tissue: the living fabric use notes and ch. 4 from ... · a. simple columnar epithelium b. simple...

Tissue: The Living Fabric

Use notes and Ch. 4 from textbook in class to complete and use as a study guide

A. simple columnar epitheliumB. simple cuboidal epitheliumC. simple squamous epithelium D. stratified columnar epitheliumE. stratified cuboidal epitheliumF. stratified squamous epithelium

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A. simple columnar epitheliumB. simple cuboidal epitheliumC. simple squamous epithelium D. stratified columnar epitheliumE. stratified cuboidal epitheliumF. stratified squamous epithelium

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A. cardiac muscleB. skeletal muscle C. smooth muscle

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Four classes of connective tissueA. Connective tissue properB. CartilageC. Bone tissueD. Blood___________________________

E. Nervous Tissue

Function: Propels substancesor objects (foodstuffs, urine,a baby) along internal passage-ways; involuntary control.

Location: Mostly in the wallsof hollow organs.

Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.

Location: The walls of the heart.

Function: Voluntary movement;locomotion; manipulation of theenvironment; facial expression;voluntary control.

Location: In skeletal musclesattached to bones oroccasionally to skin.


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loose connective tissueA. areolarB. adipose

dense connective tissueC. regularD. irregular

Connective tissue proper

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Able to withstand tension exerted in many directionsAround kidneys and eyeballsAttaches bones to bones; Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; Dermis of the skinInsulates against heat lossIts macrophages phagocytize bacteriaLymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)Plays important role in inflammationPrimarily parallel collagen fibersProvides reserve food fuelSupports and protects organsTendons, most ligamentsUnder skin in the hypodermis; Walls of large arteriesWidely distributed under epithelia of bodyWithin abdomen and in breastsWithstands great tensile stress when applied in one directionWraps and cushions organs

loose connective tissueA. areolarB. adiposeC. reticular

dense connective tissueD. regularE. irregularF. elastic

Connective tissue proper 32.

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loose connective tissueD. areolarE. adiposeF. reticular

dense connective tissueG. regularH. irregularI. elastic

A. HyalineB. ElasticC. Fibro

Connective tissue proper

Cartilage Tissue

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Skeletal Cartilages1. Hyaline cartilages

• Provide support, flexibility, and resilience

• Most abundant type

2. Elastic cartilages• Similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers

3. Fibrocartilages• Collagen fibers—have great tensile strength

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A.ElasticB.FibroC.Hyaline

Figure 6.1

Cartilage in

external earCartilages in

nose

Articular

Cartilage

of a joint

Costal

cartilage

Cartilage in

Intervertebral

disc

Pubic

symphysis

Articular cartilage

of a joint

Meniscus

(padlike

cartilage in

knee joint)

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A. ElasticB. FibroC. Hyaline

D. AppendicularE. Axial

The following slides are notes that could be used as a study guide and help filling in answers to previous slides.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 4.8a Connective tissues.

(a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

Description: Gel-like matrix with allthree fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,macrophages, mast cells, and somewhite blood cells.

Function: Wraps and cushionsorgans; its macrophages phagocytizebacteria; plays important role ininflammation; holds and conveystissue fluid.

Location: Widely distributed underepithelia of body, e.g., forms laminapropria of mucous membranes;packages organs; surroundscapillaries.

Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (300x).

Epithelium

Laminapropria

Fibroblastnuclei

Elasticfibers

Collagenfibers


Figure 4.8b Connective tissues.

(b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

Description: Matrix as in areolar,but very sparse; closely packedadipocytes, or fat cells, havenucleus pushed to the side by largefat droplet.

Function: Provides reserve foodfuel; insulates against heat loss;supports and protects organs.

Location: Under skin in thehypodermis; around kidneys andeyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.

Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer under the skin (350x).

Nucleus offat cell

Vacuolecontainingfat droplet

Adiposetissue

Mammaryglands


Figure 4.8c Connective tissues.

(c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

Description: Network of reticularfibers in a typical loose groundsubstance; reticular cells lie on thenetwork.

Function: Fibers form a soft internalskeleton (stroma) that supports othercell types including white blood cells,mast cells, and macrophages.

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymphnodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticularconnective tissue fibers forming the internal skeletonof the spleen (350x).

Spleen

White bloodcell(lymphocyte)

Reticularfibers


Figure 4.8d Connective tissues.

(d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular

Description: Primarily parallelcollagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Attaches muscles tobones or to muscles; attaches bonesto bones; withstands great tensilestress when pulling force is appliedin one direction.

Location: Tendons, mostligaments, aponeuroses.

Photomicrograph: Dense regular connectivetissue from a tendon (500x).

Shoulderjoint

Ligament

Tendon

Collagenfibers

Nuclei offibroblasts


Figure 4.8e Connective tissues.

(e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

Description: Primarilyirregularly arranged collagenfibers; some elastic fibers;major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Able to withstandtension exerted in manydirections; provides structuralstrength.

Location: Fibrous capsules oforgans and of joints; dermis ofthe skin; submucosa ofdigestive tract.

Photomicrograph: Dense irregularconnective tissue from the dermis of theskin (400x).

Collagenfibers

Nuclei offibroblasts

Fibrousjointcapsule


Figure 4.8f Connective tissues.

(f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic

Description: Dense regularconnective tissue containing a highproportion of elastic fibers.

Function: Allows recoil of tissuefollowing stretching; maintainspulsatile flow of blood througharteries; aids passive recoil of lungsfollowing inspiration.

Location: Walls of large arteries;within certain ligaments associatedwith the vertebral column; within thewalls of the bronchial tubes.

Elastic fibers

Aorta

HeartPhotomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue inthe wall of the aorta (250x).


Figure 4.8g Connective tissues.

(g) Cartilage: hyaline

Description: Amorphous but firmmatrix; collagen fibers form animperceptible network; chondroblastsproduce the matrix and when mature(chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.

Function: Supports and reinforces;has resilient cushioning properties;resists compressive stress.

Location: Forms most of theembryonic skeleton; covers the endsof long bones in joint cavities; formscostal cartilages of the ribs; cartilagesof the nose, trachea, and larynx.

Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from thetrachea (750x).

Costalcartilages

Chondrocytein lacuna

Matrix


Figure 4.8h Connective tissues.

(h) Cartilage: elastic

Description: Similar to hyalinecartilage, but more elastic fibersin matrix.

Function: Maintains the shapeof a structure while allowinggreat flexibility.

Location: Supports the externalear (pinna); epiglottis.

Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage fromthe human ear pinna; forms the flexibleskeleton of the ear (800x).

Chondrocytein lacuna

Matrix


Figure 4.8i Connective tissues.

(i) Cartilage: fibrocartilage

Description: Matrix similar tobut less firm than that in hyalinecartilage; thick collagen fiberspredominate.

Function: Tensile strengthwith the ability to absorbcompressive shock.

Location: Intervertebral discs;pubic symphysis; discs of kneejoint.

Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (125x). Special stainingproduced the blue color seen.

Intervertebraldiscs

Chondrocytesin lacunae

Collagenfiber


Figure 4.8j Connective tissues.

(j) Others: bone (osseous tissue)

Description: Hard, calcifiedmatrix containing many collagenfibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae.Very well vascularized.

Function: Bone supports andprotects (by enclosing);provides levers for the musclesto act on; stores calcium andother minerals and fat; marrowinside bones is the site for bloodcell formation (hematopoiesis).

Location: Bones

Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof bone (125x).

Lacunae

Lamella

Centralcanal


Figure 4.8k Connective tissues.

(k) Others: blood

Description: Red and whiteblood cells in a fluid matrix(plasma).

Function: Transport ofrespiratory gases, nutrients,wastes, and other substances.

Location: Contained withinblood vessels.

Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); twowhite blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocytein lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells.

Neutrophil

Red bloodcells

Lymphocyte

Plasma


Figure 4.9 Nervous tissue.

Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x)

Function: Transmit electricalsignals from sensory receptorsand to effectors (muscles andglands) which control their activity.

Location: Brain, spinalcord, and nerves.

Description: Neurons arebranching cells; cell processesthat may be quite long extend fromthe nucleus-containing cell body;also contributing to nervous tissueare nonirritable supporting cells(not illustrated).

Dendrites

Neuron processes Cell body

Axon

Nuclei ofsupportingcells

Cell bodyof a neuron

Neuronprocesses

Nervous tissue


Figure 4.10a Muscle tissues.

(a) Skeletal muscle

Description: Long, cylindrical,multinucleate cells; obviousstriations.

Function: Voluntary movement;locomotion; manipulation of theenvironment; facial expression;voluntary control.

Location: In skeletal musclesattached to bones oroccasionally to skin.

Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x).Notice the obvious banding pattern and thefact that these large cells are multinucleate.

Nuclei

Striations

Part ofmuscle fiber (cell)


Figure 4.10b Muscle tissues.

(b) Cardiac muscle

Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate atspecialized junctions (intercalated discs).

Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.

Location: The walls of the heart.

Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X);notice the striations, branching of cells, andthe intercalated discs.

Intercalateddiscs

Striations

Nucleus


(c) Smooth muscle

Description: Spindle-shapedcells with central nuclei; nostriations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.

Function: Propels substancesor objects (foodstuffs, urine,a baby) along internal passage-ways; involuntary control.

Location: Mostly in the wallsof hollow organs.

Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x).

Smoothmusclecell

Nuclei

Figure 4.10c Muscle tissues.

tissue: the living fabric use notes and ch. 4 from ... · a. simple columnar epithelium b. simple...

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