TOXICITY OF RUBBER FACTORY EFFLUENT TO A CHOSEN

FRESH WATER FISH

PREFACE

Man's increasing ability to adapt himself to his environment or his

environment to himself has resulted in his prodigious production into the billions

through the ages which testifies his biological triumph over other species (Frank and

Frank, 1975). In order to meet the biological needs of the exploding population for

survival, he is forced to resort to developmental processes prunariiy in agriculture

and industry. He has been successful in all his endeavours but all his progress are

coupled with equal or more powerful environmental damages that lead to problems

of pollution (Han & Raleswari, 1985) which have become a menace to his existence

and which threatens his existence more than an atom bomb does. No doubt, the

products of human population increase, the anicultural revolution, the

industrialization, the urbanization and the adances in science and technology have

seriousl y endangered his relationship with his environment by producing as in

the form of sewage. Sewage is water borne vste from home and industries which

include human excreta, soap, detergents, paper, cloth and numerous industrial

products and solid wastes that are dumped into the water ways because for all toxic

chemicals waterways provide a cheap and effective sink (Mason, 1981).

Water, an essential requisite for all organisms including man all over

the world and an important resource for sustaining life and providing potential for

2

further growth (Lindh, 1979), is subjected to pollution. Water pollution is defined by

the Public Health Service of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare

(I-[EW) as "the adding to water of any substance or the changing of water's physical

characteristics in any way which interferes with its use for any legitimate purpose".

The Pollutants listed by HEW are: i) Sewage and other oxygen demanding wastes,

ii) Infectious agents, iii). Plant nutrients, iv) Particulates, v) Radioactive substances,

vi) Minerals and chemical substances, vii) Heat and viii) Organic chemical exotics.

Over and above, the untreated industrial effluents which directly mix

with water bodies consist of metals like copper, zinc. mercury, lead. manganese, etc.

and chemicals like acids, alkalies, carbonates, detergents, fattyacids etc. (Southwick

1976: Mason. 1981 1 . This leads to changes in the physico-chemical parameters of the

receiving water affecting the aquatic biota and resulting in biocheniical changes in

the metabolic activity of all organisms especially fishes (Agaival, 1983).

Developed countries have realized the need for maintaining water

quality, for they feel that increase in unclean water may threaten human life more

than water shortage and for which they are adopting stringent measures to keep the

water bodies clean. But in developing countries like India the population increase is

beyond measures and surveys undertaken on the general limnology of the major

rivers showed that no river or stream is completely free from industrial pollution

(Sreenivasan el al., 1977) and the BOD and DO value of these waters have reached

3

an unacceptable level (Choudharv el al.. 1987). Unless man feels that heis part of the

ecosystem arid learns to co-operate with nature, he cannot rescue himself from the

process of self-destruction (Oshorn., 1948).

River pollution in India is due to indiscnminate dischar ge of

municipal sewa ge, industrial effluents and dumping of solid wastes from about 3200

major industries which include pulp and paper, textile, tannery, su gar distillery,

vegetable oii, plastic. fertilizer, deter gents, petrochemical, steel, paint, rubber, anti

biotic and chemical industries in addition to countless small industries (Dalela.

1985). Studies and surveys undertaken b y Ganapati and Alikunhi (1950) Ganapati

and Chacko (1951): David (1956): Quasim and Siddiqi (1960): Abraham (1962);

Bhaskaran Ci al. (1965): George ci a!, (1966); Ray and David (1966); Sreenivasan

and Sundararaj (1967): Verma and Sukhia (1969); Gopala Knshnan et al. (1973);

Verma and Dalela (1975): Paul and Pillai (1976); Prakash et al. (1978): Arumugam

(1979): NEERI (1981): Agarwal (1983 Anandavalit ci al. (1983); Haniffa and

Sundaravadhanani(1984): 1-laniffa and Porchelv (1984): Haniffa etal. (1985); Bhat't

ci a'. (1985): Muru gesan and Haniffa (1985): issai Arasu and Haniffa (1985); Haniffa

ci al. (1986); Sabata and Nair (1987); Issai Arasu and Haniffa (1987); Haniffa and

Balakrishnan (1988): Haniffa and Mary Jaceentha (1988); Haniffa and Maria

Augusteen (1988); Haniffa el al. (1988): Amutha and George (1988); Haniffa and

Maria Thanislaus (1989); 1-laniffa and Mary Vijavarani (1990); Haniffa cial. (1990);

Bharathi and Krishnamoorthy (1990); Pophali ci al. (1990); Haniffa and Arulselvan

4

(1991); Gopalakrish.nan ci al. (1991): Tiwana (1992); Murug'esan and Hanifta

(1992): Ivienon (1992): Unni ci al. (1992): Mishra and Saksena (1992); Haniffa ci aL

(1993): Smith etal. (1993); Othuman (1994): Sakthivel (1994): Hariiffa el al. (1994)

and Martin and i-ianiffa (1995) confirm the fact that none of the major and minor

riverine systems in the whole of peninsular india are free from aquatic pollution.

Rubber absorbs the shock of the turbulent world. Modem civilization

is roiling on rubbef (Maurya, 1978). Rubber is one of the most versatile materials of

construction being used throu ghoui ihe world. Rubber, with ts specific properties of

elasucitv. flexibility, stretch, rebound. tear and resistance, is used in all spheres of

human activity that the level of consumption of rubber is reckoned as an index of

economic crowth of a nation in the modern world. Rubber is used in videIv va'ing

items such as washers. gaskets, shoe soles. ram coats, hoses, beltin g. tvres milking

machines. sports goods. surgical goods, and automotive and electrical goods. it is

used in peaceful appliances as well as in war weapons. Apart from these t is now-a-

days used in soil stahihzation. sewa ge disoosal. road making and in all types of

marjin gs. Growing dislike of noise pollution has resulted in the use of rubber in the

place of metals.

There is no record of rubber and rubber trees prior to the discover' of

the New World. Columbus during his exploration in his second voyage in 1493

noticed in Haiti, the natives playing with rubber balls and his co-explorers collected

5

the milk type substances which started drying. The word 'latex' is from Latin

language which means liquid milk of tree and it came into existence after 1857

before which it was called liquid rubber. Of all the latex yielding plants, Hevea

hra:iliensis (H.B. and K) Much gives a very good yield. Its seeds were brought to

India from Amazon forest of Latin America and planted at M ysore (Karnataka),

Travancore & Cochin (Kerala) and Salem (Tamil Nadu).

Having realized the importance and economical value of rubber, the

Government of Tamil Nadu started. the Arasu Rubber Corporation in Kanyakuman

District in 1971 with three rubber factories in Lower Kodaivar. Perinchani and

Keeriparam.

Kanvakumari District, a tin y district in Tamil Nadu located at the

southernmost tip of peninsular India, is ideal Ihr human habitation with its three types

of ecotypes viz., mountains, plains and sea coasts. Cape Comorin, noted for the

iïierin g of the Indian Ocean. Arabian Sea and the Ba y of Bengal, is part of this

district. This previously industries free area of India is now under the assault of

aquatic pollution as the streams feeding the rnaor reservoirs of the District, the

Pechipparai and Perinchani get polluted by the effluents from the three Government-

run rubber factories and few other private rubber factories.

The main river in Kanvakumari district is Thamiraparani or the

Kuzhithurai aaru and it has two tributaries Kodaiyar and Paraiaiyar. The two

IA

F.,

4ifr 4.

?q,q_ •

•1'

Plate 1 A section of the Arasu Rubber Plantation atKeeripara i

Plate 2 : Tapping of rubber latex

77°15" S.[NDIA

KANYAKUMARI

D! STRICT

30'

N

MuthukuzhivlII

5^- \ 5

ISTUDY'&d-/ ARE AAsarnbu Hills

PechipRe Se

R . i<odaiv

OVc1LU ç

mugarri h

)llar

rasu'u±be-ac toryrurichani Reservo-

Paralaiyar.

Tharni rap arani

ThengapattiEs tu arv

ARABIAN SEA

o km B

77° 15'

77030'

Fig Map of iKanvakumari District showing origin and course of

Para2aiya ad Kodaivar and the location of the

THO\/ A I A A

KAN YAK I1 C

1ometre

110

Bala.-,

KAL K U LAS

. TA LU K

II jO mdcx n-ip of I'anyakunar D' sL

HG.? LOCATION CF THE STUDY AREA

80AGASTEESNARAM TALUK

11 0- 20

6

tributaries confluence at Moovaattumu gam. River Kodaivar originates from

Muthukuzhiviai mountains on the Western Ghats and it is dammed at Pechipparai.

The river Paralaivar also ori ginates from the Western Ghats at Asambu hills and the

Perinchani dam is constructed across it. Paralaivar is formed by two hill streams.

Kallar and Pambar flowing on the eastern side of the Keenparai rubber factory.

Another important bill stream Iviasupathi. flo\\ng on the western side of the rubber

factory , joins with river Paralaiyar fl g. 1).

The present study is made at the Arasu Rubber Facton. Keeriparai.

sin. atea in the Azhahiapandipuram ranges of the Western Ohats eievanon i0-60

ma NISLi in Kanvakumari District, some 35 km from the District Head Quarters.

Nagercoil. 7 7 'N and S25 rE) (Fig.2). This area provides favourable climate wit'.

adequate rainfall fbr healthy gro\\lh of rubber trees and the Arasu rubber corporation

owns about 400 hectares of rubber plantations here (Plate- I).

Rubber latex is obtained from the tree trunk by a systematic tapping

procedure which consists of cutting through the bark of the tree to the cambium layer

at an angle of about 30 from top left to bottom ri ght early morning. A small

collection cup, made of coconut shell, is hung at the cut end and the white coloured

latex is collected. (Plate-2)

J

Plate 3 : Bulking of rubber latex

".,1

I

'IL

-

Mob—

Plate 4: Sheeting of coagulated latex

IMS

:)?

1cU/

/ I uc

RERVO/R

PAGT1

y

/

G.3. 31 an of cnro5u rucr fccr' rIPorai

frjN4ALAI t4 L19

Ornis

rshed(

Gac!no

ckin

Dccx'

V

PreservativeChemicas

Packing inbarrels

RSs

Sheengmachine

Smoke house

Grading

Packing

Fig. 4 How chart showing rubber processing inArasu Rubber Factory, Keeriparai

Cup umps and tree aci(scrap)

EBC mill roUers

Drier

I-10% skim latex 1 [ Gr2d'n9J

Suphuricacd} Packing

Skim mill

Dner shed

Grading

.1Latex

Raw latex

Formic Acid

Ammoniated latex

Centrifugation

Packing

V:1

Rubber latex is a fluid consistin g of suspended globular particles

(Ro gers. 1968). in addition to rubber, rubber latex contains resins, proteins, mineral

matter.peptones. sugar. oxygen dcnvativcs and various enzymes such as oxidases,

peroxidases and catalases (Carrier. 952).

The Arasu Rubber Factors', Keeriparai is located in reserve forest and

covers an overall fenced area of about 9.25 ha. The site plan of the factor y is given in

fiQ3. The urades of rubber are produced in this factor y are i). Ribbed Smoked

Sheet(RSS), ii).Concentrated latex cenex. iii). Skim Crepe rubber. iv) Estate Brown

crepe rubber (EBC) (fig.4.

i). Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS)

The latex coLlected from the field containing an average div rubber

content (DRC of about 40 percent is diluted with water in 1:2 ratio and coagulated

using formic acid in special Aluminium tanks. The coagulum is sheeted to a

thickness of about 3mm by passin g through five sets of pressing rollers. The sheets

are then cut into 1 r long pieces and sent to the smoke house (Sf-I) for diving where

fire wood smoke at a temperature of 60C is passed through the sheets for two days.

On the third day. the full y dried sheets are sent to the grading section where they are

tzraded into RSSIx. RSS1, RSS2. RSS3. RSS4 and RSS5 according to the quality of

sheets, packed into 50kg bundles and stacked for sale (Plates 3 and 4).

Plate 5 Centrifugation of ammoniated latex(Cenex Unit)

Plate 6 : Bulkiria of skim ]Atpy

8

ii). Concentrated Latex - 60% High Ammoniated (HA) (Cenex)

The ammoniated (0.6%) field latex with an average DRC of about

40 0,6 is bulked in tanks by addin g 1% Diammonium hydrogen phosphate and allowed

to sediment for about 14 hours. The clarified latex is fed to the centrifuge with a bowl

speed of about 7000 RPM. There, the latex is separated as the preset 60%

concentrated latex and 10% skimmed latex. The 60% latex is collected in the cenex

tanks where the presevatives, laurie acid and ammonia are added. The qualit y of the

latex is checked to the 1ST standard, packed in drums of 2051 capacity and stored in

the godon for sale (Plate 5.

3. Skim crepe rubber

The skim latex received from the centrifuge \\lth about 10% DRC is

collected in the skim hulkin g tank and is allowed for deammoniation for about S

hours. This is coagulated using 85°c sulphuric acid. The coa gulum is cut into uniform

pieces and each h fed through the three sets of skim mill rollers and made into skim

sheets of about 3 to 4 mm thickness. These sheets are hanged in bamboos in the drier

shed and allowed to dr\ for 15 to 18 days in free air. The dried sheets are sent for

grading, packed in 50k g bundles and stacked (Plate 6 and 7).

4. Estate Brown Crepe Rubber (EBC)

The cup lumps and tree laces collected from the field with an aveage

DRC of about 50% is milled in the 6 sets of EBC mill rollers by setting the roller gap

accordingly in each mechine so as to form EBC sheets. The first four sets of rollers

Plate 7 : Skim sheet making

I,• T I

ji

C.'

-4

NX

f

..•f

:

'-•'•'_ -:• -

Plate 9 : ACE and SCE flowing along open effluentchannel within the factory premises

• .•-• .• •-- •1l -

-: •- • - : - -' i..-) - '- -

0 -

:'----

- -

Plate 10 ACE and FCE flowing out fromthe factory towards the hill stream

9

are crooved where as the last two sets are p l ain. The thickness of the finished product

is about 3 mm. They are cut into pieces of uniform length and dried by hanging L.iri

reapers or bamboos in the air drier shed for 15 to 20 days. The fully dried sheets are

eraded according to the quality of sheets as EBC SiX, EBC IX, EBC 2X and EBC

3X and packed in 25kg bundles. Pale latex crepe (PLC) can also be produced in the

EBC mill' rollers using field latex coa gulums instead of cup lumps.

While processing the ruhr latex large amount of effluent is

produced. As the factory is functonng round the clock about 510 K.htres of effluent

are coming out daily (Plates S. 910 and ii

Due to strong protest and pressure from the public, an effluent

treatment plant was constructed in '199" hut it never became operation] due to

unknown reasons and the abandoned plant is shown in plate 12.

Two hill streams Kaliar and Pambar flowing on the eastern side of the

rubber factory confluence in front of it to fomi Paralaivar and into this the effluents

from the rubber factory are discharged. Another hill stream. Masupathi joins the of

this river just near the effluent mixing point. The polluting effect of the rubber

factory effluents can he felt from the characteristic had odour and seen from the

colour change in the river where the effluents mix with it (Plate-13 and 14).

Raw latex processing Unit - 175 K. litres/day.HA Latex Unit - 60K. litres/daySkim latex Unit - 260 K. litres/dayLaboratory and others - 15 K. litres/day

Total 510 K. litres

-,'

p

Plate 11 FCE flowing out from the factory

I:--

---T

=I, I

Plate 13 : Colour change in the riverconsequent of effluent mixing

T : der

Plate 14 : Clear hill stream water turnina

10

There were reports of a1leric vomiting and diarrhoea in children who

consumed this polluted water and skin aller, itching and irritation for those who

took bath in the effluent mixed water during summer seasons (Cross Bell, 1990).

Since no systematic investigation was done to assess the physico-chemical and

biological impact of rubber factor effluem. the present study was undertaken.

ahlc 1. Review of I j(erature

1929

(93 I

1936

(937

1941

1947-49

1948

1949

1950

1951

1951

1952

1952

1952

1952

953

1953

1954

Bcldmg

Ebeling

I- Iagm a ii

Ellis

Mortimer

Turing

Osborn

Simpson

Ganapati andAlikunhi

(3anapati andChacko

Lecren

Din-lick- and(-laydu

Carrier

Katz andGaulin

Lagler

Dodoroft andKatz

Rounsfilt andEver heart

Chacko cL

Toxicity studies offish exposed to industrial effluent.

Effect of waste waters from cellular plants on Perch.

lcsin acids of paper mill effluent in fish mortahtv.

Detection and measurements of Stream Pollution.

Interaction between iii ud and water.

Four reports on pollution affecting rivers in England

Our plundered planet

Measurement of diversity

Factory clii uents Ibm Metur chemicals.

EIkcts of paper mill pollution in river Gdawari

The length weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad

weight in Perch.

Ltèc1s of kralt mill effluents on Sal moil id fish.

Natural rubber manulhcturing tIleimstry

The cffëts ofscwagc.pollution on the fish pôulation of

western river

Fresh water Fishery Biology.

Critical review of literature on toxicity of Industrial waste.

I ishcry 'ucnc its methods and applications

A survey of he lbslierics of the Cauvery river

Studies on the pollution of the 13hadravathi with industrialeffluent.

Methods of determ itling Vitaltatc of fish population.

Pollution of a stream by sugar fctory effluent in U.P.

A study of condition ol Austral Ian barracota.

Preliminary observations on the effluents of Industrial wastesin river kali.

Exposure of carps to copper and changes in total plasmaprotein level.

Statistical methods applied to experiments in Agriculture andBiology.

A survey of hydrobiology and fisheries of the coouni river.

The bacterial flora of Puget sound fish.

Some effects of alkyl Benzene Sulphonate on blue gillLc'poiiii.v .Sj).

Pathological changes in gills.

Probit analysis.

A comparison of some species individual diversity indices.

Sublctlrtl coppei 7IflC pollution in Saloirion iivcr

Studies on the river pollution

Toxicity characteristics of paper mill effluents on guppies

Acute toxicity Of Oil refinery effluent to 57 species of fish.

Patterns of speciesdiversity::-r.

1956

David

1958

Ricker

1960

Banerjee andMoiwani

1960

Blackburn

1960

Quasirn andSiddiqi

1961

Fuj iya

1961

Sriedccor

1962

Abraham

1.962

Colwell

1963

Lemke end.Mount:

1964

Cameron

1964

Finney

1964

Men h in ick

1964 Sprague el al.

1965 Bhaskaran etcz/.

1965

Howard &waldenk

1965

Irwin

1965

Mc Arthur

1966

1966

1966

1966

1966

1966

1967

1967

1967

1967

1967

1968

1968

1968

1969

1970

David

Studies on pollution of the Bhadravath i with industrial

f'ay ctilueiits.

George cf (if

A hmnological survey of the river Kali with reference to fishmortality.

Piclou Measurement of diversity in different types of biological

collections.

Podoha Effects of purified waste waters of pulp and paper mill

industry on fish.

Ray and David

Effect of industrial wastes and sewage upon the fisheries ofGanga.

Venkairaman Occurrence of large scale fish mortality in Chaliyar river due

to textile mill effluent,

Karamchandani Biological investigations on the fish and fisheries.

et at.

Karthiayini and I yer Qualitative and Quantitative studies oil bacterial flora of

fresh sardines.

Mathur Anaerobic respiration in a cyprinid fish

Mc Intosh An index of diversity and the relation of certain concepts ofdiversity.

Sreenivasan --ind Effects of certain wastes oil water quality and fishes of

sunararaJ river Cauvery.

Barrett The effects of an acute insecticide stresson a semi enclosedgrass land ecosystem.

Rogers The good year Tyre and Rubber Co.-study.

Wilhm and Biological parameters for water quality criteria.

Dorris

Verma and l'ollution in perennial sti'eaiii Khala b the sugar factory

Shukia effluent.

Jakim et at. Effects of metal poisons on five liver enzymes in the killi fish.

1970

1970

1970

1971

1971

1971

1971

1971

1972

1972

1972

1972

1972

1972

1972

1973

1973

ii iii ml ngc r

Waldenc, ul

Wedemeyer

Christensen

1-lurihert

Jerald &Brown

Row and Cook

Underwood

Jhingran

Margalef

Newmann el cii

Rao & Rao

Sinderman

Weatherley

Webb andBrett

J3ilinskiand Jonas

B ruyncsleyn

Physiological studies on super cooled hill fish Fui7ilUius

hei'eroc'Iu' us.

Minimum concentration of kiaR mill effluent affectingrespiration in fish.

The role of stress in the disease resistance of fish.

Effects of metal cations and other chemicals upon the activityof two enzymes in white sucker ( . ufask.iiiiuv c(),,11,Iersonl.

The non-concept of diversity a critique and alternativeparameters.

Fecundity , growth and condition of Gudusia chapra

Resin, acid, soaps toxicity and treatahility air and streamimprovement conference.

Trace elements on human and animal nutrition.

Length weight relationship and condition factor

Homage to Evelyn Hutchinson on why there is upper limit todiversity.

Aerobic in icroflora of the blue fish Poinaf ons .caliair,x

intestine

On the biology of Lobo cu/basiL

Some biological indicators of marine environmentaldegradation.

Growth and ecology offish population

The effects ulsuhlethat concentration of kratl mill effluent onSockeye salmon.,

[llbcts oiCdand Cu Oi the oxidation of lactate by Rainbowtrout

Pulp mill etlluciit tOxicity . to fish -

1973

1973

1973

1973

1973

1973

1973

1973

1973

'973

1974

1974

1974

1974

1974

1975

and Welden

Calaman andMarchetti

Eaton

Gopalaksi shnanet al.

Hill

John

Klein

Mahajan andSingh

M cLeav

Sprague

Varkev

Mc Leav andBrown

Peet

Reid and Wood

Verma andMathur

Vinci andKesavan Nair

Frank andFrank

The toxicity of mixture of metals & surfactants.

Chronic toxicity of a copper, cadmium and zinc mixture tofathead minnow.

Presents status of pollution in the Hooghiy estuary.

Diversiry and evenness a uni ring notation and its

consequences.

Bioassay of rayon pulp factory effluents on fishes.

River pollution 11 Chemical analysis.

Histopathological changes in the gills of a fish inducedby synthetic detergents.

Effects of k.rafi pulp mill effluent on the tissues of Cohosalmon.

The ABCs of pollutant bioassay using fish.

Pollution of Bevpore river by effluents from Ra yon pulp

factory.

Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in Coho

salmon.

The measurement of species diversity.

Ecology of Inland water and estuaries.

Studies on the tOxicity of industrial wastes to Macrobrachiumdayanum.

Length weight relationship in the thread fin, fish.

Man and the changing environment.

1975

1975

1975

1976

1976

1976

1976

1976

1976

1977

1977

1977

1977

1977

1977

1977

1977

1977

Gill and Toor

McLeay andBrown

Verma andDalela

Paul andPillaiSchofield

Southwick

Zand

Davis

Gill and Toor

Hughes andAdeney

Kelso

Mc Leay

Oikan andSoivio

Say andWhitton

Solbe

Sreenivasaflet al.

Vass et 'al

Weis and Weis

Evaluation by bioassays of the toxicity of fish to sugar factory

effluents.

Effects of acute exposure to bleached ,kraft pulp mill effluent

on Coho salmon.

Studies on the pollution of the Kalinadi by industrial waste.

Studies on pollution aspects of Penyar river.

Acid precipitation: effects on fish.

Ecology and the quality of our environment

Index associated with information theory in water quality.

Procress in sublethal studies with kraft pulp mill effluent on

saimonids.

Bioassay studies on the toxicity of distillery effluents to fish.

Effects of zinc on cardiac and ventilatory rhythms of rainbow

trout.

Density, distribution and movement of Nipigon bay fishes inrelation to pulp and paper mill effluent.

Development of a blood sugar bioassay for measuringstressful levels of pulpmill effluent to salmonid fish.

Physiological condition of fish exposed to water containing

pulp and paper mill wastes.

Influence of zinc of lotic plants.

Water quality, fish and invertebrates in a zinc polluted stream.

A note on the indicators of pollution of cauvery by pulp mill

effluent.

HydrobiolOglcai studies on river Jhelum.

litMethylmerCury terratogefleSiS in Fundulus heteroCus!

1977

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1979

1979

1979

1979

1979

Yamamoto ci U/

l3agenal andTesch

(..ndcii ci al.

Prakash Cl i/.

Schrcck andLorz

Swillill

\A'a I wood andUcainish

Armstrong

De Souza andNaq vi

(_itipta andRal hanshi

iiiir&oraniel al.

K i,iinarat:'tiri i(f( (II.

Studies of copper on metabolism in fishes

Methods lbs assessment offish production in ftesh waters.

Avoidance reaction of' Salinonid to pulp 111111 effluents.

i:co fogs cal study ol ri 'er .1 am u na.

Sisess response of ' Coho salmon elicited by cadmium andcopper stress.

Some etlects of exposing rainbow tiout to phenol solutions.

1-11cts olcoppel hardness and pH Oil the growth of rainbow

trout.

1.11ects of ' mercury compounds on fish.

Metal concentration in the (Jr-ay Mullet from Vi sakapat narn.

Pathological changes resulting iiom bioassay of copper toI ICiL/( )/)I ?C?LVI(S /o.v.vi!i..

Oxvuen consumption in I,a/)e() ru/u/a under exposition to

industrial effluents.

Mercur y and its h xtciIv to oysters in velar estuary.

197 1) Lmndh Water and food production.

1979 Mahajan and Eflict of mercury poisioning on growth of ( hauma J7UflCiUfU,V.

Sharma

1979 Madhupratah et t. toxicity oicfTluents from a titanium dioxide thctory on

marine animals.

1979 Mauiya 'I echnology of' Rubber products.

1979 l-ersoone and Systems of biological indicators for water quality assessment

DC Pauw in biological aspects of liesh water pollution.

1980 Wong ci a!

Foxic eulecis of endrin on liver and kidney ola teleost lish.

Provincial Guidelines and I 'aboratory procedures fbr

measuring Acute Lethal Thx cit y of 1_iquid Effluents to fish.

Role of microflora in the assessment of pollution level ofriver Ganga. -

Toxicity of distillery effluent to the cvprinid weed fish, R.

Biochemical and haematological eflècls ol'titanium dioxideindustrial clii iment.

Sublethal ellècts of*krall pulp null waste water on Perch.

Toxic efThct oiAluininiuin on brown trout a/i,zO Irulfa.

Changes in nucleic acid and protein content of utopia

IF1( icit.

Lth.c1 oltvo pesticides on total lipid and cholestrol contentsof ovary , liver and blood serum of'/-/efero/?,U'USIC?.VfO.cS/II.r.

Studies on the ell' of paper fhctory effluent on thehydrography of the river Cauvery.

Niologv of 1-1111 Stieuiii I ,oach

'trace metal studies in the 'lawe and Swansea !-3a.

The Genetic toxicology of substitutionally inert transitionmetal complexes.

'loxicitv of textile miIlefTli.ients of fresh water and estuarinecrustaceans and fishes:'-

Degree of 9!utb0ft0evc major streams entering 1 ofoI larhour I long Kong—.

1979

Sasti'y andSharma

198() Anon

1980

l3harati _'i al.

198()

Durve and Jam

1980

Larsson ct ot.

1980

Lehteinen andDik a ri

1980

Munii. andI eivestad

198()

Rath and\'lishra

1980

Singh andSingh

1980

Samuel Paul 1<a

1980

Sd vanathan

1980

Vivian

1980

Warren e,' at

1980

Welsh C?! (1/

LIicts of Sublethal concentration ot mercury in Pwifiu.v( ilj(

Acidic precipitation and its C011Se(ILlCnCeS for aquatic

ecosystems.

Biology of fresh water pollution.

Water quality survey of the l-looghly estuary.

Distillery waste toxicity Of metabolic dysfrmnctioning.IJse of diversity ol evaivatioii (it water quality.

W. 11.0'S, I rrvinrnental health criteria.

Variation iii reSj)OflSC to methyl mercury by killifish embryos.

I iocIicrn cal efThcis of loriglerin exposure to Cr, Cd and Ni inraimihow trout.

A him inium toxicity to fish in acidic waters.

Zinc intoxication ellecis oil physiology Of fishes.

Krait pulp mill eliluent components cause liver dyslinctionill trout.

Uptake and accumulation of zinc in Juvenile Rainbow trout.

ftc ef1ict of endosulphanand its isomers on tissue protein,glycogen and lipids in Uianiia pwlciafus.

Oii diatoms is indicators on the river Lali glycogen and lipidsin (.71011170 /)1;17CIa111V.

Toxicity of certain pesticides found in the habitat oHhecarnivorous fishes.

Comparative ellect of' copper C,. ldmidni and

mercury on tissues Of' l-Iefrm/icl,.vIC.v/oc.clh.c..

Locomotor behaviour of four teleosts in response to sublethalcopper exposure.

1981

Gill and Pant

1981

I-Jar ries

1981

Mason

1981

N [[RI

1981

Shafli1981

Irivedi

1981

WI-JO.

1981

Weis et al

1982

i\rrllo 'I iI

1982

Baker andSchofield

1 982

Das and Rcddy

1982

()rkari andN a La ri

1982

1.oveerove andhddv.

1982

Murthy andDevi

1982

Prasad andSingh

1982

Sheila SusanJacob c( i/.

1982

Srivastava

1982 Scartee, a!

1982 Snarsk,

The response of rmnhow trout ",u/iiio ,ia//dh1L'// allcr sublethalexposure 10 P(. N and copper.

1982 Venlatcsvarlii

Chemical and biological assessment of pollution in the riverand Sanpath

Moos].Kumar

1982

Vetter and

Use of adenclat energy change as indicator ol hypoxic stressI-I LidS011 in estuarine fish.

1983

Wets and Wets

Variation in response to meth y l mercury by Li lii fish embryos.

1983

Anandaval Ii ci (1/

A quality profile of river Vaigai.

1983

Agarai

Water qualit y of sewage drains entering chambal river.

1983

Mc Donald

The interaction of envi r inmenta I calcium and low p1 1 on thep1iviolov of the rainbow trout.

1983

RociL c t i/

Morphological and biochemical studies of liver, kidne y andgill i fishes allëcted b y pesticides.

1983

Rao 'i t/. l-lislopathologv of Malathion on gills of li/ajmi ,uos'.cainhic'u

1983

SivaLami and

I he tod and feeding habits of I?US/)')rU /(J/7ICUI11/(,V.

Joseph

1983

Saxena and

Lt1ct of egetabfe oil fbctorY clii ueni on ( ha/u/a pane/u/us.

Hhatta

1983

Balavenkata 1-ftect of cupric chloride on oxidative metabolism in li/up/a

Subbiah ci' al. ,nu.r,cunih,ca.

1984

Hanifih and Ifiect of distillery effluent on oxygen consumption ofPorchelvi Surm/1cr(1c/o,7 11I().VSW?1h,C11,

1984

1-IanifT'a and Hiects of distillery effluent on histopaihological changes inSu ndravadhana iii /*j,•/,u.c

1984

Mukliopadh\ iv I oxic i1\ of copper iinc and iron to fish p1 mktonand konar

1984

Nammalvar Biochemical changes resulting front Biotssay of pesticides toestuai inc mullet.

WE

1984

1984

1984

1984 a

194 b

1984

1985

1985

1985

1985

1985

1985

1985

1985

1985

Nair (?f (II

kaina ci (II.

Samuel PaulRII vi (1/,

1 hakre and131 pat

V lavaI1()hanaI1CI al.

\/i;avamnoha ri.imici (1/.

Vv'ashmiigtori

AS7taIoSand Ncmcsok

Ainial (-'/ (if,

13hovniic andSingh

Bhatt et (ii.

Bhittacharvaci al.

I .)a ci a

Han andRalech\vari

I-iaiiilta ci (1/.

lssai Amasuand 1-lanil Ia

I lied oil ilanuini eFfluents On the peripheral haematology otii ii iba.v icsIu(/ulcw,.

On the biology of I(J/)c() (U//)U.1(.

Tolerance olcertamn marine organisms to fertilizer planteffluent.

Length weight relationship of l?u.c/nn?i (./unicomuc.

l3ioassay aiid respiration iii Cichi id fish.

On the respiratory movements of certain aquatic organismsexposed to sublethal concentration olefiluents from atitanium dioxide factory.

Diversity, I-monc and Similarity indices.

ElTCct of pesticides on the 1.1)11 activity Of ( . .yniiiiis CW7.)iO.

Physico chemical aspects of pollution in Kali Nadi.

EtiCci of sewage on physico-chemical characteristics andbacterial population of river Ganga.

Hydrology and phytoplanklon population of river Kosm.

Exposure to industrial pollutants: induction of histopathofogyin the kidney.

I )etermoratmng Navions It myers.

the growing population

Influence of distillery clii uent on growth and metamorphosisof R,iia 11,a/aharl(xI.

Studies on lhe, effedl of paper mill elllucnts on itiviii.s(1lI?1(iflI,V. . .. .

1985 Vymaznl

1985 Tonapi andGeorge \'arghese

1985 Turnpeniiv

Toxicity of pull) and paper mill effluent on iIaia

mossambica.

Fish gill structural changes by toxicants.

Effects ofiextile mill efiluents on A'Iysiuc armuluc.

Long term ecosystem stress.

Occurrence and chemistry of 7-n in fresh waters its toxicity.

Cardio physiological and enzymatic bio indices forbiomonitoriug fresh water pollution.

The fish population and water quality in some welsh andpennic streams.

Water pollution in Madurai

Haematological effects of distillery and paper mill effluentsHeIerofleuS(e, /os.cl/1s.

i'he impact of acidification on aquatic biota of NorthAmerica.

Ecological studies oil rivers of A.P. with reference to

pollution.

Bioaccurnlation of lead, copper iron and zinc by fish.

Effects of Kraft mill effluents on reproduction of brown trout.

Effects of acidified water on fish endeavour.

1985

Kamatch Ia m mal

1985

Mallatt

1985

Murugesan and1-lan ifTh

1985

Schindler el 0/.

1986

Anandavall

196

1-laniffa ci of,

1986

Mieile ci of.

1986

Ve n k ateswar I u

1986

Villarreal ci (.1/

1986

Vuorinen andVuori nen

•4,4

Wendel aarand Dederen

1987

I3egam Biochemical adaptive response in glucose metabolism of1 ifapia inas,ram/flca.

1987

Chattopadhyay ci of. Bioecological studies of the river Ganga

1987

Choudhary cial. Bio-ecological studies of the river Ganga.

1987

1987

1987

1987

ivi:i

1987

1987

1987

1987

1987

1987

988

1988

Everall Eflècts of water hardness and p1-i upon the toxicity of zinc to

brown trout.

Gagen and Net Sodium loss and mortality of three Salmon species

Sharpe exposed to stream acidified b y atmosphere deposition.

Mc Lea),Aquatic toxicity olpuip and paper mill effluent.

Man ivasakam Industrial effluents-origin characteristics ci lects andtreatment.

Narayanan et al. Effect of Sulphur oil gill of iepuiOCeJ)I7UIICI1IhyeSIIlernl( i//V.

Pragathccswaran el (if. Cadmium induced vertebral deformities inA,,ibu.csis CO/I1N1C1XOfli.

Ram and I lisiopaihological and Biochemical changes in the liver of

Sathyanesa n (.hun,ia pi U Ida! us.

Stephen el al. Toxicity of industrial effluents to A'1sfc.v ke/et,u,c.

Sahata and Water pollution studies in river 1-looghly.

Nayar

Shash; kant

Sunder andSub I a

Arnutha an(!George

CCouillard c'! al.

l'ollution status of - Indian rivers.

Fluctuations in the ponderal index of snow trout.

I'ollution ot vaigal river.

1-listopathology of rainbow trout.

1988

1988

1988

Datta ci UI.

1-IaiiifTh andBalak ri sh nan

HanfIa andMary iaceentha

Histological profile on Hooghly sector of river Ganga.

B io-energetics - common carp.

Food utilization of ()reoc/lro,nis ,no,ssanthic.u,s exposed to

distillery effluent.

1988 Haniffa and Oxygen consumption, surfacing frequency of /?anaMaria ALku5teen ina/aharica exposed to distillery eff luen

1988 Hanifla ci at. Toxicitv of textile mill effluent on the fresh water prawnMacrobi-achi urn.

1988 1-lanitla and Food utilization of ()reoc/iromis mo,ssamh,cus.Jassentha

1988 Murugesanand Muthu

1988 Muru2csan

1988 Magurran

1988 Mafte andWeber

1988 Nriagu

1988 Percy

1988 Radha-krishnaniah

1988 Rengarajan andK arpagaganapathy

1988 Roy

1988 Shanna

1988 Viswaranjan(3/ at.

1989 Hagya Leishmi

1989 Henry

Note on microbial population o M riur int-miwiux.

Toxicity of textile mill effluent to an air breathing fish.

Measurement of ecological diversity.

Respiratory stress Iii rainbow trout exposed to aluminium.

Silent epidemic of environmental poisoning.

Impact of rubber factory effluent on hill stream ecology.

Cobalt accu in u kit ion in Lahc.i ia/lila (I-lam.)

Cadmi 11111 poisioni ng on the hel' 1 ViOU! of Alv.rfu.v i.'iiafi,.r.

Anionic detergent impact oiimucous cells of ' Rita ri/a (1-lam.)

Fisheries of river: 13hageratlii.

Tissue Protein, Carbohydrate and lipids in U. ,no,v,ra,nhicu.r

exposed to tannic acid.

Heavy metal pollution and its elIëcts oil micro ail(Irnacrofauna.

Clinical diagnosis and management by Laboratory Methods.

influence of distillery effluent to tadpoles of I?ananlaluI)(lrlc(!.

Ecological methodologyArvlsulthtasc producing bacteria in the gut of i'herainnJ(lI'f)lI(I

Ecological study ot'a sewage channel.

Acidification and otter distribution in Scotland

Biological water quality assessment based on microin vertebrates

Effects of water hardness on the toxicity of Saroiherodoii11 I0SS(E11/) ,CIIs.

Cytological changes in ery-throcytes of l-feieropneu.cie.s/o.ssilic(bloch) exposed to textile mill effluent

Histological changes in relations to accumulation of methylmercury in L.ha/u/a (Ham.)

Effect of Textile dye effluent in food Utilization of(vpriiwsCarpe.' (Linn.)

Work on Microflora in the digestive tract offish and shellFish.

Water quality index for river Ganga.

Sublethal effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on a freshwater fish.

Study of the ponderal index of an endemic food fish

Effects of industrial effluents on river Kali.

l3iomonitoring the effect of Rubber factory effluent on a hillstream.

1989

Hanifta andMaria than is I a us

1989

Krebs1989

Maya el (ii.

1989

Mishra andSakscna

1989

Mason andMAC Donald

1989

MetcalR

1989

Moiii and 1)as

1989

Muru2esanel al.

1989

!'aulose

1989

Sak th i \'C Iand Sampath

3989

Sakata

1989

Sinha (:1 al.

1989

VAi , avararnand Vasuld

1989

Yousuf andPandit

199()

Bharathi andKri sli narn oorthy

1990

Cross Bell

Haematological effects of textile mill effluent on(..). ino.'.caiiibii.is

Energy expenditure and behavioural response of().mo.v.cwnhicu.r exposed to textile mill cHl uent.

1990

HanitTh andMaryVij aya ran i

1990

Hanillit ci e

1990

Haniffa and Influence of textile mill effluent on food utilization of Mystus

Murutesan kclelius (Jordon)

1990

Hogland and Epidemiology of metacercariae of i)p1o.ciomum hacri in fish

'Fhiilin exposed to effluent of a nuclear

1990

Leino ci at. Multiple cticts of acid and aluminium on fathead minnows.

1990 Lentinen c/ al. Physiological effects in fish exposed to effluents from mills.

1990 Onwurncrc and

Accumulation of metals and histopathology in O.mloi:cus.

Oladlmeli

1990

Pathak and

Population studies on river Gomathi.

13 hatt

1990

199()

199()

1991

1991

1991

Pophdi cliii

Suryanarayanaci al.

Thalheyus

Alam ci a!

Choudharyci al.

G opal ak ri sh nanci al.

Some physico chemical parameters to assess pollution load inPatra river.

A case study of temperature impact on Environment.

Studies on the effects of Nickel and chromium on thehistology and physiology 01 çyprinus caipio(Linn).

Physico-chem ical characterization of industrial effluents andtheir effects on fish.

Some aspects of Morpho physiography of Laheo catba.vu

(Ham.)

Hydrobiology ofTamparaparani river and its suitability foraquaculture.

1991 Haniffa and Relative toxicity of Bleaching Dyeing and Mixed Textile mill

Arul Selvan effluents on Ornossambicus.

991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1991

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

1992

Alternation in the protein and lipid contents of Intestine, liverand gonads in the head exposed Murre!.

Fish and fisheries of India.

Biology of ftcsh water pollution.

Efficts olcopper intoxication on muscle glycogen levels inU 11 -lO.S,Y1F1 ii) FC! IS.

Sublethal cf1cts of textile dye stullefiluent on selectedoxidative enzymes.

Investigation on the periodicity of phytoplankton in relation tocertain hydrological conditions.

lttcts of acute sublethal concentration of tannic acid onprotein, carbohydrate and lipid levels oi/,ahco ro/lifa.

Bioaccumulation of heavy meatals by algae and wheat plantsfed by textile effluents.

Inland Fishes of India and adjacent countries.

Acute toxicity of rn osquitocida I components to (Iambus/aa//lu/c.

FIThct of mip and paper cfilucñt on a marine fish./'Seik/O-/)IeUr() nccle.v wncricuiius.

Reproductive perlormance, and development of white suckerexposed to kraft mill effluent.

Mishra and Fish and Fishery potential of Kalpi river.

Saksena

Murugesan and Influence of textile mill effluent on food utilization of Mvs1e,c

Hani ffh ke/clius (Jerdon)

Sampathkumar ci al. Studies on toxicity on South India Viscose Factory effluent on

Groundnut.

Unni elf/f. lreliminiary hydrobiological. studies of river Narmada.

J ha

Alin gran

Mason

Rajkumar and1)as

Sakthivel ci at

Singh andSrivastava

Sorn a nath

Srivastavaand Prakash

Taiwar andJ hi ngran

'lietze ci (/l

lKhall ci al

McMaster ci at

Studies on the impact of heavy metal pollution on the

physiology of Cat/a cat/a (Ham.)

Water resource management quantity and quality aspect.

l'hySiCu chemical and microbiological studies in river

Thambaraparani.

Studies on digestive enzymes and gut inicroflora of

(.)rcocJiro,n.c fl?UV,Sa/flb cus

Studies on the toxicity of copper zinc and copper and zincmixture on (.i,rh,na inrigala (Ham).

Monovalent cation flux in the tissues of Cirrhina inrigala(Ham.) exposed to copper.

Hydrobiological studies on the channels of River

t'arnbaraparanm.

1-hisiopathological lesions in the gill of' J'unlins tic/f) after

exposure to herbicide Isoproturon.

Pollution studies in the river Tambaraparani. -

Toxicity of distillery effluent on a chosen fresh water fish.

Sublethal effects oil'aiinery and Textile mill effluents on gill

51 ructi ire in Cy,,rinu.c caipci.

Source profile affecting the water quality of the River

'1'arn bara pa ran i.

1992

Vincent

1992

Ti wana

1993

l-lanilla ci al

'993

Rainaiiil ha

1993

Stthanand andI.)as

1993

Smith el ell.

1994

1-lanitla ci a!

1994

.Jain andMishra

1994

Mart in

01 Ii urn an

1994

Selvanathan

Martin andl-laiu tTa