trade blocs .docx

8/13/2019 TRADE BLOCS .docx

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TRADE BLOC

A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regionalintergovernmental organization, where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs and non-tariff

barriers)are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.

Historic economic blocs include theHanseatic League,a trading alliance in northern Europein existence between the 13th and 17th centuries and the German Customs Union (Zollverein)initiated in 1834, formed on the basis of theGerman Confederation and subsequentlyGermanEmpire from 1871. Surges of trade bloc formation were seen in the 1960s and 1970s, as wellas in the 1990s after the collapse of Communism. By 1997, more than 50% of all worldcommerce was conducted under regional trade blocs.[2]

Economist Jeffrey J. Scott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics notes thatmembers of successful trade blocs usually share four common traits: similar levels of percapita GNP, geographic proximity, similar or compatible trading regimes, and politicalcommitment to regional organization.[3]

Advocates of worldwidefree trade are generally opposed to trading blocs, which, they argue,encourage regional as opposed to global free trade.[4] Scholars and economists continue todebate whether regional trade blocs are leading to a more fragmented world economy orencouraging the extension of the existing globalmultilateral trading system.[5][6]

Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or part of a regional organization (such as theEuropean Union). Depending on the level of economic integration, trade blocs can fall intodifferent categories, such as:[7]preferential trading areas, free trade areas, customs unions,common markets andeconomic and monetary unions.
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NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT(NAFTA)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; French: Accord de libre-changenord-amricain, ALNA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de Amrica del Norte,TLCAN) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating atrilateraltrade bloc inNorth America.The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. Itsuperseded theCanadaUnited States Free Trade Agreementbetween the U.S. and Canada.

In terms of combinedpurchasing power parityGDP of its members, as of 2007 the trade blocis thelargest in the world and second largest by nominal GDP comparison.

NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on EnvironmentalCooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation

(NAALC).

Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1986 among the three nations, the leadersmet inSan Antonio,Texas, on December 17, 1992, to sign NAFTA. U.S. PresidentGeorgeH. W. Bush,Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Mexican PresidentCarlos Salinas,each responsible for spearheading and promoting the agreement, ceremonially signed it. Thesigned agreement then needed to be ratified by each nation's legislative or parliamentary

branch.

The agreement's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. NAFTA passedthe Senate 61-38. Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed

it into law on December 8, 1993; it went into effect on January 1, 1994.[3][4]Clinton, whilesigning the NAFTA bill, stated that "NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-payingAmerican jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement."

Trade

The agreement opened the door for open trade, ending tariffs on various goods and services,and implementing equality between Canada, USA, and Mexico. NAFTA has allowed

agricultural goods such as eggs, corn, and meats to be tariff-free. This allowed corporationsto trade freely and import and export various goods on a North American scale.

Tr ade balances

The US goods trade deficit with NAFTA was $94.6 billion in 2010, a 36.4% increase ($25billion) over 2009.

The US goods trade deficit with NAFTA accounted for 26.8% of the overall U.S. goods tradedeficit in 2010.

The US had a services trade surplus of $28.3 billion with NAFTA countries in 2009 (thelatest data available).
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I nvestment

The US foreign direct investment (FDI) in NAFTA Countries (stock) was $327.5 billion in2009 (latest data available), up 8.8% from 2008.

The US direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies, and in themanufacturing, finance/insurance, and mining sectors.

Theforeign direct investment,of Canada and Mexico in the United States (stock) was $237.2billion in 2009 (the latest data available), up 16.5% from 2008.

Industry

Maquiladoras (Mexican factories that take in imported raw materials and produce goods forexport) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico. These are plants that moved to thisregion from the United States, hence the debate over the loss of American jobs. Hufbauer's(2005) book shows that income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5% since theimplementation of NAFTA in 1994. Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement,and the share ofexports from non-border states has increased in the last five years while theshare of exports from maquiladora-border states has decreased. This has allowed for the rapidgrowth of non-border metropolitan areas, such asToluca,Len andPuebla;all three larger in

population thanTijuana,Ciudad Jurez,andReynosa.

Agriculture

From the earliest negotiation,agriculture was (and still remains) a controversial topic withinNAFTA, as it has been with almost allfree trade agreements that have been signed within theWTO framework. Agriculture is the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally; instead,three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties. The CanadaU.S.agreement contains significant restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products (mainlysugar, dairy, and poultry products), whereas the MexicoU.S. pact allows for a widerliberalization within a framework of phase-out periods (it was the firstNorthSouth FTA onagriculture to be signed).

NAFTA has increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada even though most of

this increase occurred a decade after its ratification. The study focused on the effects thatgradual "phase-in" periods in regional trade agreements, including NAFTA, have on tradeflows. Most of the increase in members agricultural trade, which was only recently brought

under the purview of the World Trade Organization, was due to very high trade barriersbefore NAFTA or other regional trade agreements.[20]

Mobility of persons

According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,during fiscal year 2006 (i.e., October 2005 through September 2006), 73,880 foreign

professionals (64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans) were admitted into the United Statesfor temporary employment under NAFTA (i.e., in the TN status). Additionally, 17,321 of
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their family members (13,136 Canadians, 2,904 Mexicans, as well as a number of third-country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans) entered the U.S. in the treatynational's dependent (TD) status.[21]Because DHS counts the number of the newI-94 arrivalrecords filled at the border, and the TN-1 admission is valid for three years, the number ofnon-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately

equal to the number of admissions during the year. (A discrepancy may be caused by someTN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three-year admission periodhas expired, while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status toTN or TD, orextend TN status granted earlier).

EUROPEAN UNION

The European Union(EU) is aneconomic andpolitical union of 28member states that are

located primarily in Europe.[12][13] The EU operates through a system of supranational

independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member

states.[14][15] Institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the

European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the

European Central Bank, theCourt of Auditors,and theEuropean Parliament.The European

Parliament is elected every five years byEU citizens.The EU's de factocapital isBrussels.

The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the

European Economic Community (EEC), formed by theInner Six countries in 1951 and 1958,respectively. In the intervening years the community and its successors have grown in size bythe accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit.TheMaastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993.[16]Thelatest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon,came intoforce in 2009.

The EU has developed asingle market through a standardised system of laws that apply in allmember states. Within the Schengen Area (which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states)

passport controls have been abolished.[17] EU policies aim to ensure the free movement ofpeople, goods, services, and capital,[18] enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and

maintain common policies on trade,[19]

agriculture,[20]

fisheries,andregional development.[21]

Theeurozone,a monetary union, was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. Itis currently composed of 17 member states. Through the Common Foreign and SecurityPolicy the EU has developed a role in external relations anddefence.Permanent diplomaticmissions have been established around the world. The EU is represented at the United

Nations,theWTO,theG8,and theG-20.

With a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants,[22] or 7.3% of the worldpopulation,[23]the EU in 2012 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of 16.584trillion US dollars, constituting approximately 23% of global nominal GDP and 20% when

measured in terms ofpurchasing power parity,which is the largest nominal GDP and GDPPPP in the world.[24]The EU was the recipient of the2012 Nobel Peace Prize.[25]
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LEADERS

President of the Commission-Jos Manuel Barroso (EPP)

President of the European Council-Herman Van Rompuy (EPP)

ESTABLISHMENT

-Treaty of Paris 23 July 1952

- Treaty of Rome 1 January 1958

- Merger Treaty 1 July 1967

- Treaty of Maastricht 1 November 1993

- Lisbon Treaty 1 December 2009

MEMBER STATES

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary United Kingdom

Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden

Governance

Main articles:Institutions of the European Union andLegislature of the European Union

The European Union has seven institutions: the European Parliament, the Council of theEuropean Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European CentralBank, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Auditors.

Competencies in scrutinising and amending legislation are divided between the EuropeanParliament and the Council of the European Union while executive tasks are carried out by
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the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to beconfused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union). Themonetary policy ofthe eurozone is governed by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and theapplication of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of the EuropeanUnion. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. There are also a

number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic andgeopolitical union of the eighth member nations that are primarily located in South Asia

contingent.

[9]

Its secretariat is headquartered inKathmandu,Nepal.

[10]

The idea of regional political and economical cooperation inSouth Asia was first coined in1980 and the first summit held in Dhaka on 8 December in 1985 led to its officialestablishment by the governments of Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Maldives,Nepal,Pakistan,and Sri Lanka.[11][12] In the intervening years, its successors have grown in size by theaccession of new member states.[11] Afghanistan was the first to have been accessed in the

physical enlargement of the SAARC in 2007.[13]

The SAARC policies aim to promotewelfare economics, collective self-reliance among thecountries of South Asia, and to accelerate socio-cultural development in the region.[14]The

SAARC has developed a role inexternal relations around with world. Permanent diplomaticrelations have been established with theEU,theUN (as anobserver), and other multilateralentities.[14] On annual scheduled basis, the official meetings of leaders of each nation areheld; meetings of foreign secretaries, twice annually.[14]The next summit is expected to beheld inKathmandu in 2013, but the official dates for the summit is yet to be determined.

Current members

Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Observers

Australia[42] China European Union[43] Japan[43] Iran Mauritius[44] Myanmar South Korea United States[45]
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Potential future members

China has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a fullmember of SAARC. Supported by Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

Burma has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a fullmember of SAARC.[30]

Russia has expressed interest in becoming an observer of SAARC. Supported ByIndia.

SAARC summits

No Date Country Host Host leader

1st 78 December 1985 Bangladesh Dhaka Ataur Rahman Khan

2nd1617 November

1986India Bangalore Rajiv Gandhi

3rd 24 November 1987 Nepal Kathmandu Marich Man Singh

Shrestha

14th 34 April 2007 India New Delhi Manmohan Singh

15th 13 August 2008 Sri Lanka Colombo Mahinda Rajapaksa

16th 2829 April 2010 Bhutan Thimphu Jigme Thinley

17th1011 November

2011[48]Maldives Addu Mohammed Nasheed

18th 2013[49] Nepal Kathmandu Khil Raj Regmi
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Objectives Of SAARC

The objectives and the aims of the Association as defined in the Charter are:[25]

to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality oflife;

to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the regionand to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realise their full

potential ; to promote and strengthen selective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's

problems; to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social,

cultural, technical and scientific fields; to strengthen co-operation with other developing countries; to strengthen co-operation among themselves in international forums on matters of

common interest; and to co-operate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and

purposes. to maintain peace in the region

ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim membereconomies[1]that seeks to promotefree trade and economic cooperation throughout theAsia-Pacific region. It was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence ofAsia-Pacific economies and the advent of regionaltrade blocs in other parts of the world; tofears that highly industrialized Japan (a member ofG8)would come to dominate economicactivity in the Asia-Pacific region; and to establish new markets for agricultural products andraw materials beyond Europe (where demand had been declining).[2] APEC works to raiseliving standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster asense of community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia-Pacific countries.APEC includes newly industrialized economies, although the agenda of free trade was a

sensitive issue for the developing NIEs at the time APEC founded, and aims to enableASEAN economies to explore new export market opportunities fornatural resources such asnatural gas,as well as to seek regionaleconomic integration (industrial integration) by meansof foreign direct investment. Members account for approximately 40% of the world's

population, approximately 54% of the world's gross domestic product and about 44% ofworld trade.[3]For APEC Economic Trends Analysis in 2012, see.[4]

An annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting is attended by the heads of government of allAPEC members except the Republic of China (who is represented by a ministerial-levelofficial under the name Chinese Taipei as economic leader[5]). The location of the meetingrotates annually among the member economies, and until 2011, a famous tradition involvedthe attending leaders dressing in anational costume of the host member.
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Member economies

APEC currently has 21 members, including most countries with a coastline on the Pacific

Ocean. However, the criterion for membership is that the member is a separate economy,

rather than a state. As a result, APEC uses the term member economies rather than membercountriesto refer to its members. One result of this criterion is that membership of the forumincludes Taiwan (officially the Republic of China, participating under the name "Chinese

Taipei") alongsidePeople's Republic of China (see Cross-Strait relations), as well as Hong

Kong,which entered APEC as a British colony but it is now a Special Administrative Region

of the People's Republic of China.APEC also includes three official observers:ASEAN,the

Pacific Islands Forum and thePacific Economic Cooperation Council.[1]

APEC's Three Pillars

To meet the Bogor Goals, APEC carries out work in three main areas:

1. Trade and Investment Liberalisation

2. Business Facilitation

3. Economic and Technical Cooperation

APEC and Trade Liberalisation

According to the organization itself, when APEC was established in 1989 average tradebarriers in the region stood at 16.9 percent, but had been reduced to 5.5% in 2004.[19]

APEC's Business Facilitation Efforts

APEC has long been at the forefront of reform efforts in the area of business facilitation.Between 2002 and 2006 the costs of business transactions across the region was reduced by6%, thanks to the APEC Trade Facilitation Action Plan (TFAPI). Between 2007 and 2010,APEC hopes to achieve an additional 5% reduction in business transaction costs. To this end,

a newTrade Facilitation Action Plan has been endorsed. According to a 2008 research briefpublished by the World Bank as part of its Trade Costs and Facilitation Project,increasingtransparency in the region's trading system is critical if APEC is to meet its Bogor Goaltargets.[20]TheAPEC Business Travel Card,a travel document for visa-free business travelwithin the region is one of the concrete measures to facilitate business. In May 2010 Russia

joined the scheme, thus completing the circle.[21]

Proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific

APEC first formally started discussing the concept of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific atits summit in 2006 in Hanoi. However, the proposal for such an area has been around since at

least 1966 and Japanese economistKiyoshi Kojima (ja)'s proposal for a Pacific Free Tradeagreement proposal. While it gained little traction, the idea led to the formation of Pacific
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Trade and Development Conference and then the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council in1980 and then APEC in 1989.

In more recent times, economist C. Fred Bergsten has been the foremost advocate of a FreeTrade Agreement of Asia-Pacific. His ideas convinced the APEC Business Advisory Council

to support this concept.

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND

DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) was establishedin 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United

NationsGeneral Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues.

The organization's goals are to "maximize the trade, investment and developmentopportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into theworld economy on an equitable basis."[1] The creation of the conference was based onconcerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-national corporations,and great disparity between developed nations and developing nations.

In the 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New

International Economic Order (NIEO).

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 toprovide a forum where the developing countries could discuss the problems relating to theireconomic development. UNCTAD grew from the view that existing institutions like GATT(now replaced by the World Trade Organization, WTO), the International Monetary Fund(IMF), and World Bank were not properly organized to handle the particular problems ofdeveloping countries.

The primary objective of the UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects ofdevelopment including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference

ordinarily meets once in four years. The first conference took place in Geneva in 1964,second inNew Delhi in 1968, the third in Santiago in 1972, fourth in Nairobi in 1976, thefifth in Manila in 1979, the sixth in Belgrade in 1983, the seventh in Geneva in 1987, theeighth in Cartagena in 1992 and the ninth at Johannesburg (South Africa) in 1996. The

permanent secretariat is in Geneva.

One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement theGeneralised System of Preferences (GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD that to promote exportsof manufactured goods from developing countries, it would be necessary to offer specialtariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countriesformulated the GSP scheme under which manufacturers' exports and some agricultural goods

from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries.Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of
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duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitiveadvantage.

Currently, UNCTAD has 194 member states and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.UNCTAD has 400 staff members and an bi-annual (20102011) regular budget of $138

million in core expenditures and $72 million in extra-budgetary technical assistance funds. Itis a member of the United Nations Development Group.[2] There are non-governmentalorganizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD.[3]

MEMBERS

As of October 2012, 194 states are UNCTAD members:[4]allUN members and theHoly See.UNCTAD members are divided into four lists, the division being based on United NationsRegional Groups[4] with six members unassigned: Armenia, Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan,Tajikistan, Tuvalu. List A consists mostly of countries in the African and Asia-PacificGroups of the UN. List B consists of countries of theWestern European and Others Group.

List C consists of countries of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States(GRULAC). List D consists of countries of theEastern European Group.

The lists, originally defined in 19th General Assembly resolution 1995 serve to balancegeographical distribution of member states' representation on the Trade Development Boardand other UNCTAD structures. The lists are similar to those ofUNIDO,an UNspecializedagency.

Meetings

The inter-governmental work is done at five levels of meetings:

[5]

The UNCTAD Conferenceheld every four years:o UNCTAD VIII inCartagena,Colombia on 825 February 1992o UNCTAD IX inMidrand,South Africa on 27 April11 May 1996o UNCTAD X inBangkok,Thailand on 1219 February 2000[6]o UNCTAD XI inSo Paulo,Brazil on 1318 June 2004[7]o UNCTAD XII inAccra,Ghana on 2125 April 2008[8]o UNCTAD XIII inDoha,Qatar on 2126 April 2012[9]

The UNCTAD Trade and Development Board the Board manages the work ofUNCTAD between two conferences and meets up to three times every year;

Four UNCTAD Commissions and one Working Party these meet more often thanthe Board to take up policy, programme and budgetary issues;

Expert Meetings the commissions will convene expert meetings on selected topicsto provide substantive and expert input for Commission policy discussions.
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i/Cartagena,_Colombiahttp://c/Users/RajeshNair/Pictures/TRADE%20BLOCK/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development.htm%23cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization#Membershiphttp://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/RES/1995%28XIX%29&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTIONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://c/Users/RajeshNair/Pictures/TRADE%20BLOCK/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development.htm%23cite_note-UNCTAD_Members-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Regional_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Regional_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nationshttp://c/Users/RajeshNair/Pictures/TRADE%20BLOCK/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development.htm%23cite_note-UNCTAD_Members-4http://c/Users/RajeshNair/Pictures/TRADE%20BLOCK/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development.htm%23cite_note-3http://c/Users/RajeshNair/Pictures/TRADE%20BLOCK/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development.htm%23cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva


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UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

ORGANIZATION

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO),

French/Spanish/Portuguese acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations

system, headquartered in Vienna, Austria. The Organization's primary objective is the

promotion and acceleration of industrial development in developing countries and countries

with economies in transition and the promotion of international industrial cooperation. It is

also a member of theUnited Nations Development Group.[

Overview

UNIDO believes that competitive and environmentally sustainable industry has a crucial roleto play in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and achieving the MillenniumDevelopment Goals.The Organization therefore works towards improving the quality of lifeof the world's poor by drawing on its combined global resources and expertise in thefollowing three interrelated thematic areas:

Poverty reduction through productive activities; Trade capacity-building; and Energy and environment.

Activities in these fields are strictly aligned with the priorities of the current United NationsDevelopment Decade and related multilateral declarations, and reflected in the long-termvision statement, business plan and mid-term programme frameworks of UNIDO.

In order to fulfill these objectives, UNIDO

assists developing countries in the formulation of development, institutional, scientificand technological policies and programmes in the field of industrial development;

analyzes trends, disseminates information and coordinates activities in their industrialdevelopment;

acts as a forum for consultations and negotiations directed towards theindustrialization of developing countries; and

provides technical cooperation to developing countries for implementing theirdevelopment plans for sustainable industrialization in their public, cooperative and

private sectors.

UNIDO thus works largely in developing countries, with governments, business associationsand individual companies. The Organization's "service modules" are Industrial Governanceand Statistics, Investment and Technology Promotion, Industrial Competitiveness and Trade,Private sector Development, Agro-Industries, Sustainable energy and Climate Change,Montreal Protocol,andEnvironmental management.
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UNIDO was established as a UN programme in 1966 with headquarters in Vienna,Austria,and became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1985.

In 2004, UNIDO established theUNIDO Goodwill Ambassadorprogramme.

In 2010, UNIDO created two new flagship publications,Making It: Industry for DevelopmentandUNIDO Times.

MEMBERS

Members of the UN, or of UN specialized agencies, or of the IAEA, are eligible formembership with UNIDO.[10] The process of becoming a Member of the Organization is

achieved by becoming a party to the Constitution. Observer status is open, upon request, tothose enjoying such status in the General Assembly of the United Nations, unless the UNIDOGeneral Conference decides otherwise. The Conference has the authority to invite otherobservers to participate in the work of the Organization in accordance with the relevant rulesof procedure and the provisions of the Constitution.

As of 14 August 2013, 172 States are UNIDO Members,[3][11]all of them being UN members.UNIDO Members are divided into four lists,[12]with Turkmenistan still unassigned. List Aconsists of all UNIDO countries in the African + Asian Groups of UN (along with Israel,while excludingCyprus,Japan andTurkmenistan). List B consists of all UNIDO countries inWEOG group of UN (along withCyprus and Japan, and excludingIsrael). List C consists ofall UNIDO countries inGRULAC group of UN. List D consists of all UNIDO countries intheEastern European group of UN

Overview

UNIDO believes that competitive and environmentally sustainable industry has a crucial roleto play in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and achieving the MillenniumDevelopment Goals.The Organization therefore works towards improving the quality of life

of the world's poor by drawing on its combined global resources and expertise in thefollowing three interrelated thematic areas:

Poverty reduction through productive activities; Trade capacity-building; and Energy and environment.

Activities in these fields are strictly aligned with the priorities of the current United NationsDevelopment Decade and related multilateral declarations, and reflected in the long-termvision statement, business plan and mid-term programme frameworks of UNIDO.

In order to fulfill these objectives, UNIDO
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assists developing countries in the formulation of development, institutional, scientificand technological policies and programmes in the field of industrial development;

analyzes trends, disseminates information and coordinates activities in their industrialdevelopment;

acts as a forum for consultations and negotiations directed towards theindustrialization of developing countries; and

provides technical cooperation to developing countries for implementing theirdevelopment plans for sustainable industrialization in their public, cooperative and

private sectors.

UNIDO thus works largely in developing countries, with governments, business associationsand individual companies. The Organization's "service modules" are Industrial Governanceand Statistics, Investment and Technology Promotion, Industrial Competitiveness and Trade,Private sector Development, Agro-Industries, Sustainable energy and Climate Change,Montreal Protocol,andEnvironmental management.

UNIDO was established as a UN programme in 1966 with headquarters in Vienna,Austria,and became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1985.

In 2004, UNIDO established theUNIDO Goodwill Ambassadorprogramme.

In 2010, UNIDO created two new flagship publications,Making It: Industry for DevelopmentandUNIDO Times.

Executive heads

UNIDO Executive

Directors[2]

19671974 Ibrahim Helmi Abdel-Rahman ( Egypt)

19751985 Abd-El Rahman Khane ( Algeria)

UNIDO Directors-General

19851992 Domingo L. Siazon Jr. ( Philippines)

19931997 Mauricio de Maria y Campos ( Mexico)

19982005 Carlos Alfredo Magarios ( Argentina)

trade blocs .docx

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