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T

Have Total Quality Management, Business

Pr ocess R e- Engineering and th e Learnin gOr ganisation b een R e laced by

!no" ledge Management#

.111 E.Y / ' / ( l r( lI itl ll (~r rli e .\J C' lll i ll ,~. pO /)/I / d riry ( 1I 1d P raaic!R l'il' I '.' lI d ' t$ Lai c 1M " Cr iu urv .\J ( IIl " ,~(,IIIC llr T heories

%&&' HO ( n)' ( * ' ( + $ OH ( &&R && .**

&/01TRO[)U( T in,ot1l&2$uahr y Munagcr nenr 2TQM 31 Bl ( 24%Pr oce- , R 1el llgll. cerillg 2&56PR 31r hc Lc1r rning Or ganisation 2LO3 1md !no" ledge Management ( KM ) ar e

o/ the 7ust /our o/ ...1... 3 . . . 1.&. $g8&l.l lHtechni9ues that emer ged ill till Litter arr : oth century 'l l tour techni9ues have been called !:ld, or t5l; hiom, hv dc /uut ioneasy to dismi< "ith each ne" ide a r e Llong t he . 1&,t,!M h 8 ll&g the LH=5, =,t

techni9ue1 vu bsuming the LO 1md su ersed ing TQM 1md .6PR 1 Ho"eve r, 7ust becau-c these ininative-, ar t la belled J~ /as lnons1 rhis docs no t me1.&.tha t they donot have endur ing ctlects1 4Man1rgemenr / l ,hlOm are l10t cosmetu dud tr ivial1Management t:"hl()Il' sha e the manageme nt tec hm9ue-, th,r t thousands o/ mar uger v loo> to III or der ro co e " ith e?t r emely u n p orra n t 1md com le?man1r gcr ial r oblem 11 and challenges ,1 2'brah amson1 .03.325 2 7 1) ). &n ,& tur bulentand l hl&.ging "o rld ther e .4 $ 11 des erate 9 uest4 /or ne" a r oaches to..l ,.l. ,&;8 ..l l .&t2Eccle-, and (o hr ia, & 03035l5 : 31 Thi 111des er1mon has led todissans/ic tion "i th c? isnng aradigms o/ manage ment 1md r he vc1irch tor ne"P,ll @&Lhgm0 2.-. ,&&.38&1md Praha lad, & A 11$131

Tim a er e?a mines the I:l..luon mcr a hor as a descn ror tor the gro" rh and

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ortads ,H&d / r-hions are o ur lined1The tour discour ses 2TQM1 BPR1LO and !M 3ar e com ar ed and dis cu" ed III light o/ th e ~ l~ hi o lml eta hor, "ith

1rrucular em hasis On the origin, o/ c1ich techni9ue1 r o blems o/ dctiniri onand r easons lor decline ill mr eresr1 lI1,llJy, ,I bibliorn er ric au1ilvsis is em loyed toevaluat e the adher ence to the t5.;h1i onmeta hor o/ th e / our rrun 1rgerueur a roaches and th e r e-ults ar e discu?sed " ith r es ect to e? isting theory1

# Rt T$%. U&R .. O '(+ % 'l3=@1 ';&C$2l(-@ OR E(+ R&(88L'%%&8;#

&n order 223 ans" er r hi1 9uestion , I disrincnon need, to be made bet" eencL&00icu manageruenr th eories and m anagement thcorie-, r har adh er e ro thet; l0hion meta hor , 8&$4ic1.. maua gemcnr rheorie-, such ,&% division D - labou r have e ndunn g 9ualin es rhar ar c a lica ble ,1lIUr e eata ble1 8lassics emerge / iom

racririoner-, r es onse to social JI1U economic challenge- and 1ire 4com le?1mulr iraceted1 and a lied ill ditler enr 00,,. .4 to dit/ er enr bu sinesse-14 2Mil> r andHart"i c> , EDDE5 #). The tour managerneur th eories under discuss ion h1ivearisen in r es onse to soc ial and economic challenges bur th e main e? onentso/ th ese theories ar e 4/ashion setter s4 and th eir lace ill m1magernenr history asclassics is 9uestionabl e1

The Fas hi on M eta ph o rThe /ashion met a hor i, o/ten used to descri be the ado tion1 di// usion $1$ldecline o/ m anagem ent ideas, "ith th e ter ms t 7d; and / ashions b eing usedinrer changeablv Ho "eve r , ther e is ,& subtle d i/ /er ence bet" een the C00,D5 t$d,

ea> and d eclin e "ithin /ive ye ar s1 "h er eas management / ashious ar e mor eendurin g1 brie/ly ; ho00 illg signs o/ uururi ry be/o r e declining 2Pon:i and! oenig1 EDDE5 E31 The C00-D terms "ill be used int er changeably ill thi s ,l eL

ad4 and t5lshi23n; ar e develo ed by t50;hionsetter s "h o, generallv s ea>ing1ar e consultant- mana gement gurus1 bu-iness sc hools and bu siness mass-me dia ublications 2' braham son1 &FG32l31Other s hold that it i ; the ado ter s them selvesthat cr eate the tads that in turn in/lu ence the man1r geuienr rh etoric 28a r son1Lani er1 8 ar son and B er> enmeier1 I 0303 3 or at least lav $ arr in the di//u siono/ /ad s 2 ( e" ell1 R o bertson and %"an 1 00 I).

Cha r ac te ri s ti cs of Fads an d Fas h ion s!i eser (1')') *) outlined t"o m ain chara cteristic- rhar de/in e a /$; hion1 ir stly, th e4ne"4 mana gement idea i r esented $; ,& r adical de artur e ti O&.. curr ent

r actice and so is not mer ely 4old " ine ne" bottles41 %econdly1 the idea is

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IIII I R I' ll lllI. IR- 1 III 1 - ( , I 11 1'.1

Ta ble 6, L58 har acteris tics o/ ads

--/hara 0t ri2ti0 34planation5i6pl 3a2y to und r2tand and 0o66uni0at 7ith 8u997ord2

- and a0rony62 .&r 20ripti T ll 6ana; r2 7hat to do 7h i0h allo72 6i2int rpr tation

to o00ur .al2 ly n0oura;in; &ro6i2 out0o6 2 2u0h a2 0ti n 22 and

p r or6an0 .On

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O rigin s o/ TQ M , BPR , LO and !M& &ll nrlglll o/ all tillll .&&,lll,lgl lll=1ll2 uuu1mvc- h @&A r her r root, ill other

thcor ie and r1m ther e/ ore be considered to l" novel lint r1idu a l 2Mill er andHart"i c> 1 5lDD 3 ,B9; llll$lll g "id3 TQM , it . 0not 00& ) to l 0t,lbh,h rhe e?act d1ircthe term T L1d Qu1rlir y M,lll1lgl lllt l.t 'd tirsr used 2Martin e:- Lor cntc11) (' 'hU- .uid + ale I \)1)$"$), &()% gr l 00 out t&t4 till' 2Ku$lity .&.OF l &&H51llitll th. .3 D ill $&P,ll&.uul more r l Llmly our o/ .&ll .&3t D, 5ls b&O &l o/ $uali ry / in le2 7ur1rn1 It) (B), The term T2;M I' ... D C mh,lhly , I su bst itute t()r . Q8 - localQu1ilir y 8o ntr ol ( t' l ;l'n h ,l ull l,i!)(ll) and au c?1unin1inon o/ tilt' de/in itions o/ T2;M 1ind . Q8 /o und r h1u there 1r rr . .2. ,&PP,ll l .0t ditlerence &&&m eanin g2Martin e:- & or cnr e cr .i1.. . 3 3.43,

The orr gin o/ BPR C, ill v1ilur t nginl l &illg, 00hich 00414 develo ed by NeneralElecr nc II I the I 31$1D . 1 ' ,I u-chm9ue to im rove roduct, through r edesign51.l. ythlllg r h,u did not rour riburc to the urilir, o2 the r oduct 00,. 0 elimin ated1 Thisr edl4&; . &dt 1l00,.0 a lied to r ocesse a nd ,2. to t. .L birth o/ BPR1, " luch 8, &&& hetraced to t"o a er s ublished in . .3 3D 2+1. Fl &lPor8 aud %hort, . 3 3D@Hamm er ,& ')l)o) ,I:D Il... 6 r ; d 1lrtl,dly ill l4l %P20Ghl to [h i > o em hasis D.. in/ormati onr cchnology 2&T3 III TQM 1

The LO 004l; e? ounded h; 0t n;c &&&hr s boo> .. %i# %)& J l/i ll r 2. 303D3andh1i-, it-, r om, &&&rhe or ; an i4.rrion dcvelo meur movement o/ rh e . 32,D, advoca ted8y 1rurhor - such as .l r !: e BPR , caine to rominence because &t"a-, see n to till rhe IT ;, lp leti 8y rhc o. TIl+.: ro/ ile o/ th e % literatur e I'similar to that o/ BPR, "ith I ,1 er cent o / ar ticle- r e/ erring (0 the role o/ ITIII BPR1 2Tinai> 1tr1 Har tiu1m 1uid (ath 1 . .303503,4!M i s not @tdevelo ment o/1 but

rather .I diverge nce /r o ... , the literature D.. the LO - d ne" t@l,hlOll ... its o"nright "irh @. ne" &4ocm Oil tools and systeuJ 1 rather than D.. eo le 1ind r ocev1e-,4 2%carbrough and %"an , EDD I: 3,

Each mnovanon C, .&DA G1nor radical, " ith .C0 r oots ill other movcmenr-, bur" hat 1... lllur ha ve ... common i~ that th ev addr ess ,& gar ... the e?is nngmaru gement lir er arur c and ar e 4&ll runt A&th the c ir geisr 4 ca turing thecomelll or1lr y .&.1... 6gt &.&8 llt rhetoric 2Mill er 1md Hart"i c>, . DD1 3, BPRac>no"l edges the IT g,l ,.. &Ll concenrrat cs Oil rocesse-, LO hi ghlights theim ortan ce o/ the or gamsanon -- c ultur e and !lvl advoca tes the ca tur e l l/ >no"l edge 00 irhin the ll!;. IIII .ltl llll, r e/lecnng the rhetor ic o/ rhe "iu o ruiari o nera41The

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1111 Il ll' " I lll ll- ' 1 III 1 - ' I,I I Ir"1

Defin in g T QM , BPR , L O a nd KM/ onru u uu ; uh tilt ch1rr 1u tcri?r ir- o t5ltG0 outl in d &&&l ablc 61. , "+i6pl 0",

11 1unluguouv41 4 rcvcr i rivc4 14olll -1,i:l -tit,-1dl4 and 4. 5.. 02I y cue o tlr ,lgll&g4m,&) he uvcd to ch1lr ,lltl n l the mulnrudc o/ dehmtion-, 8 or c1uhm1nugcmcnt conce t 1md then /O II/ 0 l11ir. 11lt n-chni9ucs1 U.,,.&. our techni9uehave Vonr usiouill 1i ln1anoJ o/ til l techni9u e 1md &ll,lll; 8 O$ll &.l t. l. g dctimrion-1 ' ll ar e

r enu?cd Oil the notion th1rr it &; im er ative / ill com er invc 1rdv1mr1igc tol l. g,lgl ill rh c .. . ,... ,lgt lllc &&& ractice that .0 heillg r omoted1 It i0 o t n di/ ticulrr o / ind one 0ll&g&L-dc/inir ioJ5 ,30ditler t llt consulr 1uir s or huvincv, ,chonl1, r1i> cu r h tJ d. they 1&dd their derinitionv en the ,dr t @ld; g r o" illg leihor1r 1

i ll otth 0llll l24t d tuuriou

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!i0lin ; 2. G$.3iJ100 ,.0 r uined 8y Herbert %imon ill &F3 1md i-, 4the ada tivech1ingc ro8l 0; th1ir i, in/lu em ed hy a0t e? erience, / ocused Oil develo ing or

llludit) illg r ourinev, ami su orted by or ganisanou1il memory 4 2 (ona> 1i andTa> euchi1 &0( 5 -$11i31 Or ganisanon al Le,lr$.in ; i0 arr o/ the LO but isinde endent and call t1&G111tW L&8L ill bur eaucr atic or g,.&.i 0,ltiol. 01' g,lill ther e i ,con/u sion o/ drtin iti on1 allo"in g lor misiur cr retations1 8urr ent th eories o/the LO h 1ivc vc veral ~' l!' th,tr need tilling1 artir ul1irly concerning theim lerncur ation o/ lc1rr n iru r ocesses, v trurrur e 1md th e underlying

sychodynami c natur e o/ or g,llli,1ttioll0 2%tar> ev, I F03 31!M i , . in ill-de/in ed area in th e man1r gcmenr lit er atur e1 Li> e the r evious

thr ee .l.1... ,tgl &ll8 llt theories, it .0 1unhi guouv, geller ,d1 t$hdy encouraging and r evcri tivc1 4The r cr m i so ', I ! U t' rh1it it i; e, l;y to dismiss A or ;e1 it has been 7um ed D.. 8y cou sultant s1 "h o >no" a good t 4$d " hen they 'I eI$' one4 27ac> son1& G$G$ 31Other rhcorisr s 0ec !M ,. 0 ,& genuin e cor e com etitive ,ldv,ll.t1. ge 2tore?am le Mc!lTl. 1 I 3G$2S@ Ruggb1 IG$G$ 5 %>yrm c 1md ' midon1 I=$G$ 31Ther e ar e&ll,my them es ill th e !M lit eratur e including the natur e o/ >no"l edge,in/ ormau on mana gement1 in/ ormati on cechuolol,, y1 eo le management2>no"l edge r oles, >no"l edge " or> er s3, >no"l edge c reation1 >no"l edgesh1uing, trans/ er o/ l earnin g, intellectual ca ital1 tacit >no"l edge and so on1

%carbr ough1 X00,,... 1ind Pr eston condu cted a r evie" o/ the >no" ledgemanagerneut lit eratur e and r oduced the / ollo"in g broad de/ initi on54!no"l edge mana gement5 'n y r ocess o r r actice o / cr eating1 ac9uirin g1ca turing, ; harin g and u sing >no"l edge "h erever it r esides1 to enhancelearnin g and er/ ormance ... or ganisation-,4 2, G$&U=35 &31 &t a ear s that !M ha sta> en over t7 D.&.and in cor or ated the LO1 leading to con/u sion and a blurrin go/ b oundari es bet" een the t" o rnanagernenr innovations1

U0&&/ our theories " er e initiallv th ought $; havin g or gamsation-" ideim lications1 but ill r actice they bec ome e,& 3 to cur -and- aste 2Mill er andHart"i c>1 1DD 131This cut-and - aste ractice i~ see n ,t; the r eason and e?c usemad e tor the t; lillir e to deliver D.. romise1 since man agers &lld) only im lem entcertain a s ens o/ th e managemenr techni9u e gr 1l/i ed onto e?is ting roce dur e,2Ban> s, 5.2DD31 &&&terms o/ /ad ; a nd /a shions1 TQM ha s given "a y to BPR an dLO ha s been subsumed by !M 1 *ll ossess the char acteristics o / /a d, andtashions .1~ outlined hy !i eser (I ~ J7) and Mill er and H art"i c> 2 1DD1 31 Toe?amin e /urth er the /ad -li> e 9ualit ies o / all /our t echni9u es, it i) necessa ry toloo> at the lit cycle o/ each to as certain i/ they co n/ orm to the ty ical

di//u sion char acteristics o / m anagement /ad s 2' br ahamson, I yy(i Pon: i and! oenig, 1DD1 31

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+ 7I II I I I ~ I ' ll I " I I I ( '" ' I I' I 1 - . , , I 1I

the dcvclo mcnr D. rill' $u. ihry 8m lc lit@5 cvclc O il the 50H& lntorru d,lt1lh1& L1md liKl lld rh,u I [ h1id , I bell -h1i cd 1ir rcr n1Etrorr e (Il)'r ) ro ovcd rh, u .1t5ld;6" thr ough 1. tt "rydl o :i Llgl4 2 igur e 1,1. 31; t1lgl &&"l)"tO 'l' '" " hen1irnclcs Ilr r bcgm to J pp /. lr. 5 r.l;t' I ' 4Aild 'crc r ancc4 " hen conce t become " r y o ular1 ;t $gc 6 I ' the 11 + igt ,noll4 h1i" 00 her e rr rncr -m-, 1irclevelled 1&g,lllhC till lO &l8l Pr1 %C,lgl L &; "Ai illu io nu u

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,~ / ()~ IIU'O- or 111 1 u r 'IT I I'P 01 Tt ~ % , IDR . I 0 I -& %U'I-(, # H IHII ) , I[ I R I+ ' t-111 11l 'h

Ra tio naleK0 bibhomerru r echr u9uc 00-1.- em loyed to mvc-ngar e 1md com ar e the l&iel yc b or r$%, R&R , O 1 .d % , &rl'MI(KI' 1malyses h1r vc round hell sh1i cdismhuri ons or these / OI1/l' pr " bur all our h1ive nor r evr ouslv been drr crtlycom 1ircd T h e bibh ornerru techm9ue r ovide 1. r eliable 1m1ilvrical a ro1ichto truce the develo ment o2 1. conce t1 & r l 0&O , r l 0e$r chl r , have used r hivt luuGu : &on9i and o ni; (9oo 9). lI ' lll ~ # HI In or 6 . 6d ;.& t . H5l / uari o n&nde?1rr 1ic> cd TQM 1md 1Q&lt li om 1 '.)1)+ .&&.C..;OOo1 dcmon-rr 1iruig the h ll

sha ed di'lrih6i o ll o/ th e-e man1igcmeut imn 1invcs1 "irh T2;M ea>ing ill.. 3036,.. .0. H&lt ea>ing III I')l)~, 4lc,lrhrou GGh ,I6l %"an 2 5 D2 3 I) 1&&H&%carbrou ghet 1il1(IMI-) 1il-,o u ved 1. bihliomctrr c tec hm9u e and trac> ed tilt liter atur e / i?rhc Ll3 and ! lvl using the com rehensr ve on-lur e 7ournal d 1lt1lh14l4 Pr o Qu< 11+i rect (&t~ ) ) and Hln~ , The, covere d the er iod . .3.3D to II) )~and tl3 lld ,&decline ... r er er euces to rill & D smce &')l):i " hich 00-$ - r c/ier r ed ill the ; h1lrincr e1rse ill r e/ erence- to !i vl1These mO0 &5&.&t nt0 / ollo" th e bell-sha ed attern1Ail, O&l 2 DD 3 conducted , I suuil1rr -tudv, tr ll in; !M onlv, and ound allt 5G0.. D... ll2&,d rr 2 &&& % lir r .irur t23l&O00 &..; II )')! ,

Me thod and Res ult s'rucl e counr-, " er e conducted 0 11 I 0 .#.l1 ; ll~ ( +,,-" r o6 0liieh o/ %cience andEB%8 O Husiness %our ce Pr emier , These $1.8 1llM;lW;" er e " it-ned because o /r herr coui rcheu-tve co0er ,lgl o/ rhc ac1idenuc liter atur e1 8ounts " er econducted annua lly to cover t he er iod [ D... 71muarv t 03 3Duntil th e end o/$ul;

,DD6ror each o/ th e /our m 1iu1r gemenr hr ases located &&&title1 abstract ordevcri r or /ields1Each d1lt1l b1t0l 0 revultv "e r e ta> en se aracelv to 1iccounr tor

overla o/ Cou rnal 2. TI lt' 3K~( '0 Business %our ce Pr cnu 111r L O&l lm cer r evie"ed 1md mdu srrv 1irnc lcs5 ho" ever, oul v r hc eer -revie" ed art icles"e r e counted to ,...m0, tor 8 Oll. 1lmoll "ith th e A d, o/ %cience 2A O%3d1iraba-,c1 ,. 0 the AO % 1r r r icle-, 1r r e all eer r evie"e d1 Til t counts / or EH%8Oand AO% 1ir e tabul ated In . , I ble 1116, 1uid 6,J , r e- ecr ivcly1

Tab le 61 5 EB%8O 'rticle 8o un t /or T QM , BPR , LO and !M /rom$anuar y .HHD-$ul y DD6

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3

Ta ble 6165 AO% 'rti cle 8 ount /o r TQM, BPR , LO and !M /r om$anu ary . HHN-$uly DD6

-o o #rti0l12 p1r ar ' 90 ' 91 ' 92 ' 93 94 ' 95 96 ' 97 98 99 00 01 '0 2 03

TO% 14 40 128 187 198 251 206 179 187 157 149 143 115 104H&R 0 0 0 2 30 43 49 57 70 48 45 30 29 26O 3 6 9 17 24 21 22 36 25 35 40 31 16

!M 3 Z 2 Z 16 12_ 37 69 121 151 249 274 254

ThL 1r rnclc c ounr - lor &55B;2 ' t) 1uul Al30 ar e g r ,l hlcally r e r esented I II igure1101 1md 6161 r l 0&L Ltivl l;1l he-c &itecyc lc ccun 1nison gr ,ll h, nt TQM1 &AR11 LO1md !M r l 0l lllhlL the bell-sha ed 1utern ronvr sr cnt "it h the revioulir er1ir ur c 2'brah1un-on 1 . .3.32.5 &on9i and !O l &3.g, DD 5 Di l on, ;DD 3, The bell0..1& =@,01l l e,llW0...1.&. =@r 2although thl ; ar c nor31 II I.' couur - 1rr e inned&ng,&$ .thll.l8,dly to r t re;e lH all data d g1til h t 1. 0illg> lode, The rcv ulting lot

rovide ,I ro ortional rc resentarion 0 1' rhe dltli1r l l&t r 1ue-, 01' II 11 T l', h l' , 1l1Jdccr c1r vc Itl ublication- tor the tour discour -c-1 /igur l $ , vho" -, the

com anvon bet"ee n 1ill / our m1magcnicnr r echr u9ue-, Oil the E.6 ; 8O Bu vinc 1 .6PR enter ed the discover y ;2 $ge 1.&.d r eached "ild ,&8l4l t=.l. cien.&3l3 "ith articles1lu DD BPR 00W1&; ill the disillu vionmenr st,lge otthe litecycle1The LO came to r ominence ill & (61 had 1. ; &..=. . e.a> ill . .3l3 andr eached t ill' height o/4"ild a cce tance ill DDD "ith artir lcv1 By DD theLO 004,&; in the digestion 0tage1 !M euter cd 2he discover y ,t. l ; II I I (5l)(, and

began to rise c? oneunal ly tr om .t3l3 r eaching 62 articles &nDD 1T&.t

tigur es tor DD6 ar t consistent "ith th e tr end but it "ould b e llli ,>1ldil. g todi,cm, actual tigur e01since it A1l% not ; &com lete annu al count1

igur e 6165 8 om arison o/ 'rticl e 8 ounts on A e b o/ %cience+ataba se / or TQM , BPR , LO a nd !M /ro m $anuar y . HHN-$uly DD6

~H&R

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N1I1 II II I~ II I(ll I~ '" 1 " 1 1 t" /, I 11 1 .1

t5dl ot till' .&&1&&lolgl llll ll2 lechllll$l&l ; ar c1 till the Illl l'! 1rrt1 c ou-r-rcm 00irh rcviou-, /illdill g by %l1lrhroli gh and %00 1. .l 2 DD. 3, & 7O ll ll 1md ! ocnu@2 DD 31ind Dd 'O II 2 DD 31 I IO"' ' 'l'I .... r .1irhr ough 1md %001m 2 D2. . 3 touud th,u the & Ddetillll d , lI tl' l I ')1) 'i , " hcrc1iv ill the r e-cur 'tlItiy till' 3 ,ho00ed . 1 n 'l' InI ')')/i 2rhe LO 1ilvo ,ho" ed 1. ,2 coml ,... 1... c1i> O&l AO0 III I I)I)E ) and rh eurose to nc?v &"ig ht, III : ooo 2l51B%8 233 1md DD. 2AO%31 ' & m lh> r cavou /or rim rl iatl 0 to the rhcor cric1rl ongll. o/ the / OI1 /(' &l' . The LO 1uul !M

bothl lllcrgl d trom til l- or g1l&l.0,nioll develo ment mov ement "hi ch lll; ly h; &A ledto conluviou 1ind o" r ,l ill ddinitioll01 "ith $=M cOll.in g under rhc ,,.&llLheading ~I' t. .L L 23 2%c.rbrou gh cr .11.. I 1)')1) $ Dil ~()ll. 1 ,, +). 'n other vimilar

1irr crn 8olli he l ell ill th e r ive 1md d ecline o/T2;M 1md l6PR11 "hi ch bothori ; in , K l' III rhc 9u1iliry 1ll0 M(' Ill ' IK T. 2;M d eclined 1i/ icr I 3 36hut n- ' , I; .linin

. 33. . 1 till' same 3 l 1lr H&R r c1nhcd it, p /'. IV..' . g1lill rhi. .0 roh,lbl y due r o theontu ion .uid overla in the dc/initi onv o the t MO l on pr

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N1I1 II II I~ II I(ll I~ '" 1 " 1 1 t" /, I 11 1 .1 o ul$rity1 lllo; t li> ely /or th e 0er y same r ',I OIh they hecame popular 2Mill er

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1iud Hart"i c> 1 DD 31 Thev "ere siu i hscir 1uid ditl iculr r o un lemenr $ill totheir llllhlglll/ y1 "hic h bl = imrial "i de inrc r r cr 1ir ionv bur /ail ed r o l> h" r D.. rumi-,c1&rn lemcnr crv ot TQM and BP R ....C. ,.2.0 21 ,did n or 'ICC a r eturnOil their mve-rment 2! c1rrnev1. 3.3 5R&g b31 & $F 31Parr o / rh e r c1r son torthe decline III mr ercst ill till LO ' Il I.' I $l$; 00-@. - I t' lac> o/ l l.. h1l,i, D..

r 1ir ticc1md till' $& P,&& lllC disn g,tnl o/ 1rdv1uice III &T ,H.d ruan agcme ur int o r6.in o n'y'P t 'I11~ 2%carbr ough er ,&&11 &l$l3 $318 o nvcr-elv, &t 0F$- ( ill 1irr 3 till' ovcr em hasr vD. . &T rh,ir c1iused BrR to decline 2Fal entine and !ni ghts1 &=3=3 31

!M 4 curr entlv at rill tor e/ ronr o/ ...1 .. &,lgl lll8 ltlCheory1 " irh 1.

ublic1inonr :K I'

thatI,

rr sing t ? ollt ntl1dly,i0, !PM 8ur 7)'

conductedll1 I 'J

r ound rh .it o/ the 1.1DD ll';/ % r ir... 11@rudil 2.1?o er ccnr o/ cor orationsh1id >no" ledgeinirianve 2!PMc1@, DDD31 !M a car -, to h1ive uicor or1ir ed tilt to 1urdover ta> en TQM and &AR III r ouuuence III rhe literatur e1 ' lthough thehr er ature 0 11 !M I~ rt ' lI1 ; . manv article, no" ar e beg uunn g r o ,& ear " hichar e cnncal o/ th e conce t1 lc1idiug r hi-, r esear cher to conc lude th1ir !M C~ .. D00cnr cr ing che diges tion h1ivc 1md "ill ulnm 1rr elv reac h the r ,lge " her e ther ear e only h 1ird cor e / ollo" cr-,

T" o r o blematic themes 1ir e rc ear cdlv ,hl300 ll.g u ... rhe !M lit er atur e5the con/u 11ion D0 .1. >no"le dge and intor manou1 and the 4conversio n4 ot t,.2 .C>no"l edge into e? licit $1n1o" l e$ge, ' ccording to All ;O &.1 l[ i.. necess1irv tdistinguish bet" een iur ormanon and $11..D 00ledge5 4 ailur e (0 do &nr esults...one or oth er o/ these terms ? r 1mdin g 1. 1. ' llo n )111 tor rhe other, th er e bycon/u sing ,&.&)O lle"h o "i shes 8O undervt1md "h 1u each term 0&glll/ ie; 4 26DD 5;31 !n o"l edge &nvolve, the mental rocc"c-, &&3 1... individu 1ilv n und "h er eas

in/or mation i, codi/ iablc and eas ily 8O&l.$.. ....i cilr eIdt1 ha-, been ar gued by %mohar 2 DD63 that " e do not manage the >no" ledge that C, in eo lesheads1 0 e .ll,..& ,&gl1the eo le r hemcelves1 and @. mor e use/ul t erm"o uld be 4inter1icnon mauagernent41 % Ill , l)' ther e/o r e be see n 1.o b7ect , I ~ III mana ging in/ormation 1md al vo ,. sub7ect 1. ill lll$$l1lging

eo le and the t" o11hould n or he contused1

The convers ion o/ r acit >no" ledge to e? licit >no"l edge &; 1. ma7or themein th e !M liter atur e 2 ( oru> a and Ta> euchi1 &l3) 3 , Ho"ever, C1! &t >no"l edgei1, er sonal and I5 de/ ined . 1 ~"DI ' >no" mor e that " e c1m C21..4 2Polarr yi, &y(l()$117131 and m eans sim ly th rr1 A e 8 l Dl ma>e 4ph it that "h ich &

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!M h,&%td>en over rht lll=lnrie ,h the $1.tl %r t : l~ hI O liln .ll 1l..$ gl lllt llt racrice

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&&&. li t &ll .. .. & 2 ( 0. &&& I 0 0..0.D. 0.. 4&

though dl'llli""I~ 4M ,& 4..l ly ,&.ll ,... ,lgt ... t li l &1rdcould &" ,I &ml o ortuni tyto under-tand ..D00 > nov, &l dgl 4 develo ed, g,.ll " d 1md u sed &&&D9 5,&&l&,1lttO&l01

1md ulruu1ir clv &&& O2il ;2Bouthillier 1uid %hear er1 DD 31&t rhc c on tu ronvurrouudnu@ r he e l,r clllOlogy I ' nor clc1ir cd u , then It 00... surel , go 4our D.t5l,hlOll4 li> e il r edecessor- ollly to l" r e laced by ,& .&l 00 t5ld1

lilt roblcmv D. O0l rLl illg dctimn on-, and blurr ed boundan c , hct"cc nrill' couc c i-, uu>< r hL .&.tGl/ticult to r l4t cm ir ic1illv and '.I' to dismiss,[)1 I11i "ill; ,&ny o/ t he mana gement discour- es1 not 7ll,t !M 1 ,. 0 mer e tilthcould. .= r emature1 The conse9u ence , o/ m1uiagcmcnr t5l,hiO&.0 c1in be t5l&reaching1md crrn1uicut5 they /o cus 1utcntion D..n cglccrcd 1&r 8a, 1ind identity g,l illthe man1r gcmc nt lucr 1uur c1 AithourTQ M ther e "ou ld be >14 l .l.. .h, l,i,Oil9uality, " ithout .l. 3. ;"e "ou ld ha" aid >s; 1ur euriou to our 8u in W& & O8 L 04L ,and "ithout rhe &O "e . ..=.3n ot h1tve highlighrt d the im ortanceo/ cultur e and l earning1 Each t5ld rovide1 an in r 6 nr to our bod y o/>no"l edge o/ ho" best co &l&1lll,lge11md these 6 r r 0rn0nrur g tor ,& 1lll,lll4l or ,& best 004,&)to lll,tll,l ge1ll r h,ll4 ly e on learn troru the hc,r . ,lr r, o/ each miti1itive1

&&& order rh1ir the otential bene/ its or he-r 1irr s rlur m 1m1r gcmcnr t54hion,1uul t5&$,h,.. L to otli11r ar c not lo-r1 businc< vchoo l r csc1ur hcr -, need to r est ne"idc1iv 1md .ll,.&l1lgl ll&l llr ractice cm irr c1r lly not 7ll0r 1mccdor 1illv &r "ou ld 1ilso

be usctu it m1m1r gcmcnc innova tions "er e vie"ed "ith the long -term8Oll0e L$ llt llL t; in mind1 The contu sion 1ind 1unhiguir v surroundi ngrn1in1urcmcu@r hcoric-, need to be c l1uiticd5 this . .. ,.3 lc1id to ,& slo"e r u ta>eo/ t he idea b ur "i ll allo" time / or digestio n and resting1 & an orga nisation"e r e couvidering ado ting ,I ue?v management techni9u e, then erha s it"ou ld be hel / ul to avo id band" agon e// ects1 es ecially the cuiouona l dr ives

to r elieve1m?ierv 1md to be li to dat e1&ti1, better to be @$ little un/avhionahle 1md 2hec> tor em ir icnl evidence1 than ro 7um on th e band"a gon at g r eat cost,

The 1uuhor- gr1ir etullv ac>no"l edge Che ti nan ('I ,I&'Upp O I'[ 01 + 8 KU l6 " School IIIcnnductmg tluv r esear ch

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/opy r i;ht o Th Ir i2h J ournal o %ana; 6 nt i2 th prop rty o Iri2h Journal o%ana; 6 nt an d it2 ont nt 6 a y not 8 opi d or 6ail d to 6 ultipl 2it 2 or po2t dto a l i2t2 r 7i thout th op yr i;ht ho ld r '2 4pr 22 7ritt n p r6i22i on . Ko7 r , u2 r26 a y print, d o7nlo ad , or 6ail art i l 2 or indi idual u2 .