TIGERS & TORTUGAS:

A COMPARISON OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION BETWEEN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA

By Savanna Lim

Why these 2 regions?

Both have simi lar chief crops- Bananas, Sugar, Coffee

Both regions were heavi ly colonized by Europeans

Both are t ropical regions that are rich in natural resources

Tourism is one of thei r main indust ries

Fast growing urban ci t ies

Personal Reasons

Poverty & Undocumented Migrat ion are both huge problems

QUESTION # 1: How many youth worldwide are out of school?

A NUMBER 57 m illion

“ WHY QUALITY OF EDUCATION?

What exact ly does SDG 4 entail?

By 2030, ensure t hat all gir ls and boys complet e f ree, equit able and qualit y pr imary and secondary educat ion leading t o relevant and Goal-4 ef fect ive learning out comes

By 2030, ensure t hat all gir ls and boys have access t o qualit y ear ly childhood development , care and prepr imary educat ion so t hat t hey are ready for pr imary educat ion

By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men t o af fordable and qualit y t echnical, vocat ional and t ert iary educat ion, including universit y By 2030, subst ant ially increase t he number of yout h and adult s who have relevant skills, including t echnical and vocat ional skills, for employment , decent jobs

and ent repreneurship By 2030, elim inat e gender dispar it ies in educat ion and ensure equal access t o all levels of educat ion and vocat ional t raining for t he vulnerable, including persons

wit h disabilit ies, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable sit uat ions By 2030, ensure t hat all yout h and a subst ant ial proport ion of adult s, bot h men and women, achieve lit eracy and numeracy By 2030, ensure t hat all learners acquire t he knowledge and skills needed t o promot e sust ainable development , including, among ot hers, t hrough educat ion for

sust ainable development and sust ainable lif est yles, human r ight s, gender equalit y, promot ion of a cult ure of peace and non-violence, global cit izenship and appreciat ion of cult ural diversit y and of cult ure’s cont r ibut ion t o sust ainable development

Build and upgrade educat ion facilit ies t hat are child, disabilit y and gender sensit ive and provide safe, nonviolent , inclusive and ef fect ive learning environment s for all

By 2020, subst ant ially expand globally t he number of scholarships available t o developing count r ies, in part icular least developed count r ies, small island developing St at es and Af r ican count r ies, for enrolment in higher educat ion, including vocat ional t raining and informat ion and communicat ions t echnology, t echnical, engineer ing and scient if ic programmes, in developed count r ies and ot her developing count r ies

By 2030, subst ant ially increase t he supply of qualif ied t eachers, including t hrough int ernat ional cooperat ion for t eacher t raining in developing count r ies, especially least developed count r ies and small island developing st at es

NICARAGUA

TIMELINE/ HISTORY

1972: Sandinista Insurrection

1552: Conquered by the Spanish

1821: First Mexican

Empire

1909: US Occupation

1926: Nicaraguan Civil War

1936: Somoza Dynasty

1979: Sandinista

Period

1986: Iran-Contra

Affair

1990: Post

Sandinista

US Involvement & Impact

𑠀 Era of the “communist scare”

𑠀 Reagan trained contras 𑠀 Deaths of many

Current Government

𑠀 “Republic”/Dictatorship 𑠀 Ortega since 2007

Educat ion 𑠀Uniforms 𑠀Shifts (Day, Night) 𑠀Limited Subjects 𑠀Feb-Nov 𑠀Admission to Higher Ed: Test ing

𑠀6 years compulsory 𑠀86% Youth literacy rate 𑠀Lunch by residents

Nicaraguan Li teracy Campaign 𑠀 1980: Reduce Illi teracy (50%) 𑠀 UNESCO Award 𑠀 Rural vs. Urban 𑠀 2 weeks / 5 months 𑠀 Secondary students: Vols

CAMPAIGNS/ REFORMS

"Yo, sí puedo" 𑠀 Cuban Method 𑠀 2007 𑠀 350-500,000

“Plan Est ratégico de Educación” 𑠀 World Bank / Globa l

Pa rtners hip for Educa tion 𑠀 2016-2020 𑠀 $ 17 m illion

Urban vs. Rural

𑠀 Repeating grades: Marele & Rafaelito

𑠀 Different hours for different ages 𑠀 English: rare

𑠀 In every case, more girls 𑠀 Nicaragua is the second poorest

country in Lat in America after Hait i 𑠀 41.5% Rural

A picture is worth a thousand words

A complex idea can be conveyed with just a single st i ll image, namely making it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly.

CUBA

EDUCATION!

● Educat ion was a pr ior it y ● Cast ro saw educat ion had a pivotal role in consolidat ing his

revolut ion ● “F is for Fidel” ● Gov approved courses: nothing cr it icizing socialism ● Educat ion was seen as key t o t he revolut ion t aking hold and

creat ing a lit erate populat ion loyal t o t he government . ● 1989: Profs & Docs = t op salar ies ● Medical students* ● Cuban Rev: Drast ic change for women

○ Before: lit t le went t o school, housework

TOOL FOR CONTROL

EDUCATION STATISTICS!

Cuba shows how important educat ion is by keeping a student t o t eacher rat io of 12 to 1, which is approximately half of t he Lat in American average

Compulsory educat ion: ages 6-15

5 years t eacher educat ion course

● EVERY child is guaranteed schooling ● Low-cos t , High-qualit y Ins t ruct ional

Mat er ia ls ● Sys t em wide Evaluat ion and

Com pet it ion Am ong Classes and Schools

● Out reach t o Rural Children ● At t ent ion t o Specia l Needs ● Linking School and W ork ● Educat ion for Socia l Cohes ion and

Values ● Educat ion Ongoing Tens ions :

Qualit y and Equit y

UNIQUE FACTORS

MEDICAL INNOVATIONS

● Some view a f ree market as an essent ial dr iver of scient if ic discovery

More cancer t reatments

A t reatment for diabet ic foot ulcers

Treatment for advanced head

and neck tumors

OVERVIEW: LATIN AMERICA

● Consistent Rule

● Government Pr ior it ies

● Foreign Intervent ion

● Similar economies, dif fer ing educat ion systems

● Cuba: 18% spending, Nicaragua 15% = relat ively t he same

● Teacher salary

● Educat ion Init iat ives

INDONESIA

A Brief Int roduct ion

● Independence: 1945 ● Dutch & Japanese Teachers: Sayonara ● 250 million people ● Largest congregat ion of muslims ● 300 diff Ethnic groups

● 17,508 - 18,306 islands

UNESCO’s List of Intangible Cultural Heri tage of Humani ty (8)

EDUCATION

➢ 9-12 years compulsory educat ion

○ Depends on province (34)

➢ 86 % Mus lim s t udent s , 15% at t end Madrassas

➢ More boys t han gir ls ➢ English from 5t h grade up ➢ 4t h larges t populat ion of

yout h going t o school ➢ Local schools = local

languages + Bahasa Melayu

➢ MDGs & SDGs ○ Good s t andard ○ Already incorporat ed int o t heir plans

➢ 25 year , 5 year , 1 year . ➢ Nat ional Secret ar ia t for t he SDGs

○ Tries t o influence local governm ent s , but t he locals ult im at ely have t he final say.

➢ Nat ional Developm ent Assem bly ○ Annual m eet ings ○ Eas ier t o a lign goals

GOALS

HOT DEBATE

● Uniform testing (diff for each province)

● Testing divided into less developed & more developed

CHALLENGES ★ Distance from schools ★ Access

Credits

Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: 𑠀 Presentat ion template by SlidesCarnival 𑠀 Photographs by Unsplash

SINGAPORE

Educat ion

𑠀 Streamlined public educat ion 𑠀 Normal vs. Express stream

𑠀 Public schools > Private schools 𑠀 Internat ional

𑠀 Small populat ion 𑠀 One of the highest standards of

living 𑠀 Immense pressure and stress 𑠀 Suicides

“ 2015 study by the OECD ranked the Educat ional Systems by the result s of kids aged 15 at Maths and Science

1) Singapore 2) Hong Kong 3) South Korea 4) Japan 5) Taiwan

PISA 2012 Mean Scores by Country for Reading, Mathematics, and Science

HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?

● Gained Independence in 19 6 5 ● PM knew t hat Educat ion was ESSENTIAL ● W ent from a 3rd world count ry t o a 1s t

world count ry in 50 years

● Most qualified chosen t o serve 4 gov (earn as m uch as t hey would in t he pr ivat e sect or , bes t schools )

● Global benchm arking ● Careful im plem ent at ion of policy

● Teachers chosen from t op t hird ● Specia l school ● St ream lined educat ion ● O level & A level

Reason for Disparity in Southeast Asia

𑠀 Diff govs have Di fferent Priori t ies 𑠀 Populat ion Size 𑠀 Teacher Salary 𑠀 Development

SOLUTIONS

➔ Capacit y Building ◆ Capacit y of t eacher

● Bet t er t ra ining, reach every t eacher ➔ Access ibilit y for everyone

◆ Roads ◆ Infras t ruct ure ◆ Parent s

● *isola t ed areas

Sim ilar t o reasons for

dispar it ies in Lat in Am erica

CONSISTENCY IS KEY

CROSS REGIONAL SIMILARITIES

● Consistent Rule

● Government Pr ior it ies

● Foreign Intervent ion

● Similar economies, dif fer ing educat ion systems

● Teacher salary

● Educat ion Init iat ives

● Implementat ion of Law

● Populat ion Size

● Geography

ONE TAKE AWAY:

EDUCATION IS CRUCIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

W ORKS CITED

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