thought starter #2 turn to page 714-715 read “previewing main ideas” then, try to find the...
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Thought Starter #2Turn to page 714-715Read “Previewing Main Ideas”Then, try to find the answers to the three Geography questions: ◦WRITE down the answers in your notebook for your Thought Starter
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15TH CENTURY FARMING
18TH CENTURY FARMING
THE AGRICULTURAL THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
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PRIOR TO THE PRIOR TO THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM OPEN FIELD SYSTEM
•Cooperative plowing
•Conserved the quality of land
•Balanced distribution of good land
•Farmers were part of a “team”
•Gleaning: collecting leftover crops from farmers' fields after they have been harvested
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ENCLOSUREENCLOSUREEach landowner Each landowner received a single received a single piece of propertypiece of propertyNo common landsNo common lands
Open Field Open Field SystemSystem
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ENCLOSUREENCLOSURELarge Land OwnersLarge Land Owners
Had the political strength to pass The Enclosure Law
Owned large unified farms under this systemFarming was more efficientDidn’t need consent of the village to
experiment with new crop methods
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ENCLOSUREENCLOSURESmall LandownersSmall Landowners
FORCED OFF THEIR LANDCould not afford the:
Required fencingA team of oxen
Could no longer glean or gather woodSold plots to large landowners:
Forced to Rent orWork for someone else
Increasing the # of men looking for work
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NEW TECHNOLOGY: NEW TECHNOLOGY: from scientific Revolution from scientific Revolution Minus the restrictions of the
Open Field System – new technology and new farming techniques were implemented.
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The Seed Drill – Jethro The Seed Drill – Jethro TullTull
Planted seed in neat rows
Improved germination
Reduced amount of seed used in planting
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Additional MachinesAdditional Machines Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American
Cyrus McCormic (1834) Self-cleaning steel plow – John Deere(1837) Thresher – separated grain from stalk Harvester – cut and bind grain Combine - cut, thresh, and sack grain Tractor – pulled equipment through the field Corn planter Potato digger Electric milker Cotton picker
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Scientific AgricultureScientific Agriculture
Crop Rotation Viscount Charles
“Turnip” Townsend Alternating grain
crops: wheat and barley, with soil enriching crops: turnips and clovers.
No longer had to leave land fallow
Scientific Breeding1725-1795Selective breeding of
animalsProduced more and
better animalsProduced more milk
and meat
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The Effects of the The Effects of the Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution
1. Agricultural production increased
2. Cost of foodstuffs dropped
3. Increased production of food resulted in part, in a rapid growth of population
4. Large farms, using machines and scientific methods, began to dominate agriculture
5. Number of small farms began to decline
6. The number of farmers, in proportion to total population, decreased sharply
7. Many farmers moved to the cities
8. The population of cities increased rapidly
9. Farmers found their work less difficult because machines performed the back breaking labor
10. Farming changed from a self-sufficient way of life to big business