tissues: an overview. overview of tissue science tissues are groups of cells and extracellular...
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Tissues: An OverviewTissues: An Overview
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Overview of Tissue Overview of Tissue ScienceScience
Tissues are groups of cells and extracellular material that perform a specific group of functions. The four tissue types, in different combinations, form all of the structures of the human body.
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Overview of Tissue Overview of Tissue ScienceScienceHistology The study of tissuesFour Basic Tissue Types
◦Epithelial◦Connective◦Muscular◦NeuralWe use these to build organs*
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Overview of Tissue Overview of Tissue ScienceScienceAn Orientation
to the Tissues of the Body
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueFunctions of
Epithelia◦Physical protection◦Permeability control◦Sensation trigger◦Specialized secretions
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueCharacteristics of Epithelia
◦Cells closely packed◦Has a “top and bottom”
Apical cells exposed to external or internal surface (“checkers”)
Cells attached to basement membrane
◦Lack blood vessels (avascular)◦Cells continually replaced
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelium An avascular layer of
cells that forms a barrier that covers internal or external surfaces
Glands Secretory structures
derived from epithelia
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueTwo Classes of Glandular Secretion
◦Exocrine secretion—Secretion onto a body surface
◦Endocrine secretion—Secretion (of hormones) into neighboring tissues and blood
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Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Functions
◦Structural framework◦Fluid and solute transport◦Physical protection◦Tissue interconnection◦Fat storage◦Microorganism defense
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Connective TissuesConnective TissuesMajor Types of Connective Tissue
Figure 4-7
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Connective TissuesConnective TissuesConnective Tissue
Proper◦Protein fibers
Collagen fibers Provides toughness
Reticular fibers Supports cells
Elastic fibers Provides resilience
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Connective TissuesConnective TissuesSupporting Connective Tissue
◦Cartilage Avascular Covered by a fibrous perichondrium Three types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage
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Connective TissuesConnective TissuesBone (Osseous Tissue)
◦Matrix provides unique properties Collagen fibers resist bending Calcium salts resist compression
◦Diffusion through canaliculi nourishes osteocytes
◦Covered by periosteum
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MembranesMembranesProperties of Membranes
◦Barrier or interface◦Cover and protect◦An epithelium plus connective tissue
◦Four types of membranes
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MembranesMembranesTypes of Membranes
◦Mucous Lines cavities that connect to exterior Mucus moistens surface Examples: oral cavity, airways
Serous Line internal cavities Watery fluid moistens surface Example: peritoneal membrane
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MembranesMembranesTypes of Membranes
(continued)◦Cutaneous
Covers body surface Dry surface waterproofs the body Example: the skin
◦Synovial Lines joints Secretes slippery synovial fluid Lubricates joints Examples: knee, elbow
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MembranesMembranesMembranes
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Muscle TissueMuscle TissueProperties of Muscle
Tissue◦Capable of contraction◦Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
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Muscle TissueMuscle TissueSkeletal Muscle Tissue
◦Contains elongated cells (fibers) Fibers tied together by loose
connective tissue Possesses microscopic striations Contains many nuclei Controlled by voluntary nervous
system Moves and stabilizes the skeleton
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Muscle TissueMuscle TissueCardiac Muscle Tissue
◦Only in heart◦Short, branched fibers◦Single nucleus◦Striated◦Involuntary contraction◦Blood circulation◦Blood pressure
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Muscle TissueMuscle TissueSmooth Muscle
Tissue◦Short, tapering cells◦No striations◦Involuntary contraction
Blood vessels Urinary bladder Digestive organs Uterus
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Neural TissueNeural TissueProperties of Neural Tissue
◦Conduct electrical impulses◦Transfer, process, and store
information◦Comprises neurons and
neuroglia
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Neural TissueNeural TissueNeurons- conduct nerve
impulsesNeuroglia-provides support,
protection and nutients.
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Tissue Injuries and RepairTissue Injuries and Repair• An injury harms multiple tissues
simultaneously• Tissues make coordinated
response• Responses restore homeostasis• Two response types
◦Inflammation◦Restoration
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Tissue Injuries and RepairTissue Injuries and RepairInflammation
◦Isolation of injured area◦Cleanup of damaged tissue◦Four signs of inflammation
Warmth Redness Swelling Pain
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Tissue Injuries and RepairTissue Injuries and RepairRegeneration
◦Repair/replacement of damaged tissue
◦Restoration of tissue function◦Scar tissue from fibroblast activity◦Complete, partial, or no regeneration◦Tissue fibrosis common outcome
(scar tissue)
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Tissues and AgingTissues and Aging
◦Healing slows◦Epithelia become thinner◦Connective tissues become more
fragile◦Bones weaken, become brittle◦Neuron and muscle fiber losses
accumulate◦Lifestyle interventions slow decline
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Aging and TissuesAging and TissuesTissue heals faster in young adults Surgery of a fetus normally leaves
no scarsYoung tissues have a better
nutritional state, blood supply, and higher metabolic rate
Extracellular components also change with age
Changes in the body’s use of glucose, collagen, and elastic fibers contribute to the aging process