time and the the internet of things - stanford...

2016SCPNTSymposium

Time and the The Internet of Things

Bob Iannucci, Ph.D. Distinguished Service Professor, ECE Director, CyLab Mobility Research Center http://sv.cmu.edu/bob

November 3, 2016

1

Key Points

•  TheIoTistheFi7hpla:orm•  Itisinherentlycyber-physical•  Itwillbedistributed,federated,andenergy-poor•  Timewillbeafirst-orderconceptinprogrammingit•  TradiFonalFme-keepingapproacheswon’twork•  TimeislandsmayofferaworkableabstracFon

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What is the IoT?

•  internetofTHINGS

•  WiFi/Bluetoothgadgets•  Cloud-connectedstuff•  Phone-as-mediator•  Fitbit,Nest,…•  Nosignificantnetworkeffect

•  INTERNETofthings

•  CiFes,communiFes•  Sharing•  Openness•  Programmability•  Significantnetworkeffect

•  Cyber-physical

2016SCPNTSymposium

These differing views lead to wildly different thoughts about what is important

3

IoT Programing Today

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Embedded programming •  Fixed functionality •  Focused on low-power operation •  Local power OR recharged regularly

Cloud programming •  Aggregation •  Machine learning •  Visualization

Effectively closed

Sensors in the Real World: the Out-of-Building Experience

•  Aninsidethebox(building)IoTiseasybutlimiFng•  Power,cableplant,WiFi,tamephysicalcondiFons

•  Outsidethebox•  Offersnoneofthese•  ButisessenFalforlogisFcs,powersystems,fleets,smartcampuses,smartciFes

•  Costofdeploymentandmaintenance•  Self-sufficientdevices•  5-10yearlifeFme•  “OHIO”

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An Hour in the Life of an OHIO Device: Energy is at a Premium

•  “Perfect”1000mAhba\erywithnoenergyharvesFng•  LP-WANradio•  FiveyearlifeFme

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State Secondsperhour

Sensing&processing 10

Receiving 10

Transmi`ng 5

Shutoff 3575

But is the Ultimate Value in Devices?

Transducers Bo7om-of-PyramidDevices

MiddlewareandMiddleDevices

AggregaEon FederaEon AnalyEcs BusinessLogic

1-10trillion 100billion 1billion 10,000 10’s 1000’s millions

InnovaFvemanufacturing,longevity,electronicdatasheets,reliability,repeatability,lowpower

Lowpower,lowpower,lowpower(“OHIO”)

Remoteprogrammability,reliablewirelesscomms,easeofdeployment,authenFcaFon

Programmingtoolsforfleetdeploymentandmanagement,versioncontrol,provenancemanagement,generaFonalcontrol

Managementofenormousvolumesofmostlyuselessdata(needleinahaystack),abilitytosummarizeacrossFmeandspace

Managementofdissimilarstandards,privacy,security

“Marketplace”

ExtracFonofsignals(usefuldata)fromnoise,hierarchicalprocessing,real-Fmeresponse

TradiFonalservicesbusiness,tailoredtotheenterprise

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An Uncomfortable Transition to the Future State

•  ValueisinaggregaFonofsensedinformaFon•  Sensingmustbepervasiveandflexible•  Pervasivesensingdependsonubiquitouscoverage•  CreaFngcoverageisasubstanFalinvestment•  InvestmentjusFfiedbyabroadbaseofapplicaFons•  ThefirstwaveofIoTapplicaFonswillbeverFcal•  TherealvaluewillcomewiththetransiFontohorizontally-organizedpla:orm

•  Similartothepla:ormsthatprecededit

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Platfomization and Iannucci’s Law

Ineachgenera*onofcompu*ng,theemergenceofastandardpla*ormtransformstheindustrybyshi7ing

valuefromhardwaretoso7wareandservices.

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Computing Platforms: Past and Present

GoldenAgeStandardPlaHorm CompaEbles

ValueShiLtoSoLware

ValueShiLtoServices

Mainframe

Mini

PC

Mobile

Magnuson Computer

WhataboutthePlaHormfortheInternetofThings?

2016SCPNTSymposium

Mobile Apps plus cloud services

10

IoT: the Fifth Platform (P5): What to Expect?

P5willbeacombina*onof1.  Flexible,powerful,programmable,opendevicefamilies2.  Flexible,powerful,programmable,opennetworks

Observa1on:#1exists.#2doesnot

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Challenges for P5

•  ConsiderableearlyIoTresearchfocusedoncreaFngconnecFvity•  Meshnetworkingvs.devicepower

•  LP-WANsshi7awayfrommeshestostars•  SigFox,LoRa,IngenuRPMA

•  Under-addressed:programmingmodel•  Device-centric?No,distributed.

•  Cloud-centric?No,toofaraway.

•  Emerging:enablingthenetworksideoftheIoTplaHorm•  CompuFngmovestominimizelatency

•  Be\ermanagementoftheTimeLine


IoT Programing Future?


USING [ e23, e97 ]�DO [ b1 ]�SYNCHRONIZED TO c19 WITH TOLERANCE x ONERROR [ b2 ]

DecomposiFon

Implications •  One program on multiple devices •  Multiple programs on one device

Cloud has unlimited •  Computing •  Storage •  Energy •  Space

Network-as-participant “Near to Near” (vs. peer-to-peer)

Today: latency too high Future: embed virtualized, �movable, real-time �computing capability in the network

Cyber-physically enabled future network: Automated marshaling of computing

Phone, sensor, actuator layer: devices have limited

• Computing • Storage • Energy • Space

Physical World

Sense-Compute-Actuate�Latency

Sens

e Actuate

Compute

The Cyber-Physical Network


The�Time�Line

The Time Line

•  Belowtheline:Fmeisreal•  Concurrency,simultaneity,causality

•  Abovetheline:Fmeismeta-data•  ProgrammercanmanipulatetherepresentaFonofFme

•  Crossingcybertophysical?•  Translateprogrammer’sintenttoreality–notalwayspossible

•  Crossingphysicaltocyber?•  Inadistributedworld,howdoweFme-labeleventsinawaythatiscorrect

enoughastonotgiverisetosubsequenterrors?


Crossing the Line: Time Accuracy Requirements •  Crowdsourcingdatafromsmartphones

•  Seconds!milliseconds

•  Sensorfusion:situatedandairbornesensors•  Milliseconds!microseconds


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Figure!1.!A)!M

ap!of!South!

America!show

ing!historic!great!

earthquake!ruptures!(red!

ellipses).!!B)!Zoom!of!the!Arica!

Gap!region!showing!historic!

ruptures!(yellow!ellipses),!slip!

model!from

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earthquake,!and!aftershocks.!The!

orange!squares!are!the!RSA!

Sensors!to!be!deployed!in!this!

proposal.!Depiction!of!actual!sites!

is!schematic,!total!num

ber!,!~250.!!

B!A!

Crowdsourcing using �Smartphones2

Networked Situated�Sensors

2Minson,S.E.,Brooks,B.A.,Glennie,C.L.,Murray,J.R.,Langbein,J.O.,Owen,S.E.,Heaton,T.,Iannucci,R.A.andHauser,D.L.

CrowdsourcedEarthquakeEarlyWarning.ScienceAdvances,1(3),1–7.h\p://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/3/e1500036

1Coverage:Teng,E.,Falcao,J.D.,Dominguez,C.R.,Mokaya,F.,Zhang,P.,&Iannucci,B.AerialSensingandCharacteriza1onofThree-DimensionalRFFields.

InSecondInternaFonalWorkshoponRoboFcSensorNetworks.Sea\le,WA.2015.

Sensor-Side Timekeeping is Costly

•  Coin-cell-powered,OHIO,with50¢billofmaterials•  GPS

•  Currenttech@1minuteon/hour:>5years!<2years•  Cellularmodem

•  Currenttech:no(protocoloverhead,power,cost)•  NB-IOT:TBD

•  CSAC•  Currenttech:125mW,$1k•  Future:TBD

•  TCXO•  CostofFmekeepinghastobesensor-appropriate•  CostofFmekeepingisapplicaFon-dependent


TickTalk: Time-Oriented Meta-Language for P5

•  Concept:FmecomplexityofIoTprogrammingmustbereducedsothatnon-specialistprogrammerscancreateFme-correctIoTprogramsincluding•  Cloudelements•  Networkelements•  Sensor/actuatorelements

•  OneprogramperapplicaFoninsteadofthree•  PrimiFvesforexpressingsyntonizaFon,synchronizaFonand

simultaneity•  BoundedinFmeandspace–Emeislands


Joint work with Aviral Srivastava, Arizona State U

TickTalk: Core

•  Aneasily-programmedFederaFonofCyber-PhysicalSystems(FSCS)

•  AnFSCSisatuple(C,E,B):•  C={c1,c2,c3,…}referenceclocks•  E={e1,e2,e3,...}compuFng/storage/communicaFonensembles.Eachhasatleastonelocalclockcapableofbeingsynchronizedtoareferenceclock.Eachmayhavesensorsoractuators.

•  B={b1,b2,b3,...}codeblocks(programfragments)withinwhichacFonscanbescheduledagainstanensemble’slocalclock



TickTalk: A Program Fragment


USING [ e23, e97 ]�DO [ b1 ]�SYNCHRONIZED TO c19 WITH TOLERANCE x ONERROR [ b2 ]

Wherethecodeblock

runs

Thecodeblocktorun

Referenceclock Syncspec


TickTalk: Runtime


Meta-Language

Intermediate Representation

Code Blocks

Reference Clocks

Cloud

Network

Device

USING [ e23, e97 ]!DO [ b3; SIMULTANEOUSLY [ a1 ] WITH TOLERANCE y ONERROR [ b5 ]; b4 ] SYNCHRONIZED TO c19 WITH TOLERANCE x ONERROR [ b2 ]

Run-TimeManager

Sensors and Actuators

Blockb3onensemblee23

Blockb3onensemblee97

Clockc19

Synchronize


The TickTalk Network Ensemble

22

LocalClock

Time-AwareCompu@ng

Network-EmbeddedEnsembleInstances

NetworkUplinkTraffic+PerformanceMetrics

Downlinktosensorsandactuators

Labe

ls

2016SCPNTSymposium


Summary

•  TheIoTistheFi7hpla:orm(P5)•  P5isinherentlycyber-physical•  P5willbedistributed,federated,andenergy-poor•  Timewillbeafirst-orderconceptinprogrammingP5•  TradiFonalFme-keepingapproacheswon’twork•  TimeislandsmayofferaworkableabstracFon


Further Reading

•  Minson,S.E.,Brooks,B.A.,Glennie,C.L.,Murray,J.R.,Langbein,J.O.,Owen,S.E.,Heaton,T,Iannucci,B.,andHauser,D.L.CrowdsourcedEarthquakeEarlyWarning.ScienceAdvances,1(3),1–7.2015.

•  Teng,E.,Falcao,J.D.,Dominguez,C.R.,Mokaya,F.,Zhang,P.,andIannucci,B.AerialSensingandCharacteriza*onofThree-DimensionalRFFields.InSecondInterna*onalWorkshoponRobo*cSensorNetworks.Sea\le,WA.2015.

•  Weiss,M.,Eidson,J.,Barry,C.,Broman,D.,Goldin,L.,Iannucci,B.,Lee,E.,andStanton,K.Time-AwareApplica*ons,Computers,andCommunica*onSystems(TAACCS)Time-AwareApplica*ons,Computers,.2015.

•  Athreya,A.P.,Chan-Maestas,H.,Katz,E.,Tague,P.,&Iannucci,B.Energy-GovernedResilientNetworkedSystems.In11thAnnualIEEEConsumerCommunica*onsandNetworkingConference.LasVegas,NV:IEEE.2014.

•  Mengshoel,O.J.,Iannucci,B.,&Ishihara,A.(2013).MobileCompuFng:ChallengesandOpportuniFesforAutonomyandFeedback.In8thInterna*onalWorkshoponFeedbackCompu*ng.SanJose,CA.2013.

•  Zhang,J.,Iannucci,B.,Hennessy,M.,Gopal,K.,Xiao,S.,Kumar,S.,…Rowe,A.SensorDataasaService--AFederatedPlaYormforMobileData-centricServiceDevelopmentandSharing.2013IEEEInterna*onalConferenceonServicesCompu*ng,446–453.2013.

•  Zhang,J.,Li,Z.,Sandoval,O.,Xin,N.,Ren,Y.,MarFn,R.A.,Iannucci,B.,…Rowe,A.SupporFngPersonalizableVirtualInternetofThings.In2013IEEE10thInterna*onalConferenceonUbiquitousIntelligence&Compu*ng(UIC2013).SorrentoPeninsula,Italy.2013.


Thankyou!

time and the the internet of things - stanford...

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