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TIGERS & TORTUGAS:
A COMPARISON OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION BETWEEN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA
By Savanna Lim
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Why these 2 regions?
Both have simi lar chief crops- Bananas, Sugar, Coffee
Both regions were heavi ly colonized by Europeans
Both are t ropical regions that are rich in natural resources
Tourism is one of thei r main indust ries
Fast growing urban ci t ies
Personal Reasons
Poverty & Undocumented Migrat ion are both huge problems
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QUESTION # 1: How many youth worldwide are out of school?
A NUMBER 57 m illion
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“ WHY QUALITY OF EDUCATION?
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What exact ly does SDG 4 entail?
By 2030, ensure t hat all gir ls and boys complet e f ree, equit able and qualit y pr imary and secondary educat ion leading t o relevant and Goal-4 ef fect ive learning out comes
By 2030, ensure t hat all gir ls and boys have access t o qualit y ear ly childhood development , care and prepr imary educat ion so t hat t hey are ready for pr imary educat ion
By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men t o af fordable and qualit y t echnical, vocat ional and t ert iary educat ion, including universit y By 2030, subst ant ially increase t he number of yout h and adult s who have relevant skills, including t echnical and vocat ional skills, for employment , decent jobs
and ent repreneurship By 2030, elim inat e gender dispar it ies in educat ion and ensure equal access t o all levels of educat ion and vocat ional t raining for t he vulnerable, including persons
wit h disabilit ies, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable sit uat ions By 2030, ensure t hat all yout h and a subst ant ial proport ion of adult s, bot h men and women, achieve lit eracy and numeracy By 2030, ensure t hat all learners acquire t he knowledge and skills needed t o promot e sust ainable development , including, among ot hers, t hrough educat ion for
sust ainable development and sust ainable lif est yles, human r ight s, gender equalit y, promot ion of a cult ure of peace and non-violence, global cit izenship and appreciat ion of cult ural diversit y and of cult ure’s cont r ibut ion t o sust ainable development
Build and upgrade educat ion facilit ies t hat are child, disabilit y and gender sensit ive and provide safe, nonviolent , inclusive and ef fect ive learning environment s for all
By 2020, subst ant ially expand globally t he number of scholarships available t o developing count r ies, in part icular least developed count r ies, small island developing St at es and Af r ican count r ies, for enrolment in higher educat ion, including vocat ional t raining and informat ion and communicat ions t echnology, t echnical, engineer ing and scient if ic programmes, in developed count r ies and ot her developing count r ies
By 2030, subst ant ially increase t he supply of qualif ied t eachers, including t hrough int ernat ional cooperat ion for t eacher t raining in developing count r ies, especially least developed count r ies and small island developing st at es
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NICARAGUA
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TIMELINE/ HISTORY
1972: Sandinista Insurrection
1552: Conquered by the Spanish
1821: First Mexican
Empire
1909: US Occupation
1926: Nicaraguan Civil War
1936: Somoza Dynasty
1979: Sandinista
Period
1986: Iran-Contra
Affair
1990: Post
Sandinista
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US Involvement & Impact
𑠀 Era of the “communist scare”
𑠀 Reagan trained contras 𑠀 Deaths of many
Current Government
𑠀 “Republic”/Dictatorship 𑠀 Ortega since 2007
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Educat ion 𑠀Uniforms 𑠀Shifts (Day, Night) 𑠀Limited Subjects 𑠀Feb-Nov 𑠀Admission to Higher Ed: Test ing
𑠀6 years compulsory 𑠀86% Youth literacy rate 𑠀Lunch by residents
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Nicaraguan Li teracy Campaign 𑠀 1980: Reduce Illi teracy (50%) 𑠀 UNESCO Award 𑠀 Rural vs. Urban 𑠀 2 weeks / 5 months 𑠀 Secondary students: Vols
CAMPAIGNS/ REFORMS
"Yo, sí puedo" 𑠀 Cuban Method 𑠀 2007 𑠀 350-500,000
“Plan Est ratégico de Educación” 𑠀 World Bank / Globa l
Pa rtners hip for Educa tion 𑠀 2016-2020 𑠀 $ 17 m illion
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Urban vs. Rural
𑠀 Repeating grades: Marele & Rafaelito
𑠀 Different hours for different ages 𑠀 English: rare
𑠀 In every case, more girls 𑠀 Nicaragua is the second poorest
country in Lat in America after Hait i 𑠀 41.5% Rural
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A picture is worth a thousand words
A complex idea can be conveyed with just a single st i ll image, namely making it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly.
CUBA
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EDUCATION!
● Educat ion was a pr ior it y ● Cast ro saw educat ion had a pivotal role in consolidat ing his
revolut ion ● “F is for Fidel” ● Gov approved courses: nothing cr it icizing socialism ● Educat ion was seen as key t o t he revolut ion t aking hold and
creat ing a lit erate populat ion loyal t o t he government . ● 1989: Profs & Docs = t op salar ies ● Medical students* ● Cuban Rev: Drast ic change for women
○ Before: lit t le went t o school, housework
TOOL FOR CONTROL
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EDUCATION STATISTICS!
Cuba shows how important educat ion is by keeping a student t o t eacher rat io of 12 to 1, which is approximately half of t he Lat in American average
Compulsory educat ion: ages 6-15
5 years t eacher educat ion course
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● EVERY child is guaranteed schooling ● Low-cos t , High-qualit y Ins t ruct ional
Mat er ia ls ● Sys t em wide Evaluat ion and
Com pet it ion Am ong Classes and Schools
● Out reach t o Rural Children ● At t ent ion t o Specia l Needs ● Linking School and W ork ● Educat ion for Socia l Cohes ion and
Values ● Educat ion Ongoing Tens ions :
Qualit y and Equit y
UNIQUE FACTORS
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MEDICAL INNOVATIONS
● Some view a f ree market as an essent ial dr iver of scient if ic discovery
More cancer t reatments
A t reatment for diabet ic foot ulcers
Treatment for advanced head
and neck tumors
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OVERVIEW: LATIN AMERICA
● Consistent Rule
● Government Pr ior it ies
● Foreign Intervent ion
● Similar economies, dif fer ing educat ion systems
● Cuba: 18% spending, Nicaragua 15% = relat ively t he same
● Teacher salary
● Educat ion Init iat ives
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INDONESIA
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A Brief Int roduct ion
● Independence: 1945 ● Dutch & Japanese Teachers: Sayonara ● 250 million people ● Largest congregat ion of muslims ● 300 diff Ethnic groups
● 17,508 - 18,306 islands
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UNESCO’s List of Intangible Cultural Heri tage of Humani ty (8)
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EDUCATION
➢ 9-12 years compulsory educat ion
○ Depends on province (34)
➢ 86 % Mus lim s t udent s , 15% at t end Madrassas
➢ More boys t han gir ls ➢ English from 5t h grade up ➢ 4t h larges t populat ion of
yout h going t o school ➢ Local schools = local
languages + Bahasa Melayu
➢ MDGs & SDGs ○ Good s t andard ○ Already incorporat ed int o t heir plans
➢ 25 year , 5 year , 1 year . ➢ Nat ional Secret ar ia t for t he SDGs
○ Tries t o influence local governm ent s , but t he locals ult im at ely have t he final say.
➢ Nat ional Developm ent Assem bly ○ Annual m eet ings ○ Eas ier t o a lign goals
GOALS
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HOT DEBATE
● Uniform testing (diff for each province)
● Testing divided into less developed & more developed
CHALLENGES ★ Distance from schools ★ Access
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Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: 𑠀 Presentat ion template by SlidesCarnival 𑠀 Photographs by Unsplash
SINGAPORE
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Educat ion
𑠀 Streamlined public educat ion 𑠀 Normal vs. Express stream
𑠀 Public schools > Private schools 𑠀 Internat ional
𑠀 Small populat ion 𑠀 One of the highest standards of
living 𑠀 Immense pressure and stress 𑠀 Suicides
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“ 2015 study by the OECD ranked the Educat ional Systems by the result s of kids aged 15 at Maths and Science
1) Singapore 2) Hong Kong 3) South Korea 4) Japan 5) Taiwan
PISA 2012 Mean Scores by Country for Reading, Mathematics, and Science
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HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?
● Gained Independence in 19 6 5 ● PM knew t hat Educat ion was ESSENTIAL ● W ent from a 3rd world count ry t o a 1s t
world count ry in 50 years
● Most qualified chosen t o serve 4 gov (earn as m uch as t hey would in t he pr ivat e sect or , bes t schools )
● Global benchm arking ● Careful im plem ent at ion of policy
● Teachers chosen from t op t hird ● Specia l school ● St ream lined educat ion ● O level & A level
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Reason for Disparity in Southeast Asia
𑠀 Diff govs have Di fferent Priori t ies 𑠀 Populat ion Size 𑠀 Teacher Salary 𑠀 Development
SOLUTIONS
➔ Capacit y Building ◆ Capacit y of t eacher
● Bet t er t ra ining, reach every t eacher ➔ Access ibilit y for everyone
◆ Roads ◆ Infras t ruct ure ◆ Parent s
● *isola t ed areas
Sim ilar t o reasons for
dispar it ies in Lat in Am erica
CONSISTENCY IS KEY
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CROSS REGIONAL SIMILARITIES
● Consistent Rule
● Government Pr ior it ies
● Foreign Intervent ion
● Similar economies, dif fer ing educat ion systems
● Teacher salary
● Educat ion Init iat ives
● Implementat ion of Law
● Populat ion Size
● Geography
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ONE TAKE AWAY:
EDUCATION IS CRUCIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
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W ORKS CITED
● "Project s & Operat ions ." Projects : NICARAGUA. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. ● "Nicaragua | Global Partnership for Educat ion." Nicaragua | Global Partnership for Educat ion. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. ● "Youth Educat ion & Development Issues in Nicaragua." Youth Educat ion & Development Issues in Nicaragua. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. ● "Stat ist ics." UNICEF. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. ● "School's in." The Economist . The Economist Newspaper, 13 Dec. 2014. W eb. 28 July 2016. ● "Report Card on Educat ion in Southeast Asia - East by Southeast ." East by Southeast . N.p., 26 June 2015. W eb. 28 July 2016.
<ht tp://www.eastbysoutheast .com/report -card-on-educat ion-in-southeast -asia/>. ● Cent ral Intelligence Agency. Cent ral Intelligence Agency, n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tps://www.cia.gov/library/publicat ions/the-wor ld-
factbook/f ields/pr int _2103.htm l>. ● The At lant ic. At lant ic Media Company, n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tp://www.theat lant ic.com/educat ion/archive/2015/02/how-educat ion-shaped-
communist -cuba/386192/>. ● "Educat ion and Povert y in Lat in America." ReVista. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tp://revist a.drclas.harvard.edu/book/educat ion-and-povert y-
lat in-america>. ● "Educat ion System of Cuba - Path to Success." Novak Djokovic Foundat ion. N.p., 21 May 2015. W eb. 28 July 2016.
<ht tps://novakdjokovicfoundat ion.org/educat ion-system-of -cuba-path-t o-success/>. ● "Solar Energy Has a Promising Future in Cuba." - Renewable Energy W orld. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016.
<ht tp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ar t icles/2007/06/solar-energy-has-a-promising-future-in-cuba-48767.htm l>. ● "NCEE » Singapore Overview." NCEE. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tp://www.ncee.org/programs-af f iliates/center-on-internat ional-educat ion-
benchmarking/top-perform ing-count r ies/singapore-overview/>. ● "Cuba Educat ion Stat s: Nat ionMaster.com." Nat ionMaster.com. Nat ionMaster , n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tp://www.nat ionm aster.com/count ry-
info/prof iles/Cuba/Educat ion>. ● "Educat ion Stat ist ics Singapore." Educat ion Stat ist ics. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tps://www.moe.gov.sg/about /publicat ions/educat ion-
stat ist ics>. ● "Department Of Stat ist ics Singapore." Stat ist ics Singapore. N.p., n.d. W eb. 28 July 2016. <ht tp://www.singst at .gov.sg/stat ist ics/browse-by-
theme/educat ion-and-lit eracy>.