Tissue Level of Tissue Level of OrganizationOrganization

Chapter 4Chapter 4

4 Primary Tissue Types4 Primary Tissue Types 1.1. EpitheliaEpithelia

CoversCovers exposed surfaces exposed surfaces LinesLines internal passages & body cavities internal passages & body cavities

2.2. ConnectiveConnective Fills internal spacesFills internal spaces Structural Structural supportsupport & framework & framework Stores Stores energyenergy

3.3. MuscleMuscle Contract and produce Contract and produce movementmovement

4.4. NeuralNeural Carries info as Carries info as electricalelectrical impulse impulse

Tissue Tissue LocatioLocationsns

Epithelium CharacteristicsEpithelium Characteristics

Free & attached surface Free & attached surface Basement MembraneBasement Membrane AvascularAvascular Reproduces rapidlyReproduces rapidly Microvilli & cilia often found on free surfaceMicrovilli & cilia often found on free surface

Functions of EpitheliumFunctions of Epithelium

Physical Physical protectionprotection/ barrier (skin)/ barrier (skin)

Controls Controls permeabilitypermeability (oxygen and (oxygen and carbon dioxide)carbon dioxide)

AbsorptionAbsorption of materials (intestines) of materials (intestines)

Locations of EpitheliaLocations of Epithelia

Body cavity inner liningsBody cavity inner linings Hollow organ liningsHollow organ linings Organ surfacesOrgan surfaces All exposed body surfacesAll exposed body surfaces

Skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, & Skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, & urinary tractsurinary tracts

Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium #OF CELL LAYERS#OF CELL LAYERS1.1. SimpleSimple

• 1 layer (thin)1 layer (thin)• Minimal protectionMinimal protection• Good to allow Good to allow

substances throughsubstances through• Can secrete & absorbCan secrete & absorb

2.2. StratifiedStratified• Multiple cell layersMultiple cell layers• Found in high stress Found in high stress

areas / protectionareas / protection3.3. PseudostratifiedPseudostratified

• Single layer (but looks like Single layer (but looks like more)more)

CELL SHAPESCELL SHAPES1.1. SquamousSquamous

Thin, flat, tilesThin, flat, tiles Fish scale-like Fish scale-like

2.2. CuboidalCuboidal Cube, squareCube, square

3.3. ColumnarColumnar Rectangular Rectangular

(column)(column)

Squamous EpitheliumSquamous EpitheliumTypesTypes FunctionsFunctions LocationsLocations

SimpleSimple SquamousSquamouseasily easily damageddamaged

filtrationfiltration diffusiondiffusion osmosisosmosis secretionsecretion

Body cavitiesBody cavities Heart & Heart &

vesselsvessels Lung alveoliLung alveoli

Stratified Stratified SquamousSquamousReproduce Reproduce rapidly, thickrapidly, thick

Physical protection Physical protection KeratinizationKeratinization BarrierBarrier

Skin Skin MouthMouth ThroatThroat VaginaVagina AnusAnus

Simple & Stratified Simple & Stratified EpitheliumEpithelium

EpitheliumEpithelium

TYPETYPE FUNCTIONFUNCTION LOCATIONLOCATION

Simple Simple ColumnarColumnar

Nuclei near Nuclei near basement basement membranemembrane

Movement of Movement of particlesparticles

AbsorptionAbsorption by by microvillimicrovilli

DigestiveDigestive tract tract (small (small intestines)intestines)

Other EpitheliumOther Epithelium

TYPETYPE FUNCTIONFUNCTION LOCATIONLOCATION

Pseudo-Pseudo-stratified stratified ColumnarColumnarSingle layer but Single layer but looks like morelooks like more

ProtectionProtection

Moves mucus, Moves mucus, bacteria, dustbacteria, dust

TracheaTrachea Often w/ Often w/ ciliacilia

& goblet& goblet cells cells

Transitional Transitional EpitheliumEpitheliumRange in shapeRange in shape

DistensibilityDistensibility: : stretchablestretchable

BladderBladder

Pseudostratified Columnar & Pseudostratified Columnar & TransitionalTransitional

Connective Tissues FunctionsConnective Tissues FunctionsDeep Tissues: Not ExposedDeep Tissues: Not Exposed

Structural framework (i.e. bones)Structural framework (i.e. bones) Transport fluids & materials (i.e. blood)Transport fluids & materials (i.e. blood) Protect delicate organsProtect delicate organs Surround & interconnect other tissuesSurround & interconnect other tissues Store energy reserves (i.e. adipose)Store energy reserves (i.e. adipose) Protect from microorganisms & bacteria Protect from microorganisms & bacteria

(i.e. lymph immunity)(i.e. lymph immunity)

General Connective Tissue: StructureGeneral Connective Tissue: Structure All connective tissues have the following 3 main All connective tissues have the following 3 main

components:components:

1)1) Specialized cellsSpecialized cells FibroblastsFibroblasts MacrophagesMacrophages AdipocytesAdipocytes LymphocytesLymphocytes

2)2) Extracellular protein fibersExtracellular protein fibers CollagenCollagen ElastinElastin

3)3) Ground substance (fluid, gel, solid)Ground substance (fluid, gel, solid)

Connective tissue Connective tissue classificationclassification3 Classifications3 Classifications

Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper (CTP) (CTP) Loose connective (areolar and adipose)Loose connective (areolar and adipose) Dense connective (regular and irregular)Dense connective (regular and irregular)

Fluid connectiveFluid connective BloodBlood LymphLymph

Supporting connectiveSupporting connective Cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibro.)Cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibro.)

Bone (compact and spongy)Bone (compact and spongy)

CTP: Loose Connective TissueCTP: Loose Connective Tissue

General FunctionsGeneral Functions:: Fills spacesFills spaces between organs between organs Provide Provide cushioningcushioning Supply nutrientsSupply nutrients to epithelia to epithelia AnchorAnchor blood vessels & nerves blood vessels & nerves Store lipids for Store lipids for energyenergy reserves reserves

CTP: Loose Connective TissueCTP: Loose Connective TissueTypeType Charac.Charac. FcnFcn LocationLocation

1. 1.

Loose Loose Connect. Connect. (Areolar)(Areolar)

GS: large GS: large volumevolume

Cells & fibers: Cells & fibers: spread spread

Mostly collagenMostly collagen with few elastic with few elastic fibersfibers

Supplies OSupplies O2 2

, nutrients, nutrients DrugsDrugs

Loose Loose packing and packing and supportsupport

Separates skin Separates skin from musclefrom muscle

2. Adipose2. Adipose CelluliteCellulite AdipocytesAdipocytes

enlarge or enlarge or shrink, but don’t shrink, but don’t divide or diedivide or die

Stores Stores energyenergy

CushionsCushions InsulatesInsulates

Under skinUnder skin Bony socketsBony sockets EyesEyes Surrounds Surrounds

kidneyskidneys Pericardial/ Pericardial/

PeritonealPeritoneal cavitiescavities

Areolar & Adipose TissueAreolar & Adipose Tissue

CTP: Dense Connective TissueCTP: Dense Connective TissueTypeType Charac.Charac. FunctionFunction LocationLocation

1. 1. Dense Dense Regular Regular Connective Connective TissueTissue

Collagen Collagen fibers fibers

Tightly Tightly packed & packed & orderlyorderly arrangemtarrangemt

Firm attachmt for Firm attachmt for pull of musclespull of muscles

Decrease frictionDecrease friction Stabilize bonesStabilize bones

TendonsTendons LigamentsLigaments Fascia (over Fascia (over

muscles)muscles)

2. 2. Dense Dense Irregular Irregular Connective Connective TissueTissue

Provides Provides strength & strength & supportsupport

Fibers in Fibers in disorderlydisorderly arrangmntarrangmnt

Resists multi-Resists multi-direction forcesdirection forces

Prevents overexp. Prevents overexp. of organsof organs

Capsules of Capsules of jointsjoints

DermisDermis layer layer of skinof skin

Dense Dense Regular & Regular &

Irregular CTIrregular CT

Fluid Connective Tissues:Fluid Connective Tissues:2 Types: Blood & Extracell. Fluid 2 Types: Blood & Extracell. Fluid

(lymph)(lymph) BLOODBLOOD PlasmaPlasma: fluid matrix (ground substance) with : fluid matrix (ground substance) with

dissolved proteins & cellsdissolved proteins & cells CellsCells::

ErythrocytesErythrocytes= Red Blood Cells= Red Blood Cells LeukocytesLeukocytes= White Blood Cells= White Blood Cells PlateletsPlatelets

LocationLocation: vessels: vessels FunctionFunction: transport: transport

BloodBlood

Supporting Connective Tissue:Supporting Connective Tissue: Strong framework that supports bodyStrong framework that supports body

CartilageCartilage Structures:Structures:

ChondrocytesChondrocytes: cells: cells LacunaeLacunae: hold chondrocytes: hold chondrocytes

Issue:Issue: AvascularAvascular: rely on diffusion for nutrients, oxygen : rely on diffusion for nutrients, oxygen

and waste removaland waste removal

Slow healingSlow healing

SCT: Cartilage TypesSCT: Cartilage Types Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage::

Collagen & ElastinCollagen & Elastin toughtough, but flexible, but flexible Location: surface of bones, connects ribs to Location: surface of bones, connects ribs to

sternum, supports respiratory tract (i.e. sternum, supports respiratory tract (i.e. nosenose)) AvascularAvascular and insensitive and insensitive

Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage:: Elastic fibersElastic fibers resilient & resilient & flexibleflexible Location: outer Location: outer earear, epiglottis, vocal chords, epiglottis, vocal chords

FibrocartilageFibrocartilage:: Dense collagen, little matrixDense collagen, little matrix durable & tough durable & tough Location: Location: b/w vertebrae (discsb/w vertebrae (discs) & pelvic bones) & pelvic bones Function: resist compression, Function: resist compression, absorb shockabsorb shock, ,

prevent bone to bone contact damageprevent bone to bone contact damage

CartilagesCartilages

SCT: Bone (Osseous) TissueSCT: Bone (Osseous) Tissue

Bone (Osseous) TissueBone (Osseous) Tissue:: Structure:Structure:

Osteocyte: bone cellOsteocyte: bone cell QualitiesQualities

Highly vascularHighly vascular

2 Types of Bone:2 Types of Bone: Compact Compact Spongy Spongy

Compact Bone

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Specialized function for contractionSpecialized function for contraction High demand for ATP energyHigh demand for ATP energy Muscle Muscle cellscells = muscle = muscle fibersfibers Contain actin & myosinContain actin & myosin 3 types3 types::

SkeletalSkeletal Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue CardiacCardiac Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue SmoothSmooth Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue

MT: Skeletal Muscle TissueMT: Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure/ QualitiesStructure/ Qualities::

Large muscle fibers tied Large muscle fibers tied w/ loose CTw/ loose CT

MultinucleatedMultinucleated No cell division No cell division StriatedStriated= visible bands= visible bands

FunctionFunction:: VoluntaryVoluntary control control Moves bonesMoves bones

AKA: AKA: striated voluntary striated voluntary musclemuscle

MT: Cardiac Muscle TissueMT: Cardiac Muscle Tissue Structure/ QualitiesStructure/ Qualities::

Single nucleusSingle nucleus No cell division & no satellite No cell division & no satellite

cellscells StriationsStriations Involuntary control by Involuntary control by

pacemaker cellspacemaker cells Intercalated discsIntercalated discs= link = link

muscle fibers togethermuscle fibers together FunctionFunction: contracts the : contracts the

heartheart to pump to pump AKAAKA: : striated involuntary striated involuntary

muscle tissuemuscle tissue

MT: Smooth Muscle TissueMT: Smooth Muscle Tissue StructureStructure::

SingleSingle nucleus nucleus Can divide & regenerateCan divide & regenerate No striationsNo striations= smooth = smooth

appearanceappearance InvoluntaryInvoluntary contraction contraction

LocationLocation: : blood vessels, hollow organs like blood vessels, hollow organs like

bladder, around resp., circulatory, bladder, around resp., circulatory, digestive, and reproductive ductsdigestive, and reproductive ducts

FunctionFunction: dilate (widen) or : dilate (widen) or constrict (tighten) vessels/ tractsconstrict (tighten) vessels/ tracts

AKAAKA: : nonstriated involuntary nonstriated involuntary muscle tissuemuscle tissue

Neural TissueNeural Tissue

Function:Function: Conduction of electrical impulses to send infoConduction of electrical impulses to send info

2 Types of cells2 Types of cells:: NeuronsNeurons: transmit electrical impulses: transmit electrical impulses NeurogliaNeuroglia: support cells: support cells

Isolate & protect neuronsIsolate & protect neurons Support framework for neuronsSupport framework for neurons Phagocytic functionPhagocytic function

Neural Tissue: Typical NeuronNeural Tissue: Typical Neuron SomaSoma= cell body with nucleus= cell body with nucleus DendritesDendrites= branches from soma= branches from soma receives receives

messagemessage AxonAxon= long extension off soma= long extension off soma sends sends

message to next neuronmessage to next neuron SynapseSynapse= junction between 2 neurons or = junction between 2 neurons or

neuron & cellneuron & cell neurotransmitter released neurotransmitter released NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter= chemical messenger= chemical messenger

sends message on to next cellsends message on to next cell

NeuronNeuron

NeuronNeuron

Membranes= Epithelium + ConnectiveMembranes= Epithelium + Connective MucousMucous: :

Function: Line cavities Function: Line cavities communicating w/ outsidecommunicating w/ outside Location: Digestive, respiratory, urinary, reprodLocation: Digestive, respiratory, urinary, reprod

SerousSerous: : Function: Line sealed, Function: Line sealed, internal cavitiesinternal cavities Location: Pleural, peritoneum, pericardiumLocation: Pleural, peritoneum, pericardium Secretes cavity fluid: can result in “-itis” (inflammation)Secretes cavity fluid: can result in “-itis” (inflammation)

CutaneousCutaneous: : SkinSkin thick thick

SynovialSynovial: : Function: Covers long bone surfacesFunction: Covers long bone surfaces Location: articulations (joints)Location: articulations (joints) Secretes synovial fluidSecretes synovial fluid

MembranesMembranes

Tissue RepairsTissue Repairs Damage: abrasion, chemical irritant, infection, Damage: abrasion, chemical irritant, infection,

temp.temp. 2 Phases of Repair2 Phases of Repair

11stst Phase: Phase: Inflammation/ Inflammatory Resp.Inflammation/ Inflammatory Resp. Isolate area, remove damaged cells, & destroy Isolate area, remove damaged cells, & destroy

microorganisms, chemicalsmicroorganisms, chemicals Immediate response post injuryImmediate response post injury

22ndnd Phase: Phase: RegenerationRegeneration Damaged tissues replaced or repaired to restore Damaged tissues replaced or repaired to restore

normal functionnormal function

Tissue Repair: Inflammation (1Tissue Repair: Inflammation (1stst phase)phase)

Damage occursDamage occurs Triggers release of:Triggers release of:

Mast CellsMast Cells: release : release histamine & heparinhistamine & heparin

LysosomesLysosomes: release : release digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes

Increase bl. flow (histamine)Increase bl. flow (histamine) Pain SensationPain Sensation b/c stim b/c stim

neuronsneurons Clot FormsClot Forms to isolate area to isolate area Phagocytosis & chemical Phagocytosis & chemical

attackattack Macrophages phagocytize Macrophages phagocytize

debris & bacteriadebris & bacteria LymphocytesLymphocytes plasma plasma

cellscells antibodiesantibodies to to attack pathogens & attack pathogens & foreign objectsforeign objects

Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

Tissue Repair: RegenerationTissue Repair: Regeneration FibrosisFibrosis

Fibroblasts lay down collagen network Fibroblasts lay down collagen network Scar tissue FormsScar tissue Forms

Dense collagen framework with few blood vesselsDense collagen framework with few blood vessels Cell regenerationCell regeneration (possible) (possible)

Epithelial & Connective tissueEpithelial & Connective tissue good good (except cartilage)(except cartilage)

Smooth & skeletal muscleSmooth & skeletal muscle relatively poor relatively poor Cardiac & nervous tissueCardiac & nervous tissue no regeneration no regeneration

(only scar tissue)(only scar tissue)

Tissues Changes w/ AgeTissues Changes w/ Age Decreased repair & maintenanceDecreased repair & maintenance Structural & chemical changesStructural & chemical changes

Epithelium thins- skin bruises easierEpithelium thins- skin bruises easier Connective tissue more fragileConnective tissue more fragile Bones more brittleBones more brittle joint pain, osteoporosis joint pain, osteoporosis Cartilage stifferCartilage stiffer joint pain joint pain Permanent loss of cardiac & nervous Permanent loss of cardiac & nervous

tissuetissue Cardiovascular disease or mental Cardiovascular disease or mental problems problems

Smoking EffectsSmoking Effects DysplasiaDysplasia: Change normal size, shape, : Change normal size, shape,

organization of tissue cellsorganization of tissue cells Paralyzed ciliaParalyzed cilia ________________ ________________

MetaplasiaMetaplasia: Reversible tissue structural : Reversible tissue structural changechange

Lose cilia (not just paralyzed)Lose cilia (not just paralyzed) Don’t differentiate Don’t differentiate

No more ciliated columnarNo more ciliated columnar stratified stratified squamous to protect from drying & irritationsquamous to protect from drying & irritation

AnaplasiaAnaplasia: tissue cells change size & shape: tissue cells change size & shape No tissueNo tissue cancer cells (undifferentiated) cancer cells (undifferentiated)

Smoking EffectsSmoking Effects

CancerCancer NeoplasmNeoplasm: primary tumor : primary tumor

Secondary tumorSecondary tumor forms forms

TreatmentTreatment Early detection before metastasisEarly detection before metastasis

Surgical removal or destruction of tumor via Surgical removal or destruction of tumor via radiationradiation

If metastasizedIf metastasized kill CA cells throughout body kill CA cells throughout body

MetastasisMetastasis (piece migrates into blood) & (piece migrates into blood) &Escapes from circ. systemEscapes from circ. system

Cancer: Treatments (con’t)Cancer: Treatments (con’t) Kill metastatic cells throughout body:Kill metastatic cells throughout body: ChemotherapyChemotherapy: drugs prevent mitosis: drugs prevent mitosis

IssuesIssues: : 1) kills all fast growing cells like hair & 1) kills all fast growing cells like hair &

epithelium epithelium 2) build resistance to drugs2) build resistance to drugs

RadiationRadiation: kill cancer w/ radiation: kill cancer w/ radiation best if confined, but also for lymphomas to kill all best if confined, but also for lymphomas to kill all

blood forming cells & transplant new bone blood forming cells & transplant new bone marrow.marrow.

ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy: : Develop immune system to recognize & kill CA Develop immune system to recognize & kill CA

cellscells