Total War “the killing machine”

Restrictions on democracy through censorship, curtailment of civil liberties.

Unrestrained war, massive mobilization of the population.

Draft of huge numbers of citizens, with the rest put on a war footing working to support the war.

Blurring of distinctions between the battlefront and the homefront.

Science dedicated to development of more deadly weapons to break the stalemate.

Sacrifice on the homefront through rationing, war bonds, volunteer services, civilian defense.

Espionage to demoralize the enemy

Propaganda to keep up morale

Economic Regimentation through price controls, rationing, mobilizing all for the war effort.

BIG GOVERNMENT

1917 – Turning Point in World War I

Russian Revolutions – Russia withdraws from the Entente Powers.

America enter the war - $, morale, men

During the war…During the war…The Russian Revolution of The Russian Revolution of

19171917 Russia’s deep-seated Russia’s deep-seated

problems aggravated by problems aggravated by Great WarGreat War

February 1917: Tsar February 1917: Tsar Nicholas abdicatedNicholas abdicated

October 1917: October 1917: Bolsheviks, led by Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, took Vladimir Lenin, took overover

March 1918: Russia March 1918: Russia withdrew from warwithdrew from war

Birth of the Soviet Birth of the Soviet UnionUnion

Vladimir Lenin1870-1924

Josef Stalin1879-1953

The Socialist ExperimentThe Socialist Experiment ““Soviet” = workers’ Soviet” = workers’

collectivecollective

Efforts to build a Efforts to build a non-capitalist societynon-capitalist society

Creation of Creation of agricultural agricultural collectivescollectives

Command economyCommand economy

The United States in The United States in WWIWWI

Before 1917 Before 1917 provided loans and provided loans and war materiel to the war materiel to the AlliesAllies

April 1917: U.S. April 1917: U.S. declared war against declared war against GermanyGermany

November 11, 1918: November 11, 1918: Germany Germany surrenderedsurrendered

German sinking of the Lusitania, with 128Americans aboard, in May 1915, galvanizedU.S. public opinion in support of enteringthe war.

And in Asia…And in Asia…

Japan entered the Great War as one of the Japan entered the Great War as one of the AlliesAllies

During the war, it occupied German During the war, it occupied German territories in China and the Pacificterritories in China and the Pacific

It also issued “Twenty-one Demands” to It also issued “Twenty-one Demands” to China in 1915China in 1915

““The war to end all The war to end all wars…”wars…”

9 million military 9 million military deathsdeaths

20 million 20 million woundedwounded

Millions more died Millions more died of starvation and of starvation and the influenza the influenza epidemic of 1918epidemic of 1918

Otto Dix “Storm Troopers During Gas Attack”1923

The Paris Peace The Paris Peace Conference, 1919Conference, 1919

Woodrow Wilson’s Woodrow Wilson’s postwar vision:postwar vision: 14 Points14 Points ““Self-Self-

Determination”Determination” League of NationsLeague of Nations

““Punitive peace” Punitive peace” for Germanyfor Germany

The “punitive peace”The “punitive peace” Germany not allowed to participate in the peace Germany not allowed to participate in the peace

processprocess

Germany was not allowed a navy or air force and Germany was not allowed a navy or air force and its army was limited to 100,000its army was limited to 100,000

It had to pay reparations for the war in money or It had to pay reparations for the war in money or kindkind

The Treaty of Versailles included a “war The Treaty of Versailles included a “war responsibility” clauseresponsibility” clause

Article 231Article 231

““The Allied and Associated The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her aggression of Germany and her allies.”allies.”

The former Ottoman The former Ottoman empireempire

Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal (“Atat(“Atatüürk”) rk”) established Republic established Republic of Turkeyof Turkey

Modernization and Modernization and secularization of secularization of TurkeyTurkey

Other regions became Other regions became European “mandatesEuropean “mandates

Dissolution of the Ottoman Empirethe beginning ofthe “mandate system” in the Middle East

French mandates:Syria, Lebanon

British mandates:Iraq, Palestine,Transjordan

[Japanese mandates:Marianna & MarshallIslands]

The Balfour Declaration,1917

Expressing support for “the establishment in Palestine of a nationalhome for the Jewishpeople…it being clearlyunderstood that nothingshall be done which mayprejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…”

Global consequences of a Global consequences of a global warglobal war

Russia

U.S. Asia

Middle East

Europe

The GreatWar

Social consequences of Social consequences of WWIWWI

Artisticmovements

Pessimismabout the

“Enlightenmentproject”

Anti-colonialmovements

Women’smovements

WWI:Social

consequences

Consequences of World Consequences of World War IWar I

Map of Europe and Middle East redrawnMap of Europe and Middle East redrawn European civilization “tarnished”-growth European civilization “tarnished”-growth

of anti-colonial, nationalist movementsof anti-colonial, nationalist movements Beginning of the “American Century”Beginning of the “American Century” World’s first experiment with Communism-World’s first experiment with Communism-

birth of the Soviet Union (USSR)birth of the Soviet Union (USSR) Japan strengthened in Asia (See RGH #45)Japan strengthened in Asia (See RGH #45) Germany alienatedGermany alienated Cultural Crisis-idols of 19th—reason, Cultural Crisis-idols of 19th—reason,

technology, democracy, capitalism, technology, democracy, capitalism, progress, science attackedprogress, science attacked

“In a world where nothing is true,

anything goes”

Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907

Manet's Déjeuner sur l'herbe, masterpiece of the 1863 Salon des Refusés.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Western Civilization Is Decadent

“Disintegration characterizes this time, and thus, uncertainty. Nothing stands firmly on its feet or on a hard faith in itself, one lives for tomorrow as the day after tomorrow is dubious. Everything on our way is slippery and dangerous, and the ice that still supports us has become thin: all of us feel the warm, uncanny breath of the thawing wind: where we still walk, soon no one will be able to walk.”

The Will to Power

Sigmund Freud

“Men are not gentle friendly creatures, but are naturally aggressive; no man can trust another man. Man to man is a wolf.”

Civilization and Its Discontents

The Scream, Munch

Uncertainty

Despair

Alienation

Depersonalization

Fear

Angst

Geneology, 1929 Van denberg

Never such innocence

Never before or since,

As changed itself to past

Without a word—the men

Leaving the gardens tidy,

The thousands of marriages

Lasting a little while longer;

Never such innocence again.

Philip Larkin, 1915

“The Lost Generation”

The Age of Technology, 1925

“When people change the world around them, sometimes the world bites back.”

It is an illusion to think that, because we have broken through the probihitions, taboos and rites that bound primitive civilizations, we have become free. We are conditioned by something new, technological civilization”

Jacques Ellul

Modern Art

Reality is personal

The world is shaped by the irrational

“Don’t proceed according to rules and principles but paint what you observe and feel”

Dare to be different

Duchamp’s Mona Lisa

Dali’s Mona Lisa

Oppenheimer’s Object, 1936

Ernst’s “The gramineous bicycle, garnished with bells, the dappled fire damps and the echinoderms bending the spine to look for caresses,” 1920-21

Dali’s The Persistence of Memory, 1931Surrealism

DADA

No more painters, no more writers, no more musicians, no more sculptors, no more religions, no more republicans, no more royalists, no more imperialists, no more anarchists, no more socialists, no more Bolsheviks, no more politicians, no more proletarians, no more democrats, no more armies, no more police, no more nations, no more of these idiocies, no more no more, NOTHING, NOTHING, NOTHING.

Braque’s Violin and Palette, 1909

CUBISM

Picasso’s Guernica, 1937

“Civilization is a disease which is almost invariably fatal, unless its course is

checked in time. . .If so-called civilized nations show any protracted vitality, it is because they are only civilized at the top. Ancient civilizations were destroyed by

imported barbarians. We breed our own.”

Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, “The Idea of Progress”

RELIGION – CONCEPT OF ORIGINAL SIN REEMERGES

SCIENCE

There Are No Absolute Truths

Heisenberg - The Uncertainty Theory

Einstein - The Theory of Relativity

Curie - The Sub-Atomic (Nuclear) World

Eugenics – The science of race

“Existence precedes essence”

“Man is condemned to be free”

Existentialism

Sartre, Camus

March of the Noughts, 1935

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY TotalitarianismLenin - CommunismMussolini, Hitler - Fascism