the cold war an era of tension and rivalry between us and soviets; us feared communism and viewed...
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THE COLD WAR
An era of tension and rivalry between US and Soviets;US feared Communism and viewed the Soviet Union
as an enemy
CH. 15
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Democracy vs. CommunismThe United States vs. The Soviet Union
Democracy vs. CommunismThe United States vs. The Soviet Union
YALTA CONFERENCE in Potsdam Germany, FEBRUARY 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO
DISCUSS THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.
A key goal was to determine what to do with Germany. The leaders agreed to divide the country into four sectors. The Americans, Soviets, British, and French would each occupy one of these sectors. Berlin was also divided into four sectors.
Another agreement had to do with the fate of Poland and other Eastern European countries now occupied by the Soviets. Stalin agreed to hold elections in these countries after the war.
CHURCHILL GIVING HIS “IRON CURTAIN” SPEECH
IN MARCH OF 1946 AT FULTON
MISSOURI
CHURCHILL’S MAIN POINTS WERE THAT THERE SHOULD BE A US/UK AGREEMENT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE U.N.
TO RESIST AND DETER ANY DISTURBANCES TO WORLD PEACE AND THAT STALIN WANTS "NOT WAR BUT THE
FRUITS OF WAR”, AND IF THE ALLIES STAY STRONG AND UNITED THEY CAN COUNTER ANY SOVIET THREAT
"A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended across the continent.”
TRUMAN DOCTRINEMARCH 1947
“THE SEEDS OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES ARE NURTURED BY MISERY AND WANT. THEY SPREAD AND GROW IN THE EVIL SOIL OF POVERTY AND STRIFE. THEY REACH THEIR
FULL GROWTH WHEN THE HOPE OF A PEOPLE FOR A BETTER LIFE HAS DIED. WE MUST KEEP THAT HOPE ALIVE.
THE FREE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD LOOK TO US FOR SUPPORT IN MAINTAINING THEIR FREEDOMS.
IF WE FALTER IN OUR LEADERSHIP, WE MAY ENDANGER THE PEACE OF THE WORLD -- AND WE SHALL SURELY
ENDANGER THE WELFARE OF OUR OWN NATION. GREAT RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE BEEN PLACED UPON US BY
THE SWIFT MOVEMENT OF EVENTS.”
PRESIDENT TRUMAN ASKED CONGRESS FOR $400 MILLION IN AID PLUS US TROOPS/ADVISORS TO HELP BOTH GREECE
AND TURKEY FIGHT BACK THE COMMUNIST THREAT
THE MARSHALL PLAN
JUNE 1947
George Marshall proposed a plan to aid any country in Europerebuilding from the destruction of WWII.
The U.S. provided $13 billion in aid to 17 countries. In return,Europe bought American goods. This massive aid helped Western Europe to rebuild itself.
The Soviet Union refused to participate because they thoughtthe U.S. was trying to take over Europe.
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BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949
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IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE
OCTOBER 1ST 1949 THE COMMUNISTS WON THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR AND THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS ESTABLISHED WITH THE USSR AS ITS
MAIN ALLY. IN THE US “LOSING CHINA” BECOMES A POLITICAL ISSUE.
MAO ZEDONG, COMMUNIST
LEADER OF CHINA
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KOREAN WAR: JUNE 1950 TO JULY 1953
THE UN SENT TROOPS TO FIGHT THE NORTH KOREAN FORCES BUT
THE BULK OF THE SOLDIERS CAME FROM
THE US
In March 29, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted of selling U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. The Rosenberg’s are sent to the electric chair in 1953, despite outrage from liberals who portray them as victims of an anti-communist witch hunt.
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PRESIDENT TRUMAN APPROVES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEN BOMB. THIS NEW TYPE OF NUCLEAR
WEAPON IS AT LEAST 100 TIMES MORE POWERFUL THEN THE ATOMIC BOMBS DROPPED ON JAPAN IN 1945.
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN
1953.
IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS TOOK A MORE POSITIVE
TURN.
ON JULY 27TH 1953, AFTER THREE YEARS OF
FIGHTING, AN ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED
ENDING THE KOREAN WAR. KOREA REMAINED
DIVIDED AT THE 38TH PARALLEL.
MAY 1954
AFTER WW II HO CHI MINH, LEADER OF THE COMMUNIST VIETNAMESE,
BELIEVED THAT THE US WOULD NOT ALLOW FRANCE TO RETURN TO ITS FORMER COLONY. WHEN FRENCH
SOLDIERS RETURNED TO REASSERT THEIR AUTHORITY AND RECLAIM THEIR
COLONY A BITTER NINE YEAR WAR BEGAN THAT ENDED IN A FRENCH
DEFEAT THAT DIVIDED VIETNAM INTO TWO HALVES. ONE, THE NORTH,
BECAME COMMUNIST, WHILE THE SOUTH WAS UNDER US INFLUENCE.
FRENCH INDOCHINA
HO CHI MINH
On January 12, 1955 U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first
announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation. It threatens full-scale
nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression
anywhere in the world..
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET
UNION AFTER STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF
STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO
REFORM THE USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE WERE
SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN
OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE
(USSR) WILL BURY YOU (US)”
OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE AGE BEGINS AS RUSSIA LAUNCHES SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS WERE THE FIRST INTO
SPACE
ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER
AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS FLEE TO THE US.
FIDEL CASTRO
A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY) PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE SOVIET UNION AND ITS PILOT GARY
POWERS CAPTURED AND PUT ON TRIAL. KHRUSHCHEV USED THIS INCIDENT TO CANCEL A PLANNED
EAST-WEST SUMMIT CONFERENCE IN PARIS.
MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT
BAY OF PIGS INVASION SITE
CUBAN EXILES INVADING CUBA WITH THE HELP OF THE US,
APRIL 1961
Huge disaster for President Kennedy when the US does not send in reinforcements
TENSIONS RISE DURING THE REMAINDER OF1961. ON AUGUST 13th EAST GERMANY BEGINS
PREPARING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL AROUND WEST BERLIN AND ON
SEPTEMBER 1 THE USSR RESUMES ATMOSPHERIC TESTING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
IN JUNE OF 1963 PRESIDENT KENNEDY WENT TO BERLIN AND DELIVERED HIS FAMOUS “ICH BIN EIN BERLINER” ( I AM A BERLINER) TO SHOW U.S. DETERMINATION TO
KEEP BERLIN FREE.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER 1962
THE CLOSEST THE WORLD HAS COME TO FULL SCALE NUCLEAR WAR
The United States and Soviet Union
agree on June 20 to install a hot line
allowing the leaders of both
countries to directly
communicate during a crisis. Kennedy and
Khrushchev were often forced to communicate
through public broadcasts during the Cuban Missile
Crisis.
1963 - Hotline
VIETNAM WAR1964-1973
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President Johnson (LBJ) signed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 1964
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was approved by Congress on August 7 and authorized President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The resolution passed unanimously in the House, and by a margin of 82-2 in the Senate. The Resolution allowed Johnson to wage all out war against North Vietnam without ever securing a formal Declaration of War from Congress.
Senator Wayne Morse speaking out against the resolution
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TET Offensive- 1968
Westmoreland interview during TET fighting
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Vietnamization training bases and schools
Nixon launched a “Vietnamization” of the war. This meant most of the fighting would be done by South Vietnamese (ARVN) forces with the U.S. providing support. The major elements of Vietnamization were the improvement and modernization of the South Vietnamese armed forces ability for pacification and combat operations.
1973 – Vietnam War Agreement
On January 27, 1973, the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong sign the Paris Peace Treaty, establishing a cease-fire and a 60-day window for the withdrawal of all U.S. troops. The United States is allowed to continue providing aid to South Vietnam. Saigon falls in April 1975.
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In 1975 South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos become communist states
On June 5, Israel launches an attack that becomes known as the Six Day War, seizing the Sinai and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Soviet Union accuses the United States of encouraging Israeli aggression.
Six day War - 1967
1968 -- Prague Spring
On January 5, reformer Alexander Dubcek becomes general secretary of the
Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging
the "widest possible democratizations" as the Prague Spring movement
sweeps across the country. Soviet and
Warsaw Pact leaders send an invasion force of
650,000 troops in August. Dubcek is
arrested and hard-liners are restored to power.
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Helsinki arms control talks and Salt I Treaty
To cool the arms race between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. a series of strategic arms limitations talks were held from November 1969 to May 1972. This was the first agreement to place limits and restraints on some of their central and most important armaments.
Limitations were place on anti-ballistic missile systems (ABM)
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Nixon and China - 1972
Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to visit China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on February 21. The two countries issue a communique recognizing their "essential differences" while making it clear that "normalization of relations" was in all nations' best interests. The rapprochement changes the balance of power with the Soviets.
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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979
USSR
Afghanistan On December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invade Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seizes control of the government. U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters (Osama Bin Laden) wage a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.
1980 - Solidarity
On August 14, electrician Lech Walesa leads massive strikes at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk, Poland. The strikes soon spread to other cities and form the nucleus of the Solidarity movement. The communist government of Edward Gierk concedes to worker demands on August 31, recognizing their right to form unions and strike.
1983 – Star Wars
1983 – Star Wars
On March 23, Reagan outlines his Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield that would use lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles far above the Earth's surface. Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty.
1985 -- Gorbachev comes to power
On March 11, Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet Union, ushering in an era of economic reforms under perestroika and greater political freedoms under glasnost.
1987 -- INF
On December 8, Reagan and Gorbachev sign the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in Washington. It mandates the removal of more than 2,600 medium-range nuclear missiles from Europe, eliminating the entire class of Soviet SS-20 and U.S. Cruise and Pershing II missiles.
Ronald Reagan”General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for
the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"
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1989- Berlin Wall Falls
Gorbachev renounces the Brezhnev Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its interests in Eastern Europe. On September 10, Hungary opens its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West. After massive public demonstrations in East Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall falls on November 9.
1990 – German Unification
At a September 12 meeting in Moscow, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and the two Germanys agree to end Allied occupation rights in Germany. On October 3, East and West Germany unite as the Federal Republic of Germany.
1991- Soviet Union Collapses
While vacationing in the Crimea, Gorbachev is ousted in a coup by Communist hard-liners on August 19. The coup soon falters as citizens take to the streets of Moscow and other cities in support of Russian President Boris Yeltsin, who denounced the coup. Military units abandon the hard-liners, and Gorbachev is released from house arrest. He officially resigns on December 25 as the Soviet Union is dissolved.