topic 1: introduction to itec 200, it and is professor j. alberto espinosa the edge of it itec-200...
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Topic 1: Introduction to ITEC 200, IT and IS
Professor J. Alberto Espinosa
The Edge of IT ITEC-200 Spring 2007
B u s in e s s W o r ldT r a n s a c t io n s
T r a n s a c t io n P r o c e s s in g
C l ie n tA p p l
D B
S e r v e rA p p l
D BD a ta b a s e
In fo r m a t io nD e c is io n S u p p o r tD is t r ib u te d C o l la b o r a t io nE n te r p r is e C o l la b o r a t io nF in a n c ia l M a n a g e m e n t
e t c .
E R P , S u p p ly C h a in M g t , e t c .
( I n te r / I n t r a ) N e t w o r k
Topic 1: Introduction p.2
CourseIntroducti
on
Topic 1: Introduction p.3
Introduction
• The Edge of IT• Textbook:
Introduction to Information Systems Rainer, Turban and Potter, 2007 John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0471736368
• Unless otherwise stated in the course schedule, we will meet in the classroom for the first half of the class and at the Kogod Lab for the second half
Topic 1: Introduction p.4
Topic 1: Introduction p.5
My Background• Started as New faculty at AU in Fall’02• Previously at Carnegie Mellon University• PhD and MS in IS at Carnegie Mellon• Also, BS Mech Engineering & MBA• Many years of working experience• Designing, implementing and managing IT & as CFO• Mostly in international contexts• Teach: MIS, Systems Analysis, Database• Research focus:
• IT support for global & geographically distributed collaboration
• Effect of human factors on coordination in global software teams
Topic 1: Introduction p.6
Contact• Office: KSB 33
• Office Hours:
• Tuesdays 2-8 PM (may change)
• And by appointment
• Telephone:
• Office: 202-885-1958
• Fax: 202-885-1992
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Web: http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto
Topic 1: Introduction p.7
Class Web Site• Current versions of syllabus, class schedule, lecture
notes, and homework assignments will be posted on the Blackboard class web site.
• Course Syllabus also available at:http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/itec200/syllabus.html
• Class Schedule also available at:http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/itec200/schedule.html
• All homework assignments, lecture slides, and other class materials will be available via the Class Schedule link above, and also via Blackboard
• Class announcements, grades, and e-reserve articles will be available via Blackboard only
Topic 1: Introduction p.8
What is Information Technology (IT)?
What is an Information System (IS)?
How are IT & IS different than computer science?
What is the role of IT and IS in today’s business environment?
Topic 1: Introduction p.9
Information Technology (IT) and BusinessBusiness World
Transactions
Transaction ProcessingB
usi
nes
sA
ppl
ica
tion
sIT
Infr
ast
ruct
ure
Database
Mainframes
InformationDecision SupportDistributed CollaborationEnterprise CollaborationFinancial Management
etc.
ERP, SCM, CRM, etc.
Microcomputers
(Local/Wide area) Networks
Client Appl
ServerAppl
Client/Server Computing
Distributed Computing
DB DB
Ubiquitous Computing
Security,Firewalls
Inter-Networking (Internet, Intranets)
Virtual Private Networks
Routers
Topic 1: Introduction p.10
RoadmapRoadmapBusiness
Applications
e.g., Supply Chain Mgt
(SCM)
e.g., Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP)
e.g., Customer Relations Mgt
(CRM)
Topic 1: Introduction p.11
Information Systems
ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS(Business)(Business)
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY(IT)(IT)
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT(People)(People)
INFORMATIOINFORMATIONN
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
Topic 1: Introduction p.12
Information Technology (IT)vs. Information Systems (IS)?
IT Infrastructure
(HW, SW, database, telecom)
IT for Business
BusinessApplications
(DSS, EIS, ERP, CRM, SCM, Security, Ethics, etc.)
BusinessIssues in IT
(People, Organizations, Management Processes,
Strategy, E-Commerce, E-Business, etc.)
ITEC-350 (follow up course)Management Information Systems
Information Systems
ITEC 200The Edge of IT
Class Schedule
Topic 1: Introduction p.13
The Information Age
• First Electronic Messaging: In 1835, Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. Used magnetic transmitters and receivers to send signals.
• First Long-distance Communication: an iron wire, was strung between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. -- 37 miles.
• First Message: On May 24, 1844, the first telegraph message, "What hath God wrought," was successfully sent and received.
• First Information Code: Morse developed a language of signals called Morse Code, which used a combination of short and long signals - dots and dashes to represent numbers and letters.
Topic 1: Introduction p.14
The Information Age
• First Transatlantic Cable : Atlantic Cable was established in 1858 to carry instantaneous communications across the ocean. It was a failure after a few hours. Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were completely successful. The cable remained in use for almost 100 years.
• First Voice Communications: Alexander Graham Bell Exhibits Telephone in 1876
Topic 1: Introduction p.15
Circuit Switching and The Information Age
• Circuit Switching:
The first manual exchange was installed in New Haven, USA, in 1878.
The electro-mechanical switch was patented in 1889 by Almon B. Strowger, Kansas City, USA.
The first computer-operated exchange was put in service in 1960 in the US.
Today's telephone exchanges use circuit switchingcircuit switching technology, just like in the end of the 19th century.
Lucent Technologies’ 5ESS digital switch consists of generic hardware driven by software
With more than 80 million lines of instructions written by more than 5,000 software developers.
And serves over 130 million subscriber lines, in 66 countries
AB
Topic 1: Introduction p.16
Packet Switching and The Information Age
• Packet Switching:
President Eisenhower saw the need for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) after the Soviet Union's 1957 launch of Sputnik.
Military needed a network that would survive a nuclear attack. (no single outage point).
Data split into tiny messages called packets packets that may take different routes to a destination.
Hard to eavesdrop on messages. More than one route available -- if one route
goes down another may be followed.
B
A1
23
Topic 1: Introduction p.17
Net 1 Net 2
Internet and the Information Age Internetworking:
15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET (a defense network envisioned to survive a nuclear attack) in 1971.
E-mail invented—a program to send messages across a distributed network. E-mail is still the main way of inter-person communication on the Internet today.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) adopted in 1982—interconnecting independent networks rather than specific networks with an arbitrary design
The full story: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Origins
Net 1
Appl
TCP
IP
Net 2
Appl
TCP
IPIP
RouterComputer 1 Computer 2
The Internet
Topic 1: Introduction p.18
The Web and The Information Age
World Wide Web: www: a friendly interface established in 1991 600 www sites in 1993 100,000 www sites in 1995 >800 million www sites in 1999 >70 million Internet users in the US more than 50% of US households have Internet access In the past 24 hours, >41 million persons went online 500,000 new users every month in 2000 2.1 billion online in 2000 The full story of the www: http://www.w3.org/History.html
Topic 1: Introduction p.19
Why are we here?• I.T. IS EVERYWHERE THESE DAYS:
• 1/2 of all new businesses today involve computer products or services
• Most of the ones that don’t, still use and rely on some form of IT to do business (e-mail, databases, Internet, etc.)
• Need to be knowledgeable about IT/IS to succeed in an organization today (whether in an IT job or not)
• Need to be able to discuss your IT needs with IT staff – i.e., need to have at least a basic understanding of IT
Topic 1: Introduction p.20
Information Systems Literacy• IT professional:
• Hands-on knowledge of IT• Understand how IT adds business value
• Non IT professional:• Ability to converse/interface with IT staff• Leverage the power of information via IS• Improve productivity in an IT context
• Everyone:• Understanding of organizations and individuals from a
behavioral perspective• Understanding of how to analyze and solve problems
Topic 1: Introduction p.21
Web Page Designand
Implementation
Topic 1: Introduction p.22
Please complete the IT Background Survey
Use your AU EagleNet login ID And password = “changeme” Log into the MIS Student System
http://www.jibe4fun.com/scripts/mis/misuserlogin.asp Change your password and then Click on Tech Background Survey Complete the survey and click Submit
Topic 1: Introduction p.23
Agenda Discuss basic design principles for web sites Learn the basics about web page development Get hands-on experience with FrontPage
Follow up course:ITEC-334
Computer Programming in the Web Era
Topic 1: Introduction p.24
What is the World Wide Web? The Internet vs. the WWW Internet applications:
– WWW, E-mail, FTP, Telnet, Internet EDI, etc. WWW:
– Sharing of electronic documents via the Internet– System and set of rules (standards) for storing,
retrieving, formatting and displaying information– Web servers and Web browsers
Topic 1: Introduction p.25
Web Servers and Browsers Web Servers:
– Located anywhere on the Internet– Store information to be retrieved– Serves electronic documents to users– Executes applications as needed
Web Browsers (clients):– Request information from Web servers– Formats and presents info to user– Standard user interface
The Internet
Web Page Request(click hyperling)
Send Web Page
BrowserWeb
Server
Browseri.e., Web Client
Web Server
Browser
The Internet
Web Page Request(click hyperling)
Send Web PageSend Web Page
BrowserWeb
Server
Browseri.e., Web Client
Web Server
Browser
Topic 1: Introduction p.26
HTTP & HTML
HTTP hypertext transfer protocol– A standard protocol to access Web documents– A protocol: needed for 2 apps to communicate– Protocol = communication rules– HTTP: designed for efficient document retrieval
HTML hypertext markup language– A standard file format used by Web browsers– Text is “marked-up” with tags– Hyperlinks to other documents
Topic 1: Introduction p.27
Web sites are located by specifying the Uniform Resource Locator
– <access protocol>://<domain>/<file location>
– ex. http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/index.html
– The domain is the main Web site, which may consist of many Web serversand it translates to an IP Address, e.g.
– Ex. http://147.9.18.105/~alberto/index.html
– For example, see domains to IP address mappingshttp://swhois.net/
URL = Uniform Resource Locatori.e., location of a web page
Topic 1: Introduction p.28
Design Issue #1:Think of your page organization in advance
Topic 1: Introduction p.29
Bad (or no) Design:
Topic 1: Introduction p.30
Design Issue #2:Hyperlinks:
internal external within a page or to other pages(like a bookmark)
Link URL
Link #name
….
….
name
….
URL
….
….
….
….
….
Topic 1: Introduction p.31
Design Issue #3:Hyperlink Types
LINK TO SPECIFIC POINTS IN A PAGE (use #)
Relative reference: within currently loaded page#ITReviews
Absolute reference: to other pages (ext docs)http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/itec200/syllabus.html#ITReviews
LINK TO OUTSIDE PAGES
Relative reference: within your web site (your docs)index.htmlstudents/teams/webpages.htmlstudents/teams/webpages.html#names
Absolute reference: external to web (ext docs)http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/index.html
Topic 1: Introduction p.32
Other Important Design Issues
Too many graphics slow down loading of page Too much animation distracts Use top page as a menu or index Make navigation easy--back and forth Soft backgrounds (white is best for business docs) Dark or bright text (dark is best for business docs) Test your colors/fonts on a variety of monitors New things attract visitors—update your page Include your URL and e-mail address
Topic 1: Introduction p.33
Web Publishing Basics Many ways to create HTML pages
– By hand (Notepad), FrontPage, Dreamweaver, etc.– It helps to understand how HTML works
Tips to ensure your web site works well beforehand– Compose a quick html file and call it “test.html”– View this file using your browser– Copy this file to the www folder on your G drive– Then browse this HTML file and ensure it works
You will do this shortly
Topic 1: Introduction p.34
HTML Files, Web Pages and Web Sites HTML file = Text (info) + HTML <Tags> (formatting)
Ex. <BOLD>Hello</BOLD> there!! Web page = HTML files + graphics & other files
HTML File
Text
HTML Tags
Graphics Files
(jpg,gif,etc.)
Other Files (video, sound)
Web Page
OtherWeb
Pages
Web Site
Topic 1: Introduction p.35
HTML Tags
General format:
<TAG attrib1=value1 attrib2=value2….>Text</TAG>
Ex. tag without attributes <BOLD> Ex. tag with attributes
<FONT size=2 color=blue> Need a beginning tag, e.g. <U> (underline) And often an ending tag, e.g. <U>Hello!</U>
Topic 1: Introduction p.36
Organizational Information
Systems
Topic 1: Introduction p.37
Data and Information:Difference ???
Data
Information
Topic 1: Introduction p.38
Data vs. Information
DataData - Raw Facts - No intelligence by itself, data alone is useless
InformationInformation - Data processed into meaningful intelligence – useful
What is Knowledge????
Information
Knowledge:
how people process and
relate to information
Topic 1: Introduction p.39
Information Technology (IT)Information Technology (IT)
• Technology Infrastructure(HW, SW, Databases and Networks)
• + Business Applications (HR, Finance, Accounting, ERP, CRM, SCM, etc.)
• Which allows business employees and managers to process data into useful information for managerial decisions and actions
• i.e., it is the TECHNOLOGY itself
Topic 1: Introduction p.40
Information Systems (IS)Information Systems (IS)
• More than just IT!!
• ISIS are systems to process data into useful information for managerial decisions and actions, but in addition to IT issues, it also involves an understanding o business and people processes employed to get the work done.
• Not just a computer or technical issue, but also:How an organization gets the work done and
what are the work processes employedHow people do their work and how they relate
to one another
Topic 1: Introduction p.41
Implementing Information SystemsImplementing Information Systems
• Implementing IS means change• It affects people, groups, structure, tasks,
processes, role relations, power structure, etc.• A successful IS implementation must take this
into account• It cannot rely on technology alone
Topic 1: Introduction p.42
MIS: Fit Organizations, IT & ManagementMIS: Fit Organizations, IT & Management
ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS(Business)(Business)
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY(IT)(IT)
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT(People)(People)
INFORMATIOINFORMATIONN
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
- Fit- Interdependence
Topic 1: Introduction p.43
Classification of Information Systems for Business
By:
1. Organizational Level
2. Functional Area
3. Support Provided
Topic 1: Introduction p.44
1. Classification By Organizational Level
Operational Level Systems (e.g. support production & operations workers)
Knowledge Level Systems (e.g., support engineers, lawyers, doctors, etc.)
Management Level Systems (e.g., support middle to upper management)
Strategic Level Systems (e.g., support CEO’s and other executives)
Topic 1: Introduction p.45
2. Classification by Business Function
Systems for: Sales, Marketing Manufacturing, Production,
Operations Finance, Accounting Human Resources Etc.
Topic 1: Introduction p.46
Classification by 1. Organizational Level and Classification by 1. Organizational Level and 2. Functional Area (together)2. Functional Area (together)
Topic 1: Introduction p.47
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)A basic business system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the business. These are systems or system components that interact with the external world (e.g., customer registration, data entry, online purchases, point of sales, etc.)
Office Automation Systems (OAS)e.g., word processing, electronic mail, presentation graphics, desktop publishing
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)e.g., engineering, software, medical systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)To extract data from data repositories and prepare management reports, e.g., budgets, financial summaries, client activity summaries, etc.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)To assist with decision analysis and application of business decision rules, e.g., loan application processing, investment analysis, etc.)
Executive Support Systems (ESS)To tie data from all levels and from external/strategic sources to the CEO and other business executives
Etc.
3. Classification by 3. Classification by type of Support Providedtype of Support Provided
Topic 1: Introduction p.48
Systems Often Interact with Each Other
ESS
TPSKWS
OAS
DSSMIS
Topic 1: Introduction p.49
IS also helps integrate business processes and
data across organizational levels and functions:
– Customer Relations Management (CRM)
– Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
And with other companies organizations
(e.g., suppliers, customers):
– Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Integrating Functions and Processes:A New Kind IS for Business
Topic 1: Introduction p.50
Business Processes
A process: manner in which work is organized and
coordinated to produce a product or service Some business processes take place within a function Some others cut across multiple business functions Involves workflows of material, information, and
knowledge Provides unique ways to coordinate work, information,
and knowledge
Example: processing a customer order
Topic 1: Introduction p.51
Integrating Across Functions in Business Processes
Topic 1: Introduction p.52
Traditional View of Business Systems
Topic 1: Introduction p.53
Newer View of Business using Business Process Systems
Topic 1: Introduction p.54
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System
Manages ways to deal with existing and potential new customers
Coordinates business processes of a firm necessary to provides end-to-end customer care
Provides a unified view of customer across the company
Consolidates customer data from multiple sources and provides analytical tools for answering questions
Topic 1: Introduction p.55
Enterprise Systems orEnterprise Resource Planning
(ERP) Systems
• Organization-wide information systems that Organization-wide information systems that integrate business processes so that information integrate business processes so that information can flow through the necessary parts of the firmcan flow through the necessary parts of the firm
• Very expensive and difficult to implementVery expensive and difficult to implement• Integrates data from multiple business functions Integrates data from multiple business functions
(e.g., accounting, finance, inventory, etc.)(e.g., accounting, finance, inventory, etc.)
Topic 1: Introduction p.56
Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems
Links the organization with customers and suppliers
(i.e., “the supply chain”) as one “virtual organization” Integrates all aspects of procurement,
production and logistics to deliver
products and services to clients Helps forecast and decide when
& what to produce Helps place/receive orders and
track their status Helps communicate product
design/specs changes Helps manage inventories Enables “just-in-time” (JIT) and
“stockless” inventory methods
(vendor managed)
Topic 1: Introduction p.57
MIS and The Digital FirmMIS and The Digital Firm
e.g., Supply Chain Mgmt
(SCM)
e.g., Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP)
e.g., Customer Relations Mgmt
(CRM)
ESS
MIS DSS
KWSOAS
TPSOAS
Business Applications
Business Applications
Topic 1: Introduction p.58
A High Level View of ITBusiness World
Transactions
TPS
Bu
sin
ess
Ap
plic
atio
ns
ITIn
fra
stru
ctu
re
Databases
InformationHR, Finance, DSS, KWS, ESS, ERP, SCM, CRM,
etc.Reports
Networks(LANs, WANs, Internet, Intranets, Extranets, etc.)
Servers Clients
Security
Routers
Switches
Databases