Tokugawa Japan

Powerpoint for EAST111

Historical overview

• Aristocratic Society– Yamato state formation– Heijo (Nara), Heian (Kyoto)

• Warrior Society– Kamakura, Ashikaga, Tokugawa (Edo)

• Modern Society (“emperor system”)

Pre-Edo fort(16th c. Sengoku

period)

Tokugawa era, 1600-1868

"Japan at the End of the Edo Period," Felix Beato (Yokohama Archives of History Collection)

• Oda Nobunaga

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi

• Tokugawa Ieyasu

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Images from “D-project”

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Hideyoshi--forerunner• Sword hunt• Land survey• Implication?

– Separation of samurai and commoner

– Four class system (Artisan, Merchant, Peasant, Samurai--order?)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi by ISHIKAWA Mitsuaki. Univ. Art Mueum, Tokyo Nat’l University of Fine Arts and Music.

•Samurai•Peasant•Artisan•Merchant

4 status system

• Samurai– Ruling class, 10% of population

• Peasant– Agrarian-based society/economy

• Artisan• Merchant

• Artisan• Peasant• Merchant• Samurai

Other Four-class systems

• Chinese:– Scholar official

– Peasant– Artisan– Merchant

• Choson Korea– Yangban– Peasant– Artisans– “lowborn”

Other mechanisms of control

• Ideological– Categorization of daimyo and Four-class system

– Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism

– Sacralization of founder--Nikko

– Imperial patronage

– Int’l relations

• Alternate attendance• Regulation of daimyo marriages

• Levies and assignments--repair, rebuild

• One castle/one domain• Re-investiture on daimyo inheritance

• Threat of expropriation

Tokugawa-era castletownBrown=high-ranking SamuraiTan=lower-level samuraiOrange/yellow=merchant areasBlue=shrines and temples

Implications• Alternate attendance• Regulation of daimyo marriages

• Levies and assignments--repair, rebuild

• One castle/one domain• Re-investiture on daimyo inheritance

• Threat of expropriation• Sword hunt, land survey, and four-class system

• Ideological

• Financial?• Commercial?• Social?• Cultural?

The Sekisui map of Japan, 1783

• The Whole Map of Japan. Nagakubo Sekisui and Osei Soya. 1783.• From the Yale University Library Map Collection. URL:

– http://www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/Lan18.htm

•

• One of the first maps published in Japan to have the meridians and parallels as well as the scale of distance clearly marked. Sekisui consultated many sources, beginning with maps made by the shogunate, before drafting his own map. The "Sekisui map" became the authoritative map of Japan for the next ninety years until the fall of the Tokugawa regime.

Troubles within

• Urbanization• Commercialization• Bureaucratization

• Peasant disturbances• Samurai intellectual discourse

Samurai and attendant

Peter Duus, “Weapons of the weak, weapons of the strong:--the development of the Japanese political cartoon.” Journal of Asian Studies 60.4 (Nov. 2001).

Satsuma residence in Edo

Satsuma samurai at Heian (Kyoto) temple

From Shogun to Emperor

• Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun

Meiji emperor 1868

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.