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An Introduction
to “Bugs”
Whitney Cranshaw
Colorado State University
Page 8
An Introduction
to “Bugs”
Whitney Cranshaw
Colorado State University
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Arthropod Features
• Segmented body
• Exoskeleton
• Jointed appendages
• Bilateral symmetry of design
• Dorsal heart/Ventral nerve cord
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Arthropod Characteristics
Segmented bodies
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Segmented worms (annelids)
Onchyphorans (velvet worms)
Arthropods (insects, arachnids,
crustaceans, etc.)
Arthropods – and some other animals – have
segmented bodies
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Phylum Arthropoda
Arthropods
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Arthropod Characteristics
Segmented bodiesExternal Skeleton
(Exoskeleton)
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Features of the Insect Exoskeleton
Protection from:
-Pathogens
-Physical trauma
-Insecticides, etc.
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Eleodes darkling
beetles
(aka “stink beetles”.
“skunk beetles”,
“circus beetles”)
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Primary advantage of an exoskeleton:
Provides a means for small animals to avoid
excessive water loss!
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Allows for development of:
-Appendages
Features of the Insect Exoskeleton
Mobility is enhanced.
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Allows for development of:
-Appendages
-Specialized structures
Features of the Insect Exoskeleton
Enhance feeding, defense,
movement
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Allows for development of:
-Appendages
-Specialized structures
-Arthropod tracheal system of
gas exchange
Features of the Insect Exoskeleton
Decreased water loss
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The exoskeleton allows
for development of the
arthropod tracheal system
of gas exchange
Spiracles
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The exoskeleton allows
for development of the
arthropod tracheal system
of gas exchange
Spiracle
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Disadvantage of an exoskeleton:
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9:11
10:36
11:42
Darkening of a recently
molted lady beetle adult
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Soft Shell vs. Hard
Shell Lobster Meat
Extraction Trial
July 2015
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Soft shell Hard shell
Meat Extraction Soft Shell vs. Hard Shell
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Water Component Soft Shell vs. Hard Shell
Soft shell Hard shell
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Arthropod Characteristics
Segmented bodiesExternal Skeleton
(Exoskeleton)
Jointed
appendages
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Arthropod Characteristic
Body plan is
bilaterally
symmetrical
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I YOU
A Cricket’s Valentine
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Arthropod Features
• Segmented body
• Exoskeleton
• Jointed appendages
• Bilateral symmetry of design
• Dorsal heart/Ventral nerve cord
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Classes of
Arthropoda
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Crustaceans
Arthropod Class
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Terrestrial Isopods*
(Sowbugs and Pillbugs)
*Subphylum Crustacea ; Class Malacostraca; Order
Isopoda
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Crustacean Features
• Two pair of
antennae
• 7 pair appendages
• Distinct head area
• Body usually
covered by a shield
like carapace
• Oxygen acquired
through gills
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Seven pairs of legs Mouthparts
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Immature stages of sowbugs and
pillbugs are similar in features as
the adults, but smaller – a simple
type of metamorphosis
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Sowbug
Molting
Front half molts first
Back half molts second
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Molting occurs in
two stages with the
sowbugs and
pillbugs
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Sowbugs
Pillbug (a.k.a.
“roly-poly’)
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Now if only I
could roll
into a ball…
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Arthropod Class
Diplopoda
Millipedes
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Millipedes
Two Pairs of Legs Per Segment
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Millipede Feature –Two pairs of legs per
segment
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Arthropod Class
Chilopoda
Centipedes
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Basic Features of Centipedes
1 Pair Antennae
1 Pair Legs/Body
Segment
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Most
centipedes
have 15 to 23
pairs of legs
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Head
Pseudohead
Centipedes
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Maxillipeds
Prey is captured with the
maxillipeds and are injected
with a toxin (cytolysin)
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Stone Centipede – A common garden resident
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Tiger Centipede(Giant Desert Centipede)
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Orders of
Arachnids
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Arachnid Feature – Two Body Regions
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
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Arachnid Feature – Four Pairs of Legs
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Chelicerae
Face of a longjawed spider showing chelicerae and pedipalps
PedipalpsPhoto courtesy of Brian Valentine
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Spiders Order Araneae
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Some spiders use
webbing to snare prey
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Some spiders
hunt prey without
the aid of silk
David Cappaert
Brian Valentine
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Daddy longlegs, Harvestmen
Order: Opiliones
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Mites & Ticks Order Acari
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Ticks feed on the blood of
vertebrates
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Scorpions Order Scorpiones
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Pedipalps (chelae)
for prey capture
Scorpion chelicerae (jaws)
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Stinger used for defense
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Scorpions
fluoresce in
ultraviolet
light
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Scorpions fluorescing
under black light
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An adorable baby scorpion!
Common
striped bark
scorpion
Centruroides vittatus
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Sunspiders, Windscorpions,
Solpugids
Order Solifugae
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Courtesy University
of California
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The notorious “camel spider” photograph
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Orders of Insects
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Segmented
Body
External skeleton/
Exoskeleton
Jointed
Appendages
Arthropod Characteristics
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Abdomen Thorax Head
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1954
Academy Award
Nominee for Special
Effects
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Head
Thorax Abdomen
Three pairs of legs – on the thorax
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Larvae of Lepidoptera,
known as caterpillars,
have 2-5 pairs of
abdominal prolegs
The prolegs are tipped
with hook-like crochets
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Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars) have prolegs on
the abdomen
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Inchworms and loopers have only 2 or 3 pairs of prolegs
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Whitelined sphinx (Hyles
lineata) – The common
“hummingbird moth” of
the western US
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Orders of Insects
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How Many Kinds of Insects
Are There on Earth?
• Approximately 1 million different
insect species have been described
• It is estimated that there presently
exist probably 4-6 million species of
insects; some estimates are higher
• New species of insects are described
at a rate of about 7200/year
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New species are
being identified all
the time
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How Many Individual
Insects Are There on Earth?
About 250 million for
every human (mushy guess)
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How Many Individual
Insects Are There on Earth?
Insect comprise about 80
percent of the biomass of
land animals
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The 4 Rs
Reading
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The 4 Rs
Reading
WRiting
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The 4 Rs
Reading
Writing
ARithmetic
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The 4 Rs
Reading
Writing
Arithmetic
Arthropods!
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Metamorphosis
‘Change in form’
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A simple, or gradual pattern of metamorphosis
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Mosquito Life Cycle
Adult (left)
Larvae/wrigglers (lower left)
Pupae/tumblers (below)
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Next up:
Natural
Enemies of
Insect
Pests
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What Should We Cover?
• Hummingbird Moths
• Yellowjackets and
Hornets
• Whiteflies
• Slugs
• Earwigs
• Wood borers
• Bark beetles
• Japanese beetle
• Emerald ash borer
• Aphids
• Scale insects
• Spider mites
• Gall insects
• Nuisance invaders
• Grasshoppers
• Codling Moth
• Flea beetles……….