the tissue level of organization. introduction histology: the study of tissues –t–tissue:...
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The Tissue Level of Organization
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Introduction
Histology: the study of tissues– Tissue: composed of cells, and extracellular
materials & fluids 4 Types of Tissues:
– A) Epithelial: covers surfaces, lines passageways & chambers, produces gland secretions
– B) Connective: fills internal spaces, supports & binds organs, stores energy
– C) Muscle: contracts to produce movement– D) Neural: conducts electrical impulses & carries
info throughout body
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Epithelial Tissue
Includes epithelia & glands Functions:
– 1) Provides protection– 2) Controls skin permeability– 3) Provides sensation– 4) Produces gland secretions
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Epithelial Cells (con’t)
Shapes: – Squamous– Cuboidal– Columnar
Arrangements:– Simple: single layer– Stratified: multiple layers– Pseudostratified: single layer, but appears to be
multi-layered• All cells attach to basement membrane
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Epithelial Tissue - Simple
Simple Squamous: lines ventral body cavities & blood vessels– decreases friction, provides absorption & secretion
Simple Cuboidal: glands & ducts– protection, absorption, secretion
Simple Columnar: lines stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine– protection, absorption, secretion
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Epithelial Tissue - Other
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar: lines nasal cavities, trachea & bronchi– protection & secretion
Transitional: urinary bladder, ureters– allows expansion & recoil for stretching
Stratified Squamous: skin surface, lines mouth, throat, esophagus– protects against abrasion, pathogens & chemicals
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Connective Tissue
Includes: bone, cartilage, blood, fat, etc. Composed of:
– specialized cells surrounded by a matrix (protein fibers & ground substance fluid)
Functions:– 1) Support & Protection– 2) Transport of Materials– 3) Energy Storage– 4) Body Defenses
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Types of Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Proper Types
1) Loose “areolar”– Separates skin from muscle, provides padding, &
contains extensive blood supply
2) Adipose (loose with many fat cells)– Provides shock absorption, insulation, energy
storage
3) Dense “fibrous/collagenous”– Tendons: connect muscle to bone– Ligaments: connect bone to bone
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Supporting Connective Tissue
Cartilage: composed of chondrocyte cells & covered in perichondrium; NO blood supply– Hyaline cartilage: connects ribs to sternum &
covers joints– Elastic Cartilage: forms outer ear & epiglottis– Fibrocartilage: pad between vertebrae & in pubic
bone
Bone: composed of osteocyte cells & covered in periosteum; EXTENSIVE blood supply
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“Membranes”
May refer to plasma membrane, a barrier (i.e. basement membrane), OR
A covering composed of epithelia tissue & connective tissue
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Types of Membranes 1) Mucous: line cavities that communicate
with the exterior (i.e. respiratory, reproductive, & urinary tracts)– Kept moist by secretions & fluids
2) Serous: line sealed, internal divisions of body cavities (i.e. heart, lungs, etc.)– ↓ friction & allows for movement
3) Cutaneous: covers the body (skin)– Provides thick, waterproof protection
4) Synovial: fills cavities in bone joints– Lubricates and ↓ friction in joints
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Muscle Tissue
Contraction involves the action of myosin & actin proteins
3 Types:– 1) Skeletal: composed of large,
multinucleated cells• Most large muscles in the body• Appear striped, or STRIATED• Under VOLUNTARY control of
nervous system
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Muscle Tissue (con’t) Types:
– 2) Cardiac: striated, but composed of small, single-nucleus cells
• Compose most of the heart• Controlled by pacemaker cells in
heart (not nervous system)• Under INVOLUNTARY control
– 3) Smooth: non-striated & composed of long, slender single-nucleus cells
• Line blood vessels, urinary bladder, resp. & digest. tracts
• Under INVOLUNTARY control of nervous system
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Neural Tissue Conducts electrical impulses throughout
the body Mostly found in brain and spinal cord Composed of 2 types of cells:
– 1) Neurons: send & receive impulses– 2) Neuroglia: provide support, nutrition, &
defense for neurons
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Tissue Injury and Repair
After injury happens, 2 processes occur:– 1) Inflammation: includes swelling, warmth,
redness, & pain• Mast cells release chemicals to ↑ blood flow & stimulate
nerve endings at injured area
– 2) Regeneration: fibroblasts produce scar tissue• Skin, most connective tissues, & smooth muscles
regenerate well• Striated muscles & nerve cells do not• Fibrosis: replacement of cardiac tissue with fibrous
connective tissue