total population 7.5 billion people ¼ of the world’s ...€¦ · • rate of natural increase:...
TRANSCRIPT
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TotalPopulation7.5billionpeople
¼oftheworld’spopulationlivesinsidethatcircle!
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PopulationTerms• Demography - studyofpatternsandratesofpopulationchange,includingbirth&deathrates,migrationtrends,andevolvingpopulationpattern
• Populationdistributions- thearrangementofafeatureinspaceisdistribution.
• Geographersidentifythethreemainpropertiesas– Density– Concentration,– Pattern (Usedtodescribehowthingsandpeoplearedistributed)
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Dot Map of World Population –On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
Population Distribution –Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
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WorldPopulationClusters
• Two-thirdsoftheworld’spopulationareconcentratedinfourregions:1.EastAsia(EastChina,Japan,S.Korea,Taiwan)
- ¼ofworldpopulationhere2.SouthAsia1.5billionpeople(India,Pakistan,Bangladesh)- GangesRiver,NorthIndia
3.Europe- populationisconcentratedincities
4.NorthAmerica- megalopolis(Boston-WashingtonD.C.)
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USPopulationDotMap
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Ecumene
• TheportionoftheEarth’ssurfaceoccupiedbypermanenthumansettlement
• Increasedovertime• ¾ofworldpopulationlivesononly5%oftheEarth’ssurface
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PopulationDistribution• Densely
populated regions– Low lands– Fertile soil– Temperate
climate• Sparsely
Populated Regions– dry lands– wet lands– high lands– cold lands
SparselyPopulatedRegions(seebelow)
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Density
• Arithmetic Density• Physiological Density• Agricultural Density
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ArithmeticPopulationDensityArithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area.- Says little about distribution
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Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.
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✦Physiological Density: Dividing the population by the amount of arable land✦A large difference between arithmetic and physiological density indicates a small % of a region’s land is capable of growing crops.
✦Egypt and Japan have physiological densities✦Countries with high physiological densities face challenges feeding their population
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PhysiologicalDensity
Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a goodmeasure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.
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Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean and in the interior, along the
banks of the Nile River. (2004)Linear Distribution of Population
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• Agricultural Density: The number of farmers to the total amount of arable land suitable for agriculture.
– MDCs have lower densities because of technology– LDCs have higher because farmers are doing most of the labor
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PopulationCharacteristics
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World Population GrowthBirthrate(b)−deathrate(d)=rateofnaturalincrease(r)
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PopulationCharacteristics• CrudeBirthRate(CBR)• CrudeDeathRate(CDR)• NaturalIncreaseRate(NIR)• DoublingTime• TotalFertilityRate(TFR)• InfantMortalityRate(IMR)• ChildMortalityRate• CarryingCapacity• DependencyRatio
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CrudeBirthRates
The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1000 population peryear.
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CrudeDeathRates
The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1000population per year.
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PopulationCharacteristics
• Rate of Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.– not including migration– usually measured in percentages (out of 100)– RateofNaturalIncrease=CBR-CDR=/10– RNIfortheworldis1.2%– RNItendstobelessthan1%inMDCandgreatherthan1%inLDCs
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NaturalIncreaseRates
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DependencyRatioUnder15
–
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Dep.Ratioover65
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PopulationCharacteristics
• Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
– 2.1 is ideal
• Infant Mortality Rate: annual number of deaths of infants under age 1, compared to total live births
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IMR2015
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TotalFertilityRates
The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society willhave through her childbearing years.
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InfantMortalityRates
The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births per year.
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PopulationCharacteristics• Life Expectancy : The average number of
years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
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LifeExpectancyatbirth
Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
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Why does Population Composition Matter?
KeyQuestion:
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Population Composition
Population Composition is concerned with:
– Gender distribution
– Age distribution within a country, region, or place.
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THEPOWEROFTHEPYRAMID- APOPULATIONPYRAMIDisagraphicdevicethatallowsDemographerstolookathoweventsaffectpopulationsofcountries.
- Whataretheagesofthepeople?
- Howmanyaremen?- Howmanyarewomen?
-Graphsshowabreakdownofacountry’spopulationandhoweconomic,political,andnaturalevents over70– 80yearscanimpactdifferentagegroups.Thegraphscanhelppredictfuturepopulationtends.
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PopulationPyramids–Graphsthatshowthepercentages ofeachagegroupinthetotalpopulation,dividedbygender.
Forpoorercountries,thechartisshapedlikeapyramid.Infantmortalityratesarehigh,lifeexpectancyisshorter.
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Examples of population pyramids and their meaning
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A typical example of a high birth rate and high death rate pyramid. Life expectancy is low.
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An even more extreme example of high birth and death rates.
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China’s pyramid shows the results of the single child policy.
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The US pyramid shows the results of the baby boom (1946-66) and maybe the “baby bounce” 25-30 years
later
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
DemographicTransition- thechangeinpopulationcharacteristicsofacountrytoreflectmedicaltechnologyoreconomicandsocialdevelopment.
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Whyuseit?• Goodindicatorofwhatwillhappentoasocietyorcountry’spopulation
• Basedonthreeprimaryfactors:–BirthRate–DeathRate–TotalPopulation
• Doesnotgobackwardunlessacountrysuffersanuclearattackorcatastrophiceventonthelandscape
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Stage1:HuntingandGatheringSocieties• Lowtotalpopulation
– Foodsourcesarenotreliable– Don’thavemanychildrenforfearofstarvation
• Whenbirthratesarehigh,deathrateislow• Whendeathratesarehigh,birthratesarelow• Naturaloccurrence
• Nocountriescurrentlyinstage1
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Stage2:AgriculturalSocieties- Unprecedentedpopulationgrowth- Birthratesstayhigh- Deathratessharplydecline
- Morestabilityoffoodsource- Availabilityofmedicines
- (lifeexpectancyisstilllow)- Highinfantmortalityrate
- Majorityofpeopleinvolvedinfarming- Economy:Basic
- Mostlysubsistencefarming- Uselittletechnology- Largefamilies(manychildren)
- 8-10children!(highfertilityrate)- Laborforce
- Sanitationandeducationrarelyprovided
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• Worldaveragebirthrate:21• Worldaveragedeathrate:9• Stage2countrieshaveboththebirthrateanddeathrateabovetheworldaverage
• CurrentExamples:Afghanistan,ManySub-SaharanAfricancountries
Stage2:AgriculturalSocieties
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Stage3:IndustrialSocieties
• DecliningBirthRates(Startshigh,thendropssharply)– Womenalsoinworkforce(reducesfertilityrate)
• DeathRatescontinuetofall• IndustrialRevolution,mid1700sinEurope• Economydevelops
– Morepeopleoffthefarmintourbanareasforjobs– Morepeopleinvolvedinproductionofgoods– Increasedpayforworkers
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✦ Lowtoaveragedeathratesindicatessomedevelopmentwithinthecountry
✦ Lowbirthrateindicatesanurbanizedandindustrializedsociety
✦ManycountriesinLatinAmericaandAsia✦ CurrentExamples:India,Brazil,Argentina,Turkeyetc….
Stage3:IndustrialSocieties
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Stage4:TertiarySocieties• Tertiaryorservice-basedeconomy• Populationlevelishigh,butgrowthhasflattened• Birthratesanddeathratesalmostequal
– (Zeropopulationgrowthiftheyareequal)• Moveawayfromrelianceonindustryandmovetowardsaservice-
basedeconomy– Morepeopleinvolvedinsellingproducts,thanproducingtheproducts
• TotalFertilityRatesareatorbelow2– Whenbelow2,countryexperiencesalossofpopulation– Mayhaveincentivestohavechildren
• Fearofcountry’sfuture• Thisstagereflectsahighlyindustrialized,educatedsociety.
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✦ CurrentExamples:– ManyEuropeancountries(France)– UnitedStates– Australia
DemographicTransition- Stage4