Today’s Agenda:ThursdayMay 26, 2011Journal Questions: a. What is a Phylum?b. What is Taxonomy and why is it important?1. *Lecture I: Characteristics of Animals

(Slide 45)2. Bring headphones to next class for virtual frog

dissection in library on Tuesday.-Field Trip next week….Sorry, too late to sign up.

3. Film on Invertebrates 4. Group Projects on phylum categories: Pick a

phylum that you are interested in.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

By Dr. Rick Woodward

Damn You Sharktopus!!!

Taxonomy Recall that taxonomy is a

classification system:KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamily GenusSpecies

Characteristics of AnimalsA. You should be familiar with the nine

common phyla and representative animals of each.

B. On your next exam, you match the phyla to the representative animal.

C. We shall go from the least evolutionary complex animal to the most evolutionary complex animal.

Nine Common Animal Phyla

Invertebrates versus VertebratesA. Invertebrates are primitive and

lack the bones that make up the spinal column/vertebral column (You were just tested on the vertebrae levels in your skeleton)

B. Vertebrates have a spinal column made up of bone. (Evolutionarily more complex)1. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx

Different Types of Symmetry in Nature

A. Symmetry is…

Phyla that are UnderwaterTop 5 Worst Beaches in L.A.The Ten Worst Beaches in California as of 5/26/2011 (Source: Heal the Bay 2011)

1. Cowell Beach (Santa Cruz) – I went to school there.

2. Avalon Harbor Beach (Catalina)3. Cabrillo Beach4. Topanga State Beach5. Poche Beach

*These are the most polluted beaches in the state. Based on fecal bacteria pollution

concentrations.

The Amazing World of SpongesA. Phylum: Porifera – SpongesB. Characteristics:

(1) No nerve or muscle(2) Sessile (They do not move)(3) Filter nutrients from water drawn in through a central cavity called the oscullum. (4) Can spontaneously regenerate!

Phylum Porifera –Sponges-

Phylum –Porifera- Sponges

A. Radial Symmetry

Phylum: Cnidarians –Hydra & JellyfishA. Phylum: Cnidarians –Hydra &

JellyfishB. Characteristics:

(1) Body Plan: polyp (vase shaped), sessile (attached) or medusa (upside down bowl shape)(2) All have stinging cells (cnidocytes) containing stingers which are call nematocysts.

Cnidarians

A. Polyp

B. Medusa

Cnidarians A. Stinging Cells (cnidocytes) (Greek word “knide” = nettle)

B. Stingers (nematocysts) Immobilize Prey

Cnidarians

Cnidarians: Portuguese Man of War

Lion’s Mane Jelly

Cnidarians Jellyfish Stings

Treatment for Jellyfish StingsRinse with seawater. Avoid fresh water because it will increase pain. Do not rub the wound or apply ice to it.For classic box jellyfish stings, apply topical acetic acid (vinegar) or isopropyl alcohol.Remove tentacles with tweezers.Apply shaving cream or a paste of baking soda or mud to the wound. Shave the area with a razor or knife and then reapply vinegar or alcohol. The shaving cream or paste prevents nematocysts that have not been activated from discharging toxin during removal with the razor.Immobilize the extremity because movement may cause the venom to spread.Hydrocortisone cream may be applied 2-3 times daily to relieve itching. Discontinue immediately if any signs of infection appear.

Phylum: Platyhelminthes – TapewormsA. Phylum: Platyhelminthes

(Flatworms including TapewormsB. Characteristics:

(1) Solid body with no room for true digestive or respiratory systems.(2) Can exchange nutrients and waste through diffusion with the environment. (3) Adult tapeworms (parasitic) can be as long as 5 -10 meters in length. They attach to the walls of your intestines.

Tapeworms

How to lose weight in the 1800’s

Phylum: Nematodes - Roundworms

A. Phylum: Nematodes –RoundwormsB. Characteristics:

(1) Unsegmented worms with bilateral symmetry. (2) Many are parasitic –Trichinella causes trichinosis, which is contracted by eating uncooked pork.

Your Friend The Guinea Worm

The Guinea Worm

A. The Guinea worm is now leaving your body.

Bilateral Symmetry

A. Bilateral Symmetry – Mirror images if cut in half – directly down the center of the organism.

Trichinosis A. This disease is caused by

eating undercooked pork products.

Phylum: Annelids – Segmented WormsA. Phylum: Annelids – Segmented Worms- like Earthworms and Leeches.

B. Characteristics:(1) Bilateral symmetry (2) Crop & Gizzard for Digestive System.(3) Nephridia for excretion of nitrogen wastes and urea (Recall: The Nephron)(4) Closed Circulatory System (five pairs of aortic arches)(5) Blood contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen.(6) Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through moist skin.

Phylum – Annelids – Segmented WormsA. Crop & Gizzard for Digestion

Phylum: Annelids – Segmented WormsLeeches: Suck Blood

(1) Leeches in medicine used in the treatment of thromboses, phlebitis, furuncles, and hemorrhoids.

The Practice of Medicine

A. 16th-century woodcut, depicting medical treatment of a skin disease and blood letting, by barber surgeons in a barber shop

Phylum: Mollusks

A. Phylum Mollusks include: Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams, and Snails

B. Second Largest animal phylumC. Mollusk Characteristics:

(1) Soft body often protected by a hard calcium carbonate shell.(2) Open circulatory system(3) Bilateral Symmetry

Phylum Mollusks

(4) Three distinct body zones:I. Head-footII. Visceral MassIII. Mantle

Phylum Mollusks (5) Most have a radula, which is a

movable, tooth-bearing structure. Acts like a tongue.

Phylum Arthropods: Insecta (Grasshopper), Crustacea (Shrimp, Crab) Arachnida (Spider)A. Characteristics: Jointed

Appendages.(1) Segmented into head, thorax, abdomen

Arthropods

Crustacea: Crab & Shrimp

Arachnidia (Spiders)

Enchinoderms (Spiny Skin) – Sea Stars (Starfish) & Sea Urchins

A. Most are sessile (attached) and slow moving.

B. Bilateral Symmetry as an embryo, radial symmetry as an adult.

C. Tube feet for locomotion.

Tube Feet on Sea Stars

Phylum: Chordates – Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, MammalsA. Chordates have a notochord (an

internal skeletal rod that provides support).

Characteristics of Mammals A. Mothers nourish their babies

with milk from mammary glands.

B. They have fur.C. Endotherms (warm-blooded )

Mammals

Phylum Project PostersNext Class Agenda: June 20111. Film “Ocean Animals”2. Diversity of Animals “Posters & Presentations”

A. Find someone to work with (2-3 people per group)B. Select an animal category (first come basis)C. Grab a textbook from the back of the room and materials to create your poster. D. Follow Instructions on handout and create your posterE. Phylum presentations