Teacher Notes, H3a:

This element asks students to describe the role nationalism played in the development of India as an independent country. For India, element “b” should be included as part of instruction. Students should understand the role and impact of Gandhi on the development of India as a country. Students should also understand India as a British colony (SS6H6 & 7). They should be able to explain the development of nationalism in India, and Gandhi’s role in its development.

Teacher Notes, H3b:

This element should be included when teaching India in element a. Students should be able to explain the importance of Gandhi in India’s movement toward independence. Students should also be able to explain Gandhi’s idea of “non-violent” protest, and how that form of protest contributed to India’s independence movement.

X Moving into the 21st Century Part One: Home Rule in India

How did nationalism and non-violence lead to independence in India?H3a. How did nationalism lead to independence in India?

H3b. What was the impact of Mohandas Gandhi’s belief in non-violent protest?

India is home to one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, yet in the 1800’s it was a part of

Great Britain’s colonial empire.

The British took control from the Mughal’s, a Muslim empire. Muslims had conquered much of

the region beginning around 700 C.E. Many Indians converted from Hindu to Islam. The Taj

Mahal, one of India’s most recognizable historic sites, came from the Mughal period.

Nationalism is an awareness among a group of people that they share a common history,

customs and origin. They might share a language and religion. They take pride in being a part

of that group and begin to think of themselves as a nation and do not want to be ruled by

another group of people.

These study guides are intended to cover the standards completely. I cannot guarantee that all the information on the test is included, but I have had very good students through the years tell me that everything on the test was covered in these booklets.

I have gleaned everything possible from the different resources that Georgia provides including the frameworks, content description and teacher notes. I have condensed everything I could find that might give insight into what Georgia expects us to cover and how that information might be presented on the CRCT. Most of this information is in the text boxes.

Some of the information goes beyond what the standards require but I have included it for the sake of background and possible enrichment for your students. As always, it is up to you, the teacher, to adjust the content you deliver based on your students prior knowledge, interests and ability.

Feel free to cut and paste sections of these notes to create handouts for your students. You may consider editing them in order to differentiate for the students in your class. Turning these notes into a slotted worksheet can also be effective.

Other resources such as an overview and my themes for this course can be found at ccgps7socialstudies@pbworks.com.

By the 1800’s, the Mughal Empire was weakening and Great Britain began to have influence over

the region. It granted a monopoly to the British East India Company for trading with India. This

company controlled India as if were a colony and the British East India Company were the mother

country. For example, India had a long tradition of growing fine cotton and weaving its own cloth.

The company forced India to simply grow the cotton then send it to manufacturers in Great

Britain. Indians then had to buy their cloth from Great Britain.

Many Indians resented foreign interference in India. The First Indian War of Independence

came against the British East India Company. It was sparked by the Sepoy Mutiny. The Sepoys

were Indians, (Muslim and Hindu) who were employed as soldiers by the company.

Great Britain responded by dissolving the company and taking direct control of India. This British

control of India was known as the British Raj. Indians formed two groups to work for the rights

of Indians, the Indian National Congress (primarily Hindu) and the Muslim League. In time,

both groups began to call for Indian Independence.

During World War I, many Indians fought for Great Britain. After the war, however, Indians were

disappointed that British promises of greater autonomy were broken. In 1919 the British opened

fire on a large group of Indians at a public protest in Amritsar. The resulting massacre infuriated

Indians all over the country and led to increased calls for Indian independence.

One of the leaders of the Indian National Congress was Mohandas Gandhi. As a young lawyer he

had lived in South Africa where he experienced discrimination. After fighting for equality between

the races in South Africa he returned to India. He lived a life of great simplicity. His work on

behalf of poor Indians caused him to be greatly admired. He was called “Mahatma” or “Great

Soul.” Gandhi urged Indians to not cooperate with British laws that were unjust. He believed this

noncooperation should be nonviolent. He believed that if the world witnessed the contrast

between the injustice and brutality of British rule and the nonviolence and courage of the

protesters, that Great Britain would end up leaving India peacefully.

The idea behind Gandhi’s philosophy was Satyagraha or “the force of truth.” The Salt March

and the ensuing campaign is a good example of Satyagraha in action. The British maintained a

monopoly over the production and sale of salt. Salt is an essential element for human survival,

especially in a hot climate like India’s. British used their control over salt as a way to control

India. Making and selling their own salt led the British to arrest many Indians, including Gandhi.

(In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr. would use Gandhi’s concept of Satyagraha as a

model for the Civil Rights Movement.)

Gandhi and his supporters also boycotted British goods, like cloth, preferring to make their own

“homespun” cloth. In fact the spinning wheel became a symbol of the movement and is today on

the Indian national flag.

The economic impact of the protests hurt Great Britain’s economy. The British became

increasingly powerless to control events in India. World opinion and even British opinion began to

turn against British colonial rule. As it became clear that Indian independence was inevitable,

Muslim Indians began to worry about life after the British. Since Hindus far outnumbered

Muslims, they feared that they would simply be replacing British rule with Hindu rule. So the

Indian nationalist movement split into a Hindu nationalist movement and a Muslim nationalist

movement.

When World War II came, the British has still not granted India full independence. The Muslim

League, hoping to win British favor, helped Great Britain in the war. The India National Congress,

remembering their experience after World War I, refused.

Finally, after World War II in 1947, the British granted India its full independence. However,

despite Gandhi’s pleas, it divided India into Muslim and Hindu areas. The Partition of India

resulted in two countries, India and Pakistan. Pakistan had two provinces on either side of India,

East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Many Muslims in India fled to Pakistan and many Hindus in

Pakistan fled to India. This migration of millions of people created much hardship and

resentment. Gandhi, a Hindu himself, was assassinated by radical Hindus who believed he was

too supportive of Muslim interests.

In time, it became clear that it was not practical to have country split into two sections, a thousand

miles apart, so East Pakistan declared its independence and became Bangladesh. Pakistan and

India continue to argue over exactly where the border between their two countries should be. They

have had three wars since 1947. Both sides have nuclear weapons which makes the conflict

between Pakistan and India a worldwide concern.

Teacher Notes, H3b:

Students should be able to describe the role of Mao Zedong in China, and his continuing importance to China today. In China’s development, three events have been selected for students to describe. Students do not need to memorize the dates of these events, but should understand the sequence in which the events occurred and their impact on the development of modern China. Students should be able to explain each event and its significance particularly in the area of individual rights.

X Moving into the 21st Century Part Two: The Rise of Communist China

How has communism changed China, before and after Mao?H3d. What was the impact of Communism in China in terms of Mao Zedong, the Great Leap

Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Tiananmen Square?

For thousands of years, China had been ruled by a series of dynasties led by an emperor. At some

points in history, China was the most powerful and technologically advanced country in the world.

Unlike European countries, however, it had no interest in exploring the outside world. It thought

of itself as the Middle Kingdom, the center of the universe. China had little interest in the foreign

technology and ideas. Inevitably, then, China fell behind as trade and competition between

European countries had the effect of improving their economies and technologies. When European

ships finally appeared in the South China Sea, Chinese technology was far behind the European’s.

This technology gap allowed the Europeans to dominate China. They divided China into Spheres

of Influence, areas where only one European country was allowed to trade. The Europeans used

their advantage to exploit the Chinese. Great Britain, for example, established an opium trade in

China. Although products from China were highly valued in the West, China had little interest in

foreign goods. The only things the West had that China desired was gold and silver. Opium

poppies flourished in Great Britain’s Indian possessions. From those flowers the narcotic, opium,

is made. So the British traded opium for Chinese goods. As more and more Chinese became

addicted to the drug, the more lucrative the drug trade became for Great Britain.

The Chinese government protested this trade but two wars, the Opium Wars, established not only

Great Britain’s right to trade opium, but also forced China to cede it the city of Hong Kong. The

Chinese lost other fights against European rule, like the Boxer Rebellion.

The Chinese people, aware of their long and proud history, grew angry with the Europeans and

feelings of nationalism flared. Indignant over its government’s inability to end foreign control,

they overthrew the Qing dynasty. The new government was called the Republic of China. The

leading party was the Kuomintang or the Nationalist Party.

The Nationalists also had problems leading China, so a rival group, the Chinese Communist

Party was created. At first the groups tried to work together, but soon they fought for control of

China. The Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, nearly defeated the Chinese, but Mao Zedong

led 600,000 communists on a 6,000 mile retreat called the “Long March” that salvaged the

Communist Party. From that point on Chairman Mao, as he came to be known, was leader of the

party.

During World War II, the Nationalists and the Communists called a truce so they could fight their

common foe, the Japanese. After the war, the civil war resumed. The communist army, the Red

Army, began to take control and swept the Nationalists from the mainland. Chiang retreated with

the remnants of the Nationalists to the island of Formosa where they reestablished the Republic of

China, commonly known as Taiwan. To this day, they claim to be the rightful government of all

of China.

In 1949, Mao Zedong entered Beijing and at Tiananmen Square, a large public square in the

heart of Beijing, he declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China.

Mao and his fellow communists reorganized Chinese society. Private ownership was eliminated

and all property became possessions of the state. The goal of communism is to create a classless

society where all people are equal in all ways and share equally in a country’s wealth. Farms were

organized into collective farms. Centralized planning decided what products would be made and

quotas were set to guide production.

China was an agricultural country and was far behind developed countries in terms of technology.

Mao was impatient to change this. He instituted the Great Leap Forward, a program to suddenly

industrialize China. The program was a terrible failure and millions of Chinese died from the

resulting famine.

After the failure of this and other communist programs, Mao began to lose power. Some began to

question his ideal of a classless society. He responded by beginning a movement called the

Cultural Revolution. His most loyal followers were mainly young people who called themselves

the Red Guard. They wanted to do away with everything old and traditional in Chinese life.

Many educated people like doctors, teachers and engineers were sent harassed and sent into the

countryside for “re-education.” The Cultural Revolution was also a terrible failure and resulted in

much damage to Chinese society.

Mao died in 1976. In 1980, the new Chinese leader was Deng Xiaoping. He was more moderate

than Mao and began to ease some of the economic restrictions. He allowed farmers to own some

land and allow private businesses. He allowed foreign companies to invest in China. This new

openness to economic ideas also meant that the Chinese people were exposed to western ideas

about government. In 1989, other communist governments around the world were experiencing

problems and some were even falling. Student protests in China culminated in a mass

demonstration at Tiananmen Square. They called for more democracy and even erected a statue

they called the Goddess of Democracy. It was modeled on the Statue of Liberty. As the world

watched, Deng Xiaoping ordered soldiers into Tiananmen Square. In one famous incident, a single

man wearing a white shirt and holding two bags case stood alone and brought a column of tanks to

a halt. This was one of history’s most famous acts of civil disobedience. The “tank man” or

“unknown rebel” was named by Time Magazine as on of the 100 most important people of the 20th

century. Finally, the government ordered the soldiers to break up the demonstration. The fired on

the students, destroyed the statue and arrested thousands. Thus ended the brief pro-democracy

movement in China.

China is still a communist country and its citizens are denied many civil liberties. However, the

government has allowed much more economic freedom. As a result, China’s economy has

boomed. Although still a developing country, it size and economic growth put it on a course to

soon be a rival superpower to the United States.

Teacher Notes, H3c:

Students should explain the reasons for the U.S. decision to rebuild Japan following World War II. Students should understand that in addition to economic reasons, the U.S. was also concerned about the emergence of a Communist-controlled China. Students should explain the role of the U.S. as an occupying power in Japan, and the transition of power back to the Japanese government.

X Moving into the 21st Century Part Three: US Involvement in the Far East

Why and how has the the United States been so involved in the Far East?H3c. What was the role of the United States in the rebuilding of Japan after WWII?

When Japan surrendered after World War II, its economy was in shambles. Farms and industry

were destroyed, the government weak and the morale of the people was very low. At the United

States insistence, the Emperor had exposed himself as an ordinary man and not a god descended

from the sun.

The American general, Douglas MacArthur, was commander of the American occupying army.

He was charged with putting Japan back on its feet, establishing a new government and insuring

that the Japanese military would never again threaten world peace. The United States needed a

strong Japan to be its ally in the upcoming conflict with communism.

MacArthur first set up a food distribution network. Many Japanese had no food. MacArthur

believed you cannot teach democracy to starving people, so he requested and received millions of

dollars of aid to go to the Japanese. He allowed Emperor Hirohito to remain as the symbolic

head of government and helped revise the new Japanese constitution. It created a parliamentary

system with a bicameral parliament called the Diet. Japan’s constitution puts severe limits on its

military.

Japan has become the Untied States most important ally in the region. Thanks, in part to the

postwar aid from the United States, the Japanese economy has developed into one of the strongest

in the world. Japan allows the United States to base military personnel in Japan. This helps they

United States protect its interests in the region. It also affords Japan protection, since it does not

maintain a large military.

Even while World War II was going on, the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union and

Great Britain gave thought to what the postwar world would look like. At a series of conferences

these leaders drew up lines dividing the territories that the Axis Powers had conquered. It became

clear that a conflict would eventually arise between the Western powers and the Communist

Teacher Notes, H3e:

Students should be able to explain the U.S. policy of containment of Communism, including the concerns U.S. leaders had about the spread of Communism in Southern and Eastern Asia. Students should be able to explain how U.S. actions in Korea and Vietnam were related to the policy of containment. Students should be familiar with the Korean War and the Vietnam War as part of this containment policy.

powers. In fact, after the war, the United States and the Soviet Union found themselves engaged

in the Cold War. Even though they never fought directly, the two superpowers competed with

each other to get other governments throughout the world to support them.

H3e. What was the reason for foreign involvement in Korea in terms of the containment of Communism?

The earliest conflict of the Cold War occurred on the Korean Peninsula. Japan had invaded and

subjugated Korea in the early stages of the war. When Japan finally surrendered, the Soviets

occupied the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The United States occupied the southern parts.

The dividing line was the 34th parallel.

Although the agreement had been for the Korean people to vote for the form of government they

were to have, no national election was ever held. North Korea became a communist state allied

with the Soviet Union. South Korea became a democratic republic. The United States supported

South Korea because it believed that if one government were to fall to communism, that

surrounding countries would become communist as well. This was called the Domino Effect.

War broke out in 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, using troops

supplied by the United States and other member nations, fought back. They were almost pushed

off the peninsula at Pusan. Led by American general Douglas MacArthur, the UN forces made a

daring landing on the Korean Coast at Inchon. They pushed North Korea’s army back and almost

defeated North Korea. Then China entered the war on the side of North Korea which tipped the

balance in the other direction. Finally, the line between the opposing armies stabilized not far from

the original border along the 34th parallel. A truce was called. It created a buffer area between the

armies called the demilitarized zone (DMZ).

Although the war has never officially ended, the truce has held since 1953. South Korea has

maintained its alliance with the United States and America still bases some of its armed forces in

South Korea. South Korea’s economy has become one of the strongest in the world.

North Korea remains a communist country. Its autocratic leader is Kim Jung-il. Its economy

struggles to keep up with the military spending of the government. Tensions remain high between

North and South Korea.

Teacher Notes, H3a:

This element asks students to describe the role nationalism played in the development of Vietnam as an independent country. This element asks students to explain the independence movement in Vietnam. In terms of instruction, this portion of element “e” would flow more logically after element “d” is taught. Students should be able to explain the origins of nationalism during the time Vietnam was part of French Indochina. Students should also be able to show how U.S. involvement in Vietnam developed as a result of U.S./Soviet Cold War politics, including the reasons for the division of the country into North and South Vietnam. Students should understand the role of the Vietnam War and the reunification of North and South Vietnam in the development of Vietnam as an independent nation.

Teacher Notes, H3e:

Students should be able to explain the U.S. policy of containment of Communism, including the concerns U.S. leaders had about the spread of Communism in Southern and Eastern Asia. Students should be able to explain how U.S. actions in Korea and Vietnam were related to the policy of containment. Students should be familiar with the Korean War and the Vietnam War as part of this containment policy.

H3a. How did nationalism lead to independence in Vietnam? e. What were the reasons for foreign involvement in Vietnam in terms of containment of Communism?

Vietnam broke away from Chinese rule and began its existence as a country over a thousand years

ago. In the 19th century, France was able to take over Vietnam and make it a part of its colony,

French Indochina. France needed the seaports, agricultural goods and natural resources of the

region.

It was no surprise, given Vietnam’s long history of self-governance that a nationalist movement

sprang up to free Vietnam from French control. Ho Chi Minh, a leader in this movement,

organized an Indochina Communist Party. In the years following World War II, Ho Chi Minh and

his Vietminh fought the French colonial forces with the aid of Communist China and the Soviet

Union. The French were able to control the cities, especially in the south, the communists

controlled the countryside.

Finally, in 1954 at the Geneva Conference, France gave up control of its colony. In what was

meant to be a temporary arrangement, Ho Chi Minh and the communists controlled the north and

another group, supported by the western countries such as the United States, controlled the south.

The plan was for the Vietnamese people to vote on the type of government the wanted. The United

States hoped to find a democratic alternative to Ho Chi Minh. They wanted the people to vote for

a democracy that would be supported by the West instead of a communist state.

The national election never happened and over time, the United States supported the South

Vietnam government with advisors, military aid and finally armed intervention. The United

States subscribed to the theory of the Domino Effect. They feared that if one country became

communist, that surrounding countries would soon follow. The United States and other western

countries saw the spread of communism as a threat. One of the chief aims of the Cold War was the

containment of communism.

The Vietminh from the north and the Vietcong from the south fought against the United States

and the South Vietnamese government. Although China and the Soviet Union never sent soldiers

to fight in the war, they did support Ho Chi Minh with financial and military aid.

The Vietnam War lasted many years and cost the United States billions of dollars and thousands of

lives. It created division at home as American split over whether or not to continue the war.

Finally, in 1975, the United States finally withdrew completely from Vietnam. It was not long

before the North Vietnamese army took complete control of the country.

Today, Vietnam is still a communist country. The southern capital, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi

Minh City in honor of the communist leader. However, the neighboring countries did not also

become communist as predicted by the Domino Effect theory.