tracing dolly – how to find clones using dna aaas, boston, february 15 th, 2008: dolly for dinner...
TRANSCRIPT
Tracing Dolly – How to Find Clones using DNA
AAAS, Boston, February 15th, 2008: Dolly for Dinner
Patrick Cunningham
Trinity, College Dublin
and
Chief Scientific Adviser to the
Government of Ireland
3
First Clones
Sheep 1996 “Dolly”
Cattle 1998
Goat 1998
Pig 2000
Rabbit 2001
Horse 2003
2007 Clones Alive: 4,000 Cattle
1,500 Pigs
(US, EU, Argentina, Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand.)
Source: European Food Safety Authority, Dec. 2007.
5
Implant in surrogate dam
Culture somatic cells& inject nucleus
Remove nucleus
Nuclear DNASource
Egg Donor
Activate; Fuse
Cloned animal born
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Embryo Survival During Pregnancy
At Day 50 AI 67%
IVF 58%
Clones 65%
After Day 50 AI Normal
IVF ”
Clones One third
(mainly placental development)
At Birth Large Offspring;
Increased perinatal mortality
Source: European Food Safety Authority, Dec. 2007.
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Cloning Success Rates
(Viable offspring / transferred cloned embryos) %
Pigs: 1% 17 % (55 embryos)
Cattle: 7% (3,374 embryos).
2,170 clones implanted 106 live births 82 surviving clones.(5%) (4%)
Source: European Food Safety Authority, Dec. 2007.
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Cloning: Summary
No threat to human health (EFSA, FDA)
Negative impact on animal welfare
High cost, so confined to animals for breeding
Possible “no clone” product lines
Possible consumer resistance (GM parallel?).
KrogerSafeway
Dean FoodsWholefoods
.
.
.
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FDA USDA
Regulates the safety and labelling of all food products except traditional meats, poultry and egg products.
Regulates the safety and labelling of traditional meat, poultry and egg products and has a role in promoting American food products.
The Washington Post, January 16th, 2008
“We have no further safety concerns…We conclude that meat and milk from cattle, swine and goat clones are safe as food we eat every day.”
“USDA has encouraged technology providers to maintain their voluntary moratorium on sending milk and meat from cloned animals into the food supply chain during this transition time.”
Stephen Sundlof, Director, FDA Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Bruce I. Knight, Undersecretary of agriculture for marketing and regulatory programmes.
What they say…
Responsibility
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GM Food Gene Therapy Nanotech Pharmacogenetics
Source: Eurobarometer, 2006.
Support for Four TechnologiesIn Europe
27%
80%
45% 44%
27%
Familiarity
50%55%
50%
Support
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Reasons for Opposition:
Risk to human health;
Environmental impact;
Power of multi-national corporations;
Deterioration in food quality;
Threat to traditional farming; and
General moral acceptability.
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Source: Eurobarometer, 2006.
<<<< NEGATIVE Perceptions of GM Food POSITIVE
>>>>
Moral Acceptability
Safety
Usefulness 642 8 10
Confidence in Regulations
13
GM Certification in EU, Japan
DNA sequenceFiled by developer
CornSoyaetc
Shipper
Retailer
Consumer
GM
?
?
?
?
Check sequenceagainst database
Processor
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Consumer protection:“What you pay for is what you get”
Retailer protection:“Guarantee of authenticity of products”
Brand protection:for producer, packer, retailer
Brand enhancement: “Adds value to added value”.
Why Traceability #2?
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Why DNA Traceability?
Unique animal identity (“God’s barcode”)
DNA the ONLY tamper-proof method
Independent
Traces product, not labels
Tracing clones is straight-forward
Tracing progeny of clones also possible i.e. paternity testing
Competitive in cost.
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Farm
Packer
Retailer
Consumer
Carcass DNA Profiles
Meat DNA Profiles
Match?
Meat DNA Profile
Match?
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Farm
Packer
Retailer
Consumer
Carcass DNA Profiles
Meat DNA Profiles
Match?
Clone DNA Profile
Match?
Meat DNA Profile
Match?
Cloned Animal
Animal DNA Profiles
Match?