:

+43 1

53137-4

23;

+43 1

53137-4

20

seci

1@

osc

e.org

AD

RIA

TIC

SEA

INIT

IATIV

Eo

rA

DR

IATIC

AN

D I

ON

IAN

INIT

IATIV

E

To e

nhan

ce r

egio

nal

co-

oper

atio

n,

espec

ially

in

the

fiel

ds

of

tourism

and

mar

itim

e tr

ansp

ort

, en

vi-

ronm

ent,

cultura

l co

- oper

atio

n a

nd c

om

bat

ing

tran

s- n

atio

nal

org

anis

ed

crim

e.

Anco

na

Dec

lara

tion o

f 20

May

2000 e

stab

lished

the

Adriat

ic a

nd I

onia

n

Counci

l.

Within

the

fram

ework

of th

e Sta

bili

ty P

act

for

South

east

Euro

pe,

will

est

ablis

h

Nat

ional

Conta

ct O

ffic

es f

or

polic

e, judi-

ciar

y an

d c

ust

om

s fo

r m

ore

rap

id a

nd

effici

ent

oper

atio

nal

co-

oper

atio

n a

nd

exch

ange

of

info

rmat

ion.

Har

monis

atio

n

of

legis

lation.

Alb

ania

, BiH

, Cro

atia

, G

reec

e,

Ital

y an

d S

love

nia

(w

ith p

artici

pat

ion

of

EU

).FR

Y

May

2000

May

2001

N/A

Fed

era

l B

ure

au

of

Invest

igati

on

(FB

I)

Gov

ernm

ent

of

the

United

Sta

tes

Trai

nin

g A

cadem

y in

Hungar

yTe

chnic

al a

dvi

sors

Reg

ional

Ongoin

gAnib

al T

ORRES R

IVERA

Am

eric

an E

mbas

sy,

Buch

ares

tphone/

fax:

+ 4

0 1

231 3

179

+40 1

230 3

614

Mob.

+40 9

3 3

89385

Torr

esRA@

use

mbas

sy.r

o

Un

ivers

ity o

fN

ort

h L

on

do

nPr

oje

ct t

o d

evel

op b

est

pra

ctic

es in a

gen

cies

work

-in

g o

n t

he

traf

fick

ing o

f w

om

en a

nd g

irls

for

the

purp

ose

of

sexu

al e

xplo

ita-

tion t

hro

ugh t

rain

ing o

f tr

ainer

s.

Proje

ct m

anag

ed b

y U

niv

ersi

ty o

f Lo

n-

don’s

Child

and W

om

en A

buse

Stu

die

s U

nit (

CW

ASU

), w

ith I

OM

as

the

co-o

rdi-

nat

ing a

gen

cy in e

ach c

ountr

y/ar

ea.

Proje

ct is

guid

ed b

y th

e U

nited

Kin

gdom

D

epar

tmen

t fo

r In

tern

atin

al D

evel

opm

ent

(Dfid).

Alb

ania

, BiH

,FY

R M

aced

onia

, Koso

vo,

Monte

ne-

gro

2000-2

002

Liz

KELL

Y, J

ulie

BIN

DELL

,U

niv

ersi

ty o

f N

ort

h L

ondon

Landbro

ke H

ouse

, 62-6

6 H

ighbury

G

rove

London,

N5 2

Aphone/

fax:

+ 4

4 1

71 7

53 5

037

+44 1

71 7

53 3

138

cwas

u@

unl.ac

.uk

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s


172

Summary ofRegional

Initiatives

REG

ION

AL B

OD

IES

Org

an

isati

on

fo

r S

ecu

rity

an

d C

o-

op

era

tio

n i

n

Eu

rop

e (

OS

CE)

an

d O

SC

E O

ffic

e

for

Dem

ocr

ati

c In

stit

uti

on

s an

d

Hu

man

Rig

hts

(O

DIH

R)

OSCE m

issi

ons

hav

e dif-

fere

nt

man

dat

es,

acco

rd-

ing t

o t

he

priorities

in t

he

host

countr

ies.

How

ever

, th

roughout

the

regio

n

they

pro

mote

dem

ocr

atic

va

lues

, m

onitoring a

nd

the

dev

elopm

ent

of

hum

an r

ights

and s

ecurity

build

ing m

easu

res.

OD

IHR s

upport

s an

d/o

r im

ple

men

ts a

nti-t

raff

ick-

ing p

roje

cts

in c

o-o

per

a-tion w

ith O

SCE f

ield

m

issi

ons,

gov

ernm

ents

, N

GO

s an

d r

elev

ant

inte

r-nat

ional

org

anis

atio

ns.

Anti-T

raff

icki

ng P

roje

ct

Fund

OD

IHR P

ropose

d A

ctio

n

Plan

2000

Supple

men

tary

Hum

an

Dim

ensi

on M

eeting (

2000)

OSCE V

ienna

Min

iste

rial

Counci

l D

ecis

ion N

o.1

(2000)

OSCE B

uch

ares

t M

inis

te-

rial

Counci

l D

ecis

ion N

o.6

(2001)

OSCE A

nti-T

raff

icki

ng

Guid

elin

es

OSCE C

ode

of

Conduct

Support

to m

issi

ons

in d

evel

opm

ent

stra

tegie

s an

d a

ctio

ns.

Co-

oper

atio

n w

ith g

over

nm

ents

and

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cies

to d

evel

op r

ecom

-m

endat

ions

for

NPA

s

Prov

isio

n o

f te

chnic

al a

ssis

tance

and

exper

tise

in d

evel

opin

g p

olic

y, leg

al a

nd

law

enfo

rcem

ent

refo

rm,

assi

stan

ce t

o

vict

ims,

reg

ional

and n

atio

nal

work

shops

and s

emin

ars.

Reg

ional

Mee

ting o

f O

SCE a

nti-t

raff

ick-

ing f

oca

l poin

ts in S

EE

Ref

eren

ce G

uid

e fo

r Anti-T

raff

icki

ng L

eg-

isla

tive

Rev

iew

Ber

lin C

onfe

rence

“Euro

pe

Agai

nst

Tra

f-fick

ing in P

erso

ns”

Exp

ansi

on o

f U

NIC

EF

inve

nto

ry

Sec

ondm

ent

of

Co-o

rdin

ator

of

Sta

bili

ty

Pact

Tas

k Fo

rce

from

the

Aust

rian

Gov

-er

nm

ent

to O

DIH

R a

nd O

SCE s

ecre

tariat

gen

eral

.

All

OSCE p

artici

pat

-in

g s

tate

s

SEE

SEE

All

OSCE p

artici

pat

-in

g S

tate

s

SEE

Sep

t 2001

Sep

t 2001

Oct

2001

June

2001-

May

2002

Sin

ce J

une

2000

Direc

tor

Ger

ard S

TOU

DM

AN

N

Ale

je U

jazd

ow

skie

19,

00-5

57 W

arsa

w,

Pola

nd

phone/

fax:

+

48-2

2 5

20 0

6 0

0

+48-2

2 5

20 0

6 0

5

off

ice@

odih

r.osc

e.w

aw.p

l

Advi

ser

on A

nti-T

raff

icki

ng I

ssues

Jy

oth

i KAN

ICS

phone/

fax:

+48-2

2 5

20 0

6 0

0

ext.

4175

jyoth

i@odih

r.osc

e.w

aw.p

l

Off

icer

on A

nti-T

raff

icki

ng I

ssues

G

abriel

e REIT

ER

phone/

fax:

+48-2

2 5

20 0

6 0

0

ext.

4152

gab

riel

e@odih

r.osc

e.w

aw.p

l

EU

RO

PEA

N

UN

ION

(EU

)EU

Join

t Pl

an o

f Act

ion

STO

P Pr

ogra

mm

e

DAPH

NE

All

mem

ber

sta

tes

agre

ed t

o im

pro

ve

thei

r nat

ional

leg

isla

tion r

egar

din

g t

raf-

fick

ing for

the

purp

ose

of se

xual

exp

loita-

tion

Support

s st

udie

s an

d t

rain

ing in t

he

area

of

traf

fick

ing a

nd s

exual

exp

loitat

ion o

f ch

ildre

n.

Focu

ses

on c

om

bat

ing v

iole

nce

agai

nst

w

om

en,

child

ren a

nd y

outh

. W

ill s

upport

pro

ject

s in

the

fiel

d o

f tr

affick

ing.

All

EU

mem

ber

sta

tes

All

EU

mem

ber

sta

tes

All

EU

mem

ber

sta

tes

Phas

e 1:

1996 -

2000

Phas

e 2:

2000 -

2005

2000 -

2003

1997:

ongoin

g

Sec

reta

ry o

f th

e Pr

ogra

mm

e:

JAI-

STO

P@ce

c.eu

.int

htt

p:/

/euro

pa.

eu.int/

com

m/j

ust

ice

hom

e/pro

ject

/dap

hne/

en/i

ndex

.htm

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s



173

CO

UN

CIL

OF

EU

RO

PE (

Co

E)

The

Counci

l of

Euro

pe,

bas

ed in S

tras

bourg

, is

a

Euro

pea

n inte

r-gov

ern-

men

tal org

anis

atio

n w

ith

a hum

an r

ights

man

dat

e.

It h

as 4

1 m

ember

sta

tes,

in

cludin

g 1

7 c

ountr

ies

from

cen

tral

and e

aste

rn

Euro

pe.

a

Plan

of

Act

ion A

gai

nst

Tra

f-fic

in W

om

en.

Nat

ional

and R

egio

nal

Act

ion P

lans.

SPO

C:

Sta

bili

ty P

act

Initia

-tive

on O

rgan

ised

Crim

e in

SEE

PACO

: Pr

ogra

mm

e Agai

nst

O

rgan

ised

Crim

e in

Euro

pe

Org

anis

atio

n a

nd s

upport

of

work

shops,

tra

inin

g a

nd s

emin

ars.

Con-

duct

ing s

tudie

s an

d p

roje

cts,

and c

o-

oper

atio

n w

ith a

ll co

mpet

ent

acto

rs a

t both

nat

ional

and inte

rnat

ional

lev

el.

Faci

litat

es d

evel

opm

ent

of

regio

nal

pla

n

of

action w

ith m

ember

sta

tes.

Org

anis

ed inte

rnat

ional

sem

inar

to

dev

elop n

atio

nal

and r

egio

nal

pla

ns

of

action. In

volv

ed c

ountr

ies

acro

ss E

aste

rn

Euro

pe

with d

eleg

ates

fro

m t

he

gov

ern-

men

t, inte

rnat

ional

agen

cies

and N

GO

s.

SPO

C a

ims

to m

ake

a si

gnific

ant

contr

i-bution t

o t

he

Sta

bili

ty P

act

aim

: to

st

rength

en c

o-o

rdin

ated

cap

acitie

s ag

ainst

crim

e in

SEE in a

ccord

ance

with

Euro

pea

n s

tandar

ds.

Act

ivitie

s in

clude

polic

ies

and s

trat

egie

s ag

ainst

org

anis

ed c

rim

e, m

ulti-

dis

ciplin

-ar

y nat

ional

co-o

rdin

atin

g m

echan

ism

s,

legis

lation,

co-

oper

atio

n o

n d

ata

colle

c-tion a

nd inve

stig

atio

n,

and r

egio

nal

and

inte

rnat

ional

co-o

per

atio

n.

PACO

support

s th

e im

ple

men

tation o

f th

e SPO

C s

tate

s an

d S

tabili

ty P

act

Anti-c

or-

ruption I

nitia

tive

(SPA

I) initia

tive

s. T

he

spec

ific

obje

ctiv

e is

to s

tren

gth

en c

apac

i-ties

agai

nst

corr

uption a

nd o

rgan

ised

cr

ime

in a

ccord

ance

with E

uro

pea

n s

tan-

dar

ds.

All

mem

ber

Sta

tes

All

mem

ber

sta

tes

Ath

ens

SEE

SEE

Sin

ce 1

991

July

2000

June

2000

Sep

2000

Prep

arat

ory

phas

e:

Dec

1999 -

May

2000.

Imple

men

tation

phas

e to

follo

w

Anne-

Mar

ie F

ARAD

JIAridita

ABD

IUF-

67075 S

tras

bourg

Ced

exphone/

fax:

+ 3

3 3

88 4

1 2

1 9

6+

33 3

90 2

1 4

9 1

8an

ne-

mar

ie.f

arad

ji@

coe.

int

ardita.

abdiu

@co

e.in

t

Paolo

BO

RG

NA,

Exp

ert

Org

anis

atio

n:

SCSP

phone/

fax:

+

322 4

01-8

726

+322 4

01-8

712

Paolo

.Borg

na@

stab

ility

pac

t.org

PACO

: Counci

l of

Euro

pe

Eco

nom

ic C

rim

e D

ivis

ion

Direc

tora

te G

ener

al I

– L

egal

Aff

airs

67075 S

tras

bourg

Ced

ex,

Fran

ceAle

xander

SEG

ER

phone/

fax:

+ 3

3 (

0)3

90 2

1 4

5 0

6+

33 (

0)3

88 4

1 3

9 5

5E-m

ail:

ale

xander

.seg

er@

coe.

int

PACO

, SPA

I an

d S

POC:

PACO

@co

e.in

t

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s


174

Summary ofRegional

Initiatives

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

UN

ICEF (

Un

ited

N

ati

on

s C

hil

dre

n’s

Fu

nd

)

UN

ICEF

is m

andat

ed b

y th

e U

N to a

dvo

cate

for th

e pro

tect

ion o

f ch

ildre

n’s

rights

, to

hel

p m

eet

thei

r bas

ic n

eeds

and t

o

expan

d thei

r opport

unitie

s to

rea

ch t

hei

r fu

ll pote

n-

tial

.

Univ

ersa

l rat

ific

atio

n o

f th

e O

ptional

Pro

toco

l to

the

CRC o

n t

he

sale

of

chil-

dre

n, ch

ild p

rost

itution a

nd

child

porn

ogra

phy.

Advo

cacy

with g

over

nm

ents

Rep

ort

on C

urr

ent

Situat

ion a

nd

Res

ponse

to T

raff

icki

ng in H

um

an B

eings

in t

he

SEE.

Updat

e of th

e Rep

ort

on C

urr

ent Situat

ion

and R

esponse

to T

raff

icki

ng in H

um

an

Bei

ngs

in t

he

SEE,

join

tly

with U

NH

CH

R

and O

SCE/O

DIH

R.

Support

of

loca

l N

GO

s/par

tner

s in

the

imple

men

tation o

f pro

gra

mm

es t

o c

om

-bat

tra

ffic

king a

nd s

upport

vic

tim

s.

HIV

/AID

S p

reve

ntion p

rogra

mm

e.

Glo

bal

SEE

SEE

Reg

ional

:Alb

ania

, M

aced

onia

,M

old

ova

Reg

ional

Ongoin

g

Sep

t 2000

June

2002-

May

2002

Ongoin

g

Ongoin

g

Ste

ven A

LLEN

,Are

a O

ffic

e fo

r th

e Bal

kans,

UN

ICEF

phone/

Fax:

+381 1

1 3

602 1

00;

+381 1

1 3

602 1

99;

salle

n@

unic

ef.o

rg

Lisa

Kurb

el,

UN

ICEF

New

York

HQ

phone:

+1 2

12-3

26-7

000

lkurb

iel@

unic

ef.o

rg

UN

Off

ice o

f th

eH

igh

C

om

mis

sio

ner

for

Hu

man

R

igh

ts

(UN

HC

HR

)

The

UN

HCH

R is

the

foca

l poin

t fo

r hum

an r

ights

w

ithin

the

UN

sys

tem

.

Traf

fick

ing P

rogra

mm

e

Traf

fick

ing P

reve

ntion P

ro-

gra

mm

e (j

oin

tly

with C

oE).

Act

ivitie

s to

war

ds

the

inte

gra

tion o

f hum

an r

ights

into

inte

rnat

ional

, re

gio

nal

an

d n

atio

nal

anti-t

raff

icki

ng initia

tive

s.Spec

ial em

phas

is is

pla

ced o

n leg

al a

nd

polic

y dev

elopm

ent.

All

UN

mem

ber

sta

tes

May

2000

Ann G

alla

gher

UN

HCH

RPa

lace

Wils

on,

Gen

eva

agal

lagher

.hch

[email protected]

h

Mad

elei

ne

REES -

UN

HCH

Rphone/

fax:

+

387 3

3 4

9 6

4 0

2;

+387 3

3 4

9 6

4 3

8M

adel

eine.

Ree

s@unm

ibh.o

rg

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s

mary of gional tiatives


SumReIni

175

UN

Off

ice f

or

Dru

g C

on

tro

l an

d

Cri

me

Pre

ven

tio

n/

C

en

tre f

or

Inte

rnati

on

al

Cri

me

Pre

ven

tio

n

(UN

DC

CP

/C

ICP

).

Faci

litat

e an

d h

elp t

o c

o-

ord

inat

e th

e ac

tivi

ties

of

the

UN

inte

r- r

egio

nal

and

regio

nal

inst

itute

s fo

r th

e pre

vention o

f cr

ime

and

the

trea

tmen

t of

off

end-

ers.

Glo

bal

Pro

gra

mm

e Agai

nst

Tr

affick

ing in H

um

an

Bei

ngs.

Res

earc

h a

nd a

sses

smen

t of

traf

fick

ing

and s

mugglin

g f

low

s.

Work

ing w

ith g

over

nm

ents

and o

ther

ag

enci

es t

o s

upport

and p

rom

ote

bes

t pra

ctic

es.

Est

ablis

hm

ent

of

a dat

a ban

k of

bes

t pra

ctic

es a

nd a

web

site.

Est

ablis

hm

ent

of

dem

onst

ration p

roje

cts.

Inte

rnat

ional

Foru

m.

Dev

elopm

ent

of an

inte

rnat

ional

str

ateg

y 2002.

Glo

bal

, in

par

tner

ship

with

UN

ICEF,

UN

IFEM

, IL

O,

IOM

and

Inte

rpol.

Launch

ed in

Mar

1999:

dura

tion 3

6m

onth

s

2002

United

Nat

ions

Off

ice

for

Dru

g

Contr

ol an

d C

rim

e Pr

even

tion

Vie

nna

Inte

rnat

ional

Cen

tre

PO B

ox 5

00

A-1

400 V

ienna

Aust

ria

phone/

fax:

+43 1

26060 0

+43 1

26060 5

866

Traf

fick

ing in H

um

an B

eings

cicp

.thb@

cicp

.un.o

r.at

UN

In

ter

Reg

ion

al

Cri

me

an

d J

ust

ice

Rese

arc

h

Inst

itu

te

(UN

ICR

I)

To c

ontr

ibute

to t

he

for-

mula

tion a

nd im

ple

men

ta-

tion o

f ef

fect

ive

polic

ies

in

the

fiel

d o

f cr

imin

al just

ice

and c

rim

e pre

vention.

Spec

ial at

tention is

giv

en

to t

he

inte

gra

tion o

f su

ch

polic

ies

within

soci

o-e

co-

nom

ic c

han

ges

and d

evel

-opm

ent,

focu

sing o

n t

he

pro

tect

ion o

f hum

an

rights

.

UN

ICRI

is invo

lved

with

UN

DCCP/

CIC

P in

im

ple

-m

enting

the

UN

Glo

bal

Pr

ogra

mm

e ag

ainst

Tra

f-fick

ing in H

um

an B

eings.

Res

earc

h into

tra

ffic

king,

its

scal

e,

dyn

amic

s an

d d

imen

sions,

ass

essm

ent of

the

pro

ble

m a

nd c

urr

ent

resp

onse

s ag

ainst

tra

ffic

king in p

erso

ns,

and e

labo-

ration o

f bes

t pra

ctic

es.

Imple

men

tation o

f p

reve

ntion m

odel

s an

d t

rain

ing w

ith p

olic

e, judic

iary

and

loca

l au

thorities

.

Glo

bal

2000-

2002

36 m

onth

s

UN

ICRI

Hea

dquar

ter:

Via

le M

aest

ri d

el L

avoro

, 10 –

10127 T

urin,

Ital

yphone/

fax:

+39 0

11 6

53 7

1 1

1+

39 0

11 6

31 3

3 6

8unie

ri@

unie

ri.it

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s


176

Summary ofRegional

Initiatives

Inte

rnati

on

al

Org

an

isati

on

fo

rM

igra

tio

n (

IOM

)

IOM

is

an inte

r-gov

ern-

men

tal org

anis

atio

n c

om

-m

itte

d t

o t

he

princi

ple

th

at h

um

ane

and o

rder

ly

mig

ration b

enef

its

mig

rants

and s

oci

ety.

IOM

has

ove

r 69 m

ember

st

ates

and h

as m

issi

ons

in

man

y of

thes

e.b

Plan

of

Act

ion:

Traf

fick

ing

in Mig

rants

IOM

has

adopte

d a

re

gio

nal

appro

ach t

o t

raf-

fick

ing w

ith t

he

esta

blis

h-

men

t of

foca

l poin

ts in a

ll IO

M o

ffic

es.

The

aim

is

to

ensu

re m

onitoring,

pro

-gra

mm

e dev

elopm

ent

and

imple

men

tation a

t th

e nat

ional

lev

el,

whils

t fe

ed-

ing into

reg

ional

pla

nnin

g

and im

ple

men

tation.

In S

EE,

IOM

is

imple

men

t-in

g c

ounte

r tr

affick

ing

pla

ns

in A

lban

ia,

BiH

, Bul-

gar

ia,

FRY,

FYR M

ace-

donia

, H

ungar

y, K

oso

vo,

Mold

ova

and R

om

ania

.

Prov

isio

n o

f te

chnic

al a

ssis

tance

, tr

ainin

g

and e

xper

tise

to g

over

nm

ents

with

mig

ration s

yste

ms

and leg

al r

eform

.

Prov

isio

n o

f te

mpora

ry a

ccom

modat

ion,

safe

rep

atriat

ion a

nd s

upport

ed r

einte

-gra

tion a

nd r

eturn

.

Info

rmat

ion c

ampai

gns

and info

rmat

ion

dis

sem

inat

ion,

regio

nal

ly a

nd in indiv

id-

ual

countr

ies.

Res

earc

h into

colle

ctio

n o

f re

liable

dat

a on t

raff

icki

ng in t

he

15 E

U s

tate

s.

Reg

ional

and c

ountr

y se

min

ar a

ctiv

itie

s.

Glo

bal

Nov

1994:

ongoin

gIr

ena

VO

JACKO

VA-S

OLL

ORAN

O -

IO

Mphone/

fax:

+

43 1

585 3

3 2

2-2

6/2

1;

+43 1

585 3

3 2

2-3

0/3

1iv

oja

ckov

a@io

m.int

UN

FP

A (

Un

ited

N

ati

on

s P

op

ula

tio

n F

un

d)

Inte

rnat

ional

ly f

unded

so

urc

e of

popula

tion

assi

stan

ce f

or

dev

elopin

g

countr

ies.

Progra

mm

e on R

epro

duc-

tive

Hea

lth incl

udin

g F

am-

ily P

lannin

g a

nd S

exual

H

ealth

Rep

roduct

ive

hea

lth p

rogra

mm

ess

in t

he

shel

ters

for

traf

fick

ed w

om

en a

nd c

hil-

dre

n

Reg

ional

Ongoin

gU

nited

Nat

ions

Popula

tion F

und

(UN

FPA)

220 E

ast,

42nd S

tree

tN

ew Y

ork

, N

.Y.

10017 U

SA.

UN

Hig

h

Co

mm

issi

on

fo

r R

efu

gees

(UN

HC

R)

UN

HCR is

man

dat

ed b

y th

e U

N t

o e

nsu

re t

he

inte

rnat

ional

pro

tect

ion o

f re

fugee

s,

and t

o a

ssis

t gov

ernm

ents

in f

indin

g

dura

ble

solu

tions

to r

efu-

gee

pro

ble

ms.

To e

nsu

re that

acc

ess

to a

pply

for

asyl

um

is

gra

nte

d t

o a

ny

indiv

idual

fal

ling w

ithin

th

eir

man

dat

e. T

his

incl

udes

tra

ffic

ked

per

sons

and e

nsu

res

that

they

hav

e ac

cess

to s

tate

pro

cedure

s an

d s

yste

ms

for

asyl

um

see

kers

.

Glo

bal

United

Nat

ions

Hig

h C

om

mis

sioner

fo

r Ref

ugee

sCas

e Po

stal

e 2500

CH

-1211 G

enev

e 2 D

epot

Suis

se.

phone:

+41 2

2 7

39 8

111 (

auto

mat

ic

switch

boar

d).

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s



SumReIni

177

ILO

(I

nte

rnati

on

al

Lab

ou

r O

rgan

isati

on

)

UN

agen

cy p

rom

oting

dec

ent

work

and s

oci

al

safe

ty n

ets

by

sett

ing a

nd

super

visi

ng inte

rnat

ional

la

bour

stan

dar

ds

in t

he

form

of

conve

ntions

and

reco

mm

endat

ions.

Nat

ional

Net

work

on F

or-

eign L

abour

in C

entr

al a

nd

Eas

tern

Euro

pe.

Anti-t

raff

icki

ng p

ro-

gra

mm

e fo

r co

untr

ies

of

origin

and d

estinat

ion

Res

earc

h,

exch

ange

of

info

rmat

ion,

and

studie

s on irr

egula

r la

bour

mig

ration.

Prev

ention o

f tr

affick

ing:

capac

ity

build

-in

g,

awar

enes

s ra

isin

g,

alte

rnat

ive

eco-

nom

ic o

pport

unitie

s.

CEE (

Russ

ian F

ed-

erat

ion,

Ukr

aine,

M

old

ova,

Lithua-

nia

, Hungar

y, C

zech

Rep

ublic

).

Mold

ova

1994

Prep

arat

ory

phas

e

Laet

itia

DU

MAS -

ILO

4,

route

s des

Morillo

ns,

CH

-1211 G

enev

a 22

phone/

fax:

+41 2

2 7

99 7

3 5

3+

41 2

2 7

99 8

7 7

1,

dum

as@

ilo.o

rg

Am

eri

can

Bar

Ass

oci

ati

on

C

en

tral

an

d

East

ern

Eu

rop

e

Law

In

itia

tive

(AB

AC

EELI)

To p

rovi

de

support

to

countr

ies

to e

stab

lish a

nd

mai

nta

in d

emocr

atic

sys

-te

ms

gov

erned

by

the

rule

of

law

.

No r

egio

nal

initia

tive

, ac

tivi

ties

are

dev

eloped

co

untr

y by

countr

y.

Prov

isio

n o

f le

gal

and judic

ial t

rain

ing a

nd

pro

fess

ional

exp

ertise

to g

over

nm

ents

.

Support

and t

rain

ing f

or

const

itutional

, ju

dic

ial, leg

al p

rofe

ssio

nal

and c

rim

inal

la

w r

eform

. Le

gis

lative

ass

ista

nce

.

Reg

ional

:Alb

ania

, BiH

, Bul-

gar

ia,

Cro

atia

, FY

R

Mac

edonia

, Kos-

ovo,

Monte

neg

ro

and S

erbia

.

Ongoin

g,

with

diffe

rent

star

t-in

g d

ates

in

each

of

the

countr

ies.

Sco

tt N

. CARLS

ON

CEE D

irec

tor

740 1

5th

Str

eet

NW

Was

hin

gto

n D

C20005 –

1022

phone/

fax:

+1 2

02 6

62 1

950

+1 2

02 6

62 1

597

ceel

i@ab

anet

.org

INTER

PO

L

To e

nsu

re a

nd p

rom

ote

th

e w

ides

t poss

ible

m

utu

al a

ssis

tance

bet

wee

n a

ll cr

imin

al p

olic

e au

thorities

, an

d t

o e

stab

-lis

h a

nd d

evel

op a

ll in

sti-

tutions

likel

y to

contr

ibute

ef

fect

ivel

y to

the

pre

ven-

tion a

nd s

uppre

ssio

n o

f ord

inar

y la

w c

rim

es.

Res

olu

tion o

n t

raff

icki

ng o

f w

om

en a

nd c

hild

ren

pas

sed b

y In

terp

ol G

ener

al

Ass

embly

.

Traf

fick

ing in H

um

an B

eings

Bra

nch

es

tablis

hed

. (T

his

cov

ers

traf

fick

ing o

f w

om

en f

or

sexu

al e

xplo

itat

ion,

child

ren

and ille

gal

im

mig

ration).

In t

he

pro

cess

of

crea

ting a

work

ing

gro

up o

n t

raff

icki

ng w

ith m

ember

s se

lect

ed f

rom

nat

ional

polic

e fo

rces

.

Rai

se a

war

enes

s am

ong p

olic

e fo

rces

as

wel

l as

incr

ease

info

rmat

ion e

xchan

ge

and o

per

atio

nal

co-o

per

atio

n.

Glo

bal

Glo

bal

1996

Feb 1

999

Jan A

ust

ad

Gen

eral

Sec

reta

riat

200,

quai

Char

les

de

Gau

lle,

69006 L

yon,

Fran

ce

Fax:

+33 4

72 4

4 7

1 6

3

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s


178

Summary ofRegional

Initiatives

Eu

rop

ean

Law

En

forc

em

en

t O

rgan

isati

on

(E

UR

OP

OL)

To m

ake

a si

gnific

ant

con-

trib

ution t

o law

enfo

rce-

men

t ac

tion a

gai

nst

org

anis

ed c

rim

e w

ith a

par

ticu

lar

emphas

is o

n

the

crim

inal

org

anis

atio

ns

invo

lved

.

Man

dat

e co

vers

tra

ffic

king

in h

um

an b

eings

incl

udin

g

child

porn

ogra

phy.

The

Tam

per

e Sum

mit o

f O

ctober

1999 s

tren

gth

-en

ed E

URO

POLS

role

in

fighting o

rgan

ised

crim

e,

incl

udin

g t

raff

icki

ng in

hum

an b

eings.

EU

RO

JUST

Est

ablis

hm

ent of a

Euro

pea

n P

olic

e Chie

fs

Oper

atio

nal

Tas

k Fo

rce

to e

xchan

ge

bes

t pra

ctic

e an

d in

form

atio

n, in

co-

oper

atio

n

with E

URO

POL.

Est

ablis

hm

ent

of

a unit c

om

pose

d o

f nat

ional

pro

secu

tors

, m

agis

trat

es a

nd/o

r polic

e off

icer

s. W

ould

support

the

work

of

nat

ional

pro

secu

ting a

uth

orities

agai

nst

org

anis

ed c

rim

inal

act

ivity.

Giv

es s

upport

to t

he

esta

blis

hm

ent

of

nat

ional

conta

ct p

oin

ts o

n t

raff

icki

ng.

Under

take

s re

sear

ch a

nd s

tudie

s to

under

stan

d t

he

pro

ble

m.

Giv

es s

upport

to o

per

atio

nal

and inve

sti-

gat

ive

pro

ject

s of

mem

ber

sta

tes

EU

mem

ber

sta

tes.

EU

mem

ber

stat

es a

nd t

hird

countr

ies.

Mem

ber

sta

tes

Mem

ber

sta

tes

Oct

1999

Pendin

g

Bjo

ern C

larb

erg

Raa

mw

eg 4

7,

The

Hag

ue,

The

Net

her

lands

phone/

fax:

+

31-7

0-3

025302

+31-7

0-3

455896

NG

Os

LA

STR

AD

A

Prev

ention o

f tr

affick

ing in

w

om

en for

the

purp

ose

of

sexu

al e

xplo

itat

ion,

thro

ugh a

dvo

cacy

, in

flu-

enci

ng leg

isla

tion,

dis

-se

min

atin

g info

rmat

ion,

and p

ract

ical

ass

ista

nce

to

par

tner

org

anis

atio

ns.

La S

trad

a re

gar

ds

traf

fick

-in

g in w

om

en a

s a

hum

an

rights

abuse

and ther

efore

a

viola

tion o

f w

om

en’s

rights

.

Progra

mm

e fo

r th

e Pr

even

-tion o

f Tr

affick

ing in

Wom

en in C

entr

al a

nd

Eas

tern

Euro

pe.

Advo

cacy

, tr

ainin

g,

pro

gra

mm

e su

pport

an

d s

upport

to p

artn

er o

rgan

isat

ions.

Direc

t as

sist

ance

to t

he

vict

ims

pro

gra

mm

es.

Prev

ention a

nd a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g

pro

gra

mm

es.

La S

trad

a In

tern

a-tional

is

a net

work

of

org

anis

atio

ns

in

9 c

ountr

ies:

Bel

arus,

BiH

, Bul-

gar

ia,

Cze

ch

Rep

ublic

, FY

R

Mac

edonia

, M

old

-ov

a, N

ether

lands,

Po

land a

nd U

krai

ne.

Ongoin

g s

ince

1998

Nad

ia K

ozh

ouhar

ova

Nat

ional

Coord

inat

or

Sla

vyan

ska

str. 3

0,

Sofia

1000

phone/

fax:

+359 2

981 6

7 4

0an

imus@

ttm

.bg

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s



SumReIni

179

Inte

rnati

on

al

Hu

man

Rig

hts

Law

Gro

up

(I

HR

LG

)

A n

on-p

rofit

org

anis

atio

n

of

hum

an r

ights

and leg

al

pro

fess

ional

s en

gag

ed in

hum

an r

ights

advo

cacy

, lit

igat

ion a

nd t

rain

ing g

lo-

bal

ly.

Man

dat

e is

to s

upport

and

empow

er a

dvo

cate

s to

ex

pan

d t

he

scope

of

hum

an r

ights

pro

tect

ions

for

men

and w

om

en a

nd

to p

rom

ote

bro

ad p

artici

-pat

ion in c

reat

ing m

ore

ef

fect

ive

hum

an r

ights

st

andar

ds

and p

roce

-dure

s at

nat

ional

, re

gio

nal

an

d inte

rnat

ional

lev

els.

The

Initia

tive

Agai

nst

Tra

f-fick

ing in P

erso

ns.

Work

s co

-oper

ativ

ely

with

IHRLG

fie

ld o

ffic

es if

traf

-fick

ing is

a pro

ble

m in t

hat

co

untr

y/re

gio

n.

Hav

e w

ork

ed in S

EE w

ith B

osn

ia

and H

erze

gov

ina.

Co-o

rdin

atin

g t

he

work

of

the

Hum

an

Rig

hts

Cau

cus,

whic

h c

onsi

sts

of

anti-

traf

fick

ing N

GO

s fr

om

aro

und t

he

world.

The

Cau

cus

advo

cate

s st

ates

to r

espec

t hum

an r

ights

sta

ndar

ds,

and lobbie

s st

ates

to r

atify

the

UN

Tra

ffic

king

Proto

col.

Cre

atio

n o

f in

tera

ctiv

e dat

abas

es t

o s

up-

port

the

glo

bal

work

of

NG

Os.

Support

of

fiel

d o

ffic

e w

ork

in B

iH,

Cam

-bodia

and N

iger

ia.

Support

to loca

l org

anis

atio

ns

in v

ario

us

countr

ies

on p

roje

cts

to p

rom

ote

hum

an

rights

sta

ndar

ds.

Glo

bal

Glo

bal

Glo

bal

Ongoin

gAnn D

. Jo

rdan

1200 1

8th

Str

eet,

N.W

.Suite

602

Was

hin

gto

n D

C 2

0036

phone/

fax:

+

1 2

02 8

22 4

6 0

0 e

xt.2

7+

1 2

02 8

22 4

6o6

Traf

fick

ing@

HRLa

wG

roup.o

rg

TA

MP

EP

The

pro

ject

whic

h s

eeks

to

incr

ease

em

pow

er-

men

t an

d s

elf-

este

em o

f se

x w

ork

ers.

Net

work

of

org

anis

atio

ns

whic

h a

re g

oin

g t

o p

rovi

de

sex

work

ers/

traf

fick

ed

wom

en w

ith c

ultura

lly

appro

priat

e H

IV/A

IDS e

du-

cation.

Educa

tion o

f so

cial

and m

edic

al e

stab

lish-

men

ts.

Ref

eren

ce p

oin

t fo

r m

igra

nt

sex

work

ers

Inve

stig

atio

n o

f so

cial

, le

gal

and w

ork

ing

conditio

ns

of

mig

rant

sex

work

ers

Cen

tral

and E

ast-

ern E

uro

pe

Sta

rted

2001

Ongoin

gLi

cia

Bru

ssa

Wes

term

arkt

4,

1016 D

K A

mst

erdam

, The

Net

her

lands

phone/

fax:

+

31 2

0 6

24 7

149

+31 2

0 6

24 6

5 2

9ta

mpep

@xs

4al

l.nl

Kvin

na t

ill

Kvin

na

Fo

un

dati

on

To s

upport

and w

ork

with

wom

en in t

he

Bal

kans

to

ensu

re full

par

tici

pat

ion in

le

ader

ship

, polit

ics

and

civi

l so

ciet

y. T

his

incl

udes

w

ork

on v

iole

nce

agai

nst

w

om

en.

Support

to loca

l par

tner

org

anis

atio

ns,

ad

voca

cy,

rese

arch

and info

rmat

ion c

am-

pai

gns.

Educa

tion o

n w

om

en’s

rig

hts

and t

raff

ick-

ing,

as p

art

of

induct

ion f

or

Sw

edis

h

KFO

R t

roops

prior

to d

epar

ture

.

Alb

ania

, BiH

, Cro

atia

, Koso

vo,

Monte

neg

ro a

nd

Ser

bia

.

Ongoin

gEva

Zill

enTja

rhov

sgat

an 9

, 11621 S

tock

holm

, Sw

eden

phone/

fax:

+ 4

6 8

702 9

8 2

0+

46 8

643 2

3 6

0in

fo@

iktk

.se

Org

an

isati

on

Man

date

Init

iati

ves

Act

ivit

ies

Lo

cati

on

Tim

efr

am

eC

on

tact

s


180

Summary ofRegional

Initiatives

Hu

man

Rig

ht

Watc

h (

HR

W)

To c

onduct

res

earc

h o

n

hum

an r

ights

vio

lations,

in

cludin

g the

traf

fick

ing o

f w

om

en into

pro

stitution

and f

orc

ed lab

our.

Public

atio

n o

f re

port

s an

d

brief

ing p

aper

s in

cludin

g

reco

mm

endat

ions

to t

he

inte

rnat

ional

com

munity,

in

ter-

gov

ernm

enta

l org

anis

atio

ns

and g

over

n-

men

ts.

Advo

cacy

work

bas

ed o

n

reco

mm

endat

ions

from

re

sear

ch.

Rep

ort

: re

com

men

dat

ions

regar

din

g t

he

Proto

cols

on T

raff

icki

ng in P

erso

ns

and

Sm

ugglin

g o

f M

igra

nts

.

Invo

lved

in n

egotiat

ions

on t

he

Proto

cols

on T

raff

icki

ng.

In U

SA h

as b

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ticu

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Suite

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hin

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SA

phone/

fax:

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333

hrw

dc@

hrw

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Hels

inki

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pro

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Critici

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wher

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Rep

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Supple

men

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Hum

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Mee

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om

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Sta

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Ongoin

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nd

monitoring o

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ddim

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of

traf

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All

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ountr

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June

2000

Nic

ki W

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om

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or

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phone/

fax:

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: +

43 6

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and s

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nee

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of

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ispla

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orc

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Ass

ista

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to t

raff

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om

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he

regio

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ork

on d

ura

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solu

tion:

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rein

tegra

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rese

ttle

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Alb

ania

, BiH

, Cro

atia

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onte

neg

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Ongoin

gSar

ah S

tephen

s -

ICM

Cphone/

fax:

+

41 2

2 9

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0 2

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mai

l: s

tephen

s@ic

mc.

net

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181

Save t

he

Ch

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Inte

rnat

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char

ity

work

ing in

70 c

ountr

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in

the

world.

Rep

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publis

hed

“C

hild

Tra

ffic

king in

Alb

ania

”

Rep

ort

s on a

nd a

sses

smen

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situ

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regar

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traf

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f ch

ildre

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Alb

ania

SEE

2001

2001-2

002

Chris

Cunin

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rove

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e,

London S

ES B

RD

phone/

fax:

+44/2

07703 5

400

+44/2

07716 2

339

c.cu

nin

gham

e@sc

fuk.

org

.uk

Inte

rnati

on

al

Rese

arc

h a

nd

Exch

an

ges

Bo

ard

(I

REX

)

Inte

rnat

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NG

O f

acili

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esea

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exch

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bet

wee

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and c

ountr

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of

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tern

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pe.

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ional

Em

pow

erm

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Initia

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ith

anti-t

raff

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rogra

mm

e

Prom

otion o

f em

pow

erm

ent

of

wom

en in

sele

cted

countr

ies

of

SEE a

nd f

orm

er

Sov

iet

Unio

n

Bulg

aria

, FR

Y,

Lith

uan

ia,

Mold

-ov

a, R

om

ania

and

Russ

ia.

Sta

rted

in 2

001:

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gM

egan

Nea

l 2121 K

Str

eet,

NW

Suite

700

Was

hin

gto

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DC 2

0037

phone/

fax:

+ 1

202 6

28-8

188

+1 2

02 6

28-8

189

irex

@irex

.org

mnea

l@irex

.org

a. A

lban

ia, Andorr

a, A

ust

ria,

Bel

giu

m, Bulg

aria

, Cro

atia

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Cze

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epublic

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xem

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alta

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old

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Slo

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Turk

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Ukr

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United

Kin

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Bel

arus,

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gov

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Gre

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Org

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Act

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Republic ofMoldova

List of Projectsand Activities


182
TA
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T O

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AN

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Min

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inis

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of

Fore

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ffai

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Min

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Inte

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Aff

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; M

J, M

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oci

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Net

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Tr

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2001

May

1999

IAs,

NG

Os

Nat

ional

gro

up o

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ng in h

um

an

bei

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N

atio

nal

Co-o

rdin

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Val

eria

n C

rist

eaphone/

fax:

+ 3

73 2

233 8

22

+ 3

73 2

242 6

96

CO

UN

CIL

OF M

INIS

TER

S

Inst

itu

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GO

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Prim

e M

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fax:

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OFFIC

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phone/

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Dep

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aria

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+373 2

2323221

70

Republic of Moldova List of Projects and Activities


183

Pro

ject

/A

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Fo

cus

of

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ject

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raff

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aria

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232322

MIN

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NTER

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HE P

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arc

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on T

raff

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July

2001

Dep

uty

Min

iste

r of

Inte

rnal

Aff

airs

,M

ihai

Culc

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i

Leg

al

refo

rmW

ork

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roup t

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crim

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b 2

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atio

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Tas

k Fo

rce

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raff

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unit

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Nov

2000,

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Hea

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nti-t

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nit:

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int

(at

SECI)

, N

atio

nal

Foca

l Po

ints

, Tr

affick

ing in H

um

an B

eing S

quad

s.

Sum

mer

2001

SECI,

IO

MM

I, F

BI

off

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for

Rom

ania

and

Mold

ova,

SECI,

IO

M

Republic ofMoldova



184

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

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Fo

cus

of

Pro

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/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

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nta

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OU

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SO

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MIL

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Rese

arc

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ass

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men

tG

over

nm

enta

l Rep

ort

“O

n C

ontinuous

Exp

ansi

on o

f Tr

af-

fick

ing in H

um

an B

eings”

.Sep

tem

ber

2000

IAs,

NG

Os

Dep

uty

Min

iste

r of

Labour

and S

oci

al P

rote

ctio

n,

Angel

ina

Apost

ol

Direc

tor

of

Dep

artm

ent

of

Soci

al A

ssis

tance

,Ta

tian

a G

ribin

cea,

phone:

+373 2

210121

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

ass

ista

nce

to

tr

aff

icked

pers

on

sTr

ainin

g a

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ther

support

for

the

unem

plo

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ani-

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g

Rais

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aw

are

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vides

info

rmat

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the

conse

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illeg

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over

nm

ent

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ova

Leg

al

refo

rm

Ela

bora

tion o

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atio

nal

Str

ateg

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hild

ren a

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amily

Pr

ote

ctio

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Ela

bora

tion o

f D

raft

Law

on “

Child

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itua-

tions”

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bora

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w o

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Soci

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Allo

wan

ces

for

Fam

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hild

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gU

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Ass

ista

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to

tra

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p

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on

sContr

act

signed

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elec

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rise

s al

l ov

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Mold

ova.

IO

M w

ould

cov

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alar

ies

for

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om

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they

w

ere

guar

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ork

for

6 m

onth

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Sta

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fo

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IOM

IOM

MIN

ISTR

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DU

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Rais

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ness

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aren

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rais

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ampai

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hools

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eeting

June

2000;

ongoin

g

In c

o-o

per

atio

n

with N

GO

sLa

Str

ada,

NG

Os

Lilia

na

Palih

ovic

i, D

epar

t-m

ent

of

Youth

and S

port

sphone:

+373 2

277420



185

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

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Tim

efr

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no

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Part

ners

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artn

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OR

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on

al

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n o

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g inte

r-m

inis

terial

work

ing g

roup a

t th

e le

vel

of

vice

-min

iste

rs t

o p

repar

e N

PA.

The

Hea

d o

f th

e W

ork

-in

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roup is

the

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator.

Est

ablis

hed

Ju

ly 2

001, F

irst

m

eeting S

ept

2001

MFA

, M

I, M

J, M

E,

ML

Dep

uty

Min

iste

r of

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

,Eugen

Car

pov

.Fi

rst

Sec

reta

ry,

Vital

ie P

arnau

phone/

fax:

+373 2

57 8

257

+373 2

57 8

308

org

euro

@m

fa.u

n.m

d

Direc

tor

of

the

Consu

late

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e,

Burlac

u A

nat

ol,

phone:

+373 2

23 4

452

Gen

eral

Dep

artm

ent

of

Euro

pea

n I

nte

gra

tion,

Lilia

n M

ora

ruphone/

fax:

+373 2

57830

+373 2

232302 L

ilian

-m

ora

ru@

hotm

ail.co

m

Direc

tor

of

the

Gen

eral

D

epar

tmen

t of

Inte

rna-

tional

Law

and T

reat

ies,

Vital

ii Slo

nov

sky

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F F

INA

NC

E

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

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ol of

exis

ting t

ourist

and t

rave

l ag

enci

es,

issu

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new

lic

ense

sO

ngoin

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Republic ofMoldova



186

INTER

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ners

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artn

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IOM

Pre

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rais

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ness

Pr

even

tion a

nd a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g c

ampai

gn.

Pres

s co

nfe

rence

(la

unch

ing t

he

cam

pai

gn).

Trai

nin

g f

or

journ

alis

ts.

Oct

2001 –

Oct

2002

Autu

mn 2

001

US D

epar

tmen

t of

Sta

te200.0

00 U

S$

Cen

tre

for

Traf

fick

-in

g P

reve

ntion,

UN

ICEF,

Civ

ic I

ni-

tiat

ive

La S

trad

aTr

affick

ing in W

om

en C

o-

ord

inat

or,

Liuba

Rev

enko

phone/

fax:

+

373 2

249103

224 9

103

+373 2

249136

Mob:+

373 9

154490

iom

chis

inau

@io

m.int

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sAss

ista

nce

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns:

•Ass

ista

nce

fro

m t

he

airp

ort

to t

he

shel

ter;

•M

edic

al a

nd s

oci

al a

ssis

tance

;•

Rei

nst

alla

tion g

rant;

•Voca

tional

tra

inin

g.

From

Sep

t 2001

Sw

iss

Agen

cy for

Cooper

atio

n a

nd

Dev

elop-m

ent

150.0

00 C

HF

Cen

tre

for

Traf

fick

-in

g P

reve

ntion,

La

Str

ada,

Car

itas

Cen

tre

for

Traf

-fick

ing P

reve

ntion

Tra

inin

g a

nd

cap

aci

ty

bu

ild

ing

fo

r N

GO

sSem

inar

for

NG

Os

on v

ictim

s as

sist

ance

.M

ay 2

001

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sContr

act

signed

with M

L to

sel

ect

ente

rprise

s al

l ov

er M

old

-ov

a. I

OM

would

cov

er s

alar

ies

of

150 w

om

en if

they

wer

e guar

ante

ed w

ork

for

6 m

onth

s.

July

2001

ML

IOM

, M

L

Leg

al

refo

rmCrim

inal

isat

ion a

nd p

rose

cution a

ctiv

itie

s, t

rain

ing f

or

Law

Enfo

rcem

ent

off

icia

ls,

reco

mm

endat

ions

to im

pro

ve t

he

leg-

isla

tion,

work

with t

he

polic

e at

nat

ional

lev

el,

trai

nin

g a

nd

exch

ange

visi

ts.

From

Nov

2001

Sw

edis

h I

nte

rna-

tional

Dev

elop-

men

t Agen

cy

(SID

A),

200 0

00 U

SD

Loca

l Auth

orities

, Po

lice,

Pro

secu

-to

rs O

ffic

e, R

eps.

of

the

Nat

ional

Com

mitte

e, O

SCE

Cen

tre

for

Traf

-fick

ing P

reve

n-

tion,

Civ

ic

Initia

tive



187

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

enti

ng

P

artn

ers

Co

nta

cts

UN

ICEF

Co

-op

era

tio

n a

nd

in

stit

uti

on

al

cap

aci

ty

bu

ild

ing

Initia

tive

to o

rgan

ise

the

Task

Forc

e on T

raff

icki

ng (

inte

r-ag

ency

work

ing g

roup).

firs

t m

eeting

June

2000

Ongoin

g

OSCE,

UN

HCR,

IOM

, La

Str

ada,

U

S E

mbas

sy

OSCE,

UN

HCR,

IOM

, La

Str

ada,

U

S E

mbas

sy

Ass

ista

nt

Rep

rese

nta

tive

G

iova

nna

Bar

ber

isphone/

fax:

+

373 2

22 0

034

+373 2

22 0

244

gbar

ber

is@

unic

ef.o

rg

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Tr

ainin

g c

ours

es f

or

staf

f w

ork

ing in inst

itutions.

Sta

rted

in

Autu

mn 2

001

Ongoin

g

IOM

, La

Str

ada

La S

trad

a

UN

DP

Aw

are

ness

rais

ing

an

d

pre

ven

tio

nPr

oje

ct o

n t

raff

icki

ng r

ealis

ed b

y a

loca

l N

GO

(in

form

atio

n,

awar

enes

s ra

isin

g a

nd p

reve

ntion c

ampai

gn).

Dec

2000 –

Feb

2002

Ass

oci

atio

n o

f W

om

en L

awye

rsU

N/U

ND

P M

OLD

OVA

131,

31 A

ugust

str.

2012 C

his

inau

, M

old

ova

phone/

fax:

+

373-2

22-0

0-4

5

(sw

itch

boar

d)

+373-2

22-0

0-4

1re

gis

try.

md@

undp.o

rg

OS

CE

Rese

arc

h a

nd

leg

al

refo

rmPr

oje

ct o

n t

raff

icki

ng law

ref

orm

.Support

to M

old

avia

n g

over

nm

ent

to w

ork

on t

he

refo

rm o

f tr

affick

ing law

:•

Rep

ort

on inte

rnat

ional

and M

old

avia

n a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng

law

s;•

Ext

ernal

exp

ertise

of

Mold

avia

n t

raff

icki

ng law

am

end-

men

ts.

Ongoin

gU

S D

epar

tmen

t of

Sta

teG

over

nm

ent,

ABA

CEELI

Hum

an D

imen

sion O

ffic

er,

Gott

frie

d H

anne

phone/

fax:

+

373-2

-241400 (

sec)

-

234221 (

dir)

+373-2

-547620

ghan

ne@

osc

e.m

d

Republic ofMoldova



188

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

enti

ng

P

artn

ers

Co

nta

cts

US

EM

BA

SS

Y

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

dca

paci

ty b

uil

din

g o

f lo

cal

NG

Os

Buyi

ng a

irtim

e on n

atio

nal

Mold

avia

n T

V t

o s

how

docu

men

-ta

ry a

bout

traf

fick

ing p

roduce

d b

y lo

cal N

GO

s.Ju

ly 2

001

Loca

l N

GO

sLi

sa H

eilb

ronn

Public

Aff

airs

Off

icer

(ass

ista

nt:

Irina

Colin

) phone:

+373 2

233 7

72

ext

. 101

Lhei

lbro

@pd.s

tate

.gov

lmhei

lbro

nn@

hotm

ail.co

m

Them

atic

rep

ort

ing t

our

for

journ

alis

ts,

rehab

ilita

tion t

reat

-m

ent

for

pro

stitute

s in

USA.

2001

journ

alis

ts

Info

rmat

ion m

ater

ials

for

vuln

erab

le g

roups

dis

trib

ute

d b

y M

old

avia

n C

ust

om

Polic

e: “

Be

smar

t be

safe

”.U

S c

ust

om

s bro

chure

tra

nsl

ated

into

Rom

ania

and R

uss

ian.

2001

MI,

Bord

er P

olic

e

Law

en

forc

em

en

tU

S c

onsu

ltan

t fr

om

US C

ust

om

Ser

vice

to w

ork

toget

her

w

ith M

old

avia

n C

ust

om

s.Sep

t 2001

MI

SA

VE T

HE C

HIL

DR

EN

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sShel

ter

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns.

Work

orien

tation tra

inin

g, m

edic

al s

ervi

ces,

job tra

inin

g, hel

p

for

the

vict

im’s

child

ren.

Support

for

under

age

vict

ims

of

traf

fick

ing.

Beg

innin

g o

f 1999 –

Sep

t 2001

Ongoin

g

IOM

IOM

Mar

iana

Pete

rsel

Pr

esid

ent

phone:

+373 2

23 2

5 8

2M

ob:

+

373 2

23 2

113/

273 1

02

salc

op@

mold

net

.md



189

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Impl

emen

tin

g P

artn

ers

Co

nta

cts

LA

STR

AD

A

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Tr

ainin

g f

or

staf

f at

inst

itutions

for

child

ren.

Sta

rted

in S

ept

2001

Ongoin

g

Dutc

h M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign A

ffai

rs;

ICCO

& N

OVIB

ai

d f

unds

Ana

Pala

nce

an

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

phone/

fax:

+

373 2

234906

+373 2

234907

Mob.

8 2

9131063

lsm

oldo

va@

ls.m

oldl

ine.

net

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

H

otlin

e ab

out

traf

fick

ing (

with p

oss

ibili

ty t

o s

tart

res

cue

pro

cess

):•

info

rmat

ion o

n c

onditio

ns

for

mig

rating (

term

s of

mig

ra-

tion a

nd loca

l re

gula

tions

in v

ario

us

countr

ies)

;•

info

rmat

ion f

or

indiv

idual

s/fa

mili

es w

ho a

re looki

ng f

or

traf

fick

ed w

om

en.

Sta

rted

in S

ept

2001

Ongoin

g

Dutc

h M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign A

ffai

rs;

ICCO

& N

ovib

ai

d f

unds;

IOM

Mold

ova

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sIm

ple

men

ting p

artn

er o

f IO

M o

n r

einte

gra

tion.

Cre

atin

g a

new

shel

ter

with m

edic

al, psy

cholo

gic

al a

nd s

oci

al

assi

stan

ce t

o t

he

vict

ims.

Sep

t 2001

IOM

IOM

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pr

even

tion a

nd a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g a

ctiv

itie

s:•

Info

rmat

ion m

ater

ials

for

vuln

erab

le g

roups;

•M

eetings

with r

isk

gro

ups

(young w

om

en 1

5-2

1 y

ears

old

) at

sch

ools

;•

Mee

tings

with y

outh

org

anis

atio

ns.

Sep

t. 2

001

Plan

ned

Ongoin

g

Dutc

h M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign A

ffai

rs;

ICCO

& N

OVIB

ai

d f

unds;

IOM

Mold

ova

Nat

ional

Counci

l of

Youth

, M

inis

try

of

Educa

tion,

regio

nal

NG

Os,

Sta

te D

epar

tmen

t of

Youth

& S

port

Info

rmat

ion a

nd p

reve

ntion c

ampai

gn:

•Pr

ess-

confe

rence

;•

Bro

chure

/rep

ort

on t

raff

icki

ng in w

om

en:

situ

atio

n o

f M

old

ova;

leg

al f

ram

ework

on t

raff

icki

ng b

oth

nat

ional

an

d inte

rnat

ional

; le

gal

fra

mew

ork

on f

ore

ign lab

our

mar

kets

per

tain

ing t

o m

igra

nts

; ed

uca

tional

and p

reve

n-

tion info

rmat

ion f

or

pote

ntial

vic

tim

s;•

Round tab

le w

ith lo

cal N

GO

s on p

reve

ntion m

easu

res

and

counse

lling f

or

pote

ntial

vic

tim

s at

reg

ional

lev

el;

•W

eb-s

ite

on t

he

issu

e of

traf

fick

ing.

Spring 2

002

Spring 2

002

Autu

mn 2

002

Autu

mn 2

002

Dutc

h M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign A

ffai

rs;

ICCO

& N

OVIB

ai

d f

unds

Sta

te M

igra

tion

Ser

vice

, M

inis

try

of

Ext

erio

r

Republic ofMoldova



190

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Impl

emen

tin

g P

artn

ers

Co

nta

cts

NA

TIO

NA

L C

EN

TR

E F

OR

IN

FO

RM

ATIO

N

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tColle

ctin

g m

ater

ials

about

traf

fick

ing a

nd N

GO

act

ivitie

s.O

ngoin

gG

alin

a Pr

ecup

31 A

ugust

r Str.

Nr

37a

Chis

inau

CN

SIP

F@m

old

net

.md

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

g

an

d r

ais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pr

oje

ct a

bout w

om

en a

nd the

labour

mar

ket (c

reat

ing jobs)

–

sem

inar

s, t

rain

ing.

Hum

an R

ights

of

Wom

en -

1 d

ay s

emin

ars.

July

2001 –

2003

Ongoin

g

Soro

s, U

S

Em

bas

sy,

Dutc

h

Glo

bal

Min

istr

ies

of

United

Churc

hes

AS

SO

CIA

TIO

N F

OR

WO

MEN

LA

WY

ER

S

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

g

an

d r

ais

ing

aw

are

ness

In

form

atio

n a

nd p

reve

ntion c

ampai

gn:

•H

otlin

e ab

out

traf

fick

ing;

•M

edia

cam

pai

gn (

TV s

pot,

bill

boar

ds,

pre

ss a

rtic

les)

; •

Public

atio

ns,

lea

flet

s, b

roch

ure

s;•

Docu

men

tary

about

traf

fick

ing;

•Sem

inar

s fo

r te

enag

ers

in C

his

inau

;•

Dat

a bas

e of

org

anis

atio

ns

work

ing o

n t

raff

icki

ng iss

ue.

Dec

2000 –

Fe

b 2

002

06.0

0-0

6.0

1

06.0

0-0

6.0

106.0

0-0

6.0

1fr

om

Aug 2

001

US E

mbas

sy57.0

00 U

SD

,Soro

s

UN

DP,

IO

MLo

cal N

GO

sJa

na

Cost

achi

Pres

iden

tphone/

fax:

+

373 2

54 6

5 6

9af

cjm

d@

yahoo.

com

NA

TIO

NA

L C

OU

NC

IL O

F W

OM

EN

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

g

an

d r

ais

ing

aw

are

ness

Consu

ltan

cy a

nd s

upport

to C

NN

tea

m p

repar

ing d

ocu

men

-ta

ry o

n t

raff

icki

ng in w

om

en.

June

2001

Soro

sAla

Min

dic

anu

phone:

+373.2

.54.6

5.6

7

/ 23 2

6 5

5ce

nef

e@m

ailc

ity.

com

CIV

IC I

NIT

IATIV

E

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing p

rogra

mm

e:•

Public

atio

ns,

info

rmat

ion m

ater

ials

.•

Docu

men

tary

show

ed o

n t

he

nat

ional

TV.

•M

edia

cam

pai

gn.

2000-2

001

July

2001

US E

mbas

syM

EM

EIr

ina

Mar

tiniu

cPr

esid

ent

phone:

+373 2

33 1

3 0

3irin

a@w

omci

.mol

dnet

.com



191

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Impl

emen

tin

g P

artn

ers

Co

nta

cts

ITA

LIA

N C

ON

SO

RTIU

M O

F S

OLID

AR

ITY

Rein

teg

rati

on

of

traff

icked

pers

on

sM

icro

loan

s an

d c

redits

for

retu

rned

tra

ffic

ked p

erso

ns.

Job t

rain

ing f

or

retu

rned

tra

ffic

ked p

erso

ns.

Support

for

star

ting b

usi

nes

s in

rura

l ar

eas.

Plan

ned

IOM

, La

Str

ada

Lilia

na

Sorr

entino

Direc

tor

162 S

tefa

n C

el M

are

str,

Chi_

in_u,

Mold

ova

phone/

fax:

+

373-2

-247-9

38;

+373-2

-246-4

51

icsm

old

ova@

ics.

mld

-net

.com

CIV

IS

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing p

rogra

mm

e:•

Public

atio

ns,

docu

men

tary

, m

edia

cam

pai

gn;

•Surv

ey,

book

of

24 inte

rvie

ws

with t

raff

icke

d p

erso

ns.

Med

ia c

ampai

gn:

•Pr

epar

ing s

crip

ts f

or

radio

and T

V p

roduce

d b

y lo

cal

adve

rtis

ing c

om

pan

ies;

•Show

ing d

ocu

men

tary

and a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng T

V s

pot

on

nat

ional

tel

evis

ion.

2000-2

001

US E

mbas

syCIV

ISphone/

fax:

+

373 2

545102

civi

s@m

old

net

.md

AS

SO

CIA

TIO

N F

OR

YO

UTH

DEV

ELO

PM

EN

T

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

d

pre

ven

tio

nSem

inar

s fo

r vu

lner

able

gro

ups

(young w

om

en)

Info

rmat

ion m

ater

ials

dis

trib

ute

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chools

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ilia

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ruphone:

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270 4

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emora

ru@

mai

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d

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ICA

Rais

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ness

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aren

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rais

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Public

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ns,

docu

men

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, m

edia

cam

pai

gn.

2000-2

001

US E

mbas

syIr

ina

Mar

tinuc

phone/

fax:

+373 2

499 7

83

+373 2

331 3

03

irin

a@w

om

i.m

ldnet

.com

Republic ofMoldova



192

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Fo

cus

of

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

ity

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Impl

emen

tin

g P

artn

ers

Co

nta

cts

WIN

RO

CK

IN

TER

NA

TIO

NA

L

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g

Trai

nin

g f

or

the

polic

e fr

om

the

Anti-T

raff

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ng U

nit.

2000-2

001

USAID

MI

Win

rock

In

tern

atio

nal

Am

y H

eyden

ahey

den

@w

inro

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rg

phon

e:+

1 7

03-5

25-9

430

Rese

arc

hRep

ort

on t

raff

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ng in w

om

en a

s a

hum

an r

ights

vio

lation.

2000-2

001

USAID

Min

nes

ota

Adov

-ca

tes

for

Hum

an

Rig

hts

Loca

l N

GO

s

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

d

cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g f

or

NG

Os

Trai

nin

g f

or

trai

ner

s on t

raff

icki

ng a

nd h

um

an r

ights

.Cap

acity

build

ing o

f lo

cal N

GO

s.2001-2

201

USAID

Min

nes

ota

Adov

-ca

tes

for

Hum

an

Rig

hts

Loca

l N

GO

s co

m-

munity

lead

ers

Romania List of Projects and Activities


193
TA
BLE 3

: LIS

T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N R

OM

AN

IA1

711

71

GO

VER

NM

EN

T

171.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA,

Inte

rnat

ional

Agen

cy;

CLR

, Cen

tre

for

Legal

Res

ourc

es;

ME,

Min

istr

y of

educa

tion;

MFA

, M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign A

ffai

rs;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

the

Inte

rior;

MJ,

Min

istr

y of

Just

ice;

ML,

Min

istr

y of

Labour;

MYa

S,

Min

istr

y of

Youth

and S

port

.

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F I

NTER

IOR

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n a

nd

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Reg

ional

Consu

ltat

ive

Mee

ting o

n t

he

Com

bat

of

Traf

-fick

ing in H

um

an B

eings

(org

anis

ed w

ithin

the

fram

e-w

ork

of

the

Sta

bili

ty P

act

Act

ivitie

s).

Adoption o

f th

e polit

ical

dec

lara

tion "

Anti-t

raff

icki

ng

Law

Enfo

rcem

ent"

.

Buch

ares

t, 2

1 M

ay

2001

Rom

ania

n

Gov

ernm

ent,

SECI,

EU

, U

SAID

Sta

bili

ty P

act

Task

Fo

rce

on T

raff

ick-

ing

Buch

ares

t, 2

1M

ay

2001

Mih

ai S

toic

aH

ead o

f th

e O

rgan

ised

Crim

e Com

bat

Div

isio

nphone/

fax:

+

40 1

314 7

715

+40 1

310 1

7 5

7

Nati

on

al

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

nN

atio

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Pla

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f Act

ion.

Adopte

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ug 2

001

Rom

ania

n

Gov

ernm

ent

Rom

ania

n G

ov’t,

IAs,

NG

Os

Rom

ania

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over

n-

men

t, I

As,

NG

Os

Pre

ven

tio

n,

law

en

forc

em

en

tEst

ablis

hin

g N

atio

nal

Tas

k Fo

rce

on T

raff

icki

ng.

July

2001

Rom

ania

n

Gov

ernm

ent

Rom

ania

n G

ov’t

Rom

ania

n G

over

n-

men

t

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sShel

ter

for

assi

stan

ce f

or

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns

in

Buch

ares

t.O

pen

ed in A

ug

2001

Rom

ania

n

Gov

ernm

ent

IOM

, lo

cal N

GO

sIO

M,

loca

l N

GO

s

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F I

NTER

IOR

/IN

STIT

UTE F

OR

REA

SEA

RC

H A

ND

CR

IMIN

ALIT

Y

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tRes

earc

h a

nd g

over

nm

enta

l re

port

: “H

um

an T

raff

ick-

ing.

Traf

fick

ing in W

om

en a

nd C

hild

ren”.

Sum

mer

2001

Rom

ania

n

Gov

ernm

ent

MI,

indep

enden

t ex

per

tsCen

tre

for

Adva

nce

d

Legal

Stu

die

s, C

en-

tre

for

Legal

Res

ourc

es

Ioan

eta

Vin

tile

anu

Dep

uty

Direc

tor

phone/

fax:

+

40 1

2111859

+40 1

2105730

Mob.

092366610

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

g,

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Sem

inar

s, lec

ture

s, t

rain

ing o

n p

reve

ntion o

f vi

ole

nce

Progra

mm

e ag

ainst

vio

lence

in f

amily

in 4

2 c

ounties

.O

ngoin

g

Sum

mer

2001

Rom

ania

n

Gov

ernm

ent

ME,

MYa

S

RomaniaList of Projects

and Activities


194
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Aw

aren

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rais

ing c

ampai

gns

in s

chools

, su

mm

er

schools

, ca

mps.

Car

avan

of

Prev

ention (

awar

enes

s ra

isin

g p

rogra

mm

e fo

r yo

uth

)Sem

inar

s, lec

ture

s, t

rain

ing f

or

vuln

erab

le g

roups.

Ongoin

g

Sum

mer

2001

Rom

ania

n G

ov-

ernm

ent

ME,

MYa

S

ME,

MYa

S

ME,

MYa

S

ME,

MYa

S

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F T

HE I

NTER

IOR

/ I

NS

PEC

TO

RA

TE O

F P

OLIC

E

Law

en

forc

em

en

tEst

ablis

hin

g T

raff

icki

ng in H

um

an B

eing S

quad

s w

ithin

th

e polic

e.M

ay 2

001

MI

Mih

ai S

toic

aH

ead o

f th

e O

rgan

ised

Crim

e Com

bat

Div

isio

nphone/

fax:

+

40 1

314 7

715

+40 1

311 2

579

Col. M

aria

n T

risk

aru

Dep

artm

ent

of

Alie

ns

and

Mig

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phone:

093 3

13 9

63

Col. F

lorin I

ones

cuO

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Crim

e D

ivis

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Hea

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nti-T

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quad

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Adin

a Cru

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Org

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rim

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ivis

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phone:

+

41 1

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8

Law

en

forc

em

en

tO

rgan

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he

Reg

ional

Anti-t

raff

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ask

Forc

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ional

Foca

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int

(at

SECI)

, N

atio

nal

Foca

l Po

ints

, Tr

affick

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um

an B

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quad

s. I

n R

om

ania

in 1

5

counties

.

Mar

– J

uly

2001

MI,

FBI

off

icer

for

Rom

ania

and M

old

-ov

a, S

ECI,

IO

M

MI

Law

en

forc

em

en

tPr

ess

Confe

rence

for

the

Traf

fick

ing in H

um

an B

eing

Squad

's r

eact

ion to the

US D

epar

tmen

t of Sta

te R

eport

on T

raff

icki

ng.

Pres

enta

tion o

f th

e N

PA.

19 J

uly

2001.



195
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

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Do

no

rC

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tin

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Part

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Imp

lem

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MIN

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Y O

F F

OR

EIG

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FFA

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Inte

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uti

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leg

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Inte

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Work

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roup o

n T

raff

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Hum

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fra

mew

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of

SP

WT3,

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on

legis

lation,

law

enfo

rcem

ent

and v

ictim

ass

ista

nce

-

incr

easi

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um

ber

of

shel

ters

).

Apr

2001 -

ongoin

gM

I, M

J, M

L, M

E,

IOM

, U

S E

mbas

sy,

NG

Os

MJ

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Dan

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scu

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an D

imen

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xper

t phone/

fax:

+

40 1

230 7

579

+40 1

231 8

115

alex

andra

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i-tr

escu

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o

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Direc

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tam

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+

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cutr

aff.co

nfe

rence

s@m

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Inte

rnati

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leg

al

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Adoption o

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lara

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Anti-t

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ay 2

001

Pres

ent:

Min

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terior an

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al

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ass

ess

men

tLe

gis

lation o

n P

reve

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om

bat

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raff

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Hum

an B

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Anal

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of

inte

rnat

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and E

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Ear

ly 2

001.


and Activities


196
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

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Tim

efr

am

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Do

no

rC

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Part

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Imp

lem

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Co

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al

refo

rmLe

gis

lation o

n P

reve

nting a

nd C

om

bat

ing T

raff

icki

ng in

Hum

an B

eings:

•W

eekl

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eetings

of

inte

r-ag

ency

gro

up;

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ysis

of

inte

rnat

ional

and E

U leg

isla

tion;

•Cre

atin

g leg

isla

tion b

ased

on U

S a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng

bill

.

Adopte

d b

y Pa

rlia

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ent

bef

ore

the

end o

f D

ec 2

001

IOM

, U

ND

P, U

NFo

undat

ion f

or

Inte

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Par

t-ner

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S

Em

bas

sy,

NG

Os:

Rea

chin

g O

ut,

ARCA,

ALG

OR,

CLR

MJ

Inte

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co-o

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leg

al

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Join

t pro

ject

with R

epublic

of

Mold

ova

gov

ernm

ent

"Crim

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Law

Ref

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on T

raff

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xper

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Hel

p w

ith d

raft

ing t

he

law

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Cre

atin

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net

work

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Inte

rnat

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co-o

per

atio

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ainin

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or

judges

, pro

secu

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and law

yers

.

Autu

mn 2

001,

Spring 2

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CoE

MI,

MFA

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J of

Rep

ublic

of

Mold

-ov

a

MJ,

MI,

ML

MIN

ISTR

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F H

EA

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Pre

ven

tio

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f tr

aff

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form

atio

n c

ampai

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n h

ealth f

or

vuln

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roups.

Plan

ned

for

Autu

mn 2

001

Dan

iela

Bar

tos

Min

iste

r of

Hea

lth a

nd F

amily

phone/

fax:

+

40 1

314 1

526

+40 1

312 4

916

Lum

inita

Popes

cuD

irec

tor

of

the

Inte

rnat

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atio

ns

Dep

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ent

phone/

fax:

+

40 1

310 0

542

lum

ina@

min

san.d

nt.

rolu

min

a@m

s.ro

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F E

DU

CA

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Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

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rais

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aw

are

ness

In

cludin

g iss

ue

of

traf

fick

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chool cu

rric

ula

:•

Dev

elopin

g t

he

mes

sage;

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stin

g it

for

schools

;•

Dis

sem

inat

ion o

f ed

uca

tional

mat

eria

ls;

Sep

t 2001 u

ntil

Dec

2001

ME

ME

Rad

u B

alta

siu

phone:

+

40 1

313 1

013

radubal

t@ya

hoo.

com

rtb@

pcn

et.r

o



197
INTER
NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

NA

TIO

NA

L A

UTH

OR

ITY

FO

R C

HIL

D P

RO

TEC

TIO

N

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tSet

ting u

p a

work

ing g

roup t

o w

ork

on u

pdat

ing t

he

Rep

ort

on S

exual

Abuse

and E

xplo

itat

ion o

f Child

ren.

Rep

ort

will

hav

e a

par

t on c

om

mer

cial

sex

ual

exp

loita-

tion a

nd inte

rnal

tra

ffic

king in c

hild

ren.

Bef

ore

end o

f 2001

IAs,

NG

Os

Mar

iana

Nea

csu

Hea

d D

epar

tmen

t Pu

blic

Rel

atio

ns

Nat

ional

Auth

ority

for

Child

Pr

ote

ctio

n a

nd A

doption

phone/

fax:

+ 4

01 3

15 3

6 3

3/3

15 3

6 3

0+

401 3

12 7

4 7

4m

aria

na_

nea

csu@

anpca

.ro

mar

iana_

nea

csu@

hot-

mai

l.co

m

Nati

on

al

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

n

on

Pro

tect

ion

of

Ch

ild

ren

Prep

arin

g a

n N

PA o

n P

rote

ctio

n o

f Child

ren.

IOM

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tRep

ort

"Vuln

erab

ility

to t

raff

ic in H

um

an B

eings

of

Young

Fem

ale

Popula

tion in R

om

ania

".Ju

ly 2

001

Crist

ina

Gheo

rghe

Hea

d o

f O

ffic

ephone/

fax:

+40 1

231 3

179

+40 1

230 3

614

Cgheo

rghe@

iom

.int

iom

buca

rest

@io

m.int

Florin P

asnic

uPr

oje

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anag

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asnic

u@

iom

.int

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Bum

bulu

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um

bulu

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Ale

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Ram

ona

Sto

ica

rsto

ica@

iom

.net


and Activities


198
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

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Tim

efr

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eB

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rC

oo

pera

tin

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Part

ners

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lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

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nta

cts

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

d

pre

ven

tio

nN

atio

nal

pre

vention c

ampai

gn:

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nte

ers

at s

um

mer

cam

ps

for

tee

nag

ers

Incl

udin

g

traf

fick

ing in s

chool cu

rric

ulu

m;

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isse

min

atio

n o

f ed

uca

tional

pac

kages

(vi

deo

s w

ith t

es-

tim

onie

s an

d I

OM

dat

a on t

raff

icki

ng);

•D

isse

min

atio

n o

f in

form

atio

n m

ater

ials

: T-

shirts

, post

-er

s, b

adges

;•

Cam

pai

gn in m

edia

: TV,

rad

io a

nd p

ress

.Jo

int

pre

ss c

onfe

rence

with t

he

Anti-O

rgan

ised

Crim

e Squad

.

Sep

t/D

ec 2

001

USAID

3000.0

00

US$

Loca

l N

GO

s, M

E

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sD

irec

t as

sist

ance

to v

ictim

s ca

mpai

gn.

Ongoin

g, s

tart

ed

Dec

2000

Loca

l N

GO

s,M

I

Rein

teg

rati

on

ass

ista

nce

Ret

urn

and r

einte

gra

tion a

ssis

tance

, dev

elopin

g long t

erm

re

inte

gra

tion s

trat

egie

s.O

ngoin

g, s

tart

ed

Dec

2000

Loca

l N

GO

s,M

I

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

d

pre

ven

tio

nIn

form

atio

n c

ampai

gn f

or

the

med

ia,

conta

cts

with t

he

med

ia.

Round t

able

s w

ith loca

l m

edia

aro

und t

he

countr

y.

Feb 2

001 -

ongoin

gSum

mer

2001

Med

ia,

loca

l N

GO

s

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g f

or

loca

l N

GO

sSem

inar

for

loca

l N

GO

s in

Sin

aia.

Work

ing p

roce

dure

s fo

r N

GO

s fo

r pre

vention c

ampai

gns.

April 2001

Loca

l N

GO

s

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g f

or

NG

Os

Trai

nin

g f

or

NG

Os

work

ing o

n p

articu

lar

topic

s (a

ssis

tance

/su

pport

/rei

nte

gra

tion,

psy

cholo

gic

al a

sses

smen

t an

d t

reat

-m

ent

of

the

vict

ims)

.

Sep

t./O

ct2001

Loca

l N

GO

s

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g f

or

loca

l N

GO

sConfe

rence

with 2

4 N

GO

s In

ter-

agen

cy C

o-o

per

atio

n t

o

Fight

and P

reve

nt

Traf

fic

in W

om

en:

•Conso

lidat

ion o

f lo

cal N

GO

s;•

Str

ength

enin

g c

apac

ity

of

NG

Os;

•D

esig

nin

g t

rain

ing p

rogra

mm

es;

•Agre

eing o

n w

ork

ing p

roce

dure

s;•

Cre

atin

g N

GO

net

work

to s

upport

pre

vention c

ampai

gn.

13-1

5 J

uly

2001

Loca

l N

GO

s, M

I,

ML,

MYa

S,

MJ,

ME,

Agen

cy f

or

Child

Pr

ote

ctio

n,

Agen

cy

for

Em

plo

ymen

t an

d L

abour

Law

en

forc

em

en

t tr

ain

ing

Mee

ting f

or

law

enfo

rcem

ent

agen

cies

: “I

nte

r-Agen

cy

Cuper

tino in F

ighting t

raff

icki

ng in H

um

ans

in R

om

ania

”.M

ar 2

001

MI,

Bord

er P

olic

e,

Crim

e sq

uad



199
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

ICEF

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tRep

ort

“Tr

affick

ing in W

om

en a

nd C

hild

ren in S

outh

east

ern

Euro

pe.

An inve

nto

ry o

f Curr

ent

situ

atio

n a

nd R

esponse

s in

Rom

ania

, M

old

ova

and B

ulg

aria

”.

Sep

t 2001

OSCE

Kar

in H

uls

hof, A

rea

Rep

re-

senta

tive

Rom

ania

and

Mold

ova

23 O

lari S

tree

t70317 B

uch

ares

t 2

phone/

fax:

+40 1

252 7

733

+40 1

252 5

750

Mob:

+40 9

4 5

53 3

21

khuls

hof@

unic

ef.o

rg

OS

CE/

OD

IHR

Nati

on

al

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

nO

rgan

isat

ion o

f ro

und t

able

on t

raff

icki

ng.

Oct

2000

OSCE/

OD

IHR,

MJ,

IAs,

loca

l N

GO

s

Loca

l N

GO

sG

abriel

e REIT

ER,

Off

icer

in a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng

isues

, O

DIH

Rphone/

fax:

+

48 2

2 5

20 0

6 0

0

ext

4152

gab

riel

e@odih

r.osc

e.w

aw.p

lN

PA

, ca

paci

ty b

uil

din

g o

f lo

cal

NG

Os

Confe

rence

in S

inai

a.Tr

ainin

g o

n n

etw

ork

ing, polic

y an

d s

trat

egy

build

ing in p

rep-

arat

ion f

or

the

work

with t

he

gov

ernm

ent.

Apr

2001

Sin

aia

US f

unds

UN

AID

S –

Join

t U

nit

ed

Nati

on

s P

rog

ram

mes

on

HIV

/A

IDS

Tra

ffic

kin

g p

reven

tio

n,

cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g f

or

loca

l N

GO

s

Support

for

the

ARAS p

rogra

mm

e on H

IV/A

IDS p

reve

ntion

among s

ex w

ork

ers

in B

uch

ares

t.Sin

ce 1

999

ARAS

Eduar

d P

etre

scu

Countr

y Pr

ogra

mm

e Advi

sor

phone/

fax:

+40 1

211 8

855

+40 1

211 3

494

Eduar

d.p

etre

scu@

undp.

ro

UN

DP

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n,

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Reg

ional

pro

ject

to c

reat

e a

case

-bas

ed R

egio

nal

Anti-T

raf-

fick

ing L

aw E

nfo

rcem

ent

Man

ual

(to

des

crib

e to

loca

l polic

e in

the

SECI

countr

ies

how

thei

r co

unte

rpar

ts w

ork

).

2002

USAID

500.0

00

US$

USAID

, SECI

SECI,

MIs

, N

GO

sW

inst

on T

emple

UN

DP

Res

iden

t Rep

rese

nta

-tive

phone/

fax:

+40 1

211 8

8 5

5

211 3

4 9

4w

inst

on.t

emple

@undp.

org

Crist

ina

Bold

ur

Progra

mm

e Ass

ista

nt

Gov

er-

nan

cecr

istina.

bold

ur@

undp.

org


and Activities


200
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

SEC

I

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n,

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Est

ablis

hin

g the

Reg

ional

Tas

k Fo

rce

on T

raff

icki

ng in

Hum

an

Bei

ngs.

Ongoin

gM

Is a

nd loca

l polic

e fr

om

SECI

countr

ies

Ale

xandru

Ionas

, D

irec

tor

13 S

epte

mbrie,

No.

1-5

Pala

ce o

f Pa

rlia

men

t,

10

th f

loor, S

ecto

r 5

76117 B

uch

ares

tphone/

fax:

+40 1

303 6

011

+40 1

303 6

077

Mob:

+40 9

3 2

30 1

30

scda@

ines

.ro

iale

x@rd

snet

.ro

Fere

nc

Ban

fiD

irec

tor

of

OSD

phone/

fax:

401 3

03 6

010,

401 3

03 6

075

scda@

ines

.ro

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n,

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Reg

ional

mee

tings:

12-1

3 M

ar 2

001 S

kopje

, 9-1

0 J

uly

2001 T

essa

lonik

i.

Reg

ional

Law

Enfo

rcem

ent

cooper

atio

n a

nd s

trat

egie

s.

Ongoin

g

Vic

tim

s ass

ista

nce

, in

tern

ati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n a

nd

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Mem

ora

ndum

of

under

stan

din

g b

etw

een I

OM

Hea

dquar

ters

an

d S

ECI

Cen

tre.

Ear

ly 2

001

IOM

SECI,

NG

Os

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n,

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Join

t tr

ainin

g s

essi

on f

or

polic

e an

d N

GO

s.Sep

t 2001

IOM

SECI,

NG

Os

FED

ER

AL B

UR

EA

U O

F I

NV

ES

TIG

ATIO

N (

FB

I)

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n,

law

en

forc

em

en

t

Support

for

the

bord

er p

olic

e.Tr

ainin

g f

or

the

polic

e.O

ngoin

gSECI,

MI

Anib

al T

orr

es R

iver

aAm

eric

an E

mbas

syBuch

ares

tphone/

fax:

+ 4

0 1

231 3

179

+ 4

0 1

230 3

614

Mob:

+ 4

0 9

3 3

89 3

85

Torr

esRA@

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sy.r

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201
NO
N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

CEN

TR

E F

OR

LEG

AL R

ES

OU

RC

ES

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

t, l

eg

al

refo

rm

Prep

arin

g “

Impac

t Stu

die

s”

- co

mpar

ison o

f Rom

ania

n

and E

U leg

isla

tion in "

Just

ice

and H

om

e Aff

airs

" w

hic

h

incl

uded

tra

ffic

king in h

um

an b

eings.

Prep

arin

g t

wo a

nal

yses

reg

ardin

g t

raff

icki

ng in h

um

an

bei

ngs

in b

oth

Rom

ania

and Y

ugosl

avia

.Editin

g a

nd p

ublis

hin

g t

he

book

"Tra

ffic

king in h

um

an

bei

ngs

– t

raff

icki

ng in w

om

en a

nd c

hild

ren"-

Englis

h,

Rom

ania

n a

nd S

erbia

n v

ersi

on.

2001

NG

Os,

MFA

, M

I,

UN

DP,

US

Em

bas

sy,

USAID

.

Mad

alin

a M

arco

ciPr

ogra

mm

e Coord

inat

or

phone/

fax:

+40 1

335 2

814/1

5

3

35 0

809

mm

arco

ci@

crj.

ro

Leg

al

refo

rmO

rgan

isin

g a

nd t

akin

g p

art

in w

ork

ing g

roup o

n t

he

Bill

on t

he

Prev

ention a

nd C

om

bat

ing T

raff

icki

ng in H

um

an

Bei

ngs.

Sum

mer

2001

CoE

UN

DP,

UN

AID

S,

IOM

, U

NFP

A

Inte

rnati

on

al

coo

pera

tio

n a

nd

leg

al

refo

rm

Rom

ania

n -

Ser

bia

n D

emocr

acy

Coal

itio

n o

f org

anis

a-tions

in R

om

ania

and S

erbia

invo

lved

in c

ross

bord

er

co-o

per

atio

n.

Ongoin

gU

SAID

,Am

eric

an D

evel

-opm

ent

Fund,

50.0

00 U

S$

NG

Os,

MFA

, M

I,

UN

DP,

US

Em

bas

sy,

USAID

Inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n a

nd

leg

al

refo

rm

Reg

ional

Foru

m t

o d

iscu

ss p

hen

om

enon o

f tr

affick

ing

bet

wee

n R

om

ania

and S

erbia

, 21/2

3 J

une

2001,

Buch

ares

t:•

Pres

enting t

he

new

anti-t

raff

icki

ng law

initia

tive

;•

Est

ablis

hin

g inte

r-m

inis

terial

exp

ert

gro

up (

MJ,

MI,

M

L, C

LR t

o w

ork

on t

he

dra

ft).

Prep

arin

g d

raft

Bill

on P

reve

ntion a

nd C

om

bat

ing T

raf-

fick

ing in H

um

an B

eings.

Until th

e en

d o

f 2001


and Activities


202
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

NETW

OR

K O

F L

OC

AL N

GO

s

Nati

on

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Pla

n o

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ctio

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nat

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Ver

sion o

f N

PA p

repar

ed b

y th

e co

alitio

n o

f N

GO

s w

ork

ing o

n t

he

issu

e of

traf

fick

ing.

Mar

2001

Rea

chin

g O

ut,

Ian

a M

atei

reac

hin

goutr

om

@ya

hoo.

com

SEF,

Din

a Lo

ghin

din

a@se

f.ro

Art

emis

, Sorina

Bum

bulu

tar

tem

is@

mai

l.dntc

j.ro

ARCA,

Christ

ian L

azar

arca

frrm

@fx

.ro

Nati

on

al

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

nM

eeting w

ith t

he

Hea

d o

f th

e Sta

bili

ty P

act

Task

Forc

e on T

raff

icki

ng.

Plan

s fo

r as

sist

ance

to v

ictim

s an

d p

reve

ntion a

ctio

ns.

22 M

ay 2

001

SCO

P, A

lina

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scopro

@m

ail.dntt

m.r

oPh

oen

ix C

aritia

, Li

a Po

rfir

phoen

ix@

impro

mex

.ro

dal

soci

al@

yahoo.

com

Pro F

amili

a, D

oin

a M

onda

afip

rofa

mili

a@ly

rcos.

com

afib

n@

usa

.net

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sShel

ters

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns

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isoar

a, P

ites

ti,

Con-

stan

ta).

Ongoin

gSoro

s Fo

undat

ion

Rein

teg

rati

on

of

traff

icked

pers

on

sRei

nte

gra

tion p

rogra

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es (

trai

nin

g,

schoolin

g,

job

trai

nin

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undat

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Ass

ista

nce

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rein

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ista

nce

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traf

fick

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gra

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203
Pro
ject

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ctiv

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cus

of

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ivit

ies

Tim

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oo

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tin

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ners

Imp

lem

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g

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ners

Co

nta

cts

Th

e R

om

an

ian

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oci

ati

on

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ain

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RA

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ven

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are

ness

H

IV/A

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reve

ntion p

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e am

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uln

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ups.

H

ealth p

reve

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or

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mer

cial

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work

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ni-

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142

aras

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Fu

nd

ati

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an

se E

gale

pen

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ei (S

EF)

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

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gSem

inar

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inin

g “

Net

work

of

GO

s an

d N

GO

s w

ork

ing

on t

raff

icki

ng in H

um

an B

eings”

:•

Build

ing n

etw

ork

of

co-o

per

atio

n;

•Jo

int

mee

tings

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onsu

ltat

ions.

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tionnai

re t

o b

e se

nt

to loca

l ad

min

istr

atio

n,

dec

en-

tral

ised

ser

vice

s an

d a

gen

cies

.

1999

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ollo

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pO

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00 U

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l N

GO

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arii

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. 3,

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asi

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I W

om

en

Pro

gra

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Rese

arc

h a

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ass

ess

men

tPr

oje

ct "

Theo

retica

l and E

mpiric

al M

odel

s on T

raff

icki

ng

in H

um

an B

eings"

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ey o

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ised

crim

e, n

atio

nal

mig

ration s

urv

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vict

im a

sses

smen

t, d

evel

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g p

reve

ntion p

rogra

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e.

Not

yet

star

ted

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Can

adia

n

Inte

rnat

ional

D

evel

opm

ent

Agen

cy,

USAID

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ot

funded

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Loca

l N

GO

sRox

ana

Tesi

u,

Progra

mm

e D

irec

tor,

155 C

alea

Vic

toriei

, bl. D

1sc

. 6,

et.

2,

71102

Buch

ares

tphone/

fax:

+ 4

0 1

212 5

430/1

3

12 7

052

+ 4

0 1

312 7

053

rtes

iu@

buc.

osf

.ro


and Activities


204
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

NETW

OR

K O

F L

OC

AL N

GO

s

Pre

ven

tio

n,

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

, ass

ista

nce

to

tra

ffic

ked

pers

on

s

FAM

NET c

oal

itio

n o

f 13 lo

cal N

GO

s w

ork

ing o

n t

he

issu

e of

traf

fick

ing:

•Pr

even

tion c

ampai

gn.

•H

otlin

e fo

r th

e vi

ctim

s of

traf

fick

ing.

Web

sid

e fo

r th

e in

volv

ed o

rgan

isat

ions.

Plan

ned

USAID

20.0

00 U

S$

Rea

chin

g O

ut,

Ioan

a M

atei

reac

hin

goutr

om

@ya

hoo.

com

SEF,

Din

a Lo

ghin

din

a@se

f.ro

SCO

P, A

lina

Hugel

scopro

@m

ail.dntt

m.r

o

BulgariaList of Projects and Activities


205
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N B

ULG

AR

IA1

72

1

72

GO

VER

NM

EN

T

172.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

ABA,

Am

eric

an B

ar A

ssoci

atio

n;

IA,

Inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy;

ME,

Min

istr

y of

Educa

tion;

MFA

, M

inis

try

of

Fore

ign A

ffai

rs;

MH

, M

inis

try

of

Hea

lth;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

the

Inte

rior;

M

J, M

inis

try

of

Just

ice;

MLS

P, M

inis

try

of

Labour

and S

oci

al P

rote

ctio

n;

NACP,

Nat

ional

Agen

cy f

or

Child

Pro

tect

ion.

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F I

NTER

IOR

Law

en

forc

em

en

tEst

ablis

hm

ent

of

an inte

r-ag

ency

Tas

k Fo

rce

to C

om

bat

H

um

an T

raff

icki

ng.

June

2001

Ongoin

gSECI

MI,

Nat

ional

Po

lice,

Nat

ional

Bord

er P

olic

e.

MJ,

Pro

secu

tors

Anel

ia I

vantc

hev

a In

tern

atio

nal

Cooper

atio

n

Direc

tora

teD

eputy

Direc

tor

phone/

fax:

+

359 2

9824157

+ 3

59 2

9885240

sms-

in@

mvr

.bg

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n

Est

ablis

hin

g o

f th

e N

atio

nal

Tas

k Fo

rce

on T

raff

icki

ng t

o c

o-

ord

inat

e an

d s

har

e in

form

atio

n o

n law

enfo

rcem

ent

effo

rts

regio

nal

ly t

hro

ugh S

ECI.

June

2001

Ongoin

gN

/aM

I, N

atio

nal

Po

lice,

Nat

ional

Bord

er P

olic

e,SECI

MJ,

Pro

secu

tors

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

inte

r-ag

en

cy

co-o

pera

tio

n

Dra

ft o

f th

e M

emor

andum

of U

nder

stan

din

g b

etw

een g

ov-

ernm

enta

l bod

ies

to c

reat

e an

inte

r-m

inis

terial

wor

king

gro

up (

also

for

mem

ber

s of

the

pro

secu

tor’s

office

, cu

stom

s,

tax

adm

inis

trat

ion)

focu

sed o

n t

he

tact

ical

and o

per

atio

nal

as

pec

ts o

f in

vest

igat

ing t

he

finan

cial

sid

e of

tra

ffic

king.

Will

be

signed

bef

ore

the

end o

f 2001

N/a

MI,

MJ,

MLS

P,

MFA

, N

atio

nal

Po

lice,

Nat

ional

Bord

er P

olic

e

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F T

HE I

NTER

IOR

WIT

H T

HE N

ATIO

NA

L S

ER

VIC

E A

GA

INS

T O

RG

AN

ISED

CR

IME

Law

en

forc

em

en

tD

ivis

ion o

f O

rgan

ised

Crim

e es

tablis

hed

in 1

997. D

eals

with

illeg

al m

igra

tion

, tr

ade

in lab

our

forc

e an

d t

raffic

king in

hum

an b

eings.

28 u

nits

all ov

er t

he

countr

y dea

l w

ith

organ

ised

crim

e. 4

0 p

olic

e of

fice

rs w

ork

on t

he

issu

e of

traf

fick

ing.

Traf

fick

ing

sect

ion s

et u

p in

1999

MI,

Nat

ional

Po

lice,

Nat

ional

Bord

er P

olic

e,

SECI

Pete

r Vla

dim

irov

H

ead o

f D

ivis

ion o

f O

rgan

ised

Crim

ephone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

68 7

4 9

2+

359 2

9861139

BulgariaList of Projects

and Activities


206
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n

FBI

advi

sor

for

1 y

ear

as a

dvi

sor

to t

he

Task

Forc

e:

•To

est

ablis

h a

Nat

ional

Tas

k Fo

rce

on T

raff

icki

ng;

•To

work

with U

S D

ept.

of

Just

ice

Res

iden

t Le

gal

Advi

-so

r;•

To c

o-o

rdin

ate

and s

har

e in

form

atio

n o

n law

enfo

rce-

men

t w

ith S

ECI.

May

2001-

Oct

2002

MI,

SECI,

FBI

US D

epar

tmen

t of

Just

ice,

MJ,

Pro

se-

cuto

rs

Lt.

Plam

en P

etro

v,

Hea

d I

llici

t Tr

affick

ing o

f H

um

an B

eings

Lyubom

ir G

ledzh

arsk

i,

Inte

rnat

ional

Cooper

atio

n a

nd

Liai

sons

Sec

tion

nsb

op@

mvr

.bg

Law

en

forc

em

en

tCen

tre

for

com

bat

ing t

raff

icki

ng in h

um

an b

eings.

Nov

2001

MI

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F I

NTER

IOR

AN

D N

ATIO

NA

L B

OR

DER

PO

LIC

E

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n

Bila

tera

l co

-oper

atio

n w

ith t

he

bord

er p

olic

e of

nei

ghbour-

ing c

ountr

ies:

•Rom

ania

;•

Mac

edonia

;•

Gre

ece.

Sin

ce 1

999

Sin

ce 2

000

Lt.

Plam

en P

etro

v,

Hea

d I

llici

t Tr

affick

ing o

f H

um

an B

eings

Lyubom

ir G

ledzh

arsk

i,

Inte

rnat

ional

Cooper

atio

n a

nd

Liai

sons

Sec

tion

nsb

op@

mvr

.bg

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n

Cooper

atio

n w

ith S

ECI

and R

egio

nal

Tas

k Fo

rce

on T

raff

ick-

ing:

•O

per

atio

nal

co-o

per

atio

n;

•Exc

han

ge

of

info

rmat

ion;

•Pr

even

tion a

nd e

radic

atio

n s

trat

egie

s.

Sin

ce 2

001

SECI

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F J

US

TIC

E

Leg

al

refo

rmN

ew a

rtic

le o

f th

e Pe

nal

Code

(280a)

on t

he

traf

fick

ing p

re-

par

ed a

nd s

ent

to t

he

Parlia

men

t (w

ent

thro

ugh t

he

firs

t re

adin

g b

efore

the

chan

ge

of

the

gov

ernm

ent)

.

Nov

2000

Ongoin

gM

J, M

I, A

BA,

US

Dep

t. o

f Ju

stic

eAnto

nia

Bal

kansk

a,

Chie

f In

spec

tor

phone:

+ 3

59 2

9870709

Mob.

+

359 8

8 7

68462

anto

nia

sb@

hotm

ail.co

m

Julia

Mitev

a phone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

9332295

o

r

9877583

+ 3

59 2

9809223



207
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Leg

al

refo

rmW

ork

ing g

roup w

ithin

the

Min

istr

y es

tablis

hed

to w

ork

on

the

new

Pen

al C

ode

and a

men

dm

ents

to t

he

Penal

Pro

ce-

dure

Code.

Sta

rted

in

Mar

2000,

ongo-

ing

US D

ept.

of

Jus-

tice

Leg

al

refo

rm F

orm

al inte

r-M

inis

terial

Work

ing G

roup d

raft

ing a

nti-t

raf-

fick

ing law

follo

win

g t

he

UN

Pro

toco

l, t

hat

will

pro

vide

tem

-pora

ry s

upport

and r

einte

gra

tion p

rogra

mm

es for

traf

fick

ed

per

sons

and w

ill e

stab

lish a

Com

mis

sion t

o o

vers

ee p

olic

y an

d c

o-o

rdin

atio

n a

ctiv

itie

s on tra

ffic

king in

hum

an b

eings.

The

sam

e body

will

dra

ft a

Nat

ional

Pla

n o

f Act

ion.

Ord

er fro

m

Dep

uty

Min

iste

r of

Just

ice:

15 J

une

2001

Ongoi

ng.

Dra

ft t

o be

com

ple

ted b

y Apr

2002.

USD

OJ

MJ,

MI,

MFA

, M

LSP,

Bord

er

Polic

e,

US D

ept.

of

Jus-

tice

, IO

M,

ABA,

loca

l N

GO

s

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F H

EA

LTH

Rese

arc

h a

nd

pre

ven

tio

nRep

ort

on M

obile

Popula

tions

(incl

udin

g s

ex w

ork

ers)

.2000

Dr

Tonka

Var

leva

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

for

AID

S

and S

TD

sphone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

9815725

+ 3

59 2

9301243

Tvar

leva

@as

ter.net

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

gH

ealth e

duca

tion in s

chools

to incl

ude

info

rmat

ion o

n t

raf-

fick

ing.

Plan

ned

ME

Nin

a G

atch

eva

Mem

ber

of

Nat

ional

HIV

/AID

S

Com

mitte

ephone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

9815725

+ 3

59 2

9301243

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

gN

atio

nal

Str

ateg

y on P

reve

ntion a

nd C

ontr

ol of

HIV

/AID

S

(incl

udes

sex

work

ers

as o

ne

of

the

vuln

erab

le g

roups

and

spec

ial ac

tivi

ties

for

this

gro

up).

Sta

rted

in

Feb 2

001,

acce

pte

d in

Apr

2001,

does

not

work

ye

t

Prep

ared

in

co-o

per

atio

n w

ith

MH

, M

E,

MI,

Sta

te A

gen

cy f

or

Child

ren a

nd

Youth


and Activities


208
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F E

DU

CA

TIO

N

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Co-o

per

atio

n w

ith I

OM

on t

hei

r pre

vention a

nd info

rmat

ion

cam

pai

gn.

1999/2

000

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Co-o

per

atio

n w

ith I

OM

on t

hei

r pre

vention c

ampai

gn in

hig

h s

chools

.M

ar 2

001 –

Mar

2002

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Co-o

per

atio

n w

ith t

he

Min

istr

y of H

ealth o

n t

hei

r H

IV/A

IDS

pre

vention c

ampai

gn.

Plan

ned



209

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

IOM

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pr

even

tion c

ampai

gn in

hig

h s

chools

for

teen

ager

s 12/1

8

(pilo

t pro

ject

):•

Two s

emin

ars

for

par

tner

s, e

xper

ts a

nd f

utu

re

trai

ner

s;•

Dev

elopin

g e

duca

tional

model

, ca

mpai

gn m

ater

ials

, m

anual

for

teac

her

s;•

Trai

nin

g f

or

trai

ner

s – t

each

ers,

polic

e off

icer

s,

studen

ts.

Mar

2001

Mar

2002

US G

over

n-

men

tM

E,

MI,

Cen

tral

Com

mitte

e fo

r Com

bat

ing C

hild

D

elin

quen

cy;

NACP;

NG

Os

Ilia

na

Der

ilova

-Sto

ykov

a H

ead o

f O

ffic

e, I

OM

phone/

fax:

+359 2

981 6

365/8

376

+359 2

9816741

mob:

+359 8

8716832

iom

sofia@

iom

.int

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pr

even

tion a

nd info

rmat

ion c

ampai

gn f

or

the

gen

eral

public

.D

ec 1

999 u

ntil

Dec

2000.

MI,

MFA

, M

E,

MH

, M

J, M

LSP,

NG

Os

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sAss

iste

d r

eturn

to B

ulg

aria

:•

Saf

e tr

ansp

ort

atio

n a

ssis

tance

;•

Arr

ival

ass

ista

nce

;•

Docu

men

ts p

rocu

rem

ent.

Finan

cial

support

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns.

Ongoin

gCen

tral

Com

mit-

tee

for

Com

bat

ing

Child

Del

in-

quen

cy;

NACP;

N

GO

s

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sShel

ter

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns.

Will

be

esta

b-

lished

bef

ore

th

e en

d o

f 2001

The

sam

e as

ab

ove


and Activities


210
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Rein

teg

rati

on

of

traff

icked

pers

on

sRei

nte

gra

tion o

f tr

affick

ed p

erso

ns:

•In

tegra

tion p

rogra

mm

es;

•H

ealth s

ervi

ces;

•Tr

ainin

g c

ours

es;

•Saf

e ac

com

modat

ion;

•Fi

nan

cial

support

;•

Phys

ical

pro

tect

ion.

Ongoin

gThe

sam

e as

ab

ove

and M

LSP,

lo

cal Soci

al-c

are

and h

ealth c

are

serv

ices

.

US

EM

BA

SS

Y,

US

DEP

AR

TM

EN

T O

F J

US

TIC

E

Leg

al

refo

rmConfe

rence

on T

raff

icki

ng in H

um

an B

eings:

support

for

dra

ftin

g n

ew leg

isla

tion o

n t

raff

icki

ng a

nd v

ic-

tim

pro

tect

ion.

Autu

mn 2

001

ABA,

MJ,

MI,

polic

e, p

rose

cu-

tors

, bord

er p

olic

e,

IOM

, N

GO

s

Kar

en K

ram

er

Res

iden

t Le

gal

Advi

ser

U.S

. D

ept.

of

Just

ice

phone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

9522086,

+ 3

59 2

9375206

+ 3

59 2

9501091

kkra

mer

@usd

ojs

ofia.

com

Leg

al

refo

rm a

nd

in

tern

ati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n

Two m

eetings

on c

om

bat

ing t

raff

icki

ng in h

um

an b

eings.

Confe

rence

for

repre

senta

tive

s of

min

istr

ies

and s

tate

dep

artm

ents

dea

ling w

ith t

raff

icki

ng f

rom

Bulg

aria

and

Pola

nd.

Sec

ond m

eeting (

Bis

tric

a, B

ulg

aria

) co

ncl

uded

by

agre

e-in

g b

asic

poin

ts f

or

the

new

anti-t

raff

icki

ng leg

isla

tion

and w

ith t

he

crea

tion o

f in

form

al w

ork

ing g

roup.

War

saw

, Sum

-m

er 2

000

Nov

2000

ABA,

MJ,

MI,

MPs

, polic

e, p

rose

cu-

tors

, bord

er p

olic

e,

IOM

, N

GO

s – H

els-

inki

Com

mitte

e,

Anim

us.

Leg

al

refo

rmFa

cilit

atin

g a

nd s

upport

ing e

stab

lishm

ent

of a

Task

Forc

e to

com

bat

hum

an t

raff

icki

ng.

Support

for

refo

rm o

f th

e pen

al a

nd p

enal

pro

cedure

co

des

and f

or

the

work

ing g

roup d

raft

ing a

new

anti-t

raf-

fick

ing law

focu

sed o

n v

ictim

support

and r

einte

gra

tion.

Ongoin

g

Exch

an

ge o

f in

form

ati

on

, C

ap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g o

f lo

cal

NG

Os

Host

s N

GO

and d

onor

info

rmat

ion s

har

ing a

nd

co-o

rdi-

nat

ion m

eetings.

Ongoin

g



211

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

AM

ER

ICA

N B

AR

AS

SO

CIA

TIO

N –

CEN

TR

AL E

AS

T E

UR

OP

EA

N L

AW

IN

ITIA

TIV

E

Leg

al

refo

rm,

inte

rnati

on

al

co-o

pera

tio

n a

nd

NG

Os

cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g

Est

ablis

hed

an info

rmal

work

ing g

roup t

o w

ork

with

NG

Os.

Part

icip

atio

n in B

ulg

aria

n/P

olis

h c

onfe

rence

s on t

raff

ick-

ing in B

istr

ica.

Oct

2000

Nov

2000

US D

ept.

of

Jus-

tice

, U

S E

mbas

sy,

MJ,

M

I, I

OM

.

Car

ol Kel

ley

Liai

son O

ffic

erphone:

+359 2

9808084

9811312

Car

ol@

aba-

bg.o

rg

AN

IMU

S A

SS

OC

IATIO

N/

LA

STR

AD

A-B

ULG

AR

IA

Nati

on

al

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

n,

inte

r-ag

en

cy c

o-

op

era

tio

n

Inte

r-in

stitutional

Round T

able

.D

iscu

ssio

n,

colle

ctin

g d

ata

and m

akin

g p

roposa

ls f

or

the

NPA

agai

nst

Tra

ffic

king.

Work

on t

he

dra

ft N

PA.

Nov

2000

Autu

mn 2

001

From

the

La

Str

ada

budget

(1

44,2

57

ECU

), M

ATRA

and o

ther

s

MI,

MJ,

ME,

MH

, N

atio

nal

Polic

e,

Bord

er P

olic

e,

Nat

ional

Ser

vice

ag

ainst

Org

an-

ised

Crim

e

La S

trad

a net

work

–Po

land U

krai

ne

Cze

ch R

.The

Net

her

lands

Nad

ia K

ozh

ouhar

ova

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

Sla

vyan

ska

str. 3

0,

Sofia

1000

phone/

fax:

+359 2

981 6

7 4

0an

imus@

ttm

.bg

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

In

form

atio

n a

nd p

reve

ntion c

ampai

gn.

Trai

nin

g f

or

loca

l an

d f

ore

ign N

GO

s, law

enfo

rcem

ent

agen

cies

, so

cial

work

ers

and law

yers

.

Ongoin

g

Ongoin

g

From

the

La

Str

ada

budget

(1

44,2

57

ECU

),M

ATRA a

nd

oth

ers

In c

o-o

per

atio

n

with I

OM

, M

I,

ME,

MH

.

La S

trad

a net

work

in Po

land U

krai

ne

Cze

ch R

epublic

, N

ether

lands

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sAss

ista

nce

and s

upport

for

retu

rnin

g t

raff

icke

d p

erso

ns:

•Arr

ival

ass

ista

nce

;•

Saf

e sh

elte

r.

Ongoin

gIn

tern

atio

nal

net

-w

ork

s of

NG

Os

pro

-vi

din

g h

elp a

nd

support

to v

ictim

s


and Activities


212
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sCrisi

s Counse

lling a

nd S

oci

al R

ehab

ilita

tion

Core

pro

gra

mm

es:

•hel

plin

e fo

r th

e vi

ctim

s of

viole

nce

and t

raff

icki

ng;

•cr

isis

unit;

•so

cial

pro

gra

mm

e;•

psy

cho-t

her

apeu

tic

pro

gra

mm

e.D

irec

t as

sist

ance

to t

raff

icke

d p

erso

ns

and r

einte

gra

tion

pro

gra

mm

e.

Final

pro

-gra

mm

e st

arte

d

in

Sep

t 2000 a

nd

will

go o

n u

ntil

Sep

t 2001

233.0

00

ECU

Nov

ib

In c

o-o

per

atio

n

with I

OM

, M

I,

ME, M

H. N

atio

nal

net

work

s of

NG

Os

pro

vidin

g

hel

p a

nd s

upport

to

vic

tim

s

Inte

rnat

ional

net

-w

ork

s of

NG

Os

pro

-vi

din

g h

elp a

nd

support

to v

ictim

s

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g o

f lo

cal

NG

Os

Trai

nin

g f

or

loca

l an

d f

ore

ign N

GO

s, law

enfo

rcem

ent

agen

cies

, so

cial

work

ers

and law

yers

Tran

sfer

of

model

of

work

with s

urv

ivors

Ongoin

gN

OVIB

in

co-o

per

atio

n w

ith

IOM

, M

I, M

E, M

H,

NG

Os

BU

LG

AR

IAN

GEN

DER

RES

EA

RC

H F

OU

ND

ATIO

N

Leg

al

refo

rmPu

blis

hin

g a

leg

al m

agaz

ine

focu

sed o

n t

he

issu

e of

traf

-fick

ing.

Sep

t 2001

Gen

ovev

a Tis

chev

a Exe

cutive

Direc

tor

phone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

9808801

+359 2

989 7

308

tish

ev@

sf.icn

.bg

Leg

al

refo

rm,

train

ing

, ca

paci

ty b

uil

din

gCounse

l an

d leg

al a

id f

or

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns:

•Pr

epar

ing law

yers

to w

ork

with c

ases

of

traf

fick

ing;

•Le

arnin

g

spec

ific

way

s to

work

with t

raff

icke

d

per

sons;

•Pr

ote

ctio

n o

f vi

ctim

s an

d o

f th

eir

hum

an r

ights

;•

Off

erin

g leg

al s

ervi

ces

to s

hel

ters

.

Plan

ned

HEA

LTH

AN

D S

OC

IAL E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T F

OU

ND

ATIO

N

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

gO

utr

each

work

with p

rost

itute

s in

Sofia

and a

t G

reek

bord

er (

in P

etritc

h).

Progra

mm

e fo

cuse

s on h

ealth p

reve

ntion a

nd h

arm

re

duct

ion (

STI

and H

IV t

ests

, vi

sits

to g

ynae

colo

gis

ts a

nd

vener

olo

gis

ts,

dis

trib

ution o

f pill

s, lubrica

nts

and c

on-

dom

s, n

eedle

s an

d s

yrin

ges

for

inje

ctin

g d

rug u

sers

).

Ongoin

gO

SI,

Har

m R

educt

ion

Progra

mm

e,

Euro

pea

n

Com

mis

sion

Ele

na

Kab

akch

ieva

Open

Soci

ety

Inst

itute

Inte

rna-

tional

Har

m R

educt

ion D

evel

op-

men

t, O

SI/

IHRD

Com

mer

cial

Sex

W

ork

er I

nitia

tive

– P

roje

ct c

on-

tact

phone/

fax:

+359 2

951 8

108,

+359 2

953 3

455

hpai

ds@

bgnet

.bg



213
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

BU

LG

AR

IAN

HELS

INK

I C

OM

MIT

TEE

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

gIn

form

atio

n p

roje

ct f

or

mig

rants

com

ing t

o B

ulg

aria

, as

y-lu

m s

eeke

rs a

nd B

ulg

aria

ns

leav

ing t

he

countr

y.M

ater

ials

will

incl

ude

info

rmat

ion o

n t

raff

icki

ng a

nd

org

anis

atio

ns

pro

vidin

g h

elp a

nd info

.

Jan 2

002 -

Jan

2003

Dr.Ta

nia

Mar

inch

eshka

phone:

+359 2

9802049

9813318

trey

tan26@

hotm

ail.co

mper

egrine@

aste

r.net

NA

TIO

NA

L A

GEN

CY

FO

R C

HIL

D P

RO

TEC

TIO

N

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f tr

aff

ickin

gAdopting t

he

Law

on C

hild

Abuse

and R

ights

, in

cludin

g

anti-t

raff

icki

ng p

rovi

sions.

Apr

2001

ME

OR

GA

NIS

ATIO

N O

F P

OLIC

E W

OM

EN

IN

BU

LG

AR

IA

Law

en

forc

em

en

t,

co-o

pera

tio

n b

etw

een

N

GO

s an

d p

oli

ce

Trai

nin

g f

or

the

Polic

e on t

he

issu

e of

mis

sing a

nd k

id-

nap

ped

peo

ple

. O

rgan

ised

in D

oln

a Ban

ia.

Apr

2001

Col.Te

men

uzk

a Zhel

yazk

ova

Chai

r phone/

fax:

+ 3

59 2

9824948

9833940

+ 3

59 2

9822233

9877995

enp@

net

bg.c

om

Law

en

forc

em

en

t,

co-o

pera

tio

n b

etw

een

N

GO

s an

d p

oli

ce

Trai

nin

g f

or

polic

e, s

oci

al w

ork

ers,

NG

Os

about

child

ab

use

.Ju

ne

2001

La S

trad

a

Law

en

forc

em

en

t,

co-o

pera

tio

n b

etw

een

N

GO

s an

d p

oli

ce

Support

for

NG

Os

in c

onta

cts

with t

he

polic

e, t

raci

ng

mis

sing p

erso

ns.

Ongoin

gO

ther

NG

Os




214
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N B

OS

NIA

AN

D H

ER

ZEG

OV

INA

17

3 1

73

GO

VER

NM

EN

T

173.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA,

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy;

FBiH

, Fe

der

atio

n o

f BiH

; IP

TF,

Inte

rnat

ional

Polic

e Ta

sk F

orc

e; M

H,

Min

istr

y of

Hea

lth;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

the

Inte

rior;

MS,

Min

istr

y of

Soci

al

Aff

airs

; RS,

Rep

ublik

a Srp

ska;

UN

MIB

H,

UN

Mis

sion t

o B

iH.

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

D

on

or

Co

-op

era

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F E

UR

OP

EA

N I

NTEG

RA

TIO

N A

ND

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F H

UM

AN

RIG

HTS

Nati

on

al

wo

rkin

g g

rou

p

on

tra

ffic

kin

g

Nati

on

al P

lan

of

Act

ion

to

co

mb

at

traff

ickin

g

Iden

tify

priorities

and c

o-o

rdin

ate

activi

ties

am

ong g

over

n-

men

t, inte

rnat

ional

org

anis

atio

ns

and N

GO

s.

Dev

elop c

om

pre

hen

sive

NPA

to c

om

bat

tra

ffic

king.

Ongoin

g s

ince

D

ec 2

000

N/a

No e

xter

nal

fu

ndin

g

Var

ious

Min

istr

ies

from

RS a

nd F

BiH

, IA

s N

GO

s

Dr. K

adrija

Sab

ic-H

arac

ic,

Dep

uty

Min

iste

r, M

inis

try

for

Hum

an R

ights

and R

efugee

sphone/

fax:

+387 3

3 4

45 1

22

Am

ela

Alih

odzi

cD

eputy

Min

iste

r, M

inis

try

of

Euro

pea

n I

nte

gra

tion

Zora

Mar

janov

ic

Gov

ernm

enta

l co

-ord

inat

or

Sh

elt

er

for

traff

icked

p

ers

on

sBuild

ing o

f sh

elte

r fo

r tr

affick

ed p

erso

ns,

pro

visi

on o

f m

ed-

ical

and o

ther

ass

ista

nce

.As

soon a

s fu

nds

are

secu

red

400,0

00U

S$

Not

yet

funded

UN

HCH

R, U

NM

IHB,

IOM

, N

GO

s, I

CM

CShel

ter

to b

e ru

n b

y th

e gov

ernm

ent;

ICM

C

MIN

ISTR

IES

OF T

HE I

NTER

IOR

(FB

iH A

ND

RS

)

SEC

IBiH

has

sig

ned

the

Agre

emen

t on C

o-o

per

atio

n t

o P

reve

nt

and C

om

bat

Tra

ns-

bord

er C

rim

e.26 M

ay 1

999

Dr. M

laden

Milo

savl

jevi

c FB

iHM

ehm

eda

Spah

e 7,

Sar

ajev

ophone/

fax:

+

387 3

3 6

64 9

04

+ 3

87 3

3 4

72 9

76

e-m

ail:

mm

laden

@bih

.net

.ba

Vic

tim

ass

ista

nce

Prov

isio

n o

f 24 h

our

secu

rity

for

IOM

shel

ters

Ongoin

g S

ince

1999

N/a

IOM

FBiH

NO

I an

d L

oca

l polic

eZora

n D

uvn

jak,

RS

Jug B

ogdan

a 108,

Ban

ja

Luka

, RS

phone/

fax:

+

387 5

1 3

31 1

16

+ 3

87 5

1 3

31 2

06

Bosnia and HerzegovinaList of Projects and Activities


215

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

MIS

SIO

N I

N B

OS

NIA

AN

D H

ER

ZEG

OV

INA

(U

NM

IBH

)

Law

en

forc

em

en

tEst

ablis

hin

g S

pec

ial Tr

affick

ing O

per

atio

ns

Progra

mm

e unit (

STO

P) in I

PTF.

Co-o

per

atio

n w

ith loca

l polic

e in

bar

rai

ds.

Trai

nin

g f

or

IPTF

per

sonnel

.

Trai

nin

g f

or

Sta

te B

ord

er S

ervi

ce.

July

2001

Ongoin

g

N/a

MIs

, lo

cal polic

e,

UN

HCH

R

UN

HCH

R

IPTF,

loca

l polic

e

UN

HCH

R

STO

P Te

am,

UN

H-

CH

R

Cec

iliah

Lav

arer

eAle

ja B

osn

e sr

ebre

ne

121,

71000 S

araj

evo

PTT S

witch

boar

d

phone:

+

387 3

3-4

96 0

00

V-S

AT s

witch

boar

d:

+

387 3

3 1

55

6000

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Code

of

conduct

for

inte

rnat

ional

work

ers

and

pea

ceke

eper

s.N

/aU

NH

CH

RIP

TF,

inte

rnat

ional

w

ork

ers

UN

OFFIC

E O

F T

HE H

IGH

CO

MM

ISS

ION

ER

FO

R H

UM

AN

RIG

HTS

(U

NH

CH

R)

Ad

vo

cacy

, faci

lita

tio

n a

nd

exp

ert

ad

vic

e o

n i

ssu

es,

p

roce

du

res

rela

ted

to

tr

aff

ickin

g i

n h

um

an

b

ein

gs.

Advo

cacy

and e

xper

t ad

vice

to g

over

nm

ent,

inte

rnat

ional

org

anis

atio

ns

and N

GO

s.

Thro

ugh c

olla

bora

tion a

nd f

acil-

itat

ion,

ensu

re p

rote

ctio

n a

nd a

ssis

tance

for

traf

fick

ed

per

sons.

Ongoin

gN

/a

Act

ivitie

s fu

nded

th

rough

UN

HCH

R

pro

gra

mm

eFu

nds

Donors

to

UN

HCH

R in

BiH

incl

ude

Sw

eden

IOM

, IP

FT,

UN

MIB

HN

/aIm

ple

men

ted b

y U

NH

CH

R

Mad

elei

ne

Ree

s,H

ead o

f O

ffic

eU

N H

ouse

, Ale

ja B

osn

e sr

ebre

ne

bb,

Ned

zarici

, 71000 S

araj

evo

phone/

fax:

+

387 3

3 4

96 4

02

+ 3

87 3

3 4

96 4

38

rees

m@

un.o

rg

Revie

w o

f le

gis

lati

on

re

late

d t

o t

raff

ickin

g.

•D

evel

opin

g a

witnes

s su

pport

pro

gra

mm

e•

Incl

udin

g t

raff

icki

ng into

crim

inal

code

(dra

ft leg

isla

-tion f

or

RS o

n t

raff

icki

ng s

ubm

itte

d t

o O

HR)

IHRLG

UN

HC

HR

/U

NM

IBH

jo

int

coll

ab

ora

tio

n o

n

traff

ickin

g

Monitoring a

nd h

um

an r

ights

tra

inin

g f

or

IPTF

and loca

l polic

e.IP

TF

and loca

l polic

e




216
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Tra

inin

g f

or

jud

ges,

p

oli

ce a

nd

pro

secu

tors

.Tr

ainin

g f

or

judges

, polic

e an

d p

rose

cuto

rs.

CoE,

ABA C

EELI

STO

P –

UN

Sp

eci

al

Tra

ffic

kin

g O

pera

tio

ns

Pro

gra

mm

e

Monitoring o

f ra

ids

and a

rres

ts.

Launch

ed J

uly

2001

Loca

l polic

e, I

OM

, O

HCH

RIP

TF

Info

rmati

on

co

llect

ion

an

d d

ata

base

on

tr

aff

icked

pers

on

s in

BiH

UN

MIB

H h

um

an r

ights

off

icer

s in

terv

iew

tra

ffic

ked w

om

en

with I

PTF/

Hum

an R

ights

.

Det

erm

ine

who is

traf

fick

ed a

nd w

ho is

not.

Hum

an R

ights

D

epar

tmen

t of

UM

IBH

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

N O

F M

IGR

ATIO

N (

IOM

)

Aw

are

ness

rais

ing

ca

mp

aig

nG

ener

al a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g –

BiH

nat

ionw

ide.

Aug 2

000-M

ar

2001

IAs,

NG

Os

Proje

ct im

ple

-m

ente

d b

y IO

M

direc

tly

Nid

ia C

asat

i,

Chie

f of

Mis

sion

phone/

fax:

+

387 3

3 4

52 5

15

+ 3

87 4

52 6

40

nca

sati@

iom

.int

Sh

elt

er

for

traff

icked

p

ers

on

s2 s

hel

ters

with c

apac

ity

of

up t

o 6

0 w

om

en,

hig

h a

nd low

se

curity

for

traf

fick

ed w

om

en w

ho v

olu

nta

rily

wan

t to

re

turn

hom

e.

On-g

oin

g s

ince

1999

NG

Os,

U

NIC

EF

Ref

erra

ls b

y IP

TF,

U

MIB

H a

nd N

GO

s,

secu

rity

pro

vided

by

Min

istr

y of In

te-

rior

Shel

ters

are

oper

-at

ed a

nd m

anag

ed

by

IOM

direc

tly

Retu

rn a

nd

rep

atr

iati

on

Support

and a

ssis

tance

to t

raff

icke

d p

erso

ns

whils

t w

ait-

ing f

or

repat

riat

ion.

Saf

e re

pat

riat

ion a

nd r

eturn

of

traf

-fick

ed m

igra

nts

to c

ountr

y of

origin

.300 w

om

en a

nd g

irls

sin

ce 1

999.

On-g

oin

g s

ince

Aug 1

999

US G

ov’t

IPTF,

UN

HCR

Proje

ct im

ple

-m

ente

d b

y IO

M

direc

tly

Rein

teg

rati

on

Support

for

the

rein

tegra

tion o

f tr

affick

ed w

om

en

retu

rned

fro

m o

ther

countr

ies

to B

iH –

1 B

osn

ian w

om

an

retu

rned

fro

m I

taly

sin

ce 2

000

On-g

oin

gIO

M I

taly

Gov

ernm

enta

lAgen

cies

Imple

men

ted b

y lo

cal N

GO

Zen

a BiH

M

ost

ar



217
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

ITED

NA

TIO

NS

FU

ND

FO

R P

OP

ULA

TIO

N A

CTIV

ITIE

S (

UN

FP

A)

Rep

rod

uct

ive H

ealt

h

Ed

uca

tio

n t

hro

ug

h Y

ou

th

Peer

Co

un

sell

ing

Proje

ct t

o b

e dev

eloped

to incl

ude

traf

fick

ing a

nd s

ur-

roundin

g h

ealth iss

ues

.O

n-g

oin

gZel

jka

Mudro

vcic

phone/

fax:

+

387 3

3 2

76 8

33

+ 3

87 3

3 6

65 6

81

zmudro

vcic

@unfp

a.ba

Med

ical

an

d s

oci

al

ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

s

Co-o

rdin

ate

and p

rovi

de

hea

lth s

ervi

ces

for

traf

fick

ed

wom

en in

shel

ters

and t

hro

ugh r

efer

ral s

yste

m w

ith o

ther

pro

vider

s (f

amily

pla

nnin

g c

entr

es,

gyn

aeco

logic

al u

nits)

, in

cludin

g v

olu

nta

ry H

IV t

esting a

nd c

ounse

lling.

3 y

ear

pro

ject

to

beg

in a

s so

on a

s fu

nd-

ing r

ecei

ved

350,0

00 U

S$

Not

funded

MH

, M

S,

MI,

Pub-

lic H

ealth I

nst

i-tu

tes,

IO

M a

nd

NG

Os

IOM

and N

GO

s

UN

ITED

NA

TIO

NS

CH

ILD

REN

’S F

UN

D (

UN

ICEF)

Rese

arc

h a

nd

data

co

llect

ion

(p

art

of

reg

ion

al

pro

ject

)

Ass

essm

ent

and m

appin

g o

ut

of

activi

ties

to a

ddre

ss t

raf-

fick

ing in h

um

an b

eings.

June-

Nov

2001

40,0

00U

S$

funded

by

OSCE/

OD

IHR,

UN

ICEF

UN

H-

CH

R

OSCE/

OD

HIR

,U

NH

CH

R

Yulia

P K

rieg

erKolo

dvo

rska

6Sar

ajev

ophone:

+ 3

87 3

3 2

30 1

18

mob.

+ 3

87 6

6 1

67 2

04

ykrieg

er@

unic

ef.o

rg

Rap

id R

esp

on

se

Ass

ess

men

t fo

r H

IV/

AID

S a

nd

STIs

(part

of

a r

eg

ion

al

pro

ject

)

Ass

essm

ent

of H

IV/A

IDS r

isk/

pre

vale

nce

in B

iH, in

cludin

g

among s

ex w

ork

ers.

Aug-D

ec 2

001

50,0

00 U

S$

funded

Can

ada

Gov

’t

(CID

A)

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

sJi

ll Zar

chin

phone:

+ 3

87 3

3 2

30 1

18

jzar

chin

@unic

ef.o

rg

HIV

/A

IDS

aw

are

ness

ra

isin

g a

nd

so

cial

mo

bil

isati

on

Rai

sing a

war

enes

s am

ong v

uln

erab

le y

oung p

eople

th

rough p

eer

educa

tion.

Rai

sing a

war

enes

s am

ong h

igh r

isk

gro

ups,

incl

udin

g c

li-en

ts a

nd s

ex w

ork

ers.

2002-2

004

200,0

00 U

S$

Not

yet

funded

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs

and loca

l N

GO

sG

over

nm

ent,

Inte

r-nat

ional

and loca

l N

GO

s




218
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

oo

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

OS

CE

Leg

al

pro

tect

ion

fo

r tr

aff

icked

pers

on

sEst

ablis

hin

g a

gro

up o

f def

ence

law

yers

spec

ialis

ed in

traf

fick

ing iss

ues

, a

list

of

whom

will

be

dis

trib

ute

d t

o a

ll co

urt

s fo

r ex

-off

icio

appoin

tmen

ts o

f la

wye

rs.

Dev

elopin

g g

uid

elin

es f

or

the

pro

tect

ion o

f tr

affick

ed p

er-

sons

that

will

be

dis

trib

ute

d t

o a

ll co

urt

s an

d p

rose

cuto

r’s

off

ices

.

Nov

2001-A

pr

2002

OSCE/

OD

IHR

IHRLG

Kat

y Thom

pso

nLe

gal

Advi

sor

– R

ule

of

Law

Hum

an R

ights

Hea

d O

ffic

eO

SCE M

issi

on t

o B

osn

ia-

Her

zegov

ina

3/I

I Pe

hliv

anusa

71000 S

ARAJE

VO

phone/

fax:

+387 3

3 2

92 3

67

+387 3

3 2

38 2

24

mobile

:+

387 3

3 1

88 0

45

e-m

ail:

Kat

yT@

osc

ebih

.org

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g fo

r lo

cal

NG

Os

Trai

nin

g f

or

NG

Os

on h

um

an r

ights

, tr

affick

ing a

nd o

rga-

nis

atio

nal

dev

elopm

ent

to b

uild

the

capac

ity

of

the

RIN

G

Net

work

of

NG

Os.

Faci

litat

ion o

f th

e es

tablis

hm

ent

of

a se

cret

aria

t fo

r th

e RIN

G N

etw

ork

and e

mpow

erin

g it

to t

ake

on a

nti-t

raff

ick-

ing a

dvo

cacy

work

.Pr

om

oting r

egio

nal

co-o

per

atio

n a

nd a

ppro

ach.

Ongoin

gO

SCE/

OD

IHR

RIN

G,

IHRLG



219

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eTo

tal

Bu

dg

et

Co

-op

era

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

SA

VE T

HE C

HIL

DR

EN

(A

LLIA

NC

E)

Rese

arc

h a

nd

data

co

llect

ion

Info

rmat

ion g

ather

ing a

nd a

sses

smen

t of

child

tra

ffic

king

in B

iH.

Beg

innin

g J

une

2001-D

ec 2

001

FBiH

Om

buds

Off

ice

for

Child

ren

Sen

ija

Tahirov

icSav

e th

e Child

ren N

orw

ayphone/

fax:

+387 3

3 6

59 8

22

+387 3

3 6

59 9

15

st.s

cn@

smar

tnet

.ba

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L H

UM

AN

RIG

HTS

LA

W G

RO

UP

(IH

RLG

)

Revie

w o

f le

gis

lati

on

Rev

iew

of ex

isting leg

isla

tion r

elev

ant

to t

raff

icki

ng, in

clud-

ing im

mig

ration,

civi

l an

d c

rim

inal

law

, hea

lth a

nd s

oci

al

wel

fare

.

Plan

ned

50.0

00 U

S$ –

not

yet

funded

UN

HCH

R,

OSCE

Gov

ernm

ent,

RIN

GSev

ima

Sal

i-Te

rzic

Direc

tor

Mar

sala

Tita

8/2

, Sar

ajev

ophone:

+ 3

87 3

3 2

05 3

19

phone/

fax:

+387 3

3 2

07 3

28 /

216 0

32

sevi

mas

t@open

.net

.ba

Tra

inin

g o

n t

raff

ickin

gTr

ainin

g f

or

law

yers

dea

ling w

ith t

raff

icki

ng.

Jan.

– F

eb.

2002

45.5

00 E

uro

, O

SCE/

OD

IHR,

Mott

OSCE/

OD

IHR

RIN

G n

etw

ork

Tra

inin

g o

n t

raff

ickin

gTr

ainin

g w

ith judges

, pro

secu

tors

, an

d o

ther

s dea

ling w

ith

traf

fick

ing.

Plan

ned

50.0

00 U

S$,

not

yet

funded

Gov

ernm

ent

UN

HCH

R,

RIN

G

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g f

or

NG

Os

Legis

lative

advo

cacy

tra

inin

g f

or

NG

Os

dea

ling w

ith t

raff

icki

ng

in b

oth

entities

. D

ec 2

001 –

June

2002

24.0

00 E

uro

, O

SCE/

OD

IHR

IHRLG

Cap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g o

f N

GO

sLe

gis

lative

advo

cacy

for

NG

Os.

Co-o

rdin

atio

n o

f th

e w

ork

of th

e RIN

G n

etw

ork

and fac

ilita

-tion o

f th

eir

conta

cts

with g

ov’t a

nd inte

rnat

ional

agen

cies

.

Ongoin

g50.0

00 U

S$,

not

yet

funded

IHRLG




220
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eTo

tal

Bu

dg

et

Co

-op

era

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

RIN

G N

ETW

OR

K O

F L

OC

AL N

GO

s

Aw

are

ness

rais

ing

ca

mp

aig

nPl

anned

res

earc

h into

dat

a co

llect

ion a

nd info

rmat

ion

regar

din

g d

imen

sions

and s

cope

of

pro

ble

m.

As

soon a

s fu

ndin

g c

an b

e se

cure

d.

Not

funded

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

sLo

cal N

GO

s of

the

Rin

g N

etw

ork

Fadila

Had

zic,

Nat

ional

Coord

inat

or

phone/

fax:

+ 3

87 3

6 5

80 9

29

+ 3

87 3

6 5

80042

fadila

@co

b.n

et.b

a

LA

RA

Rese

arc

h a

nd

data

co

llect

ion

Dat

a co

llect

ion o

n t

raff

icki

ng in B

ijel

jina

and B

råko

are

as.

20

00

-20

01

5,0

00 U

S$

Shel

ter

Stif-

tung

Loca

l G

over

nm

ent

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

Mar

a Rad

ovan

ovic

phone:

+ 3

81 7

6 4

04 8

34

lara

@bn.r

stel

.net

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

•

Thre

e day

confe

rence

on t

raff

icki

ng w

ith N

GO

s, g

ov-

ernm

ent

and inte

rnat

ional

agen

cies

, hel

d in B

ijel

jina;

•Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing c

ampai

gn.

Cam

pai

gn

launch

ed in

Sep

t 2001

3.0

00 U

S$

Eber

t Stif-

tung,

UN

MIB

H,

7.0

00 U

S$

Shel

ter

Stif-

tung

Loca

l N

GO

s, M

edia

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sAd h

oc

assi

stan

ce g

iven

thro

ugh c

ounse

lling s

ervi

ces

and

support

ser

vice

s, incl

udin

g s

hel

ter

(in B

ijel

jina

& B

råko

area

s).

IPTF

( STO

P Te

am),

IO

M,

loca

l polic

e

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

ZEN

A B

iH

Rese

arc

h a

nd

data

co

llect

ion

Dat

a co

llect

ion in M

ost

ar r

egio

n.

2000

UN

Volu

nta

ry

Trust

Fund o

n

Conte

mpo-

rary

Form

s of

Sla

very

5,0

00

US$

SO

S t

elep

hone

of

ZEN

A B

IH’,

IPTF,

Loca

l Po

lice

Forc

es,

Oth

er N

GO

s

Azr

a H

asan

beg

ovic

, Exe

cu-

tive

Direc

tor

phone/

fax:

+ 3

87 3

6 5

50 3

39

+ 3

87 3

6 5

50 0

23

zenab

ih@

cob.n

et.b

a

Rein

teg

rati

on

ass

ista

nce

Ass

ista

nce

to B

iH w

om

en r

eturn

ed fro

m a

bro

ad –

1 w

om

en

support

ed t

o r

eturn

fro

m I

taly

by

IOM

(in

Most

ar).

2001

IOM

Rom

e2,0

00 U

S$

SO

S t

elep

hone

of

ZEN

A B

IH,

Inst

itutions

for

Hea

lth C

are



221
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eTo

tal

Bu

dg

et

Co

-op

era

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

LA

STR

AD

A

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

vic

tim

ass

ista

nce

Net

work

ing.

Ass

ista

nce

to v

ictim

s.Bec

ame

oper

a-tional

in

Nov

2001

La S

trad

a Cze

ch R

epub-

lic

RIN

G N

etw

ork

, IA

s,

La S

trad

a net

work

La S

trad

a, o

ther

N

GO

sFa

dila

Had

zic,

Nat

ional

Coord

inat

or

phone/

fax:

+ 3

87 3

6 5

80 9

29

+ 3

87 3

6 5

80042

fadila

@co

b.n

et.b

a

MED

ICA

ZEN

ICA

Mu

lti-

dis

cip

lin

ary

gen

der

sen

siti

sati

on

tra

inin

g f

or

po

lice

, ju

dg

es,

so

cial an

d

healt

h w

ork

ers

, N

GO

s,

etc

Trai

nin

g a

t m

unic

ipal

lev

el f

or

gov

ernm

ent

auth

orities

on

viole

nce

agai

nst

wom

en,

incl

udin

g t

raff

icki

ng.

Exp

ansi

on o

f tr

ainin

g t

o o

ther

munic

ipal

itie

s pla

nned

.

Ongoin

g s

ince

1999

Zen

ica

in 1

999

Most

ar in 2

001

$300,0

00

UN

ICEF

funded

$100,0

00 f

or

2001

$200,0

00

nee

ded

for

2002-2

004

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

sM

edic

a Zen

ica

and

oth

er loca

l N

GO

sD

uãka A

ndriñ-R

uæiå

iñPr

esid

ent

phone/

fax:

+387 3

2 2

87-1

04

med

ica@

bih

.net

.ba

Ass

ista

nce

to

tra

ffic

ked

p

ers

on

sAd h

oc

assi

stan

ce g

iven

thro

ugh c

ounse

lling,

med

ical

and

support

ser

vice

s, incl

udin

g t

empora

ry s

hel

ter

(in Z

enic

a ar

ea).

FO

RU

M O

F S

OLID

AR

ITY

HIV

/A

IDS

pre

ven

tio

n/

harm

red

uct

ion

Outr

each

work

with s

ex w

ork

ers

in b

ars/

bro

thel

s, in

cludin

g

HIV

/AID

S/S

TD

s pre

vention e

duca

tion,

dis

trib

ution o

f co

ndom

s.

Ongoin

g in

Tuzl

a an

d D

oboj

area

Em

mau

s In

tern

atio

nal

-

Fran

ce

Em

ir N

urk

ic,

Reg

ional

Rep

rese

nta

tive

phone/

fax:

+ 3

87 3

5 2

82 5

30

+ 3

87 6

6 1

64 2

64

emau

s-bh@

bih

.net

.ba

Ass

ista

nce

to

tra

ffic

ked

p

ers

on

s as

well

as

mig

ran

t se

x w

ork

ers

Ad h

oc

assi

stan

ce g

iven

thro

ugh t

empora

ry s

hel

ter, a

nd

retu

rn t

hro

ugh c

olla

bora

tion w

ith N

GO

s in

countr

y of

origin

.

NG

Os

FRY Republicof Serbia

(excludingKosovo)



222
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N T

HE F

RY

REP

UB

LIC

OF S

ER

BIA

(e

xcl

ud

ing

Ko

sovo

)17

41

74

GO

VER

NM

EN

T

174.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA,

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy;

ME,

Min

istr

y of

educa

tion;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

Inte

rnal

Aff

airs

; M

J, M

inis

try

of

Just

ice;

O

SI,

Open

Soci

ety

Initia

tive

.

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

CA

BIN

ET O

F T

HE V

ICE-P

RES

IDEN

T

Nati

on

al

wo

rkin

g g

rou

p

on

tra

ffic

kin

g

Nati

on

al P

lan

of

Act

ion

to

co

mb

at

traff

ickin

g

Iden

tify

priorities

and c

o-o

rdin

ate

activi

ties

am

ong

gov

ernm

ent,

inte

rnat

ional

org

anis

atio

ns

and N

GO

s.

Dev

elop c

om

pre

hen

sive

NPA

to c

om

bat

tra

ffic

king.

Ongoin

g s

ince

Ju

ly 2

001

N/a

No e

xter

nal

fu

ndin

g

Var

ious

Gov

ern-

men

t M

inis

trie

s,

IAs,

NG

Os

Mila

n P

ajce

vic,

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

Cab

inet

of

the

Vic

e-Pr

esid

ent

phone/

fax:

+

381 1

1 3

1 1

3 8

83

+ 3

81 1

1 3

1 1

1 0

19

FED

ER

AL M

INIS

TR

Y O

F I

NTER

IOR

Part

icip

ati

on

in

reg

ion

al

train

ing

s an

d i

nit

iati

ves

Part

icip

ated

in t

he

regio

nal

tra

inin

g o

n law

ref

orm

for

exper

ts a

nd p

arlia

men

tarian

s fr

om

Bal

kans

countr

ies,

org

anis

ed w

ithin

fra

mew

ork

of

Sta

bili

ty P

act.

Reg

ional

tra

inin

g in H

ungar

y on t

raff

icki

ng a

nd s

mug-

glin

g o

f m

igra

nts

.

Part

icip

atio

n in t

he

Sta

bili

ty P

act

Task

Forc

e on T

raff

ick-

ing in H

um

an B

eings.

Nov

2001

Nov

2001

Ongoin

g s

ince

Apr

2001

Law

enfo

rcem

ent

auth

orities

fro

m

SEE c

ountr

ies,

MJ,

Pa

rlia

men

t-ar

ians

Counci

l of

Euro

pe,

O

SCE

Sta

bili

ty P

act

SP

Traf

fick

ing T

ask

Forc

e

Bra

nki

ca G

rupko

vic,

Ass

ista

nt

to M

inis

ter,

Feder

al M

inis

try

of

the

Inte

rior

phone:

+ 3

81 1

1 3

1 1

5 8

31

mob:

+

381 6

3 2

0 8

7 2

3bgru

pko

vic@

seza

mpro

.yu

Bulv

. M

ihaj

la P

upin

a 2,

Bel

gra

de

SEC

IFR

Y s

igned

the

Agre

emen

t on C

o-o

per

atio

n t

o P

reve

nt

and C

om

bat

Tra

ns-

bord

er C

rim

e.

Gov

ernm

ent

yet

to n

om

inat

e fo

cal poin

ts f

or

SECI.

SECI

centr

e in

Buch

ares

t

FRY Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo)List of Projects and Activities


223

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Sh

elt

er

for

traff

icked

p

ers

on

sTe

mpora

ry s

hel

ter

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns

allo

cate

d in

the

Feder

al R

ecep

tion C

entr

e fo

r Fo

reig

n C

itiz

ens

in P

adin

-sk

a Ske

la.

Iden

tify

ing loca

tion f

or

a per

man

ent

shel

ter.

July

2001

Var

ious

Gov

ern-

men

t M

inis

trie

s,

IOM

, O

SCE

IOM

Loca

l N

GO

FED

ER

AL M

INIS

TR

Y O

F J

US

TIC

E

Wo

rkin

g g

rou

p o

n l

eg

al

refo

rmTo

dra

ft n

ew a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng p

rovi

sions.

New

law

will

in

clude

anti-t

raff

icki

ng p

rovi

sion in t

he

crim

inal

code

as

wel

l as

support

for

vict

ims

and p

rote

ctio

n o

f vi

ctim

’s

rights

in s

oci

al w

elfa

re,

educa

tion a

nd m

edia

.

Oct

2001

N/a

No e

xter

nal

fu

ndin

g

Tam

ara

Luks

ic O

rlan

dic

,Ass

ista

nt

Min

iste

r, F

eder

al

Min

istr

y of

Just

ice

phone:

+381 1

1 3

1 1

1 1

70

tloy

ucr

c@eu

net

.yu

OS

CE

Ad

vo

cacy

, faci

lita

tio

n a

nd

exp

ert

ad

vic

e o

n i

ssu

es

an

d p

roce

du

res

rela

ted

to

tra

ffic

kin

g i

n h

um

an

b

ein

gs.

Advo

cacy

and e

xper

t ad

vice

to g

ov’t,

inte

rnat

ional

org

ani-

sations

and N

GO

s. Thro

ugh c

olla

bora

tion a

nd fac

ilita

tion,

ensu

re p

rote

ctio

n a

nd a

ssis

tance

to t

raff

icke

d p

erso

ns.

Full

tim

e ex

per

t on t

raff

icki

ng in t

he

OSCE D

emocr

atis

a-tion D

epar

tmen

t.

Ongoin

gFu

ll tim

e tr

af-

fick

ing e

xper

t

Funded

by

Ger

man

G

ov’t

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

sBar

bel

Uhl

Anti-T

raff

icki

ng A

dvi

sor

phone/

fax:

+381 1

1 3

6 7

2 4

25

36 0

6 1

78

+381 1

1 3

6 0

2 1

99

Bae

rbel

.uhl@

om

ifry

.org

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

, C

ap

aci

ty b

uil

din

g o

f N

GO

s

Trai

nin

g f

or

NG

Os:

•to

pro

mote

co-o

rdin

ated

co-o

per

atio

n b

etw

een N

GO

s an

d p

olic

e;•

to e

stab

lish s

yste

m o

f vi

ctim

pro

tect

ion,

incl

udin

g

refe

rral

for

shel

ters

and o

ther

ser

vice

s, a

s w

ell as

vi

ctim

pro

tect

ion p

rogra

mm

e.

End o

f 2001

NG

Os

Gu

ideli

nes

for

refe

rral

mech

an

ism

s o

n

traff

icked

pers

on

s in

FR

Y

Dev

eloped

guid

elin

es f

or

iden

tifica

tion o

f vi

ctim

s an

d

support

as

wel

l as

pro

cedure

s fo

r gov

ernm

ent,

inte

rna-

tional

org

anis

atio

ns

and N

GO

s fo

r th

e id

entifica

tion a

nd

refe

rral

pro

cess

.

Will

be

final

ised

in

2001

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

s.


(excludingKosovo)



224
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

N O

F M

IGR

ATIO

N (

IOM

)

Sh

elt

er

for

traff

icked

vic

tim

sM

anag

emen

t of th

e sh

elte

r fo

r tr

affick

ed p

erso

ns,

who a

re

in I

OM

’s p

rogra

mm

e of

assi

stan

ce f

or

retu

rnin

g t

o t

hei

r co

untr

y of

origin

.Pr

ovid

ing t

rave

l docu

men

ts.

Tem

pora

ry s

hel

ter

is loca

ted a

t th

e Fe

der

al R

ecep

tion

Cen

tre

for

Fore

ign C

itiz

ens,

in P

adin

ska

Ske

la.

Vic

tim

s re

ferr

ed t

o t

he

shel

ter

by

polic

e ca

n r

ecei

ve b

asic

support

an

d m

edic

al a

ssis

tance

.

New

tem

pora

ry s

hel

ter

for

all tr

affick

ed p

erso

ns.

Inm

ates

can

rec

eive

psy

cholo

gic

al,

med

ical

and leg

al s

up-

port

.

July

2001 –

Feb

2002

Cap

acity

up t

o

30 w

om

en

SID

A (

within

th

e Ret

urn

budget

)

Aust

ria

Gov

’t

thro

ugh S

P150.0

00 U

S$

MI

Shel

ter

is o

per

ated

an

d m

anag

ed b

y Fe

der

al M

inis

try

of

the

Inte

rior

and I

OM

Counse

lling a

gai

nst

Fa

mily

Vio

lence

Enrico

Ponzi

ani,

Chie

f of

the

Mis

sion,

Gia

nlu

cca

Rocc

o,

Co-o

rdin

ator

for

FRY,

phone/

fax:

+381 1

1 3

4 4

2 0

91

+381 1

1 3

4 4

2 9

47

eponzi

ani@

iom

.int

rocc

ogl@

iom

.int

Baj

a Sek

ulic

a 52,

P.O

.Box

27

11060 B

elgra

de

Retu

rnSaf

e re

turn

of

traf

fick

ed m

igra

nts

to c

ountr

y of

origin

.Ju

ne

2001 u

ntil

May

2002

36 w

om

en u

p

to

Dec

2001

SID

A370.0

00 U

S$

MI,

Em

bas

sies

in

Bel

gra

de,

IO

M

mis

sions

in c

oun-

trie

s of

origin

and

tran

sit

Proje

ct im

ple

-m

ente

d b

y IO

M

direc

tly

Rein

teg

rati

on

Rei

nte

gra

tion a

llow

ance

pai

d in t

hre

e in

stal

men

ts:

one

upon lea

ving s

hel

ter, a

nd t

wo in t

he

countr

y of

origin

, upon m

onth

ly c

onta

cts

with I

OM

or

imple

men

ting N

GO

par

tner

.

June

2001 –

M

ay 2

002

36 w

om

en u

ntil

Dec

2001

SID

A (

within

th

e Ret

urn

budget

)

IO

M m

issi

ons

in

countr

ies

of

origin

Im

ple

men

ted b

y IO

M a

nd p

artn

er

NG

O in c

ountr

ies

of

origin

Reg

ion

al

cleari

ng

ho

use

o

n t

raff

icked

pers

on

sConso

lidat

e dat

a fr

om

var

ious

sourc

es,

incl

udin

g info

rma-

tion a

bout

vict

ims,

nat

ional

ref

erra

l m

echan

ism

s, a

ctio

ns

take

n a

gai

nst

tra

ffic

king a

nd t

he

situ

atio

n in t

he

SEE

regio

n.

To s

tart

in 2

002

Funded

by

Gre

ece

100.0

00 U

S$

and S

witze

r-la

nd

50.0

00 U

S$

Var

ious

Gov

ern-

men

t M

inis

trie

s,

inte

rnat

ional

org

anis

atio

ns

ICM

C

ICM

C

FRY Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo)List of Projects and Activities


225

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

ITED

NA

TIO

NS

CH

ILD

REN

’S F

UN

D (

UN

ICEF)

Rap

id R

esp

on

se

Ass

ess

men

t fo

r H

IV/

AID

S a

nd

STIs

(part

of

a r

eg

ion

al

pro

ject

)

Ass

essm

ent

of H

IV/A

IDS r

isk/

pre

vale

nce

in F

RY,

incl

udin

g

among s

ex w

ork

ers.

Aug-D

ec 2

001

funded

by

CID

AG

over

nm

ent

IAs,

N

GO

sJe

lena

Zaj

egan

ovic

Proje

ct O

ffic

er,

Young P

eople

’s H

ealth a

nd

Dev

elopm

ent

phone/

fax:

+381 1

1 3

6 0

2 1

00

+381 1

1 3

6 0

2 1

99

Sve

toza

ra M

arko

vica

58,

11000 B

elgra

de

HIV

/A

IDS

aw

are

ness

ra

isin

g a

nd

so

cial

mo

bil

isati

on

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing a

mong v

uln

erab

le y

oung p

eople

th

rough p

eer

educa

tion.

2002-2

004

Not

yet

funded

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

sG

over

nm

ent,

Inte

r-nat

ional

and loca

l N

GO

s

AS

TR

A

Rese

arc

h a

nd

data

co

llect

ion

Info

rmat

ion g

ather

ed f

rom

loca

l N

GO

s on p

lace

men

t an

d

num

ber

of

bar

s/bro

thel

s w

her

e fo

reig

n w

om

en w

ork

.Ju

ne

2001

Kvi

nna

till

Kvi

nna,

N

orw

egia

n

People

’s A

id,

Loca

l N

GO

sAst

ra,

Loca

l N

GO

sSan

dra

Lju

bin

kovi

cASTRA P

roje

ct M

anag

erM

ajke

Jev

rosi

me

39/I

11000 B

elgra

de

phone/

fax:

+381 1

1 3

224691

+381 1

1 3

345762

astr

anet

@se

zam

pro

.yu

sandra

-lju

bin

kovi

c@usa

.net

Nati

on

al

cam

paig

n t

o

rais

e a

ware

ness

Q

ues

tionnai

re o

n p

ublic

opin

ion a

bout

traf

fick

ing.

TV s

pots

, ra

dio

jin

gle

s, a

rtic

les

and a

dve

rtis

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ss,

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and lea

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2002

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Shel

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conta

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conta

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Gor-

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Ast

ra


(excludingKosovo)



226
Pro
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8 v

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traf

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Feb –

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Oxf

am U

K3.0

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Sonja

Kec

man

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beo

sup@

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net

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INTER

NA

TIO

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L C

ATH

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MIG

RA

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EN

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(IC

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Reg

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var

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Funded

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2 9

19 1

0 4

8e-

mai

l: s

tephen

s@ic

mc.

net

FRY Republic of MontenegroList of Projects and Activities


27
2LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N T

HE F

RY

REP

UB

LIC

OF M

ON

TEN

EG

RO

17

5

GO

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NM

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175.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA,

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

the

Inte

rior;

MJ,

Min

istr

y of

Just

ice;

SID

A,

Sw

edis

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nte

rnat

ional

Dev

elopm

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Agen

cy;

VPP

, Vic

tim

Pro

tect

ion P

roje

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Pro

ject

/A

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sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

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Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

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no

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lem

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nta

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MIN

ISTR

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F T

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Co

-ord

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an

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part

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in

reg

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al

init

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Part

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ork

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raf-

fick

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nd d

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of

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tim

Pro

tect

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roje

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).Pa

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he

Sta

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act

Task

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in H

um

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fu

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NG

Os

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dim

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ejov

ic,

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for

Anti-T

raff

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ng P

roje

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jovi

cv@

cg.y

u

San

dra

Bozo

vic,

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ser

phone/

fax:

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1 2

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ista

nce

to

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p

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on

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fram

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vesn

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17

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FRY Republic ofMontenegro



228

INTER

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vic

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Gen

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phone/

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1 6

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late

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AC

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refo

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phone/

fax:

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1 2

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30

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Law

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entr

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om

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ED

EM

CoE e

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polic

e, O

SCE

FRY Republic of MontenegroList of Projects and Activities


229
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

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L O

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ss

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2001 –

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phone/

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ogl@

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Pre

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polle

t.osc

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.yu

FRY Republic ofMontenegro



230

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NM

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mobile

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pre

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med

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min

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legal

su

pport

, so

cial

support

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nta

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OM

and a

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in

rep

atriat

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or

all tr

affick

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Shel

ter

open

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2001

OSCE,

IOM

, M

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ple

men

ted

direc

tly

KosovoList of Projects and Activities


231
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N K

OS

OV

O1

761

76

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

176.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA,

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy;

DFI

D,

Dep

artm

ent

for

Inte

rnat

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Dev

elopm

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(UK);

DG

CS,

Dep

artm

ent

for

Dem

ocr

atic

Gov

ernan

ce a

nd C

ivil

Soci

ety

Support

; TPI

U,

Traf

fick

ing a

nd P

rost

itution I

nve

stig

atio

n U

nit;

UN

IFEM

, U

nited

Nat

ions

Dev

elopm

ent

Fund f

or

Wom

en;

UN

MIK

, U

nited

Nat

ions

Mis

sion in K

oso

vo.

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

MIK

/P

ILLA

R 3

(Led

by O

SC

E)

Co

-ord

inati

on

Round T

able

on T

raff

icki

ng.

Ongoin

gU

NM

IK O

ffic

e of

Gen

der

Aff

airs

, O

ffic

e of

Hum

an

Rig

hts

, OSCE, I

OM

, U

NIC

EF,

UM

CO

R,

TPI

U,

DG

CS,

Dep

t of

Juridic

al A

ffai

rs.

Corr

y Le

vine

Hum

an R

ights

Off

icer

UN

MIK

Core

y.Le

vine@

unm

ik.o

rg

Vic

tim

Ass

ista

nce

Vic

tim

s Ass

ista

nce

Co-o

rdin

atio

n P

ost

.Vic

tim

s Advo

cacy

Co-o

rdin

ator.

Plan

nin

g s

tages

Leg

al

refo

rmLe

gal

Work

ing G

roup o

n T

raff

icki

ng in P

erso

ns.

Ongoin

g

UN

MIK

/C

IVP

OL

Vic

tim

Ass

ista

nce

Sec

urity

and t

ransp

ort

to t

he

shel

ter

for

traf

fick

ed p

er-

sons.

Ongoin

gTPI

Us,

OSCE,

IOM

Jack

Sim

mons

Hea

d o

f Vital

Pro

ject

sCIV

POL

jrsi

mm

onsu

sal@

hotm

ail.co

m

Tra

ffic

kin

g a

nd

P

rost

itu

tio

n

Invest

igati

on

Un

its

(TP

IUs)

Est

ablis

hed

in a

ll five

reg

ions

of

Koso

vo.

Res

ponsi

ble

for

iden

tifica

tion o

f vi

ctim

s an

d r

efer

ral to

O

SCE a

nd I

OM

.Tr

ainin

g c

ours

e fo

r th

e CIV

POL

on t

raff

icki

ng.

Est

ablis

hed

Oct

2001

OSCE,

IOM

Mag

gie

Bry

ant

Hea

d o

f U

NM

IK P

olic

e TPI

UAle

xander

Maz

ur

Co-H

ead o

f TPI

U

KosovoList of Projects

and Activities


232
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

OS

CE

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Tr

ainin

g o

n a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng r

egula

tion,

inte

rnat

ional

sta

n-

dar

ds

and loca

l pro

cedure

s an

d inte

rvie

win

g f

or

OSCE

Hum

an R

ights

Off

icer

s an

d r

egio

nal

Tra

ffic

king F

oca

l Po

ints

.Tr

ainin

g f

or

univ

ersi

ty t

each

ing s

taff

and s

tuden

ts a

nd f

or

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy s

taff.

Koso

vo L

aw C

entr

e

Robin

Ler

ner

Gen

der

and T

raff

icki

ng A

dvi

sor,

HQ

Prist

ina

phone:

+381 3

8 5

00 1

62

mob:

+

381 4

4 5

00 2

19

robin

.ler

ner

@om

ik.o

rgSal

ly A

ger

-Har

ris

Traf

fick

ing F

oca

l Poin

t (T

FP)

RC

Pris

tina

phone:

+

381 3

8 5

49 3

12

mob:

+ 3

81 4

4 1

53 3

32

sally

.ager

-har

ris@

om

ik.o

rg

Mac

jek

Klo

pote

kTFP

RC G

jila

n/F

O F

eriz

ajphone:

+ 3

81 2

90 2

0 5

20

fo_ur@

les.

rais

ting.d

e

Laure

Avi

les

TFP

RC P

rizr

enphone:

+

381 2

9 4

4 2

00

mob:

+ 3

81 4

4 1

91 5

96

laure

.avi

les@

om

ik.o

rg

Nin

a Stu

bb

TFP

RC P

eje

phone:

+

381 3

9 3

3 9

00

mob:

+ 3

81 4

4 5

00 1

56

nin

a.st

ubb@

om

ik.o

rg

Tatian

a Sulli

ni

Traf

fick

ing F

oca

l Poin

t RC M

itro

-vi

caphone:

+ 3

81 2

8 3

2 5

66

tatian

a.su

llini@

om

ik.o

rg

Vic

tim

ass

ista

nce

-

po

licy

, g

uid

eli

nes

an

d

pro

ced

ure

s

Cre

ated

Tra

ffic

king F

oca

l Po

ints

in f

ive

regio

nal

OSCE

off

ices

.D

raft

ed “

Sta

ndar

d O

per

atin

g P

roce

dure

s’ –

outlin

ing r

efer

-ra

l sy

stem

for

vict

im a

ssis

tance

.D

raft

ed “

Direc

t Ass

ista

nce

to I

nte

rnal

ly T

raff

icke

d V

ictim

s’,

incl

udes

ref

erra

l sy

stem

, pro

cedure

s an

d s

hel

ter

pro

ject

.Advo

cating for

esta

blis

hin

g t

he

Vic

tim

s Ass

ista

nce

Co-o

rdi-

nat

or

post

by

the

legal

work

ing g

roup.

On-g

oin

gTPI

Us,

Cen

tre

for

Soci

al W

elfa

re,

Cen

tre

for

the

pro

-te

ctio

n o

f W

om

en

and C

hild

ren,

IOM

UN

MIK

in c

o-o

per

a-tion w

ith inte

rna-

tional

org

anis

atio

ns,

Soci

al W

elfa

re C

en-

tres

and N

GO

s



233
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

Tra

inin

g o

n t

he n

ew

an

ti-

traff

ickin

g r

eg

ula

tio

nTr

ainin

g for

judic

iary

and d

efen

ce c

ounse

l on t

he

new

anti-

traf

fick

ing r

egula

tion.

26-2

7 J

uly

2001

Leg

al

ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

pers

on

sVic

tim

s Advo

cate

Pro

gra

mm

e w

ith s

pec

ial m

echan

ism

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns,

“Le

gal

aid

s fo

r tr

affick

ing v

ictim

s’.

On-g

oin

gO

SCE,

OD

IHR

Leg

al

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

pers

on

sConfe

rence

on V

ictim

Advo

cacy

.D

ec 2

001

OSCE-O

DIH

R

Leg

al

Aid

Pro

ject

Trai

nin

g f

or

loca

l la

wye

rs.

On-g

oin

gO

SCE-O

DH

IR,

Sta

-bili

ty P

act

Rep

atr

iati

on

an

d

rein

teg

rati

on

Ass

ista

nce

to r

eturn

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns.

Mar

– A

pr

2001

US G

ov’t

IOM

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

N F

OR

MIG

RA

TIO

N (

IOM

)

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

In

form

atio

n a

nd a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g c

ampai

gn t

arget

ed t

o:

•Clie

nts

and p

ote

ntial

clie

nts

;•I

nte

rnat

ional

com

munity;

•Gen

eral

public

;•Y

outh

(on p

reve

ntion a

nd m

igra

tion);

•Young w

om

en (

on w

ork

and m

igra

tion).

Trai

nin

g f

or

loca

l N

GO

s on r

aisi

ng a

war

enes

s in

tra

ffic

king.

Sin

ce

Apr

2000

Sw

eden

and

Bel

giu

m

Gov

’ts

UN

IFEM

, lo

cal

NG

Os

Loca

l N

GO

s:

Alter

-nat

iva,

Post

Pes

si-

mis

ts,

Urb

an F

M,

Koso

vo W

om

en’s

N

etw

ork

Sio

bhan

Cle

ary

Anti-t

raff

icki

ng P

roje

ct M

an-

ager

– P

ublic

Info

rmat

ion a

nd

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

Patr

iarh

a Var

nav

e 49

Dra

godan

, Pr

istina

phone/

fax:

+

381 3

8 5

49 0

42

+ 3

81 3

8 5

49 0

39

Scl

eary

@io

m.ipko

.org

Retu

rn a

nd

rein

teg

rati

on

Ass

ista

nce

is

giv

en o

n v

olu

nta

ry b

asis

for

traf

fick

ed

wom

en t

o g

o h

om

e an

d incl

udes

:•

Direc

t as

sist

ance

prior

the

wom

an’s

ret

urn

to t

he

countr

y of

origin

;•

Psyc

holo

gic

al s

upport

;•

Rei

nte

gra

tion a

ssis

tance

upon t

he

wom

an’s

ret

urn

to

the

countr

y of

origin

.

On g

oin

g s

ince

Fe

b 2

000

Can

ada,

It

aly,

Sw

e-den

, Sw

iss,

U

K,

US

Gov

’ts

OSCE,

TPI

U,

UM

CO

R,

loca

l N

GO

s

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

by

IOM

Ana

Eva

Rad

icet

ti,

Anti-t

raff

icki

ng P

roje

ct

Man

ager

IOM

Patr

iarh

a Var

nav

e 49

Dra

godan

, Pr

istina

phone/

fax:

+ 3

81 3

8 5

49 0

42

+ 3

81 3

8 5

49 0

39

Ara

dic

etti@

iom

.ipko

.org

KosovoList of Projects

and Activities


234
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

ITED

NA

TIO

NS

CH

ILD

REN

’S F

UN

D (

UN

ICEF)

Juven

ile j

ust

ice

pro

gra

mm

ePa

rtic

ipat

ed in t

he

Legal

Work

ing G

roup.

Dev

elopm

ent

of

legal

fra

mew

ork

and a

ssis

tance

for

juve

-nile

del

inquat

es.

During 2

000/

2001

UN

MIK

, IA

s, N

GO

sU

NM

IK,

inte

rna-

tional

org

anis

a-tions,

NG

Os

Isab

ella

Cas

trogio

vanni

Child

Pro

tect

ion O

ffic

erU

NIC

EF

Tauk

Bas

hqe

28

Off

Naz

im G

aruff

i St.

Pris

tina

phone/

fax:

+ 3

81 3

8 5

4 9

230

+ 3

81 3

8 5

4 9

234

icas

trogio

vanni@

unic

ef.o

rg

Rese

arc

h a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pl

annin

g r

esea

rch o

n invo

lvem

ent

of

Koso

var

wom

en in

traf

fick

ing.

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing a

ctiv

itie

s on c

hild

ren’s

and w

om

en’s

rights

as

wel

l as

on t

raff

icki

ng a

mong w

om

en,

com

munity

lead

ers

and p

olic

y m

aker

s.

Plan

ned

for

2002-2

004

Not

funded

UN

MIK

, in

tern

a-tional

org

anis

a-tions

NG

Os

UN

MIK

, in

tern

a-tional

org

anis

a-tions,

NG

Os

UN

ITED

NA

TIO

NS

FU

ND

FO

R W

OM

EN

(U

NIF

EM

)

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tRep

ort

on v

iole

nce

agai

nst

wom

en in K

oso

vo,

incl

udes

a

sect

ion o

n t

raff

icki

ng,

sexu

al s

lave

ry a

nd p

rost

itution.

Prep

ared

Apr

2000

DFI

DIA

s, inte

rnat

ional

an

d loca

l N

GO

sU

NIF

EM

Consu

ltan

tG

ross

lingov

a 35

811 0

9 B

ratisl

ava,

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

phone/

fax:

+ 4

21 2

5933 7

199;

+ 4

21 2

5933 7

171

anna.

vidin

ova@

undp.o

rg

UN

ITED

NA

TIO

NS

FU

ND

FO

R P

OP

ULA

TIO

N A

CTIV

ITIE

S (

UN

FP

A)

Rep

rod

uct

ive h

ealt

h c

are

fo

r tr

aff

icked

wo

men

Prov

isio

n o

f m

edic

al a

nd p

sych

oso

cial

counse

lling a

nd

assi

stan

ce for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns

stay

ing in

the

shel

ter

and

awai

ting r

eturn

.

Ongoin

gIO

M,

UN

MCO

RIO

MJa

ne

Sch

ule

rRep

p,

Hea

dphone:

+381 3

8 2

49 0

88

mobile

: +

377 4

4 1

57 3

92

Anita

Lala

ni,

Ass

ista

nt

Oper

atio

ns

Off

icer

phone:

+381 3

8 2

49 0

90



235

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

ITED

METH

OD

IST C

OM

MIT

TEE O

N R

ELIE

F -

UM

CO

R (

Inte

rnati

on

al

NG

O)

Sh

elt

er

for

traff

ickin

g

vic

tim

sM

anag

es s

hel

ter

for

traf

fick

ed p

erso

ns

that

fal

l under

IO

M’s

pro

gra

mm

e of

retu

rn.

Cap

acity

of

up t

o 1

5 w

om

en.

Ave

rage

length

of

stay

: 2 w

eeks

.Bas

ic m

edic

al c

are

and c

ounse

lling,

psy

choso

cial

support

an

d v

oca

tional

tra

inin

g.

Ongoin

g s

ince

Ju

ly 2

000

300.0

00

US$ f

or

2002,

IAs’

w

om

en’s

div

isio

ns,

U

S a

nd

Aust

ria

Gov

’ts

Ref

erra

ls b

y IO

M,

OSCE a

nd T

PIU

Shel

ter

man

aged

by

UM

CO

R d

irec

tly

Sta

cey

Mar

iano S

carp

one

Wom

en’s

Pro

gra

mm

e M

anag

er-

UM

CO

R K

oso

voLi

pja

ni no.

6Pr

istina,

Koso

vophone:

+

381 3

8 2

49 1

90

mobile

: +

377 4

4 1

57 2

28

stac

eym

aria

no@

yahoo.

com

CEN

TR

E F

OR

WO

MEN

’S A

ND

CH

ILD

REN

’S P

RO

TEC

TIO

N

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r vic

tim

s o

f d

om

est

ic v

iole

nce

an

d

traff

ickin

g

Shel

ter

for

dom

estic

viole

nce

acc

epts

inte

rnal

ly t

raff

icke

d

wom

en,

and g

irls

under

18.

Prov

isio

n o

f m

edic

al a

nd p

sych

oso

cial

counse

lling, m

edic

al

exam

, vo

cational

tra

inin

g.

Length

of

stay

: 2

wee

ks t

o 3

month

s.

Ongoin

g s

ince

Sep

t 2000

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

Sev

die

Ahm

eti

Exe

cutive

Direc

tor

phone:

+

381 4

4 1

43 7

16

mob:

+ 3

81 4

4 1

23 7

30

Rein

teg

rati

on

p

rog

ram

me f

or

inte

rnall

y

traff

icked

Prov

isio

n o

f th

erap

y an

d v

oca

tional

tra

inin

g for

inte

rnal

ly

traf

fick

ed w

om

en a

nd g

irls

.O

ngoin

g s

ince

Sep

t 2000

Imple

men

ted

direc

tly

NO

RM

A -

AS

SO

CIA

TIO

N F

OR

LEG

AL A

ID F

OR

WO

MEN

Leg

al

ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

pers

on

sPa

rtic

ipat

ion in t

he

trai

nin

g f

or

vict

im’s

advo

cacy

.Pl

anned

OSCE/O

DIH

RVjo

sa N

iman

i-Zyl

fiu

Direc

tor

phone:

+ 3

81 3

8 5

4 9

7 7

8m

ob:

+

381 4

4 1

26-4

25

shnorm

a@hotm

ail.co

m

Lo

cal

NG

Os:

A

ltern

ati

va,

Po

st P

ess

imis

ts,

Urb

an

FM

, K

oso

vo

Wo

men

’s N

etw

ork

Rais

ing

Aw

are

ness

Pa

rtic

ipat

ed in t

he

IOM

org

anis

ed a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g c

am-

pai

gns.

Sta

rted

in A

pr

2000

IOM

Conta

ct v

ia I

OM

Off

ice

in

Pris

tina

FYR MacedoniaList of Projects

and Activities


236
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N F

YR

MA

CED

ON

IA1

771

77

GO

VER

NM

EN

T

177.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA,

inte

rnat

ional

agen

cy;

ME,

Min

istr

y of

educa

tion;

MH

, M

inis

try

of

Hea

lth;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

Inte

rnal

Aff

airs

; M

J, M

inis

try

of J

ust

ice;

MLS

P, M

inis

try

of

L

abour

and

Soci

al P

olic

y; M

SW

, M

inis

try

of

Soci

al W

elfa

re;

OSI,

Open

Soci

ety

Initia

tive

.

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F T

HE I

NTER

IOR

Co

-ord

inati

on

an

d

Nati

on

al

Act

ion

Pla

nN

atio

nal

Co-o

rdin

ator.

Dra

ftin

g N

PA t

o c

om

bat

tra

ffic

king is

pen

din

g.

Nat

ional

Counci

l on T

raff

icki

ng a

nd I

llegal

Mig

ration t

o

addre

ss leg

al r

eform

, vi

ctim

ass

ista

nce

and info

rmat

ion

and c

o-o

per

atio

n.

Appoin

ted F

eb

2001

N/a

No e

xter

nal

fu

ndin

g

MI,

MJ,

MSW

, M

H,

ME,

Public

Pro

secu

tor,

Bord

er p

olic

e, p

olic

e, C

entr

e fo

r Soci

al

Car

e

Ljupco

Fid

anov

ski

Chie

f In

spec

tor

Dep

artm

ent fo

r O

rgan

ised

Crim

ephone/

fax:

+389 2

116 2

80

+389 2

143 1

82

mob:

+389 7

0 3

30 3

47

kkal

anak

@m

oi.gov

.mk

Ana

Popov

aIn

terp

rete

rphone/

fax:

+389 2

214 1

09

+389 2

142 6

94

apopov

a@m

oi.gov

.mk

Sh

elt

er

for

traff

icked

p

ers

on

sRec

eption a

nd T

ransi

t Cen

tre

for

irre

gula

r m

igra

nts

and

traf

fick

ed w

om

en.

Ongoin

g s

ince

M

ar 2

001

Funded

by

IOM

,U

NH

CR U

S$

9,0

00

IOM

, U

NH

CR

MI

Po

lice

Dep

art

men

t o

n

Org

an

ised

Cri

me

Polic

e Ta

sk F

orc

e to

com

bat

tra

ffic

king w

ith r

epre

senta

-tive

s in

all

dis

tric

ts o

f FY

R M

aced

onia

.

Part

icip

atio

n in S

ECI.

Ongoin

g s

ince

2000

Bord

er p

olic

ePo

lice

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F J

US

TIC

E

Leg

al

refo

rmLe

gal

Polic

y W

ork

ing G

roup –

har

monis

atio

n o

f an

ti-t

raf-

fick

ing leg

isla

tion w

ith inte

rnat

ional

law

.O

ngoin

gN

/aN

o e

xter

nal

fu

ndin

g

Tanja

Kik

erek

ova

Hea

d o

f D

epar

tmen

t fo

r Civ

il an

d M

inorities

Rig

hts

phone:

+389

91 1

06 5

58

Tki

kere

kova

@m

just

ice.

gov

.mk

Law

en

forc

em

en

tPu

blic

pro

secu

tor

has

writt

en a

let

ter

to t

he

gov

ernm

ent

conce

rnin

g low

pro

secu

tion.

Mar

2001

N/a

Sta

vre

Djiko

vPu

blic

Pro

secu

tor

of

the

Rep

ub-

lic o

f M

aced

onia

phone/

fax:

+389 2

229 3

14

+389 2

161 2

67

Djiko

v@jo

rm.o

rg.m

k

FYR Macedonia List of Projects and Activities


37
2Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

SEC

I

Law

en

forc

em

en

tPa

rtic

ipat

ion in t

he

work

ing g

roups

on t

raff

icki

ng

Trai

nin

g o

f polic

e.M

I, p

olic

eFo

cal poin

t SECI

Zan

Jov

anov

ski

Liai

son O

ffic

er,

Min

istr

y of

Inte

-rior, R

epublic

of

Mac

edonia

13 S

epte

mbrie

Cal

., N

o. 1

-5Pa

rlia

men

t Pa

lace

10th

Flo

or

Sec

tor

5,

76117 B

uch

ares

t,

Rom

ania

phone/

fax:

+ 4

0 1

303 6

0 0

9+

40 1

303 6

0 7

5m

obile

: +

40 9

2 1

3 1

3 1

4zj

ovan

ovsk

i@se

cice

nte

r.org

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F S

OC

IAL L

AB

OU

R A

ND

SO

CIA

L P

OLIC

Y

Gen

der

eq

uali

tyN

PA f

or

Gen

der

Equal

ity.

Acc

epte

d in

May

2000

Ele

na

Gro

zdan

ova

Hea

d o

f D

epar

tmen

t fo

r G

ender

Equal

ity,

Gov

ernm

enta

l Fo

cal

Poin

t Sta

bili

ty P

act G

ender

Tas

k Fo

rce

phone/

fax:

+389 2

129 3

08

+389 2

129 3

08

Ele

nag

r@fr

eem

ail.org

.mk

OM

BU

DS

PER

SO

N F

OR

CH

IDLR

EN

Rais

ing

Aw

are

ness

Pa

mphle

t on

child

rig

hts

incl

udes

info

rmat

ion o

n t

raffic

king.

Co-o

per

atio

n in o

rgan

isin

g r

ound t

able

s on d

om

estic

vio-

lence

and c

hild

abuse

within

the

fram

ework

of pre

par

atio

n

for

the

Sec

ond W

orld C

ongre

ss A

gai

nst

Com

mer

cial

Sex

ual

Exp

loitat

ion o

f Child

ren.

2001

Gov

ernm

ent,

U

NIC

EF

Nev

enka

Kru

saro

vska

Om

busd

sper

son f

or

Child

Pro

-te

ctio

nphone/

fax:

+389 2

129 3

27,

221 0

35

+389 2

129 3

59

om

budch

ild@

mt.

net

.mk


and Activities


238

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

OS

CE

Co

-ord

inati

on

Org

anis

ed R

ound t

able

s on T

raff

icki

ng w

ith f

our

work

ing

gro

ups:

pre

vention;

legal

polic

y; a

ssis

tance

for

traf

fick

ed

per

sons;

sec

urity

/oper

atio

nal

gro

up.

Mee

tings

of w

ork

ing g

roups

susp

ended

in M

ar 2

001 d

ue

to

conflic

t.

Aug 2

000 –

Mar

2001

MI,

MLS

P, S

ECI,

IA

s, N

GO

sJo

anna

Cra

ndal

lH

um

an D

imen

sion O

ffic

erphone:

+389 2

111 1

43

jcra

ndal

l@osc

e-m

k.org

IOM

Rais

ing

Aw

are

ness

In

form

atio

n a

nd a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g c

ampai

gns:

•ca

lendar

s ta

rget

ing K

FOR;

•public

atio

ns

and lea

flet

s ta

rget

ing g

ener

al p

ublic

.D

ec 2

000

Sep

t 2001

Bel

gia

n

Gov

’t,

OSI

MI,

loca

l N

GO

s,

polic

eIO

MVla

dim

ir D

anai

lov

Legal

Aff

airs

and P

ublic

Rel

a-tions

Off

icer

phone/

fax:

+ 3

89 2

3777 7

26

+ 3

89 2

361 0

33

Vdan

ailo

v@io

msk

opje

.org

.mk

Mar

ija

Nik

olo

vska

Proje

ct D

evel

opm

ent

Ass

ista

nt

phone/

fax:

+389 2

3

61 3

81

+389 2

3

62 6

34

mob:

+389 7

0 3

30 3

47

Mnik

olo

vska

@io

msk

o-

pje

.org

.mk

NG

O c

ap

aci

ty b

uil

din

gReg

ional

Sem

inar

for

Prev

ention o

f Tr

affick

ing a

nd V

ictim

su

pport

.M

ay 2

001

IOM

Ass

ista

nce

to

tra

ffic

ked

p

ers

on

s fo

r re

turn

an

d

rein

teg

rati

on

Ass

ista

nce

to t

raff

icke

d p

erso

ns

in t

he

Rec

eption a

nd T

ran-

sit

Cen

tre

for

Irr

egula

r M

igra

nts

and V

ictim

s of Tr

affick

ing

whic

h incl

udes

:•

cost

of

stay

bef

ore

ret

urn

ing h

om

e;•

oblig

atory

med

ical

scr

eenin

g;

•sa

fe r

eturn

to t

he

countr

y of

origin

.

On g

oin

g s

ince

Aug 2

000

In c

o-o

per

atio

n

with t

he

Rec

ep-

tion c

entr

e –

since

Apr

2001

funded

by

the

Gov

’ts

of

Norw

ay,

UK,

Ital

y

MI

IOM

Po

lice

tra

inin

gPo

lice

trai

nin

g.

Reg

ional

Counte

r Tr

affick

ing T

rain

ing f

or

Polic

e an

d

Cust

om

Off

icer

s.

Trai

nin

g o

n p

roce

ssin

g v

ictim

s fo

r pro

secu

tors

, in

vest

igat

ion judges

.

Jan 2

001

Mar

2001

Nov

2001

MI,

La

Str

ada

Bulg

aria

SECI,

FBI

IOM

Rese

arc

h a

nd

data

g

ath

eri

ng

Dat

a bas

e on t

he

scope

of tr

affick

ing a

nd ille

gal

mig

ration

in t

he

regio

n.

Ongoin

gIO

MIO

M



239
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

HC

R

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

ers

on

sSupport

for

Rec

eption a

nd T

ransi

t Cen

tre

for

Irr

egula

r M

igra

nts

and V

ictim

s of

Traf

fick

ing.

9,0

00 U

S$

for

the

shel

ter

MI,

IO

MBrita

Hel

lela

nd

Ext

ernal

Rel

atio

ns

Off

icer

phone/

fax:

+389 2

1

18 6

41

+389 2

1

31 0

40

mob:

+389 7

0 2

26 4

43

UN

ICEF

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

d

pre

ven

tio

n o

f ch

ild

tr

aff

ickin

g

Round t

able

s on d

om

estic

viole

nce

and c

hild

abuse

within

th

e fr

amew

ork

of

pre

par

atio

n f

or

the

Sec

ond W

orld C

on-

gre

ss A

gai

nst

Com

mer

cial

Sex

ual

Exp

loitat

ion o

f Child

ren.

2001

Gov

’tG

over

nm

ent,

IO

M,

loca

l N

GO

sKer

ry N

eal

Child

Pro

tect

ion O

ffic

erphone:

389 2

464 9

11

mob:

389 7

0 2

52 1

58

knea

l@unic

ef.o

rg

Rais

ing

aw

are

ness

an

d

pre

ven

tio

n o

f ch

ild

tr

aff

ickin

g

Dev

eloped

pro

gra

mm

e fo

r ch

ildre

n –

pote

ntial

vic

tim

s of

traf

fick

ing:

•tr

aum

a aw

aren

ess

trai

nin

g;

•ch

ild r

ights

tra

inin

g;

•ed

uca

tion f

or

child

ren a

nd y

oung p

eople

on t

he

dan

-ger

s of

sexu

al e

xplo

itat

ion a

nd H

IV/A

IDS;

•public

info

rmat

ion c

ampai

gns

and lec

ture

s fo

r polic

e.

Plan

ned

Not

funded

AB

AC

EELI

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

leg

al

refo

rmG

ender

Pro

gra

mm

e – d

raft

ing leg

isla

tion o

n d

om

estic

vio-

lence

.O

ngoin

g s

ince

1999

MJ

Loca

l N

GO

sKet

i Ilie

vska

Sta

ff A

ttorn

eyphone/

fax:

+

389 2

178 1

88

e

xt.

108

+ 3

89 2

176 6

25

Iket

i@ce

eli.org

.mk

Cee

limk@

mt.

net

.mk

Vic

tim

s ass

ista

nce

Legal

aid

for

vict

ims

of

dom

estic

viole

nce

, in

cludin

g b

asic

le

gal

advi

ce a

nd c

ourt

rep

rese

nta

tion.

Hotlin

e w

ith leg

al a

dvi

ce f

or

the

vict

ims

of

gen

der

bas

ed

and d

om

estic

viole

nce

, in

cludin

g info

rmat

ion o

n t

raff

ick-

ing.

Plan

ned

for

2002 –

one

year

pilo

t pro

ject

in

Sko

pje

ESSE-

Hum

anitar

-ia

n A

ss. fo

r Em

an-

cipat

ionSol

idar

ity

and E

qual

ity

of

Wom

en

ESSE


and Activities


240

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

LA

STR

AD

A/

OP

EN

GA

TE (

Lo

cal

NG

O)

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pr

even

tion a

nd a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g c

ampai

gn, in

cludin

g t

he

use

of post

ers

and p

ost

car

ds

aim

ed a

t pote

ntial

vic

tim

s of

traf

fick

ing.

Hotlin

e pro

vidin

g info

rmat

ion o

n t

raff

icki

ng,

on w

ork

ab

road

and r

isks

.Pl

ans

to b

e par

t of

the

refe

rral

and s

upport

sys

tem

.La

Str

ada

Progra

mm

e 4

- Pr

ogra

mm

e fo

r Pr

even

tion o

f Tr

affick

ing in w

om

en in C

entr

al a

nd E

aste

rn E

uro

pe.

Plan

ned

for

2002-2

003

2001-2

004

30,0

00 U

S$

Exp

ecte

d

from

U

NIC

EF

300.0

00

Euro

, D

utc

h

MFA

and

EU

OSCE,

HO

PSLa

Str

ada/

Open

G

ate

Maj

a Var

osl

ija

Proje

ct C

oord

inat

or

phone:

+389 2

13 9

7 9

5O

tvore

na_

port

a@ya

hoo.

com

Po

lice

tra

inin

gLa

Str

ada

Bulg

aria

par

tici

pat

ed in t

he

trai

nin

g f

or

polic

e off

icer

s of

the

Org

anis

ed C

rim

e U

nit.

Jan 2

001

IOM

IOM

IOM

and L

a Str

ada

Bulg

aria

HEA

LTH

Y O

PTIO

NS

PR

OJE

CT (

HO

PS

)

HIV

/A

IDS

pre

ven

tio

n

an

d a

ware

ness

rais

ing

HIV

/AID

S p

reve

ntion o

utr

each

for

hig

h r

isk

gro

ups

incl

ud-

ing s

ex w

ork

ers

and p

ote

ntial

vic

tim

s of

traf

fick

ing.

Plan

s to

par

tici

pat

e in

a r

efer

ral an

d s

upport

sys

tem

.

Ongoin

gD

esan

ka T

imko

vska

, Pr

oje

ct C

oord

inat

or

phone/

fax:

+

389 9

1 1

30 0

38

(H

: 436 4

84)

+389 9

1 1

30 0

38

des

anka

tim

@hotm

ail.co

m

UN

ION

OF W

OM

EN

OR

GA

NIS

ATIO

NS

OF M

AC

ED

ON

IAN

WO

MEN

Rais

ing

Aw

are

ness

an

d

vic

tim

s ass

ista

nce

Aw

aren

ess

rais

ing a

nd p

reve

ntion e

duca

tion.

Trai

nin

g f

or

hig

h r

isk

gro

ups.

Proje

ct f

or

shel

ter

for

vict

ims

of

traf

fick

ing.

Ongoin

gIO

MN

atas

ha

Dim

itre

vska

, Volu

nte

er o

n T

raff

icki

ng

phone/

fax:

+

389 2

134 3

90

+389 2

238 1

84

sozm

@m

t.net

.mk



241
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

SA

FE C

HIL

DH

OO

D

Pre

ven

tio

n o

f ch

ild

tr

aff

ickin

g a

nd

vic

tim

ass

ista

nce

Trea

tmen

t fo

r ch

ild v

ictim

s of

traf

fick

ing (

under

18),

in

cludin

g a

ssis

tance

with s

oci

al w

elfa

re s

yste

m,

counse

l-lin

g a

nd t

her

apy,

leg

al s

upport

.

Ongoin

gAnto

ni N

ovotn

iPr

esid

ent

phone/

fax.

+389 2

121 3

18

Saf

echild

hood@

yahoo.

com

Anov

otn

i@ya

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com

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over

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and N

GO

s.2001

Car

itas

Nat

ional

Sec

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kopje

Kla

ra M

isch

el I

lieva

, Pr

oje

ct

Coord

inat

or

phone/

fax:

+

389 2

650 6

44,

+ 3

89 2

650 6

40

+ 3

89 2

650 4

87

mob:

+ 3

89 7

0 2

54 5

26

CroatiaList of Projects

and Activities


242
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N C

RO

ATIA

17

81

78

GO

VER

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178.

Ab

bre

via

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rnat

ional

agen

cy;

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Min

istr

y of

educa

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, M

inis

try

of

Fore

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ffai

rs;

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, M

inis

try

of

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lth;

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istr

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nte

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Aff

airs

; M

J, M

inis

try

of

Just

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LSW

, M

inis

try

of

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and S

oci

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elfa

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of

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epar

tmen

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r Ille

gal

M

igra

tion

phone/

fax:

+

385 1

6122111

+385 1

443277

Sav

ska

39,

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reb

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

Law

en

forc

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d

co-o

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e polic

e an

d b

ord

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olic

e “P

rote

ctio

n o

f Sta

te B

ord

er a

nd C

om

bat

ing I

llegal

Mig

ration”.

Oct

2001

Del

iver

ed b

y G

erm

an B

GS

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

co-o

pera

tio

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ainin

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polic

e an

d b

ord

er p

olic

e in

cludin

g info

rma-

tion a

bout

traf

fick

ing.

Plan

ned

for

the

end o

f 2001

Law

en

forc

em

en

t an

d

co-o

pera

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late

ral ag

reem

ents

on a

sylu

m,

mig

ration a

nd b

ord

er

contr

ol w

ith G

erm

any,

Aust

ria

and S

love

nia

.2001

MIs

of

Ger

man

y,

Aust

ria

and S

love

-nia

Dam

ir H

rlic

Dep

artm

ent

for

Ille

gal

Mig

ra-

tion,

Dep

uty

Hea

d o

f D

epar

t-m

ent

phone/

fax:

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37 8

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37 8

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a 335,

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agre

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MIN

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raff

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W,

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isla

v Thur

phone/

fax:

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385 1

4 5

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4 5

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isla

v.th

ur@

mvp

.hr

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Nati

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Pla

nIn

ter-

min

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Mee

ting o

n T

raff

icki

ng. M

inis

try

of In

terior

appoin

ted t

o c

o-o

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ate

anti-t

raff

icki

ng a

ctiv

itie

s.Appoin

tmen

t of

the

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator.

July

2001,

Zag

reb

MJ,

MLS

W,

MI,

IAs

CroatiaList of Projects and Activities


43
2
INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

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lem

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MIN

ISTR

Y O

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US

TIC

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Leg

al

refo

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amily

Law

, pro

tect

ion o

f m

inors

and w

om

en w

ith

child

ren.

2001

Sta

te A

ttorn

ey O

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e Bozi

ca

Cvj

etko

phone/

fax:

+

385 1

3712706

+385 1

3769302

Vin

ogra

dsk

a 25

Leg

al

refo

rmW

ork

ing G

roup o

n t

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Alie

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aw a

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repar

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or

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Asy

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MIN

ISTR

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AB

OU

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refo

rmIn

stru

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for

trea

tmen

t of

min

ors

and w

om

en w

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child

ren.

2001

MJ

Mar

ija

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n -

Mra

zovi

cM

LSW

Dep

uty

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

for

Traf

fick

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phone/

fax:

+385 1

6169248

+385 1

6196534

Pris

avlje1

4,

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reb

OS

CE

Co

-ord

inati

on

Org

anis

ed r

ound t

able

on T

raff

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ng w

ith e

stab

lishm

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of

four

work

ing g

roups:

pre

vention r

eturn

and a

ssis

tance

; le

gis

lation;

law

enfo

rcem

ent.

Nov

2000

MFA

, M

J, M

I, M

LSW

, IO

M,

ICM

C,

loca

l N

GO

sFl

orija

na

Andra

zeca

14

10000,

Zag

reb

phone/

fax:

+ 3

85-1

3096 6

20

+ 3

85-1

3096 2

97

pau

@osc

ecro

.org

IOM

Rese

arc

h a

nd

ass

ess

men

tRes

earc

h s

tudy

“Sex

Tra

ffic

king in C

roat

ia”.

Nov

2001

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

N

GO

sLo

vork

a M

arin

ovic

Med

ical

Pro

gra

mm

e Ass

ista

nt

Am

ruse

va 1

0,

Zag

reb

phone/

fax:

+385 1

4816884

+385 1

4816 8

82

lovo

rkam

@io

m.int


and Activities


244
Pro
ject

/A

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Tim

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H

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Prev

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incl

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raff

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am-

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ernm

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ce

Nov

2000

Plan

ned

as

a one

year

pro

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Oct

. 2001

UK G

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thro

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Univ

. of

London

Gov

ernm

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and

NG

Os

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ar V

ic-

tim

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hotlin

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p

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on

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ned

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ICEF

Pre

ven

tio

n –

gen

der

eq

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to loca

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GO

invo

lved

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ender

ass

essm

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of

legis

lation in C

roat

ia.

Ongoin

g

UN

IFEM

Pre

ven

tio

n –

gen

der

eq

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ional

pro

ject

on leg

isla

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once

rnin

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om

en’s

rig

hts

.O

ngoin

gLo

cal N

GO

sB.a

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a M

ounla

unifem

@undp.

org

CroatiaList of Projects and Activities


245

NO

N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

ject

/A

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Tim

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INTER

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ATH

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des

Dep

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Direc

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for

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phone/

fax:

+

385 1

4872 3

46

+385 1

4872 3

47

Anto

nia

des

@ic

mc.

net

Ber

isla

vice

va 1

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Ass

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agre

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phone/

fax:

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bab

e@za

mir.

net

CEN

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ov 2

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J, M

I,

MLS

W, IO

M, IC

MC,

loca

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Kom

aric

phone:

+

385 1

4551 1

30

Kra

lja

Drz

isla

va 2

/1,

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reb

Cen

zena@

zam

ir.net

Shel

ter

for

vict

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of

dom

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Ass

ista

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fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

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for

traf

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Plan

ned

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and Activities


246
Pro
ject

/A

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Pr

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phone/

fax:

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Albania List of Projects and Activities


247
LIS
T O

F P

RO

JEC

TS

AN

D A

CTIV

ITIE

S I

N A

LB

AN

IA1

791

79

GO

VER

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EN

T

179.

Ab

bre

via

tio

ns:

IA

, in

tern

atio

nal

agen

cy;

MC,

Min

istr

y of

Culture

; M

E,

Min

istr

y of

educa

tion;

MFA

, M

inis

try

of

Fore

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ffai

rs;

MH

, M

inis

try

of H

ealth;

MI,

Min

istr

y of

Inte

rnal

Aff

airs

; M

J, M

inis

try

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Just

ice;

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A,

Min

istr

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oci

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ffai

rs;

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inis

try

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Ord

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elp f

or

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Pro

ject

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Tim

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INIS

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Traf

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he

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

for

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Issu

e.

May

2001

MPO

, M

LSA,

MFA

, M

E,

MC,

MJ,

Com

-m

itte

e fo

r Equal

O

pport

unitie

s Pr

os-

ecuto

r’s

Off

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N

at.

Inte

lligen

ce

Ser

vice

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

for

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-fick

ing I

ssues

Buja

r H

imci

,D

eputy

Min

iste

r of

Public

Ord

er

Dolo

r To

zaj

Counci

l of

Min

iste

rsphone/

fax:

+

355 4

2 5

6 8

44

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2 3

0 8

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dto

zaj@

hotm

ail.co

mLaw

en

forc

em

en

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stru

ctio

n t

o judges

to p

rose

cute

tra

ffic

kers

acc

ord

ing t

o

exis

ting r

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tions.

Oct

2001

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Gen

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Pro

se-

cuto

r’s

off

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MIN

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F P

UB

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OR

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nN

atio

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ateg

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bat

Tra

ffic

king in H

um

an B

eings.

pas

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y Pa

rlia

men

t D

ec

2001

MPO

, M

LSA,

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, M

E,

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Com

-m

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unitie

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N

at.

Info

rmat

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Ser

vice

, in

tern

a-tional

agen

cies

, N

GO

s

Nat

ional

Co-o

rdin

ator

for

Traf

fick

ing I

ssues

Buja

r H

imci

, D

eputy

Min

iste

r of

Public

Ord

er

Min

istr

y of

Public

Ord

er,

Tiran

a,Alb

ania

phone:

+355 3

8 2

030418

AlbaniaList of Projects

and Activities


248
Pro
ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

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lem

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ask

Forc

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polic

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curr

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elt

er

for

traff

icked

p

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on

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upport

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the

shel

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vict

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e th

e Child

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Nati

on

al

Str

ate

gie

s

Nat

ional

Str

ateg

y fo

r Child

ren incl

udin

g a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng

mea

sure

s.N

atio

nal

Str

ateg

y fo

r W

om

en incl

udin

g a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng

mea

sure

s.

2001

1998

UN

ICEF

Lavd

ie R

uci

Chai

rper

son,

Gov

ernm

enta

l Fo

cal Po

int

Sta

-bili

ty P

act

Gen

der

tas

k Fo

rce

Rr. K

avaj

es,

Tiran

aphone/

fax:

+

355 4

2 4

7572

+ 3

55 4

2 4

7572

wom

enco

m@

icc.

eu.o

rg

Nati

on

al

Act

ion

Pla

n a

nd

co

-op

era

tio

n

Gov

ernm

enta

l Confe

rence

on T

raff

icki

ng.

Pres

enta

tion o

f th

e N

atio

nal

Str

ateg

y to

Com

bat

Tra

ffic

.N

ov 2

001

MPO

, U

NIC

EF

Nat

has

ha

Pepiv

ani,

Chie

f of

Sec

tor

phone:

+ 3

55 4

2 5

1 3

51

APN

SH

@al

ban

iaonlin

e.ac

t

Tra

ffic

kin

g i

n c

hil

dre

nRec

ognitio

n o

f th

e pro

ble

m o

f tr

affic

in c

hild

ren.

UN

ICEF,

Ter

re d

es

Hom

mes

, H

elp t

he

Child

ren

Terr

e des

Hom

mes

, H

elp t

he

Child

ren

Co

-op

era

tio

n a

nd

ca

paci

ty b

uil

din

gCo-o

per

atio

n a

gre

emen

ts b

etw

een g

over

nm

ent

and N

GO

s.Lo

cal an

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rna-

tional

NG

Os

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F E

DU

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N

Pre

ven

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n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Tr

ainin

g f

or

teac

her

s in

anti-t

raff

icki

ng e

duca

tion.

Co-o

per

atio

n in p

reve

ntion c

ampai

gns.

Anti-t

raff

icki

ng e

duca

tion in s

chools

.

Ongoin

gU

NIC

EF,

Ter

re d

es

Hom

mes

, H

elp f

or

Child

ren (

NPF

),

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Terr

e des

Hom

mes

, N

PF,

IOM

Nik

o K

reci

,Chie

f of

Sec

tor



249

INTER

NA

TIO

NA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

TIO

NS

Pro

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/A

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itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

Do

no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

MIN

ISTR

Y O

F J

US

TIC

E

Leg

al

refo

rmN

ew a

nti-t

raff

icki

ng p

rovi

sions

in t

he

Crim

inal

Code.

Appro

ved b

y Pa

rlia

men

t Ja

n

2001

Anola

Shar

a

Leg

al

refo

rmN

ew p

rovi

sions

for

pro

tect

ion o

f ch

ildre

n,

chan

ges

in

Adoption L

aw a

nd L

abour

Code.

2001

Leg

al

refo

rmAnal

yses

of

legal

asp

ects

of

traf

fick

ing in c

hild

ren.

Nov

2001

Terr

e des

Hom

mes

, H

elp t

he

Child

ren,

OSCE

Law

en

forc

em

en

tLe

tter

with inst

ruct

ions

from

the

Min

iste

r of

Just

ice

to t

he

pro

secu

tors

to p

ut

more

eff

ort

into

pro

secu

tion a

nd s

en-

tenci

ng t

raff

icke

rs.

Oct

2001

Judic

iary

Judic

iary

OS

CE

Nati

on

al

Pla

n o

f A

ctio

nSupport

for

the

dra

ftin

g p

roce

ss o

f th

e N

atio

nal

Str

ateg

y on C

om

bat

ing T

raff

icki

ng.

2001

Gov

ernm

ent,

IAs,

lo

cal N

GO

sG

over

nm

ent

Fran

k Le

dw

idge,

H

um

an R

ights

Off

icer

,Sild

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nost

i,

Hum

an R

ights

Att

orn

eyVill

a 6,

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a phone/

fax:

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355 4

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93

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55 4

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01

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55 4

2 4

0 6

73

lc@

lco-o

sce.

org

osc

efoa@

icc.

al.e

u.o

rg

Leg

al

refo

rmRev

iew

of

legis

lation r

elat

ed t

o t

raff

icki

ng.

2000,

updat

ed

2001

MJ,

loca

l N

GO

sO

SCE

Ass

ista

nce

fo

r tr

aff

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p

ers

on

sPa

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ipat

ion in t

he

refe

rral

sys

tem

for

traf

fick

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thro

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ield

sta

tions.

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M,

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CU

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CR,

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, IC

MC

Law

en

forc

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en

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onitoring t

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pro

cess

of

pro

secu

tion a

nd c

onvi

ctio

n o

f tr

affick

ers

thro

ugh t

he

fiel

d s

tations.

Ongoin

gM

POO

SCE

Leg

al

refo

rmRev

iew

of

legis

lation r

elat

ed t

o t

raff

icki

ng in c

hild

ren,

and

lobbyi

ng f

or

the

chan

ges

in t

he

legis

lation.

2001

MJ,

loca

l N

GO

sO

SCE


and Activities


250

Pro

ject

/A

ctiv

itie

sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

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ners

Imp

lem

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Pre

ven

tio

n a

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rais

ing

aw

are

ness

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GO

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paci

ty b

uil

din

g

Trai

nin

g o

f tr

ainer

s on w

om

en’s

rig

hts

and t

raff

icki

ng.

2000 -

2001

OD

IHR

Gov

ernm

ent,

Loca

l N

GO

s,U

NH

CH

R

OD

IHR t

rain

ers

Penny

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tin

mar

tin@

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en

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taff

at

the

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e Tr

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nst

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an

d t

he

Polic

e Aca

dem

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Tiran

a.

June

2001

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IHR

OD

IHR,

UN

HCH

R,

Nat

ional

Net

work

ag

ainst

Gen

der

Vio

lence

and T

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OM

tr

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s, U

NH

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mat

eria

ls

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ven

tio

n a

nd

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ing

aw

are

ness

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even

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f tr

affick

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aw

aren

ess

rais

ing a

nd info

rma-

tion c

ampai

gn.

Hotlin

e fo

r th

e vi

ctim

s.

Sta

rted

in

Oct

2001,

18 m

onth

s ca

m-

pai

gn

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h

Em

bas

sy

525.0

00U

S$

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ernm

ent,

IOM

, lo

cal N

GO

s, M

ED

egan

Ali

Progra

mm

e M

anag

erRr. “

Brigad

a e

Tete

” N

r.3

Tiran

aphone/

fax:

+

355 4

2 5

7836

+ 3

55 4

2 5

7835

iom

tira

na@

iom

tira

mna.

org

.al

dal

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org

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Ass

ista

nce

to

th

e v

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ms

Direc

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sist

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to t

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vict

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oje

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or

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rn a

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gra

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f th

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nat

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ngoin

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Ass

ista

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fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

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on

sRei

nte

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r Alb

ania

n v

ictim

s of

traf

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2002-2

003

USAID

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utc

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S

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build

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f lo

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GO

s.O

ngoin

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aci

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uil

din

g o

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w

en

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build

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.

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gD

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Em

bas

sy,

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OSCE,

loca

l N

GO

sM

PO,

Polic

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etw

ork

Agai

nst

G

ender

Vio

lence

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Traf

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UN

HC

R

Ass

ista

nce

to

th

e v

icti

ms

Mem

ora

ndum

of U

nder

stan

din

g w

ith t

he

Min

istr

y of Pu

blic

O

rder

for

the

iden

tifica

tion a

nd r

efer

al o

f tr

affick

ed p

er-

sons

from

third c

ountr

ies.

2001

MPO

, O

SCE,

IOM

, IC

MC

UN

HCR O

ffic

eRuga

Donik

a Kst

rioti,

Tiran

a



251
NO
N-G

OV

ER

NM

EN

TA

L O

RG

AN

ISA

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Pro

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sFo

cus

of

Act

ivit

ies

Tim

efr

am

eB

ud

get/

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no

rC

o-o

pera

tin

g

Part

ners

Imp

lem

en

tin

g

Part

ners

Co

nta

cts

UN

ICEF

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

aw

are

ness

rais

ing

Proje

ct o

n p

reve

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nd r

einte

gra

tion

for

traf

fick

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child

ren.

Ongoin

gTe

rre

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mes

, H

elp t

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ren

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e des

Hom

mes

, H

elp t

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Child

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Rober

to L

aure

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rese

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phone:

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55 4

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erre

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CIL

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UR

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Law

en

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ainin

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or

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ethods.

Plan

ned

MJ

Mar

ta O

nora

toco

ealb

@co

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.org

INTER

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TIO

NA

L C

ATH

OLIC

MIG

RA

TIO

N C

OM

MIT

TEE (

ICM

C)

Ass

ista

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fo

r tr

aff

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p

ers

on

s Shel

ter

for

traf

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M,

UN

HCH

R,

MPO

, lo

cal N

GO

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dia

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fax:

+

355 4

2 5

7 4

82

+ 3

55 4

2 3

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22

icm

cled

@ic

c-al

.org

Rr. S

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beu

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r. 4

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a

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RE D

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MM

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Pre

ven

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nPr

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mm

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pre

vent

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gU

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dat

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Vin

cent

Tourn

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ert

Hea

d o

f M

issi

on

phone:

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55 5

4 5

2009

tdhal

ban

ie@

alban

iaonlin

e.net


and Activities


252
Pro
ject

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Tim

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lem

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nta

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FO

R C

HIL

DR

EN

(N

PF)

Ass

ista

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fo

r tr

aff

icked

p

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sch

ools

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Sw

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SD

CM

E,

UN

ICEF

Terr

e des

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mes

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Rober

t Str

atober

dha

phone:

+

355 3

8 2

55 2

6 5

2npfe

l@al

bm

ail.co

m

Co

llect

ion

of

info

rmati

on

Dat

a bas

e of

child

ren o

f hig

h r

isk

of

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beg

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g o

f 2001

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ICEF

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e des

Hom

me,

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VE T

HE C

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IN

ALB

AN

IA

Pre

ven

tio

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coll

ect

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of

info

rmati

on

Rep

ort

on t

raff

ic in c

hild

ren.

2001

ICM

C,

IOM

, N

PF,

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e des

Hom

mes

, Sav

e th

e Child

ren

Rr. N

ikola

Tupe,

Pal

lati 1

, Ap 3

, Tiran

aphone:

+ 3

55 4

2 5

7 4

16-1

8sa

veal

ban

ia@

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e.net

Ass

ista

nce

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th

e V

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ms

Prov

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rogra

mm

atic

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inan

cial

Support

to V

lora

W

om

en’s

Hea

rth s

hel

ter

for

Alb

ania

n W

om

en.

2001 -

2002

Sav

e th

e Child

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ra W

om

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H

eatr

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om

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H

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fax:

+

355 6

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AL C

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IC F

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Leg

al

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surr

oundin

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child

ren.

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l Q

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o. 3

0/2

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fax:

+

355 4

2 2

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253
Pro
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bas

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, M

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Ass

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p

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on

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r ill

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mig

rants

, st

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while

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nsi

t fr

om

Alb

ania

to I

taly

.Sta

rted

Oct

2001

IOM

IOM

, M

PO

WO

MEN

’S C

EN

TER

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

rais

ing

aw

are

ness

Pa

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y O

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s.

2000

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ernm

ent,

UN

HCH

R B

iHO

SCE t

rain

ers

Egla

ntina

Gje

rmen

iPO

Box

. 2418,

Tiran

aphone/

fax:

+

355 4

2 5

5515/

55514

+ 3

55 4

2 5

5515,

/ 55514

Egje

rmen

i@hotm

ail.co

m

LA

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Pre

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tio

n a

nd

rais

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ness

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wom

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hum

an r

ights

org

anis

ed b

y O

SCE/O

DIH

R.

2000

OSCE/

OD

IHR

Gov

ernm

ent,

UN

HCH

R B

iHO

SCE t

rain

ers

Iren

a Pr

ogni

Tiran

aphone:

+ 3

55 4

2 4

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+

355 4

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355 4

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