total hardness of water
TRANSCRIPT
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EXPERIMENT: DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL HARDNESS (PERMANENT AND
TEMPORARY) OF WATER.
THEORY:
The hardness of water is generally due to dissolved calcium and magnesium salts and may be
determined by complexometric titration. EDTA is a good complex forming agent. When
EDTA reacts with metal there is the formation of complex.
Indicator standard EDTA
Metal ions metal ions indicator complex metal ion EDTA
complex + indicator.
This process is known as complexometric titration. Buffer solution is used to maintain the pH
value about 10. The efficiency of complex formation with EDTA varies with change in pH of
the solution. Basic medium is most favorable for complex formation.
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
N-CH2-CH2-N + M2+ M-EDTA
HOOC-CH2 CH2-COOH
The EDTA solution may be standardized by using standard Zn ion solution, using metal ion
indicator, Erichrome black -T. It forms the complex with the Zn ion which is red in color.
When it is titrated with EDTA, it removes the metal ion indicator forming metal EDTA
complex which gives blue solution.
M-In (wine red) + EDTA M-EDTA + In (blue)
The total hardness of water can be determined by titrating the buffer solution with EDTA
whose strength is known. The end point corresponds to cation Ca2+ and Mg2+ forming EDTA
complex at pH 10.0.
The total hardness is expressed in parts of CaCO3per million of water. If the solution does
not contain Mg2+ ion, little known amount of Mg2+ should be added which forms the wine
red colored complex,Ca2+ cannot form a stable complex with the indicator. Mg2+ indicator
later on adding EDTA gives more stable Mg2+
EDTA complex leaving free indicator which isblue in color. To remove the interfere due to traces of other metals Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn
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little hydroxyl ammonium chloride is added which reduces some of metals to their lower
oxidation states so cannot form complex.
PROCEDURE:
1. Preparation of about 0.01 M EDTA solution
0.9 gm of pure EDTA is weighed out roughly and dissolved in 250 ml volumetric flask with
deionosed water up to mark.
2. Preparation of standard (0.01 M ) Zinc ion solution
Weigh out accurately 0.163gm of Zinc and dissolve it in 5 ml conc. HCl and 5 ml water in a
500ml beaker and allow it to react. Neutralize it by adding NaOH solution drop by drop until
it gives turbidity. Stir it properly. When turbidity appears add a drop of dil. HCl to neutralize
excess NaOH. Make the solution upto 250 ml.
3. Standardization of EDTA solution with Zinc ion solution
Pipette out 25ml of Zinc ion solution in a 250ml conical flask. Add 2ml buffer solution and
30 to 40 mg Erichrome black -T. Titrate with EDTA solution until color changes from wine
red to deep blue color. Repeat the process to get concurrent readings.
4. Determination of total hardness of water ( permanent and temporary)
Take 50ml sample of water to be tested in a 250 ml conical flask. Add 1ml buffer solution
(ammonium hydroxide /ammonium chloride, pH 10) and 10 to 12 drops of Erichrome black
-T indicator (30-40 mg). Titrate with standard EDTA solution (0.01M ) until color changes
from red to pure blue, there should be no magnesium present in the sample of water it is
necessary to add 0.1ml magnesium-EDTA solution (0.1M ) before adding the indicator.
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OBSERVATION:
1. Titration of standard Zinc ion solution Vs EDTA
No. of obs. Vol. of Zn++ solution
(ml)
Initial burette
reading (ml)
Final burette
reading (ml)
Difference of burette
reading (ml)
Concurrent
reading (ml)
2. Titration of EDTA vs. water
No. of obs. Vol. of water
sample (ml)
Initial burette
reading (ml)
Final burette
reading (ml)
Difference of
burette reading (ml)
Concurrent
reading (ml)
CALCULATION:
Strength of EDTA =
50ml of water contains...................gm of CaCO3
1000ml of water contains..................gm of CaCO3.