today – 1/16 critter in the news beginning and end (?) of dinosaurs first writing assignment
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Today – 1/16Today – 1/16
• Critter in the news
• Beginning and end (?) of dinosaurs
• First writing assignment
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.5-pt XC quiz:
The Karoo is:
a) a river in Ugandab) an extinct birdc) a mild east wind in Botswanad) a desert in South Africa e) all of the above
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Administration:
“Get to know you” form worth 2 pts XC
Ross’ OH: Th 2:30-3:30
Note taker
D2l
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Dino cancer
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Possible test question:
Scientists think that the oldest known fossil cancer, a softball-sized dino tumor, may have:
a) resulted from an injury sustained in competition for a mate
b) been caused by a virusc) started during a teenage growth-spurtd) all of the above
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Stratigraphy:
Study of rock layers
Reconstruct ancient environments and the evolution of ancient landscapes
Correlate rocks of same age that are widely separated geographically
Biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, carbon isotope stratigraphy
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http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/npl/rudist2005/images/Rudists.html
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www.nhmc.uoc.gr
Biostratigraphy
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Karoo Biostratigraphy
www.museums.org.za/sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/time.htm
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www.museums.org.za/sam/
www.mathematical.com
Lystrosaurus↑Gorgon↓
www.kjzg.com.cn
Diictodon
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Fate of mammal-like reptiles at the end of the Permian:
Dicynodonts – “two dog-teeth” mostly die out except for Lystrosaurus, famous as evidence for continental drift. Herbivores
Gorgonopsians all die out. Top predators of the day. Last gorgonopsian = end of Permian
All had five fingers and toes, sprawling stance. Stance bad for breathing, activity level
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Biostratigraphy
www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Thomas
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Principle of faunal succession
“Fossil species succeed each other in a definite and recognizable order”
Sedimentary rocks represent time: lower = older, upper = newer
Distinctive fossils or assemblages of fossils can be used to correlate widely separated rocks as being the same age. Shelly marine fossils and microfossils, and pollen are usually best – widespread and distinctive.
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Some lingo
Species: a population of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspringGenus: a collection of one or more speciesGenera: plural of genusGradualism, uniformitarianism: biological and geological changes happen very slowly through time – nothing exciting ever happens
Genus species – Tyrannosaurus rex
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http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/
Diversity of marine animals through time
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Five major mass extinctions, where 50% or more species go extinct:
Three are of interest to us:1. Permo-Triassic, 250 Ma – made way for
the ancestors of the dinosaurs (archosaurs)
2. End Triassic, ~ 200 Ma – took out last of large archosaur competition to the dinosaurs
3. K-T, 65 Ma, took out dinos
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www.fossilmall.com
www.trilobites.info
http://members.aol.com/Waucoba5/dv/owensvalleygroupfusulinids2
Some organisms that disappeared at the end of the Permian
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Proposed causes of dinosaur extinction
Out-competed by smarter, egg-eating mammals
Disease
Falling sea level
Volcanically driven climate change
Asteroid strike! (had been written off by 1980 because no crater had been found)
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1980 - Walter and Luis Alvarez discover
iridium rich clay layer
www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/
www.geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/HistoryofLife/ktbits.gif
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http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/SIC/
Location of the Chicxulub crater - site of the K-T impact!
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1 pt XC outline, groups of 3-4
Title 3 or 4 printed names1) First paragraph – summary of content
a) the findb) the interpretation…
2) Second paragraph – questionsa)…
3) Third paragraph – affective discussiona)
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www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/images/chicxulb.gif
Chicxulub - “tail of the devil”
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Animation of Chicxulub crater formation
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Evidence for K-T impact
World-wide clay layer with iridium, shocked quartz, spherules, and carbon
65 Ma tsunami deposits ringing the Caribbean
Chicxulub crater
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It was a BIG explosion!
Asteroid or comet was 10 km (6 mi) across
Moving at 75,000 km/hr (45,000 mi/hr)
5 billion times the energy of Hiroshima
World-wide forest fires, tsunamis, acid-rain, year-long “nuclear winter”
At least 75% of all species went extinct, including 90% of all plankton
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/impacteffects/
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Asteroid 1950-DA, March 16, Asteroid 1950-DA, March 16, 28802880
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Unlike the K-T impact that killed the dinos, the cause of the P-T extinction is still the subject of vigorous debate!
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http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/
X
Pangea
Tethys
Sea
The blue planet, 260 Ma
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http://dsc.discovery.com
Siberian Traps
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Insert pic of AC
Petrified tree? AC shot from above! With inset of teeth
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What fossils tell us about dinosaurs
How they looked - size, shape, skin How they behaved - diet, locomotion, social life, as parentsPhysiology - thermal regulation, growth patternsHistory of life - speciation and extinction, relationships among groupsEnvironmental reconstruction, rock ages geochemistry, paleogeography, interaction between physical and biological worlds
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www.dinoland.dk
web.ukonline.co.uk/conker/
← Griffin inspired by Protoceratops? ↓
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www.oum.ox.ac.uk/geolcoll.htm
1677 – Robert Plot publishes first known description of a dinosaur bone. However, he mistakes it for the femur of a giant human!
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www.lhl.lib.mo.us/events_exhib/exhibit/ex_paper_dino.shtml
1815 – William Buckland finds Megalosaurus jaw
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home.uchicago.edu/~shburch/dinopaper.html
1830’s – Meet Meg, the happy water lizard
1831
1833
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1836 – Gideon Mantell discovers the teeth of Iguanodon
www.lhl.lib.mo.us/events_exhib/exhibit/ex_paper_dino.shtml
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Iguanodon – notice the sprawling legs1842 – Richard Owen defines the “Dinosauria”, which
translates as “terrible lizards”
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Depiction by Owen circa 1850
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Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins’ 1853 dinosaur reconstructions being prepared for display in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London
http://www.ric.edu/rpotter/cryspal.html
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www.simondevlin.com
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www.owen.k12.ky.us/trt/beverly/Megalosaurus_files/frame.htm
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http://www.healthstones.com/dinosaurdata/dinodata.html
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Nicholas Steno – “Father of stratigraphy”
Second half of the 1600’s
Said fossils were remains of organisms
Principle of Original Horizontality – rock layers laid down horizontally, any deviation from this due to later disturbance
Law of Superposition – lower layers are older, upper layers are more recent
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Early 1800’s geology comes alive!
1795 – Theory of the Earth by James Hutton: how rock layers form, hot inside, old, uniformitarianism, natural selection
1815 – Geologic map by William Smith: biostratigraphy
1830-1833 – Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell: stratigraphy
1859: On the Origin of Species by Darwin
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Archaeopteryx – London specimen, found 1861
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Taphonomy - the study of how fossils get preserved
How sedimentary rock deposits are formed and how dead animals get in themHelp us understand ancient ecosystemsHelps us understand biases in the fossil recordSome organisms and parts of organisms rarely preserved
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www.fossilhut.com
Solnhofen specimen - 60’sBerlin specimen - 1877www.sonoma.edu/users/g/geist/bio.html
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www.cmnh.org
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paleo.cc/paluxy/livptero.htm
Pterodactylus kochi
leute.server.de/frankmuster/P/Pterodactylus.htm
www.hayashibara.co.jp/html/shinka/
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Ichthyosaur from Holzmaden
www.urweltmuseum.de/Englisch/shop_eng/fossilienverkauf_eng.htm
www.johnsibbick.com/prehist-pages/pre-p-20.asp
www.breckminerals.com
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Brief history of bird origins debate
Archae has teeth, hand claws, and a bony tail like dinos; but feathers like birds
1926 Heilmann decides birds did not descend from dinos because dinos lack wishbones (since found)
1964 Deinonychus discovered
1972 Walker suggests birds descended from an ancestral crocodilian
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www.dinosoria.com
Deinonychus
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www.amherst.edu/~pratt
Connecticut Valley dinosaur tracks described by Edward Hitchcock 1836 - 1858
Ichnology: study of trace fossils
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1856 - Joseph Leidy publishes first description of North American dinosaur
fossils
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Hadrosaur “duckbill”
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www.dinosaursinart.com
Stegosaurus stenops
Stegosaurus ungulatus
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www.dinosaursinart.com
Allosaurus fragilis
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1878 - Iguanodon mass grave found in Belgium
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http://digitalidesigns.net/
Brontosaurus, now called Apatosaurus
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Ornithischia - “bird-hipped”
Saurischia - “lizard-hipped”
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1889 - 1892 Hatcher finds 32 ceratopsians
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www.geo.uw.edu.pl
www.amnh.org
Torosaurus Pentaceratops
www.peabody.yale.edu
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http://homepage.mac.com
Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
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Komodo Dragon
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Pangolin
Rhinoceros skin
www.petinfo4u.com
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Dakosaurus - NationalGeographic.com