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Imperium Book 2

Romanus

Julian Morgan

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Copyright © 2013 Julian Morgan

All rights reserved.

ISBN: 1484986687 ISBN-13: 978-1484986684

Edition 1.2.0

All photographs used in this book were taken by the Author, with the sanction of the institutions involved.

Any errors and omissions in this book are the fault of the Author.

They will be rectified as soon as he becomes aware of them.

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DEDICATION

For Bonnie Patricia, with much love.

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CONTENTS

Chapter 11 The journey to Rome 1

Chapter 12 Rome the Eternal City 7

Chapter 13 Who needs a teacher? 13

Chapter 14 Proper writing 18

Chapter 15 That's a bit much! 26

Chapter 16 Work it out yourself 34

Chapter 17 The praetor's games 41

Chapter 18 Things to be done 50

Chapter 19 A marriage of convenience 59

Chapter 20 Moves and Manoeuvres 69

Latin to English Vocabulary 78

English to Latin Vocabulary 88

Also available

About the Author

100

102

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PREFACE

The Imperium Latin course was written as a personal challenge, as I had wanted for a long time to create an all-new set of resources for twenty-first century students, using state of the art systems and materials. The printed book is part of the whole project and I hope that both the student and the teacher will also want to look at the other materials which are available. In particular, making use of the Imperium Word Tools App could lift the quality of the experience. Please visit www.imperiumlatin.com for further information. In learning Latin, it is important to master systems of vocabulary and grammar. Each chapter of this book starts with an exercise (numbered x.1) in which you can meet new material. Then you will get to see other exercises and read about the language. A background section is attached to each chapter, so you can learn interesting things about the Romans as you go. Finally, each chapter concludes with a section called sine qua non, including things you really should learn and know (literally, sine qua non means without which not). If you are being taught in class, you will be tested on these sections regularly - be warned! There are many unknown factors in the historical scenario here. Amongst other things, we do not know exactly how Trajan's career developed, or exactly where he served during the years AD 85 to 98, when he became emperor. This book will try to look at some of the probable twists and turns he took, as he managed to keep favour with the Emperor Domitian during a dark time in Rome's history.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first version of this course was developed for use by students in the European School of Karlsruhe in Germany. These students played an essential role, contributing practical help and advice in the construction of the original Graeculus course and extension materials. I am most grateful to them and to those others whose ideas have fed into this course, who have not had to endure the pains of being in my classroom. Their names appear in the list below. This is a living course, which can still be corrected and added to by others: this is something which digital publishing allows very easily. I very much hope that as students and teachers think of ways to improve Imperium, they will not hold back from making contact with me, so that the materials will continue to evolve through the years. Thanks to: Sagnik Aich, James Arvidsson, Edward Barber, Laura Barber, Bob Bass, Josie Bayless, Kriti Bhatia, Jennifer Bove, Jonathan Carbol, Stephen Carver, Grégoire Dawirs, Alexander Dörr, Sabrina Dörr, Marla Geesing, Philip Geesing, Gabriella Gorey, Janine Harrison, HP Herrmann, Ashley Huffer, Raelyn Javra, Oleg Kaikov, Joshua Köhler, Mary Kuznetsova, Ines Ladehof, Rob Latousek, Evita Müller, Chiara Nicholl, Esther Orta, Johanna Prior, Ricardo Ros, Ben Ruckpaul, Alessandro Savenije, Massimiliano Savenije, Marianne Schädler, Oliver Schlindwein, Alexandre Schneider, Isobel Scott-Stewart, Zalanda Shah, Alison Sharples, Julia Silva, Victoria Steckhan, Adriano Suckow, Sila Taskin, Karl Tichy, Katherine Tolmie, Lisa Tolmie, Brian Turner, Gabriel Van Brocklin, Bob Van Den Brink, David Vargas-Aguilo, Stéphanie Villette, Anna-Lena Voss, Christopher Weir, Christina West, Collin Wolf, Alicia Yngstrand, Emelie Yngstrand

A special acknowledgement should go to the late Professor David West, whose perceptive wisdom, minuscule handwriting and kind words of encouragement helped me greatly during the early stages of writing these materials.

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Chapter 11 The journey to Rome

Foreword to Chapter 11

At the end of Imperium Book 1, it was announced that Trajan had been appointed praetor of Rome, which is equivalent to a government minister's post today. He was on a fast track to becoming one of the most important senators of his day and wanted to impress both the emperor Domitian and the citizens of Rome, as he took up his one year political posting in the capital city of the Empire.

Ex. 11.1 Translate the following sentences into English.

Traianus dicit, “cras nobis necesse est Romam iter facere.”

Hadrianus dicit, “equos fortes habere debemus! Roma longe ab Hispania abest.”

Traianus respondet, “noli tam stultus esse, puer! Romam equitare non possumus.* in navem conscendere debemus ut ad Italiam veniamus.

primum Gades, deinde Romam per apertum mare hoc iter faciamus.”

Traiani consilium Hadriano multum placet sed fessus est.

“cura ut bene dormias,” inquit Traianus. “cras iter nobis non facile erit.”**

tandem ad cubicula eunt ut dormiant.

puer in somnio ad navem venit ut in apertum mare eat et ad Italiam naviget.

Traianus et puer in navem conscendunt ut Romam navigent.

iter longum est sed tandem Italiam vident. e nave descendunt ut urbem visitent.

* possumus – we can ** erit – will be

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Subjunctive verbs: questions of mood and courtesy Verbs in any language can have many different properties. These can include person, e.g. 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. Then again, we could talk about number, e.g. singular or plural. After this, we could mention tense. If we wanted to, we could also talk about the so-called voice, which refers to whether the verb is active or passive. Right now, however, we are going to talk about something called mood. The mood of a verb is normally called indicative, if the action is a normal, uncomplicated one. For example, auditis means you (pl) hear and the verb clearly indicates that you are doing precisely that: there is no doubt at all about what you are actually doing. So far in Imperium, most verb forms have been indicative, though we have also had some infinitives and imperatives along the way. Well, now things are going to get a little more moody. The subjunctive mood is normally used to join, or better, sub-join, a main clause (with indicative verb) to a less important clause (with subjunctive verb). Subjunctive comes from sub, meaning under, and junct-, as in the word junction, meaning a joining. Get it? If we want this to happen, we normally use a little conjunction such as ut, meaning so that. Study the sentences here: The boy comes to the bedroom so that he may sleep. puer ad cubiculum venit ut dormiat. We praise the boy so that he may be happy. puerum laudamus ut laetus sit. However, the subjunctive can also be used on its own in a sentence, without a word like ut. In this case, the basic modification in English involves adding may, e.g. sint, they may be, or vocemus, we may call. You can also translate such sentences using let, should, could or would. For example: audiamus – we may hear; let us hear; we should hear; we could hear; we would hear. Now look at the table below and notice that there are some very obvious short-cuts in learning this stuff. For example, if the verb had an a in it before, then it has an e in it now. If it didn't have an a in it before, then it does now. This vowel modification in Latin makes the verb seem more polite.

Person voco habeo rego audio sum

I vocem habeam regam audiam sim

You (s) voces habeas regas audias sis

He/She/It vocet habeat regat audiat sit

We vocemus habeamus regamus audiamus simus

You (pl) vocetis habeatis regatis audiatis sitis

They vocent habeant regant audiant sint

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Ex. 11.2 Translate the following words into English. Each example should be translated in at least two different ways. The first one has been done for you. Caution! Not all these verbs are in the subjunctive.

clament they may shout, let them shout

capiam

devoretis

equitemus

regunt

respondeat

teneo

teneam

vocem

sitis

adsunt

Moral message Always watch out for a moody mare. Enough said. Ex. 11.3 Translate the following phrases into Latin. The verb forms required should all be in the subjunctive in Latin. The first one has been done for you. All answers except the last one should consist of just one word in Latin. Let me see videam

I may descend

You (s) may hear

We may be

Let me go down (descend)

I may desire

They should shout

You (s) should send

Let him serve in the army

Let's see

It may be necessary

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Ex 11.4 Translate the following sentences into English. Before you start this exercise, please note the two different meanings of ludus in Latin. It can mean school but it can also mean a game. It is often used in the plural to refer to gladiatorial games.

Traianus et Hadrianus e nave descendunt ut ad urbem eant.

imperator Domitianus Traianum rogat ut praetor Romae sit.

praetor Romam venit ut ludos civibus det.

Traianus puerum ad ludum ducere cupit ut Hadriano magistrum novum inveniat.

Hadrianus ad ludum ire cupit ut de Graecis multa discat.

Ex. 11.5 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

The emperor Domitian sees the new praetor and smiles.

Trajan desires to bring (in Latin, to lead) Hadrian to the new school, so that he may see the new teacher.

The praetor asks the emperor to (in Latin, so that he may) look at the amphitheatre.

The senators see Trajan and praise Domitian, because they are happy.

The donkey is not happy. He is sad and miserable, because Hadrian is not in Spain.

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Background Domitian, emperor of Rome When Trajan first became praetor of Rome in AD 85 or 86, the emperor was a man called Domitian. He was a rather complex personality, who was never truly loved by his people. Indeed, it seems fair to say that there was a climate of fear surrounding him during his reign. Domitian was the son of the great emperor Vespasian, who had ruled for 10 years between AD 69 and 79. Vespasian had been the last of the four emperors who came to power after Nero was forced to commit suicide in AD 68 and he had brought renewed stability to the Roman world. Basically, Nero had made a complete mess of things in his years as emperor and after his death, many Romans had wanted to see a restoration of the previous system, the so-called Republic. Vespasian managed to turn public opinion around by a clever series of plans and developments in the city: we looked at the best known of these in chapter 6 of Imperium Book 1, the building of the Colosseum in Rome.

After Vespasian died, power was handed over to his son Titus, whose arch of victory can still be found at the eastern end of the Forum in Rome. This commemorates a campaign held in Judea, the modern country of Israel, which resulted in the destruction of the city of Jerusalem in AD 70.

A great triumphal procession was held through the streets of Rome and Vespasian and Titus were widely admired for their great victories. Items taken as prizes in the war were paraded publicly, marking a turning point in the popular acceptance of the new, Flavian regime. Titus' sack of Jerusalem led to the enforced break-up of the state of Israel, which was not reconstituted again until 1948, so the importance of these events reached right up until the modern age. One of the generals who made his name in this campaign was none other than the up-and-coming Trajan.

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The problem we have with Titus, however, is that he simply did not live long enough for us to know one way or another whether he would have been a good emperor or not. Within two years of taking over from Vespasian, he died, and history is still very much in two minds as to what might have happened if he had stayed alive. His younger brother Domitian had been born in AD 51. After his father became emperor he was allowed to hold rank several times as consul, though it is clear that Vespasian preferred Titus as heir to the throne. However, on the death of his older brother in AD 81, Domitian became the next of the Flavian emperors, building a large palace for himself on the Palatine Hill. During the early part of his reign he was well-liked and he campaigned on the Rhine and the Danube, winning victories against various tribes in the region: other campaigns were carried out also in Northern Britain under the leadership of Agricola. During the latter part of his reign, Domitian became unpopular, carrying out purges of high-ranking Romans and becoming increasingly isolated. In AD 96 he was assassinated by a conspiracy of those close to him, who may even have included his wife. sine qua non absum, abesse, afui I am absent apertus, aperta, apertum open consilium, consilii, n plan cras tomorrow facio, facere, feci, factum I do, make invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum I find iter, itineris, n journey, way longus, longa, longum long navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum I sail navis, navis, f ship primum first, at first ut so that (+ subjunctive) Subjunctive verbs Person voco habeo rego audio sum

I vocem habeam regam audiam sim

You (s) voces habeas regas audias sis

He/She/It vocet habeat regat audiat sit

We vocemus habeamus regamus audiamus simus

You (pl) vocetis habeatis regatis audiatis sitis

They vocent habeant regant audiant sint Translations for the subjunctive in English include may, let, should, could, would.

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Chapter 12 Rome the Eternal City Ex. 12.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Traianus puero urbem ostendit. “ecce Palatium,” inquit, “ubi pugna Romuli et Remi erat.* Romulus rex primus Romae erat.*

hoc est palatium imperatoris, quod Domitianus sibi** aedificat, ut omnes videant et attoniti sint. palatium est magnum et magnificum.

stadium etiam Domitianus in palatio aedificat, ubi ludos sibi** et amicis habeat.

ecce villa Liviae, uxoris Augusti, qui pacem Romae et populo Romano tulit.***

illud est forum, ubi templa deorum sunt. illud est templum, ubi corpus Iulii Caesaris dictatoris crematum est.****

hoc est amphitheatrum novum. opus est Imperatoris Vespasiani. quinque annos apertum est. optimum est omnium amphitheatrorum in imperio Romano.

illud est Tiberis flumen. pons iam centum annos stat. est opus Lucii Fabricii. pons manet ut cives Romani insulam Tiberinam visitent.”

“urbs Roma optima est,” inquit Hadrianus. “mihi multum placet!”

“cras mihi necesse est magistrum reperire ut te doceat,” inquit Traianus.

“quid? eheu! sollicitus sum!” inquit Hadrianus.

* erat - was ** sibi – for himself *** tulit – brought **** crematum est – was cremated

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More information about the subjunctive A note about ne In Latin, as we have seen, ut can mean in order to, or so that... It is usually followed by the subjunctive mood, which is a requirement of the language and not just a thing meaning “may” or “should”. We also should know by now that the normal way in Latin of saying not is by using the word non. Well, not any more, sugar. In most sentences, when you'd think of using an expression meaning in order not to, you'd use the word ne in Latin, instead of ut + non. This isn't quite always true but for now, it's a good thing to remember. Study the examples below: Hadrianus multa discit ne stultus maneat. Hadrian learns many things so that he won't remain stupid. Traianus Hadrianum ne exeat rogat. Trajan asks Hadrian not to go out (so that he may not go out). asinus in stabulo stat ne Bucephalus solus sit. The donkey stands in the stable so that Bucephalus won't be alone. Basically, this is more or less the same as using ut, so you should find it quite easy. If you are keen on sounding a bit more grand, then you could also say that ne in Latin could be translated as lest in English. See if this works for the three examples given. Clue – it only works for two of them. Ex. 12.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

Traianus Hadrianum Romam ducit ne in ludum Italicae ire debeat.

magister ludi ridet ne puer modestus sit.

Plotina Domitiam Paulinam curat ne fleat.

Romulus Remum fratrem necat ne populum Romanum regat.

te teneo ne cadas. Moral message While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand; When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall; And when Rome falls - the world. (by Lord Byron, who didn't spell Colosseum as we do now!)

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Purpose We call something purpose when we mean, you did something in order to do something else. The link words indicating purpose are in order to, or so that. Uses of the infinitive to express purpose in English and other languages Where Latin uses ut or ne, you will often just reach for an infinitive of a verb in a modern language, perhaps also adding a link word such as pour (French). Study these examples, from different languages: We come to school to learn Latin. (English) Nous venons à l'école pour apprendre le latin. (French) Venimos a la escuela para aprender Latin. (Spanish) Wij komen naar school om Latijn te leren. (Dutch) Wir kommen zur Schule um Latein zu lernen. (German) One exception to this is Swedish, where an infinitive is not normally used like this. Study this example, of which you may or may not be able to make some sense: Vi kommer till skolan så att vi kan lära oss latin. This system comes much closer than all the other languages to what Latin would say: venimus ad ludum ut linguam Latinam discamus. Latin never normally uses an infinitive here, though in English, it's the easiest and most common way to translate this (check all examples above one more time). Indirect Command There is another sort of expression in Latin which uses the subjunctive, with ut or ne. It is called Indirect Command. It works like this: when you ask somebody to do something, you are the subject of the verb and he or she is the subject of the subordinate clause in Latin, after ut or ne. Study these examples: magister puerum rogat ut Homerum legat. The master asks the boy to read Homer (so that he should read Homer). moneo vos ne hoc faciatis. I warn you not to do this (so that you should not do this). A variation on this is the use of curo ut + subjunctive, meaning I see to it that... magister curat ut discipuli laeti sint. The teacher sees to it that the students should be happy. You won't get this right unless you can recognise that verbs like legat and faciat are actually in the subjunctive.

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Ex. 12.3 Read the following sentences in English. In the column on the right, mark with the letters P or IC whether the bits in green are purpose clauses or Indirect Commands. The first one has been done for you.

I came to school today to learn a bunch of stuff. P

The teacher asked me to read chapter 12 of this book.

I warned my friend not to talk so much in class.

We all tried our best so we would get good marks.

Hadrian urges the donkey to walk more quickly.

I study hard so I can go to the best university.

Trajan was asked by Domitian to come to the palace.

The praetor was elected so he could run affairs in Rome.

Ovidius went into the stable so he could eat his hay.

I asked you not to go there, so that you wouldn't find this out! Ex. 12.4 Translate the following sentences into English.

rogo te ut taceas.

Plotina Annam urget ut Domitiam Paulinam curet.

curate ut bene dormiatis.

praetor ut optimi sint ludi in amphitheatro curat.

Traianus ut optimus magister ludi Hadriano sit curat.

Ex. 12.5 Translate the following sentences into Latin. The subordinate clauses have been coloured green to help you.

Trajan asks Hadrian to be silent.

Trajan urges the boy not to be worried about the new school.

Come to the forum, so that you can see the temples of the gods.

They come to the Palatine Hill so that they can see the palace of the emperor Domitian.

Domitia Paulina asks Hannibal to take (lead) the donkey to the field so that he can eat (devour) the grass.

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Background Rome the Eternal City Rome in AD 86 was a very busy place indeed. After Vespasian established the new Flavian dynasty, a renewed feeling of purpose had come to the city. The Arch of Titus represented the Flavian achievement but more was to come and Domitian's plans to develop the Palatine Hill were to change the face of the city for the future. The Colosseum is the single largest addition to Rome made in the Flavian period but there are many other well known buildings still on view in Rome today, which were already standing at this time. As Hadrian first came to Rome, he will have been shown the major temples around the Forum, which must have been hugely impressive then. In effect, each major building in the city was a marker from the past. On March 15th, 44 BC, Julius Caesar had been assassinated by a group of people trying to return power to the people, in the form of government which we call the Republic. Some time after this, a temple was built in his honour, seen here, on the place where his body was cremated. This is the place where Mark Antony stood and delivered his speech, which Shakespeare rewrote as follows.

Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them, The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be with Caesar. Today, the Temple of the Divine Julius Caesar is still there and people still place gifts of flowers where his body was buried. This is the kind of thing which people mean when they call Rome “the Eternal City”.

Much older than this are the first buildings on the Palatine, where the twin brothers Romulus and Remus fought. Each one thought he knew best, in terms of where the first walls of the city should be built and when they came to blows, Romulus killed his own twin brother, in order to make the first foundations of the city here. This was in 753 BC but foundations of buildings called the Huts of Romulus can still be seen here today.

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Not far from the huts of Romulus, we can see the great palace of Domitian, with its stadium and other grandiose structures. Trajan was certainly received here, as one of Domitian's promising new politicians and soldiers. Augustus and Livia, the first emperor of Rome and his wife, had lived here in much more simple conditions, about one hundred years earlier. Below the Palatine Hill, the Forum was the great city centre, full of temples, halls, courtrooms and speakers' platforms. We will discover more about this great civic centre in the next few chapters. sine qua non aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum I build annus, anni, m year attonitus, attonita, attonitum astonished deus, dei, m god dictator, dictatoris, m dictator ecce look eheu oh dear etiam even, also flumen, fluminis, n river forum, fori, n forum imperium, imperii, n power, empire insula, insulae, f island opus, operis, n work, project palatium, palatii, n palace pax, pacis, f peace pons, pontis, m bridge primus, prima, primum first pugna, pugnae, f fight rex, regis, m king stadium, stadii, n stadium templum, templi, n temple vir, viri, m man

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Chapter 13 Who needs a teacher? Ex. 13.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Traianus puerum in aulam magnificam ducit. senex benignus media in aula stat.

“hic est Marcus Fabius Quintilianus,” inquit Traianus. “amicus meus est, qui ex Hispania venit. optimus est omnium rhetorum Romae.”

“quid est rhetor?” rogat Hadrianus.

“rhetor discipulos docet quomodo orationes habeant.”

Hadrianus rogat cur necesse sit orationem habere.

Quintilianus ridet. “puer multa discere debet. sed nobis Hispanis facile est discere, quod callidi sumus et diligenter laboramus. Hadriane, nisi senatores Romani orationes in Curia habeant, nihil nobis faciant.

optimus orator est optimus senatorum. tibi necesse est discere quomodo optimam orationem habeas.

sed primum grammaticum tibi invenire debemus, non rhetorem. linguam Latinam omnes scimus, quod prima lingua nobis est. nonne Graecas litteras quoque legis? hoc magni momenti* est. dic mihi** quid scias.”

Hadrianus ridet, “ego litteras Graecas certe lego. Homerus mihi multum placet. amici me 'Graeculum' appellant.”

Quintilianus quoque ridet. “optime puerorum!” inquit.

* magni momenti – of great importance ** dic mihi – tell me

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Indirect Question We have already seen that the subjunctive mood is used to indicate purpose, or to pass on commands indirectly to people, after verbs of persuading, urging and ordering. In this chapter we meet another of its uses, which is similar to but different from Indirect Command. This little feller-me-lad is called Indirect Question, which refers to when somebody asks somebody who/how/what/when/where something is happening. Direct question or direct speech is when one person says something directly to another, such as, “Who are you?”, or “I see no ships”. When we implant a direct question into a sentence after a verb of asking, we might see something like: He asked me who I was. They wonder who I am. I want to know who you are. In each case, the part of the sentence in green shows the indirect question. In Latin, the basic idea is the same as for purpose clauses or indirect commands, which is that verbs in indirect questions are in the subjunctive. It creates another reason why you should be able to recognise these verb forms when you see them. Check out the examples which follow: asinus videt ubi Bucephalus sit. The donkey sees where Bucephalus is. Traianus dicit quid sit orator. Trajan says what an orator is. audite me quomodo hoc faciatis. Listen to me how you should do this. Moral message Always be direct, especially if you are giving directions. Don't allow yourself to be too direct, however: too much of being direct can lead to catastrophe. In case you are worried about excessive amounts of direction in your life, reflect on the fact that there are around 1,150,000,000 Google hits leading towards this ruin at this time of writing. Maybe some lack of direction could help us all out of this mess. Seen here is the Appian Way, a road built in 312 BC, leading from Rome to Capua in the South.

Like most Roman roads, it's pretty direct.

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Ex. 13.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

rogo te quis sis.

rhetor mihi dicit quis sit.

grammaticus discipulos docet quomodo linguam Latinam et litteras Graecas legant.

Quintilianus Hadrianum rogat si Graecas litteras bene legat.

rhetor discipulos docet quomodo orationes habeant.

Traianus et Hadrianus ad aulam veniunt ut Quintilianum videant.

Quintilianus monet ut grammaticum puero invenire necesse sit.

te moneo ne venias.

disco ut doceam.

asinus sollicitus est ubi Bucephalus sit.

Ex. 13.3 Translate the following sentences into Latin. The subordinate clauses, which need subjunctive verbs, have been coloured green to help you.

Trajan asks Hadrian what his friends are doing. (You don’t need a word to translate his in Latin)

Quintilian asks why Hadrian comes to the hall.

The senators come to the Senate House in order to make speeches.

Hadrian asks the teacher of rhetoric why it is necessary to make speeches.

Quintilian warns Hadrian to see to it that he should learn Greek literature (letters).

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Background Quintilian and his impact on Roman education The basic process of education in the Roman world was well established and not unlike what we expect to happen today, at least in some ways: we have already seen some of this in chapter 10. However, it may be worth our while looking at this in a bit more detail now, particularly in view of Hadrian’s arrival in Rome and what must have happened afterwards. The truth is, there is a lot here which we do not know but it is fair to suggest that Trajan might have known Quintilian, because of the Spanish connections they both shared, and it is certainly fair to suggest that anyone who knew Quintilian would have sought his advice about the education of a minor. You see, Quintilian more or less was Roman education. He came to prominence after the death of Nero and his unique contribution to Rome’s education system was a set of works called Institutio Oratoria, or Education for Oratory. Quintilian was by no means the first educational theorist who influenced European thought. He followed in the footsteps of famous Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, who had also left their mark on the modern world. However, Quintilian was rather more human in some ways and much of what he said about education still makes a lot of sense today. In the first instance, he spoke about the need for moral integrity in education, which contrasted quite clearly with some of what had gone before. He said in the preface to his work:

... oratorem perfectum, qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest…

... a perfect orator, who cannot be so unless he is also a good man… (Institutio Oratoria 1, Preface, section 9)

Then he speaks about the need for learning a second language, reflecting that a first language is picked up by most people, with or without a teacher's input.

Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum… pluribus in usu est… I prefer a boy to start with Greek, because Latin… is in use by more people... (Institutio Oratoria 1.1.12)

It should be remembered that Greek literature was very much preferred by a lot of people to Latin literature: this certainly coloured Quintilian’s opinions here. Perhaps unusual, however, was his focus on student motivation, in a society where beating pupils was really quite normal. Quintilian made very clear that he realised the real danger of students being turned off if their studies were too hard for them.

... ne studia qui amare nondum potest oderit... lusus hic sit.

... lest he might hate studies who cannot yet love them... let him have fun here. (Institutio Oratoria 1.1.20)

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This very modern attitude is perhaps surprising. Quintilian also spoke of his preference for state education, alongside a reluctant acknowledgement that private education might often prove a more attractive option, due to issues such as bullying in the state sector. He is quite clear about the need for students and teachers to develop a good, positive classroom relationship, as seen here.

nec ego eo mitti puerum volo ubi neglegatur... et in primis ea habenda cura est ut is omni modo fiat nobis familiariter amicus, nec officium in docendo spectet sed adfectum. ita numquam erimus in turba. Nor do I want the boy to be sent where he may be neglected... and the most important thing is to take care that he should become in every way a friend to us, on good terms, and the teacher should not regard the obligation in his work but the joy. So we will never be swamped by a crowd. (Institutio Oratoria 1.2.15)

In the last part of this section, you will see that Quintilian is actually talking about the need for small class sizes, which you will find is still under discussion in more or less every educational system in the world today: this guy certainly did understand the real issues! sine qua non appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum I call aula, aulae, f hall callidus, callida, callidum clever certe certainly Curia, Curiae, f Senate House diligenter carefully discipulus, discipuli, m pupil doceo, docere, docui, doctum I teach grammaticus, grammatici, m teacher of grammar Hispanus, Hispana, Hispanum Spanish lingua, linguae, f language, tongue medius, media, medium the middle of nisi if ... not, unless oratio, orationis, f speech orationem habeo I make a speech orator, oratoris, m orator quomodo how rhetor, rhetoris, m teacher of rhetoric scio, scire, scivi, scitum I know se, sui, sibi, se himself, herself, itself, themselves senex, senis, m old man

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Chapter 14 Proper writing Ex. 14.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Before starting, be aware that the word littera means a letter, like a letter a or b, whereas epistula means a letter, as in a love letter. To confuse matters, litterae (plural) can mean lots of letters (a’s, b’s and c’s), a letter (such as a love letter) or even literature! Quintilianus Traianum et Hadrianum ad ludum invitat.

Traianus et Hadrianus ad ludum a Quintiliano invitantur.

“ecce Quintus Terentius Scaurus!” inquit Quintilianus. “optimus est omnium grammaticorum. librum de orthographia scribit. nonne scis quid sit orthographia, Graecule?”

“bene scio,” respondet Hadrianus. “si orthographia neglegitur, difficile est litteras legere.”

Scaurus ridet. “et tu, Hadriane, quomodo litterae tuae scribuntur? mihi ostende!”

Hadrianus Scauro epistulam ostendit quae ad sororem in Hispania scribitur.

Scaurus epistulam tollit et legit. “litterae bene faciuntur. bene scribis, puer. cura ut epistulae tuae semper tam bene scribantur. sed cur tu Graeculus appellaris?”

“facile est, magister. Graeculus appellor quod semper Homerum lego. litterae Graecae mihi multum placent.”

“bene est. grammaticum tuum me appelles. in ludum meum te ut studeas invito.”

Hadriano multum placet quod a Scauro in ludum invitatur.

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The Passive Voice The word passive is often used in English to mean slug-like, or lazy. If you only make a passive response to something, it’s as good as saying you do nothing about it, or just let it happen to you. The word comes to English from the Latin word patior, pati, passus sum, which means I allow, or I suffer. Hence we talk about the Passion of Christ, referring to his suffering. When this word is used in the context of a verb, it refers to something which is done to the subject of the verb, e.g. the slug was flattened, or the cabbage is being eaten by the slug. You may ask, why is the passive called a voice? Live with it. It just is. Now study the table below, which has some examples in it in English of all four permutations of verbs which you have learned so far on this course. The terms involved are:

! Indicative Mood – indicates clearly and without hesitation what is happening. ! Subjunctive Mood – indicates some doubt or hesitation, or can be used in

subordinate clauses. ! Active Voice – used when the subject of the verb is doing the deed. ! Passive Voice – used when the subject of the verb is being affected/done by

someone or something.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Indicative Mood

I hate slimy slugs and their gooey trails across my radish bed. Slugs love lettuce. The wellington boot crushed the life out of the slug.

Slimy slugs are hated by all good-thinking people, including me. Lettuce is eaten by slimy slugs. The slug was crushed by a wellington boot.

Subjunctive Mood

I may eat my radishes if the slugs don’t do it for me. The slugs come to my garden to eat (so that they may eat) my radishes. I instructed the slugs to leave (so that they might leave) my garden.

I am afraid that my radishes may be eaten by slugs. I have put slug pellets on the garden so that my vegetables should not be attacked. I do not know how the slugs may be stopped from their horrible slimy incursions.

Moral message I am not going to state the obvious here. But I did just come in from my garden. Just remember that slugs, radishes and lettuces don’t go together. And if there is one thing worse than finding a slug in a strawberry, it’s finding half a one there.

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Agents and Instruments When a verb is passive in English, you often see the word by appear somewhere near it. If the word by goes with a person, then this is called an agent. If the word by goes with a thing, then this is called an instrument. Sometimes, just sometimes, it isn’t always clear whether you are dealing with an agent or an instrument, as in the case of a slug. In this case you need to use the rules as laid out below.

The slug: an instrument of destruction Agents’ rule In Latin, agents are expressed by a* or ab** (+ ablative).

! Hadrianus a Scauro invitatur – Hadrian is invited by Scaurus ! asinus ab Anna curatur – the donkey is looked after by Anna ! discipuli a magistro docentur – the students are taught by the teacher

a* is followed by a consonant, ab** is followed by a vowel.

Instruments’ rule In Latin, instruments are expressed by the simple Ablative case, without a or ab.

! Hadrianus silentio terretur – Hadrian is terrified by the silence ! puer gladio vulneratus est – the boy is wounded by a sword ! radix limace devoratur – the radish is eaten by the slug

Ex. 14.2 In the table below, write in the column on the right a grammatical term described in this chapter, which you think best applies to the words in green in the left column. The first one has been done for you.

The radishes are under attack by slugs. Instrument

I am welcomed by my friends.

I may see you next week.

The students are taught by a teacher.

Slugs love making my life hell.

My radishes may be eaten by slugs by the time I get home.

I should like to see all slugs eradicated.

You may seem happy now but wait until you see my radishes.

I am wanted at home.

I was injured yesterday by a flying banana.

This is utter nonsense.

It may be nonsense but at least it’s grammatical nonsense.

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A verbs chart You may find (subjunctive) this table useful for completing the next two exercises. Unfortunately for you, you will find it again when you get to sine qua non in this chapter.

Active Indicative – I call/have/rule/hear/am

I voco habeo rego audio sum

You (s) vocas habes regis audis es

He/She/It vocat habet regit audit est

We vocamus habemus regimus audimus sumus

You (pl) vocatis habetis regitis auditis estis

They vocant habent regunt audiunt sunt

Active Subjunctive – I may call/have/rule/hear/be

I vocem habeam regam audiam sim

You (s) voces habeas regas audias sis

He/She/It vocet habeat regat audiat sit

We vocemus habeamus regamus audiamus simus

You (pl) vocetis habeatis regatis audiatis sitis

They vocent habeant regant audiant sint

Passive Indicative – I am (being) called/had/ruled/heard

I vocor habeor regor audior Yippee! There is no passive of the verb to be. You can’t be be’d!

You (s) vocaris haberis regeris audiris

He/She/It vocatur habetur regitur auditur

We vocamur habemur regimur audimur

You (pl) vocamini habemini regimini audimini

They vocantur habentur reguntur audiuntur

Passive Subjunctive – I may be called/had/ruled/heard

I vocer habear regar audiar Yippee! There is no passive of the verb to be. You can’t be be’d!

You (s) voceris habearis regaris audiaris

He/She/It vocetur habeatur regatur audiatur

We vocemur habeamur regamur audiamur

You (pl) vocemini habeamini regamini audiamini

They vocentur habeantur regantur audiantur

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Short cuts to verb endings You will notice in the chart on the previous page that: ! Active endings of verbs follow the pattern –o (or –m), -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt ! Passive endings of verbs follow the pattern –r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur ! Indicative endings use vowels –a (1st conjugation), -e (2nd), -i (3rd), -i (4th) ! Subjunctive endings use vowels –e (1st conjugation), -ea (2nd), -a (3rd), -ia (4th)

Ex. 14.3 Translate the following sentences into English.

radices limacibus devorantur.

si Hadrianus librum Homeri legit, laetus est.

si Hadrianus multos libros Homeri legat, laetus sit.

litterae Hadriani ad sororem in Hispania bene scribuntur.

discipuli Scauri bene docentur.

grammaticus pueros quomodo bene scribant docet.

discipuli quomodo litteras Graecas scribant a magistro docentur.

Hadrianus ab amicis 'Graeculus' vocatur.

mihi difficile est limaces amare.

Anna asino radicem dat sed ille non devorat quod limacem videt.

Ex. 14.4 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

Trajan sees Quintus Terentius Scaurus when he is invited to the school.

If you see me in the street, invite me to your house.

The donkey is terrified by slugs.

The teacher is asked by Hadrian why Homer writes such (= so) good literature.

The food is devoured by the donkey in the stable, lest it be eaten by a slug in the field.

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Background The role of the grammaticus The grammaticus was very important in the Roman world – but perhaps not in the same way that a secondary school teacher is important today. You see, his whole outlook on life was rather different from that of a modern day teacher. In today’s secondary schools, most of our education is subject-based. That is to say, our students are taught specialist subjects by specialist teachers, all of whom have probably studied at university in their chosen areas of study. However, in the Roman world, what we might call university today was really just a set of lessons at the hands of the rhetor, the teacher of rhetoric. If Roman universities were about learning to speak well, then Roman secondary schools were about reading and writing well enough to become a good speaker. How did they do this? Well, really, just by reading texts and understanding them. Virtually all of Roman secondary education was geared around literature, rather than individual subjects. Students were taught how to read not only Latin texts, such as Virgil’s Aeneid and the poems of Horace, but also Greek texts, such as Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and the plays of Sophocles and Euripides. In practice, the grammaticus had to explain what different passages of poetry meant and how the writers of them used literary effects to convey meaning. So a great deal of time was spent in studying basic literary techniques and essential explanation. Other aspects of life come into literature, of course, such as travel, geography, history, philosophy and science. The grammaticus had to explain any aspect of the books studied, since he was the only real teacher for the students. So, for example, let us imagine a student was studying this passage, written by the poet Catullus. multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus advenio has miseras, frater, ad inferias, ut te postremo donarem munere mortis et mutam nequiquam alloquerer cinerem, quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum. heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi, nunc tamen interea haec, prisco quae more parentum tradita sunt tristi munere ad inferias, accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu, atque in perpetuum, frater, ave atque vale. (Catullus, Carmina 101) Having travelled through many peoples and over many seas, I arrive to make these sad rites for the dead, brother, so that I can present you with a final gift in your death and speak to your mute ash in vain, since Fortune stole you yourself from me. Alas, sad brother, undeservedly stolen from me, now, however, as for these things, which in the ancient custom of our forefathers have been handed down as a sad gift for the rites, accept them, dripping with a brother’s copious tears and forever, brother, hail and farewell.

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In the first instance, the teacher might have to explain to his students where Catullus was going from and where he was going to in this poem: he had left Rome to take up a placement in the province of Bithynia and had stopped off to see his brother’s tomb, near the ancient city of Troy. Or, perhaps he was on his return back to Italy, after his service abroad. The grammaticus would need to explain the geography of the journey, to make sense of the visit: the journey had not been made just for the purposes of visiting the brother. He might also explain how Roman provinces were governed, how the empire was run and why Catullus was taking up his post. He would certainly want to discuss the nature of sacrifices at funerals and what Catullus might have actually brought as offerings to the tomb. In addition to all of these practical matters, a grammaticus might want to talk about the writer’s style, including his use of particular words and effects, such as repetition and sound effects. He might talk about the metrical structure, as the poem is written in a metre called the elegiac couplet, often used for sad and mournful content. In fact, a grammaticus could find any number of things to say about this poem, but what we should understand is that they were all just things to shed light on the content of the writer’s creation. sine qua non epistula, epistulae, f letter liber, libri, m book limax, limacis, f slug neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum I neglect orthographia, orthographiae, f art of correct writing radix, radicis, f radish scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum I write studeo, studere, studui I study tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum I raise, take hold of tuus, tua, tuum your

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sine qua non (continued)

Active Indicative – I call/have/rule/hear/am

I voco habeo rego audio sum

You (s) vocas habes regis audis es

He/She/It vocat habet regit audit est

We vocamus habemus regimus audimus sumus

You (pl) vocatis habetis regitis auditis estis

They vocant habent regunt audiunt sunt

Active Subjunctive – I may call/have/rule/hear/be

I vocem habeam regam audiam sim

You (s) voces habeas regas audias sis

He/She/It vocet habeat regat audiat sit

We vocemus habeamus regamus audiamus simus

You (pl) vocetis habeatis regatis audiatis sitis

They vocent habeant regant audiant sint

Passive Indicative – I am (being) called/had/ruled/heard

I vocor habeor regor audior Yippee! There is no passive of the verb to be. You can’t be be’d!

You (s) vocaris haberis regeris audiris

He/She/It vocatur habetur regitur auditur

We vocamur habemur regimur audimur

You (pl) vocamini habemini regimini audimini

They vocantur habentur reguntur audiuntur

Passive Subjunctive – I may be called/had/ruled/heard

I vocer habear regar audiar Yippee! There is no passive of the verb to be. You can’t be be’d!

You (s) voceris habearis regaris audiaris

He/She/It vocetur habeatur regatur audiatur

We vocemur habeamur regamur audiamur

You (pl) vocemini habeamini regamini audiamini

They vocentur habeantur regantur audiantur

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Chapter 15 That's a bit much! Ex. 15.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Hadrianus librum Homeri de itineribus Ulixis legit. hic liber 'Odyssea' appellatur. haec est fabula mirabilis.

Hadrianus Scaurum cur 'Ulixes' in hac fabula sic appelletur rogat.

“cur eum non 'Odysseum' vocamus?” inquit. “is lingua Graeca 'Odysseus' appellatur.”

“nescio cur id sit,” Scaurus respondet. “sed nos Romani eum 'Ulixen' semper vocamus.”

“cur 'Ulixen' dicimus? cur non verbum 'Ulixem' dicimus?”

“quod verbum Latinum 'Ulixes' sicut verbum Graecum declinatur. 'Ulixen' est casus accusativus. non 'Ulixem' Latine dicimus, quod illud verbum non est Latinum.”

“bene est. haec verba Graeca mihi placent. sed cur hunc librum de Ulixe 'Ulisseam' non appellamus?”

“Hadriane, nonnunquam nimium petis! nescio cur hunc librum 'Ulisseam' non appellemus!

sed iam tempus est eum legere. dic mihi, quid de Ulixe scis?”

“ubi Graeci de equo ligneo descendunt et urbem Troiam delent, Ulixes et amici ab urbe navigant et domum petunt. sed decem annorum iter est. multa pericula eos premunt...”

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Pronouns, pronominal adjectives and a bucket-load of tricky old stuff Pronouns are words like he or she, which stand in the place of nouns. There are quite a few of these in English: some are found in the table below.

Subject forms Object forms

I you (both singular and plural) he she we they

me you (both singular and plural) him her us them

Warning! Pronouns in Latin are complicated. We have already looked at: ego, me, mei, mihi, me tu, te, tui, tibi, te nos, nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis vos, vos, vestrum, vobis, vobis But if you observe carefully now, you will see you have been deprived of something. Do you recall? We said that these pronouns were both personal pronouns, meaning I, you, we and you (pl) – AND – they were also reflexive pronouns, meaning myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves. So they were all double whammies! Now, cast your mind back in the stream of time and you may also remember that you looked at a third pronoun, se, sui, sibi, se. The difference here was that this pronoun only existed as a reflexive pronoun, meaning himself, herself or itself in the singular. It then had another trick up its sleeve, as it also meant themselves in the plural: in form at least, it was exactly the same, which meant that it could sometimes be confusing. Well, things begin to get even more difficult now. Or at least, they do if you're not concentrating. Just in case you are half asleep, it may be a good idea to wake yourself up now by doing some light gymnastics, or throwing a bit of cold water over yourself. You won't survive this unless you are completely focused. OK? Awake now? Remember adjectives? They have endings for masculine, feminine and neuter, right? Well, Latin has several adjectives, which can act as exactly that – e.g. adjectives meaning this or that, but can also mean this or that man (m), this or that woman (f), or this or that thing (n) – and can therefore also be made to mean simply, he, she or it. In the plural, they can mean these or those men (m), these or those women (f) or these or those things (n). But these adjectives cannot ever function as reflexive pronouns. The adjectives in question are is, ea, id, hic, haec, hoc, and ille, illa, illud. Now have a look at the tables which follow on the next page.

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Singular Personal Pronouns English

Personal Pronouns Latin

Reflexive Pronouns English

Reflexive Pronouns Latin

1st person singular I, me ego, me, mei, mihi, me

myself (ego) me, mei, mihi, me

2nd person singular you tu, te, tui, tibi, te

yourself (tu) te, tui, tibi, te

3rd person singular (masc) 3rd person singular (fem) 3rd person singular (neut)

he, him she, her it

is, hic, ille ea, haec, illa id, hoc, illud

himself herself itself

se, sui, sibi, se

Plural

1st person plural we, us nos, nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis

ourselves (nos) nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis

2nd person plural you vos, vos, vestrum, vobis, vobis

yourselves (vos) vos, vestrum, vobis, vobis

3rd person plural (masc) 3rd person plural (fem) 3rd person plural (neut)

they, them (m) they, them (f) they, them (n)

ei, hi, illi eae, hae, illae ea, haec, illa

themselves themselves themselves

se, sui, sibi, se

Confused? I'm not surprised. What this means is that you will eventually have to learn the three adjectives in Latin which follow and also learn that they can function as words meaning this or that (these words are called demonstrative) but also as words meaning he, she or it. is, ea, id = he, she, it, this, that ille, illa, illud = that (pl those) hic, haec, hoc = this (pl these) Singular M F N M F N M F N

Nominative is ea id ille illa illud hic haec hoc

Accusative eum eam id illum illam illud hunc hanc hoc

Genitive eius eius eius illius illius illius huius huius huius

Dative ei ei ei illi illi illi huic huic huic

Ablative eo ea eo illo illa illo hoc hac hoc

Plural

Nominative ei eae ea illi illae illa hi hae haec

Accusative eos eas ea illos illas illa hos has haec

Genitive eorum earum eorum illorum illarum illorum horum harum horum

Dative eis eis eis illis illis illis his his his

Ablative eis eis eis illis illis illis his his his

Take refuge for one moment now in the thought that you don't have to learn this just yet. That was the good news. The bad news? There's a lot more of these to come before you have to learn them all.

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Ex. 15.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

Ulixes et amici eius ab urbe Troia navigant.

hi ad insulam Cyclopum veniunt.

illi sunt gigantes. unum oculum solum in capite habent.

Ulixes et amici antrum Cyclopis inveniunt. id intrant.

Polyphemus domum venit.

eos rogat quid faciant: iratus est quod illos in antro sui videt.

is duos eorum tollit. illi territi sunt.

Polyphemus capita eorum in terram frangit.

ille eos devorat. vehementer ructat.

Ulixes tristis est quod amici sui sunt mortui. sed quid faciat?

Ex. 15.3 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

Odysseus desires to kill Polyphemus but he (= that in the masculine) is a giant.

It is dangerous and stupid for them to enter Polyphemus' cave.

Odysseus asks himself what he should do now.

It is a long night. He is worried.

In the morning he has* an excellent plan.

* Instead of “has” here, use the phrase consilium capio, which means I make a plan. Moral message If you insist on going into everybody's private dwelling you come across, don't be surprised if something nasty happens to you. And remember that people who live in deep dark holes often choose to do so because they are a bit weird. Sometimes it's wiser to stay away.

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The former and the latter In English when we talk about two groups of people, we sometimes use “the former” and “the latter” to save time or just to vary the expression. These words function as demonstrative pronouns. Look at these sentences. Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. The former is about the siege of Troy, while the latter describes how Odysseus went home afterwards. Easy stuff, eh?? Well, Latin does something similar, though perhaps also a little bit different. Look at the epigram (jokey poem) below, by the poet Martial (Epigrams, V.43). By the way, before you do this, you might want to bear in mind that Thais and Laecania were probably both ladies of the night. Thais habet nigros, niveos Laecania dentes. Quae ratio est? emptos haec habet, illa suos. Thais has black, Laecania (has) white teeth. What's the reason? This one has bought teeth, that one her own.

1) haec comes from hic haec hoc and means this (feminine form). To whom does this refer? Use the colour coding to help.

2) illa comes from ille illa illud and means that (feminine form). To whom does that

refer? Use the colour coding to help. 3) Why is this poem a joke: what's funny about it?

You should now see that:

! hic haec hoc means this one (here), e.g. the nearest thing mentioned, so in English, it means the latter.

! ille illa illud means that one, e.g. the thing further away, so in English, it means

the former.

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Background The Odyssey The Odyssey was written by a chap called Homer - or was it? It is the name given to a long, epic poem, divided into 24 sections, which we call “books”. It gives us the story of Odysseus, the resourceful Greek hero who left Troy after it had been torched and ravaged by himself and his comrades, including Achilles (though he had died before the end of the war), Agamemnon, Menelaus and Ajax. The final push involved the building of the wooden horse, which was pulled into the doomed city and then disgorged the brutal Greeks, who went about their destructive rampage: this was one of Odysseus' bright ideas. Homer doesn't dwell on this episode at all but instead, he tells us in the first line of his poem that he wants the Muse (a goddess of poetry) to inspire him to tell the story of the much-travelled, widely resourceful Odysseus, who spent many years finding his way home. The hero set off from Troy with his comrades from Ithaca, the island of which he was King, but gradually, along the way, they were all either too unlucky or too stupid to survive the adventures which faced them. In the end, he came home alone, to find his palace full of suitors who were all busily trying to persuade his wife Penelope to marry them.

In the picture you can see Odysseus sailing past the Sirens, who sang beautiful, seductive songs to passing sailors, in order to lure them to their death. For this challenge, Odysseus had plugged his men’s ears with wax and had himself tied to the ship’s mast so he could hear the singing but his men wouldn’t be able to hear his cries to be released from his bonds.

The Odyssey is one of the oldest works of European literature and one of its best. The story of how Odysseus met and overcame the Cyclops Polyphemus makes a rattling good yarn even now, full of metaphors, similes and graphic imagery which is still very inspiring stuff. It is quite certain that Hadrian would have studied the work as he went through his schooling, as all well-educated Romans did. But who was Homer? Well, that's an interesting question, which nobody can really quite answer. It seems that if there was a Trojan War (and there probably was) it must have taken place in about 1250 BC. So if the story reflects any real fact at all, it must have been started after that point. However, it may not have been written down much before 650 BC, about 600 years later. So perhaps we could say that Homer was the chap who eventually wrote it all down then? Or perhaps Homer was somebody else before that point, who created the story but didn't actually write it down?

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You see, during this period, there was a tradition of performances given by travelling singers or poets, call them what you will. Most scholars call them bards. They used to travel around the Greek world, looking for villages with pubs. I do that too sometimes but perhaps not for the same reasons. And when the bards came to the local village pub, they would set themselves up to perform a set of songs or poems, concerning major themes of wars, gods and heroes. We call these poems epic. The bards couldn't read or write for much of this time, because they were living during what we call a Dark Age, meaning a time when writing was not in use. Now you may think that people who can't read or write are pretty stupid but in fact, that doesn't follow at all. What perhaps does follow is that a large amount of space in their brains is not taken up by knowing how squiggly lines on pages make up words and so, when it comes to remembering long epic poems, they actually have more free brain acreage than literate people do today. I am certain we could apply the bucket theory to this, which states that when your brain is full, you can't put any more into it without having to forget something else. And if your brain isn't full of other stuff, well you can cram quite a lot more into it, quite easily. Well, anyway, that's my theory. Anyway, once Odysseus came home and found all the suitors there, he needed a majorly cunning plan to get rid of them all and restore himself to the loving embrace of his wife. He dressed himself as a beggar, using the help of the goddess Athena, who always took a special interest in him. Then, he made himself known to a few chums from the old days before Troy, including his old pigman and his old nurse. Especially sad – and a wonderful bit of writing – is when his old dog Argus sees him. The ancient, tottering animal hoists himself up off the dung heap, comes up to his old master, wags his tail and keels over, dead as a doornail. Eventually there comes the contest of the bow, when the suitors are all challenged to string the old bow of Odysseus, which he had left behind in the palace store cupboard when he left for Troy. Then they are to perform an old trick which only the King himself could manage: to shoot an arrow through twelve axe-heads, all set up in a long line. During the contest, not one of the suitors is able to get even as far as stringing the bow, though Odysseus' son Telemachus almost manages it. They are persuaded to let the old beggar try and then rather taken aback to find that the stinking old chap manages first the bow-stringing and then the twelve axe-head trick, without batting an eyelid. Being taken aback is bad enough – but next he turns the bow against them and within next to no time at all, they are all lying dead on the floor. The final part of Odysseus' homecoming is when he has to persuade Penelope that he is, after all, her real husband. She pretends that she will welcome him by moving their old bed into a new room. He, however, is the only person who could have known the impossibility of this, as he had made the old bed himself out of a tree trunk in the original bedchamber. When he tells her this, she knows that her husband has finally come home, after ten years fighting at Troy and ten more years of adventures on the way home. The Odyssey is a great story. Read it.

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sine qua non caput, capitis, n head deleo, delere, delevi, deletum I destroy domum home (= to home) fabula, fabulae, f story frango, frangere, fregi, fractum I break mirabilis, mirabilis, mirabile wonderful nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum I do not know nimium too much nonnunquam sometimes (literally, not never) nox, noctis, f night oculus, oculi, m eye periculum, periculi, n danger peto, petere, petivi, petitum I ask, attack, make for premo, premere, pressi, pressum I weigh upon, press sic so, in this way sicut just as solum only tempus, temporis, n time verbum, verbi, n word

This is Penelope. Was she worth all that effort? You decide!

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Chapter 16 Work it out yourself Ex. 16.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Polyphemus mane surgit. duos ex amicis Ulixis rapit et devorat. iterum ructat.

deinde oves in agros ducit. saxum magnum, ne illi exeant, pro antro movet.

Ulixes et amici ramum olivae inveniunt. eum secant, ut sicut hasta fiat, et gladiis sui acuunt. deinde Ulixes ipse ramum in flammis tenet ut cuspis dura fiat.

ubi Polyphemus in antrum venit, omnia eadem ac antea sunt. iste duos amicos Ulixis iterum devorat, sed Ulixes nunc ei vinum dat, ut ille ebrius fiat.

Polyphemus illi gratias agit et eum quid vocetur rogat. is dicit, “nomen mihi est 'nemo'. neminem me omnes vocant.”

ille dicit, “ecce, nemo, te ipsum ultimum amicorum devorabo.* donum mei est.”

ubi Cyclops est ebrius, in terram cadit. Ulixes et amici eundem ramum capiunt et in oculum gigantis istius premunt.

magnus est fragor, multus sanguis. oculus Polyphemi sibilat, sicut securis, ubi ferrarius eam in aquam ut dura fiat demittit.

iste clamat, “iuvate me, Cyclopes! nemo me vulnerat. nemo me delet.”

alii Cyclopes dicunt, “si nemo te vulnerat, bene est!”

* devorabo = I will eat

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Pronouns: three more for your collection Well, I said this was a lot of stuff. Here are three more of these little beasties for you. However, don't start feeling too comfortable, because there is still quite a lot more to come before you have – finally – to learn it all in one go. The Reinforcing Pronoun – ipse, ipsa, ipsum The word ipse is easy to confuse with ille, because it starts with an i and has similar (but not identical) endings. However, it's nothing like ille, in reality. In fact, it's a reinforcer, which means himself, herself, itself, or themselves. 'Hold up!' I hear you say, 'but that is surely the same as a reflexive pronoun like se, sui, sibi, se?' Well, no, not at all. It may look and sound the same and, in English, you could be forgiven for not noticing that it isn't the same. But it isn't! No – as a reinforcer, it needs something to latch onto and reinforce. Look at the two sentences below. The Cyclops couldn't see himself, after his eye had been frazzled to shreds. Odysseus himself twisted the pole in the flames. You will see that the first himself is the object of the verb couldn't see and is clearly a reflexive pronoun. The word himself reflects the Cyclops, the subject of the verb. In the second sentence, you should see that the word himself adds something to the word Odysseus. It reinforces the concept that it was Odysseus, really himself and nobody else. Well, that's the job done by ipse. The Derogatory Pronoun – iste, ista, istud This pronoun means that, so it's easy to confuse it with ille, illa, illud. The difference between the two is that iste is normally used in a derogatory sense, to mean that awful, that naff, that dreadful, or that thing of yours. It was often used by politicians or lawyers when they attacked their opponents. For example, iste Polyphemus - that awful Polyphemus The Same Pronoun – idem, eadem, idem idem means the same. It is fairly easy to remember and it declines like is, ea, id, except that it has -dem at the end of it. You should note two things, however:

1) when the ending of is, ea, id has an -m in it, this becomes -n, so eum-dem becomes eundem, or eorum-dem becomes eorundem. Maybe this came about because it was hard to pronounce the letter m in the words. See the charts which follow for details.

2) when the sense requires somebody to have the same something as somebody, Latin uses ac for as. For example, eosdem amicos ac tu habeo – I have the same friends as you.

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ipse, ipsa, ipsum = himself, herself, itself iste, ista, istud = that awful idem, eadem, idem = the same Singular M F N M F N M F N

Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum iste ista istud idem eadem idem

Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum istum istam istud eundem eandem idem

Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius istius istius istius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem

Dative ipsi ipsi ipsi isti isti isti eidem eidem eidem

Ablative ipso ipsa ipso isto ista isto eodem eadem eodem

Plural

Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa isti istae ista eidem eaedem eadem

Accusative ipsos ipsas ipsa istos istas ista eosdem easdem eadem

Genitive ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum istorum istarum istorum eorundem earundem eorundem

Dative ipsis ipsis ipsis istis istis istis eisdem eisdem eisdem

Ablative ipsis ipsis ipsis istis istis istis eisdem eisdem eisdem

NB Many of these endings are similar to the ones you saw in the previous chapter. Ex. 16.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

oculus gigantis tenebris tegitur.

ille saxum ex antro movet, ut oves in agros exeant.

oves tangit et terga sentit, ne Graeci ex antro exeant.

sed ipsi sub oves se celant.

omnes ex antro tuto fugiunt.

iste nihil sentit, nihil videt.

ei in navem conscendunt.

Ulixes clamat, “O Cyclops, nemo non sum. sum Ulixes, urbium deletor, rex Ithacae, filius Laertis. ego te caecum reddidi.”*

Polyphemus magna voce, “O pater Neptune,” inquit, “neca istum Ulixen in tuo mari. aut, nisi eum neces, cura ut domum numquam veniat. aut cura ut omnes amici mortui sint et itinera sint longa et difficilia.”

tria saxa ingentia ad navem mittit, sed Graeci fugiunt.

* reddidi = I made

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Ex. 16.3 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

Odysseus stands in his ship and shouts to that awful Polyphemus in a loud voice.

He tells him (= says to him) his name but his friends advise him to be silent.

The Cyclops asks his father Neptune to destroy the Greeks himself.

The same Greeks do not know why Odysseus is shouting.

Don't tell him (= say to him) who you are.

Moral message If you ever find yourself sticking a six foot, red hot pole in somebody's eye socket, don't leave a forwarding address or any other details. By and large, any nefarious activity you commit along these lines is best left unadvertised. Numbers In Latin, numbers 1, 2 and 3 all decline, as in the table below. Note that unus has no plural and that duo and tres have no singular. It's obvious when you think about it. M F N M F N M F N

Nominative unus una unum duo duae duo tres tres tria

Accusative unum unam unum duos duas duo tres tres tria

Genitive unius unius unius duorum duarum duorum triorum triarum triorum

Dative uni uni uni duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus

Ablative uno una uno duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus

After number 3, it's all plain sailing and numbers don't decline. But you should learn some of the main ones, which you will now find in SQN of this chapter.

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Background Interpretations of myth Stories like the Odyssey are very satisfying to read and to imagine, because they are cyclical. Odysseus leaves home, fights at Troy, has adventures – and then comes home again, which proves to be the greatest adventure of all. This kind of myth is called a Nostos myth in Greek, which means a homecoming. We could interpret this in many different ways, which is why the story has continued to exert a huge appeal for almost three thousand years. First, we could say that there is a universal quality to some of the characters. For example, Odysseus is a typical hero in every way. If you look at the qualities shown by James Bond in much more modern stories, you will realise that things only get interesting when JB is up against it and often after he has made a mistake himself. If he just whacked every bad guy over the head every time and moved on, the stories just wouldn't be interesting. So the reader's involvement is increased every time the hero almost fails in his task. We can see this quite clearly in the Cyclops episode, where Odysseus made several really stupid mistakes, such as going into the cave in the first place and then shouting his boast to the Cyclops of who he was, so the blinded giant could call down the curse of Neptune – “I'll set my dad on you!” In other ways too, we can see similarities between Odysseus and Bond. There is never any doubt about whether JB will win. He has to do that, or he won't be able to save the world from destruction – and more importantly, it is a defining feature of the character. Likewise, there is no doubt at all that Odysseus will come home. The story isn't about the hero's victory – but about the hero's journey. So the pretty girls, the gadgets, the dangers and the risks are the important part of the story – not the outcome. However, it's certainly true, as we saw in the last chapter, that the Odyssey has a great ending. Odysseus had pretty girls lining up for him too – just like Bond – as he was held for several years as the sex slave of the witch Circe and later of the Nymph Calypso. And you can't grumble about that. Or can you? Well, you can if you are Odysseus, who remained in love with his wife throughout, in spite of all the distractions. To us, this may seem rather dishonest but in the context of the story, the hero is seen as loyal to his wife. Hmm. Morals change across the centuries, perhaps. We can see other characters who have typical qualities in the story. How about poor old Polyphemus? He represents brute violence, life without civilising qualities. But even then, he has a soft, feminine side, as he looks after his sheep and keeps a lovely, tidy cave. However, when you upset him, you'll probably end up being belched up in bloody bits afterwards, especially if he drinks a bit of Vino Grotto Blotto, before gulping you down in great gobbets.

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Or what about Penelope? She just goes on loving her old boy, even years after his disappearance. For all those long years, she is the perfect mum for her son Telemachus and fights off all the suitors who keep pestering her to be their wife. The ultimate loyalty test comes when she is the last person in the palace to question the identity of the hairy, horrible beggar but her true love is proved when their shared secret comes to the fore: she simply didn't want to get it wrong and find herself in bed with the wrong bloke after a 20 year wait. Figures such as these are trademark characters in literature and various interpretations have been made of them. Carl Gustav Jung, a writer in the twentieth century, identified overlapping qualities in characters from many different literary genres and in stories from all over the world. He suggested that there could be a link between myths and the world of dreams, where we often have idealised pictures of good and evil. Work had already been done before Jung on the so-called sub-conscious, where Sigmund Freud had said that a lot of our thinking patterns reside. Jung went on to create the theory of Archetypes, which basically suggests that in each human society, similar creations appear of fictional heroes, earth mothers, wise old men and so forth. By looking at the Odyssey, therefore, we can recognise the early examples of these archetypes, which we can see reappearing time after time in different stories, from different cultures. Many human beings have similar dreams too, about being able to fly by flapping the arms and then seeing the familiar world drop down below us, or about being naked in a public place. This suggests that our fantasies and fears are also archetypal in nature. So we can conclude that the world of myths is in fact closer to our own than we might have first imagined. This is why stories like the Odyssey are so terribly important and why they have a huge role to play even today. Especially the Odyssey, because it is the very first of all European myths and still in its original form.

This is the beach in Corfu, where Odysseus got washed up, after making a raft and leaving Calypso. From here, the Phaeacians took him home to Ithaca.

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sine qua non alius, alia, aliud other durus, dura, durum hard rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum I snatch seco, secare, secui, sectum I cut surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum I rise vinum, vini, n wine vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum I wound Some numbers unus, una, unum one duo, duae, duo two tres, tres, tria three quattuor four quinque five sex six septem seven octo eight novem nine decem ten viginti twenty triginta thirty centum hundred You will note that most numbers in Latin do not decline, except for unus, una, unum, which is always singular; on the other hand, duo, duae, duo and tres, tres, tria are always plural. You won’t need to learn all the endings of these until the next chapter.

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Chapter 17 The praetor's games Ex. 17.1 Translate the following sentences into English. hodie ludi Megalenses* sunt. Traianus praetor est, qui populo Romano hos ludos edere debet.

is animalia multa ex provincia Africa ad urbem ducit, ut in amphitheatro necentur.

nam populus Romanus ludos multum amat. imperator ipse ad amphitheatrum Flavium venit. in prima ordine sellarum cum praetore sedet.

sed quid est hoc animal? leo est, quem venatores in amphitheatro necent.

quae sunt haec? cervi sunt, qui celeriter trans arenam currunt, et ursa magna, quae ferociter pugnat.

quis nunc adest? servus quidam taurum ferocem ad amphitheatrum quoque trahit. animal, quod ferox est, omnes saeve oppugnat.

canes in spectaculo adsunt, qui lepores et cervos agitent. spectatoribus, qui in amphitheatro sedent, spectaculum multum placet.

quid est? tigris virgatus est, cuius dentes venatores terrent.

aliquis struthiocamelos duos ducit, quibus Traianus multos denarios reddere debet.

elephantus, cui magna proboscis est, in arenam non venit. in pompa magnifica, quam Traianus per vias urbis ducit, lente ambulat.

* The Megalensian Games (the games of the Great Mother) were held from April 4-10.

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The Relative Pronoun – qui, quae, quod (for full set of endings, see SQN of this chapter) The relative pronoun is always tricky to master in any language. It's the one which means who, whom, or which. But even then, that doesn't give you enough information to go on with, since who or which can also be used to ask questions. Consider the following sentences in English. Who is that knocking at the door? It's a bloke who wants to see your father. In the first sentence, who is used to ask a question. We call this the interrogative pronoun – see below. But in the second sentence, who relates to the bloke and is the subject of the verb wants. When a who, whom or which pronoun relates to something or someone mentioned earlier and is not used to ask a question, we call it a relative pronoun. Problems in English? Before you learn anything at all about the relative pronoun in Latin, you need to understand it first in English. A relative clause is part of a sentence which has its own verb, its own subject and all its own stuff, as if it were a sentence in its own right. For example, if we took the sentence which appears above, we could divide it into two parts, as follows. It's a bloke. He wants to see your father. So the word who becomes the word he. Now try to reword the examples below, by substituting pronouns in the same sort of way. By the way, if you don't know when to use who or whom in English, remember that who is only used for subjects of verbs, not objects. Ex. 17.2 Rewrite the sentences, making at least two out of each one.

J K Rowling is the author who wrote about Harry Potter.

Donkeys are animals which eat carrots.

There are some people who think they can see rabbits everywhere.

This is the shop from which I bought two ostriches.

My sister, whom you know, has some terrible habits, amongst which are some I cannot even mention.

These are the people whom I told you about, whose horse bit me.

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Ex. 17.3 Now rewrite the following double sentences as singles, using relative clauses in English.

I love dogs. They never bite people.

Do you know my mother? My sister often talks about her.

The animals enter the arena. It is a very dangerous place.

Domitian thought that Trajan had put on an excellent show. He had given the responsibility to him.

The Romans were a cruel people. Bloodshed appealed to them as entertainment.

When I see people, I smile. I like them. If you understand that a relative pronoun must relate to something, then you're half way there. That something is called the antecedent, which simply means the thing coming before it. Confusingly, it often doesn't come before it at all, so I'd advise you to forget that piece of information as quickly as you can. However, you will need to know about the relationship between relative pronouns and the things to which they relate, or you'll never be sure to get it right in Latin (or in other languages which use similar systems, including German and French). Basically, the who, whom or which pronouns must correspond to the things to which they relate, in two ways. Number: in language, this simply means singular or plural. Look at the examples:

! I love my Latin teacher, who is a great chap. ! I love my two dogs, which are always running up and slobbering over me.

Here you will see that:

! the word who has a singular verb is, because the Latin teacher is singular. ! the word which has a plural verb are, because the dogs are plural.

Gender: in Latin, this is masculine, feminine or neuter, as you know. English often makes no distinction here, because who can be masculine or feminine, though which is generally neuter. Look at the examples:

! These are people whom I like. ! These are things which I like.

In Latin, the case of the relative pronoun in a relative clause is always determined by what the clause itself means. You can usually work this out by using the technique you practised earlier in Exercise 17.2.

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The Interrogative Pronoun – quis, quis, quid (for full set of endings, see SQN of this chapter) This set of words is easy to confuse with the relative pronoun, because they look very alike – in both English and Latin. However, interrogative pronouns are different, because they don't relate to anything else in a previous clause of the sentence and because they are used to interrogate, which means to ask a question. Examples could include: Who am I? Who are those people over there? To whom should I give this ostrich? Whose elephant is that? Which is the right way? Someone or something – aliquis, aliquis, aliquid (for full set of endings, see SQN of this chapter) This word is basically the same in formation as the interrogative pronoun but it has ali- attached in front of it. It just means someone or something. It isn't difficult and should just be seen as a bit of new vocabulary. The Indefinite Article – quidam, quaedam, quoddam (for full set of endings, see SQN of this chapter) This is used in Latin to indicate a, a certain, or some (plural). On its own, it can just mean someone, or something. When it is attached to a noun, it often follows it. It declines like qui, quae, quod, with -dam attached to the end of it. See the tables at the end of this chapter for further elucidation. Examples follow: quidam sciat – somebody should know Graecos quosdam video – I see some Greeks And now, you want the bad news? That's all for now on the subject of pronouns. This means you are going to have to learn the whole lot of them, as they all appear in this chapter's sine qua non section. Sorry, but that's just the way it is. You may also need to use these sine qua non pages for the next couple of exercises. Moral message A little of what you like is usually quite good for you. Too much of what you like is generally quite bad for you. Too much of what you don't like might end up being sine qua non in this chapter. Then again, think of the joy you will feel when you have climbed the high peak and are able to gaze down on the calm plains below, in a spirit of real achievement. In other words, don't argue, just get on and learn it.

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Ex. 17.4 Translate the following sentences into English.

Traianus est praetor qui ludos in amphitheatro edere debet.

Imperator Domitianus ad ludos, quos Traianus edit, venit.

aliquis in arenam leonem ducit.

spectatores, quibus ludi multum placent, plaudunt.

venator, cuius hasta est longa, leporem terret.

omnes gladiatores, quibus necesse est pugnare, Imperatorem salutant.

“nos morituri* te salutamus.”

venator quidam amicum poscit si sciat quis in prima ordine sellarum sedeat.

amicus eum rogat cur poscat.

venator ei respondet, “Imperator Domitianus est, qui omnes terras Romanas regit.”

* morituri = about to die

Ex. 17.5 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

This is something new, which I don't like (= is not pleasing to me).

The emperor Domitian is sitting near the praetor Trajan, who organises the games for the people of Rome.

The hunters are terrified by the boars and tigers, which may kill them in the amphitheatre.

The former (= boars) attack the hunter, but the latter (= tigers) devour the body of a gladiator, which is lying in the arena.

The donkey runs in his field. “Who would desire to visit Rome?” he asks himself.

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Background Games, debts and public profiles At first glance, it seems curious to us that career politicians like Trajan had to spend so much time organising and paying for games. However, in Roman times, there were various reasons for this, which are mostly quite logical when you think about them. Firstly, the economy of the city of Rome was based largely on slave labour: if most manual jobs were done by slaves, it meant that the citizens themselves didn't have to do all the dull old work, such as building, cleaning, staffing events and working for the state, as people do today. So this in turn meant that a lot of people didn't have long working days, five days a week, as we do now. In fact, it meant a lot of people didn't have a regular income from working as we do either, but relied on state handouts, mostly provided by the emperor. Various writers talked about this, including a chap called Juvenal, who said that the Roman people only cared about two things, panem et Circenses - bread and circuses. The mention of bread here refers to how the emperors used to give out donations of grain, which was often imported from places such as Egypt or Sicily, so that the people could be fed. Secondly, there were huge numbers of festivals in the Roman year. In fact, there were around 190 days marked as feast days or holidays. This means that for every working day, there was a corresponding day off. Many of these were also marked as occasions for Games to be put on, so for example, between July 20 and 30, the Ludi Victoriae Caesaris were held to celebrate Caesar's victories. Holding the games was clearly very expensive, so the emperors did not want to pay for them all themselves. It therefore became an obligation of some of the up-and-coming career politicians to share in funding games of their own. For anyone becoming a praetor, the burden would run to paying for six sets of games to be held, each of which might cost a hundred thousand sesterces or more. This meant that you had to be extremely rich before you could even consider becoming praetor. The poet Martial even wrote a jokey little poem about it, as follows. mense novo Iani veterem, Proculeia, maritum deseris atque iubes res sibi habere suas. quid, rogo, quid factum est? subiti quae causa doloris? nil mihi respondes? dicam ego: praetor erat. constatura fuit Megalensis purpura centum milibus, ut nimium munera parca dares, et populare sacrum bis milia dena tulisset. discidium non est hoc, Proculeia: lucrum est. (Martial Epigrams X.41) In the new month of January, Proculeia, you desert your old husband and order him to keep his own things for himself. What, I ask, what has happened? What reason for the sudden pain? You reply nothing to me? Let me say it then: he was a praetor. His purple robe for the Megalensian Games (held on April 4) would cost a hundred thousand, even if you'd give too shabby games, and the popular show would have cost twenty thousand more. This isn't a divorce, Proculeia: it's finance.

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Whether Proculeia was a real person or not, we can see that for this joke to be funny, the financial obligation on a praetor must have been enormous. Maybe this isn't so very different today, where we can see huge sponsorship deals made by global corporations, for events such as golf, rugby or football. Or how about the costs of an American presidential election? Sponsorship is often carried out on a larger scale today, given the nature of modern communications systems, but in the Roman Empire such deals usually came from individuals. Trajan certainly had the money to impress the emperor and the people: his praetorship of AD 85 or 86 was hugely important in his career towards becoming emperor himself. There were different kinds of games but many featured the slaughter of animals, often imported from North Africa. The historian Suetonius tells us that when the Colosseum was first inaugurated in Rome, in AD 80, the Emperor Titus had 5,000 animals killed on one day. The scale of the operation was such that elephants were wiped out from North Africa and lions from the Middle East. This inhuman treatment is at odds with the great and grandiose structures which saw the killing sprees, which we can still gaze at today: much of the vile slaughter was done for political purposes, to promote the cause of praetors such as Trajan. An arch dedicated to him in Maktar, Tunisia, seen above, reminds us of his effect on the province during his quest for power. The picture below reminds us of what happened to the animals who helped him on the way.

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sine qua non First: treat the pronouns as vocabulary... aliquis, aliquis, aliquid someone, something hic, haec, hoc this, these (pl), the latter idem, eadem, idem the same ille, illa, illud that, those (pl), the former ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself is, ea, id he, she, it, this, that iste, ista, istud that (awful) qui, quae, quod who, which quidam, quaedam, quoddam a, a certain, some (pl) quis, quis, quid who, what Second: take a deep breath. Third: now learn all the tables… Singular M F N M F N M F N

Nominative is ea id ille illa illud hic haec hoc

Accusative eum eam id illum illam illud hunc hanc hoc

Genitive eius eius eius illius illius illius huius huius huius

Dative ei ei ei illi illi illi huic huic huic

Ablative eo ea eo illo illa illo hoc hac hoc

Plural

Nominative ei eae ea illi illae illa hi hae haec

Accusative eos eas ea illos illas illa hos has haec

Genitive eorum earum eorum illorum illarum illorum horum harum horum

Dative eis eis eis illis illis illis his his his

Ablative eis eis eis illis illis illis his his his

Singular M F N M F N M F N

Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum iste ista istud idem eadem idem

Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum istum istam istud eundem eandem idem

Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius istius istius istius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem

Dative ipsi ipsi ipsi isti isti isti eidem eidem eidem

Ablative ipso ipsa ipso isto ista isto eodem eadem eodem

Plural

Nominative ipsi ipsae ipsa isti istae ista eidem eaedem eadem

Accusative ipsos ipsas ipsa istos istas ista eosdem easdem eadem

Genitive ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum istorum istarum istorum eorundem earundem eorundem

Dative ipsis ipsis ipsis istis istis istis eisdem eisdem eisdem

Ablative ipsis ipsis ipsis istis istis istis eisdem eisdem eisdem

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Singular M F N M F N

Nominative qui quae quod quis quis quid

Accusative quem quam quod quem quam quid

Genitive cuius cuius cuius cuius cuius cuius

Dative cui cui cui cui cui cui

Ablative quo qua quo quo qua quo

Plural

Nominative qui quae quae qui quae quae

Accusative quos quas quae quos quas quae

Genitive quorum quarum quorum quorum quarum quorum

Dative quibus quibus quibus quibus quibus quibus

Ablative quibus quibus quibus quibus quibus quibus

Singular M F N M F N

Nominative quidam quaedam quoddam aliquis aliquis aliquid

Accusative quendam quandam quoddam aliquem aliquam aliquid

Genitive cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam alicuius alicuius alicuius

Dative cuidam cuidam cuidam alicui alicui alicui

Ablative quodam quadam quodam aliquo aliqua aliquo

Plural

Nominative quidam quaedam quaedam aliqui aliquae aliquae

Accusative quosdam quasdam quaedam aliquos aliquas aliquae

Genitive quorundam quarundam quorundam aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum

Dative quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus

Ablative quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus

M F N M F N M F N

Nominative unus una unum duo duae duo tres tres tria

Accusative unum unam unum duos duas duo tres tres tria

Genitive unius unius unius duorum duarum duorum triorum triarum triorum

Dative uni uni uni duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus

Ablative uno una uno duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus

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Chapter 18 Things to be done Ex. 18.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Hadrianus mane surgit. hodie multa facere debet. itaque ei multa sunt facienda.

epistulam sorori in Hispania scribere debet. epistula igitur Hadriano est scribenda.

sed Traianus eum ad se venire iubet. Hadrianus ad illum audiendum venit.

“Domitianus in Daciam adire cupit. nam rex novus, Decebalus, Romanis periculosus est. Cornelius Fuscus mortuus est, cui imperium Daciae Domitianus dederat.”*

Hadrianus, “sed quid mihi hoc est?” inquit. “et quid tibi? quid nobis faciendum est?”

Traianus dicit, “praetor sum, et mihi faciendum est quid imperator cupiat. ille me rogat ut ad Hispaniam eam. legionis igitur VII Geminae dux novus sum.”

Hadrianus, “quid?” inquit. “quid? sed ubi est haec legio septima Gemina?”

“in Hispania Tarraconensi,” inquit Traianus. “urbi nomen Legio est. sed hic** tibi Romae manendum est, ubi studere debes. Publius Acilius Attianus tibi alter custos est et te curabit.”***

“ille Attianus Italicae? amicus patris mei?”

“ita vero. in absentia mea, ille cum uxore mea Plotina te ut valeas curabit.”***

* dederat = had given ** hic = here *** curabit = he will look after

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The Gerundive The gerundive is a funny sort of a word, which doesn’t really have an equivalent in English. Or at least, it doesn’t seem to, at first glance. But on second glance, we can actually identify some Latin gerundives which we still use in ordinary speech. Let's start with those. An agenda is a list of things to be done. The name Amanda means “a girl to be loved”. A memorandum is something which is to be remembered, or noted. The name Miranda means “a girl to be admired”. A referendum is something to be referred onwards, usually a political decision which a government doesn't want to take, so they hand it over for a vote by the people. Something tremendous is something to be trembled at. So what exactly is a gerundive? Well it comes from a verb and beyond that, it's three things in one... It's an adjective It's passive It implies obligation The basic translation is “to be .....ed”, where ..... is the root meaning of the verb. Now look at the four conjugations we have learned and study the meanings attached. vocandus -a -um = to be called habendus -a -um = to be had regendus -a -um = to be ruled audiendus -a -um = to be heard Now, you need to remember that gerundives imply obligation and that the thing to which the obligation is attached is usually in the Dative case. Look at the following: mihi currendum est = I must run (literally, it is to be run to me) tibi epistula scribenda est = you must write a letter (literally, a letter is to be written to you) There is one other common usage of the gerundive, which is to indicate purpose. Look at the following examples and see if you can make sense of them. ad amicos salutandos exeo = I am going out to greet my friends (literally, I am going out to friends to be greeted) in urbem visitandam venio = I come to visit the city (literally, I come into the city to be visited) Here you will see that a preposition taking the Accusative is used with a noun and that the gerundive agrees with that noun, like any other adjective would do, in number, gender and case.

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Ex. 18.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

Domitianus Cornelium Fuscum in Dacia relinquit, qui milites ducat. imperator ipse Romam venit.

Fuscus naves multas ducit ut pontem trans flumen aedificet ut Dacos oppugnet.

Fuscus milites ad novum regem Decebalum oppugnandum ducit.

Decebalus Fuscum superat. ducem militum necat et exercitum delet.

Domitianus in Palatio est, ubi stadium novum aedificat. nuntius ei de militibus in Dacia narrat.

“quid agendum est?” inquit. “quis mittendus ad Dacos superandos?

ego ipse ire debeo. Decebalus oppugnandus, necandus est.

omnes legiones quas habemus vocandae sunt. omnes milites et duces habere debeo.

una legio e Britannia revocanda est, ut veniat ad Daciam.

cum sex legionibus Daci nobis oppugnandi sunt.”

Ex. 18.3 Translate the following sentences into Latin. Use gerundives if possible.

I must study carefully to understand this.

The leader builds a bridge to capture the soldiers.

Decebalus comes to attack Fuscus.

Domitian leads six legions to destroy the Dacians.

We have to do these things.

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The Gerund Just as you thought you were beginning to understand gerundives, along come these troublesome little look-alikes. And there are two basic problems with them.

! Gerunds look so similar to gerundives ! They are as different as different can be from them

Let's put this stuff into tables, to see where the differences lie.

Gerundive Gerund

Type of word Adjective Noun

Voice Passive Active

Number Singular or plural Singular

Used for Obligation Verbal noun, as in ....ing

Can be used for Purpose Governing direct objects, or having other verbal functions

So a gerund is a verbal noun, which is active and retains some of its original, verbal functions. It can usually be expressed in English by adding -ing to the verb form, though you have to be extremely careful about this. You see, there are two uses of -ing words in English and they are not at all similar. Compare the two sentences below. Running makes you sweat. I was running down the road.

! In the first sentence, you can see that running is the subject of the verb makes. Therefore, it must be a noun.

! In the second sentence, running describes what I was doing and is therefore some kind of describing word, e.g. an adjective – even if you call this a verbal adjective.

Gerunds are always nouns, as in the first sentence here. Confusingly, when a gerund is the subject of a verb, it is often written as an infinitive in Latin. (By the way, we will come to verbal adjectives in Book 3 of this course, by which time we will be calling them participles.) Formation of Gerunds Take the neuter singular form of a gerundive and you have a gerund. This becomes a neuter noun in the second declension, which declines like bellum.

Gerundive Gerund

vocandus -a -um = to be called vocandum, vocandi, n = calling

habendus -a -um = to be had habendum, habendi, n = having

regendus -a -um = to be ruled regendum, regendi, n = ruling

audiendus -a -um = to be heard audiendum, audiendi, n = hearing

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Some examples follow of how a gerund can be used. All of the gerunds come from the same verb, doceo = I teach, but each sentence uses a gerund in a different case. Make sure you understand each one before moving on to the exercises which follow.

Gerund in Nominative, e.g. subject of verb docendum (or docere) magistro multum placet. Teaching is very pleasing for the teacher.

Gerund in Accusative, e.g. object of verb magister ad docendum huc venit. The teacher comes here to teach (lit, towards teaching).

Gerund in Genitive, e.g. “of” opus docendi illi nimium est, si fessus est. The work of teaching is too much for him, if he is tired.

Gerund in Dative, e.g. “to” or “for” ludus est docendo. A school is for teaching.

Gerund in Ablative, e.g. “by” or “with” or “from” docendo discipulos difficiles fessus fio. I become tired from teaching difficult students.

Ex. 18.4 Translate the following sentences into English.

currendo fessus sum.

hoc est consilium agendi.

asinus optimus est ad nimium consumendum.

discimus docendo.

Daci de fugiendo consilium capiunt.

nimium vini bibendo tu ebrius fis.

equitando domum eo. Moral message Doing things which need to be done can be a very confusing process in Latin.

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Ex. 18.5 Translate the following sentences into Latin. Use gerunds where you can.

Homer is the master of telling stories.

Fuscus desires to attack Decebalus by building a bridge.

The work of looking after the province is difficult.

Domitian sends Trajan to Spain to look after the province.

The donkey has a memory of seeing Hadrian.

Ex. 18.6 Look carefully at the sentences below and write down in the first boxes if you think the words in green are gerunds, or gerundives. Then translate the sentences in the second boxes. You may need to refer to the table a couple of pages back, which explains the differences between the two types of word.

Domitianus Dacos superandos cupit.

imperatori oratio habenda est in Curia.

mihi multum placet fabula narranda.

liberi multa studendo discunt.

opus bene docendi magistro difficile est.

Traianus huc ad legionem septimam Geminam ducendam venit.

tibi manendum est, Hadriane.

epistula ad te Traiano scribenda est.

asinus ad herbas consumendas in agrum exit.

haec sunt vobis intellegenda.

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Background Trajan and Domitian We saw in chapter 11 that Trajan had once served in the campaigns of Vespasian and Titus, in the modern country of Israel. He probably got to know Domitian at this time and this connection to the heart of the Flavian family must have helped him in his later career. By the time we reach the events of this chapter, in AD 86-87, he was already being sought out by Domitian for promotion. Domitian had campaigned north of the river Danube several times already, since he had made early attempts on Dacian territories from AD 83 onwards. There were various reasons for his desire to find new lands and alliances, not least the fact that the Dacians were difficult to trust and prone to attacking Roman territory themselves. When Decebalus became the new king in AD 86, it seemed at first that he wanted peace, as he made two attempts to contact the Romans and offer them a solution to the ongoing problems, which involved the Romans giving him a considerable amount of money. Domitian rejected both peace offers from the safety of Rome, leaving his praetorian prefect, Cornelius Fuscus, in charge of events on the frontier.

Fuscus proved a complete disaster, as he constructed a pontoon bridge across the Danube and marched against Decebalus. He lost his life and his army, and the Romans were plunged into a new crisis. Domitian acted by summoning six legions to the region, a huge invading force: one of those involved had to be removed from among the four legions stationed in Britain, weakening the forces there and leaving earlier plans to occupy the whole island in jeopardy.

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After this depletion of the Roman forces in Britain, the campaigns in Scotland of the previous Governor Agricola had to be abandoned. He had almost conquered the whole island and it is interesting to speculate that if Domitian hadn't been so keen on his campaigns in Romania, perhaps the whole division of the UK into England and Scotland might never have happened at all. Certainly, the northern frontier in Britain was to remain a problem for the Romans for many years and Hadrian himself later became instrumental in trying to solve it.

By putting all his forces into one place in Romania, Domitian must have created gaps elsewhere among his armies and it is perhaps for this reason that he needed to send Trajan to the town we know as Leon, northern Spain. In this picture you can see the north gate to the town, though in fact these walls were built after the time in which Trajan was here.

In Leon, Trajan became the commander of the seventh legion “Gemina”. This was to benefit him hugely a few years later, for reasons which we will consider in the next few chapters. Whether Trajan's removal to Spain had any effect on how the young Hadrian was brought up, we do not really know. He had always had a second guardian, in the shape of Publius Acilius Attianus, who perhaps took over some of the responsibilities for his ward during the times when Trajan was away from home. However, there is every reason to think that Plotina was the key person to look after the boy and that she would have wanted him to stay in one place as much as was possible. In truth, there is much we do not know about this period in Hadrian's life. Can you read the name of the bar in this picture?

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sine qua non absentia, absentiae, f absence adeo, adire, adii, aditum I go to agito, agitare, agitavi, agitatum I chase alter, altera, alterum second, one of two ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum I walk bonus, bona, bonum good cum (+ ablative) with custos, custodis, m guard, guardian dux, ducis, m leader eo, ire, ii, itum I go geminus, gemina, geminum twin ita vero yes indeed itaque therefore legio, legionis, f legion miles, militis, m soldier nam for nuntius, nuntii, m messenger, message relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum I leave, abandon septimus, septima, septimum seventh supero, superare, superavi, superatum I conquer valeo, valere, valui I am well, am healthy

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Chapter 19 A marriage of convenience Ex. 19.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Attianus Hadrianum ad se venire iubet.

“ego tibi aliquid momenti dicere debeo. soror tua Domitia Paulina quattuordecim annos iam habet. necesse est nobis maritum ei invenire.”

“hoc scio,” inquit Hadrianus. “sed quis sit, nescio. quid Traianus agere cupit?”

“ut scis, ille exercitum in Hispaniam ducit. sed Domitianus me rogat ut Domitiam Paulinam demus in matrimonio Lucio Iulio Serviano.”

“Serviano? isti consuli suffecto? sed senex est! quadraginta annos habet. non bene est sorori meae. nimium annorum habet. hic dies niger nobis est.”

“sed dives est ille, et potens in senatu. bona res est tibi et familiae tuae.”

“hoc Domitiae Paulinae difficile est. senes Romanos non amat, nec Romae habitare cupit. res ei gravis est.”

“nobis omnibus gradus difficiles capiendi sunt. tempora sunt periculosa, et princeps periculosus, nisi facimus quod cupiat.”

“bene est. Servianus Domitiam Paulinam uxorem habeat. sed si illa cum eo infelix fiat, quid faciamus?”

“nescio. nos omnes sumus in manibus deorum et principis potentis.”

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Nouns – the final reckoning Here is a bit of good news. By the time you have finished this chapter, you will have met all the Latin nouns you need to meet, or at least (after all, let's not go over the top) all of the five Latin declensions. There is also a bit of bad news mixed in with this, I fear: once you have read about the fourth and fifth declensions, it will be time to put them into sine qua non, along with the first three declensions, which you have obviously forgotten all about by now. Anyway, here goes. The fourth declension This declension is quite irritating. At first glance, it looks like the second declension, you see, until you scrutinise things carefully. Look at the following vocabulary entries: asinus, asini, m donkey (second declension) gradus, gradus, m step (fourth declension) See what I mean? In the Nominative, asinus and gradus look the same. So from now on, you really do need to look at the Genitive, if you haven't already been doing so. The main nouns of the fourth declension are: cornu, cornus, n horn exercitus, exercitus, m army genu, genus, n knee gradus, gradus, m step impetus, impetus, m attack

manus, manus, f hand senatus, senatus, m senate sensus, sensus, m sense spiritus, spiritus, m spirit versus, versus, m verse

As you will see, there is no predominant gender involved here – masculine, feminine and neuter nouns all figure in the fourth declension. However, there are not all that many nouns involved, so for now, just learn the main ones as vocab, learn the endings systems (see sine qua non) and make sure you don't forget that you should identify them from the Genitive singular ending -us, in a vocabulary or dictionary listing. The fifth declension This declension is even smaller than the fourth one. However, it contains a couple of key nouns and has to be learned properly in its own right. The nouns in question are: dies, diei, m day facies, faciei, f face fides, fidei, f faith, loyalty

res, rei, f thing, matter species, speciei, f appearance spes, spei, f hope

If you check out sine qua non in this chapter, you will be able to learn the new endings systems from there and for the most part, these are not difficult. One HUGELY ANNOYING aspect of this declension is that res, the noun for a thing is feminine. I have never been able to work that out or explain it properly. Grr.

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Ex. 19.2 From the words listed in column 1 below, mark down in the second column which declension each one belongs to. You may well need to use the vocabulary listing at the back of this book to help you identify the right answer. Your answer should be a number between 1st and 5th. Then use the tables in sine qua non of this chapter to do the rest of the exercise: in the third column, write down what case (Nom, Voc, Acc, Gen, Dat, Abl) the noun is in; then, in the fourth column, write its number (Sing, Pl); finally, put its gender (Masc, Fem, Neuter, Common) in the fifth column. NB if there is more than one correct answer – and there often is – just give one correct answer. The first of these has been done for you, in case you just went off onto overload.

rem 5th Acc Sing Fem

gradui

apris

leonis

ancillas

spectacula

servi

dierum

magistro

spei

capitibus Ex. 19.3 Using all the information at your disposal (e.g. vocabulary listing at the back and sine qua non tables in this chapter), try to fill in the following. The first one has been done for you.

manus – genitive plural manuum

genu – accusative plural

Hannibal – genitive singular

Dacus – dative plural

species – dative singular

impetus* – dative singular

Iulius* – vocative singular

Paulina – ablative singular

urbs* – genitive plural

struthiocamelus – dative singular

dux – genitive plural * See Some extra notes section at the end of this chapter.

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Ex. 19.4 Translate the following sentences into English.

Traianus cum exercitu in Hispania Roma abest.

Domitianus ipse exercitum in Dacos ducit.

princeps Attianum rogat ut Domitia Paulina in matrimonium cum Serviano eat.

puella nec Romae habitare nec senem maritum habere cupiat.

res est periculosa, quod princeps ipse haec rogat.

Domitia Paulina quattuordecim annos habeat sed Servianus quadraginta habet.

patres Romani saepe filias senibus in matrimonio dant.

omnibus fides principi danda est.

Attianus puellam in manus Serviani dare cupit.

Domitia Paulina uxor consulis suffecti fit.

Moral message It is a well-known fact that 95% of all statistics are made up. Then again, you may want to think about what Mark Twain once said, “All generalizations are false, including this one.” Ex. 19.5 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

We must give our loyalty to the emperor.

Attianus warns Hadrian to do what the emperor desires.

It is dangerous for us to neglect these things.

We should have hope.

The donkey is happy: nobody desires him to be married. (lit. so that he should go into marriage).

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Background Marriage in the Roman world Lots of upper class Roman men around the age of 40 were only just starting to think of getting married for the first time. Did this mean their marriages were all disastrous? Probably not. They had served in the army, made their early career choices and were on their way to joining the senate. Taking wives helped them to cement their careers, by attaching them to families of other upper class Roman men, which then worked together to the mutual benefit of all concerned. There was often an age difference in these marriages, where the girls involved could be much younger than their husbands.

One example of this was when Julius Caesar (left) allowed his daughter Julia to marry his political rival Pompey the Great, in 59 BC. At the time, Pompey was about 47 years old and Julia was about 23. One thing which made this particularly strange was that the groom was older than his new father-in-law, by about 6 years! The marriage was successful, however, and the relationship between Pompey and Caesar remained good until after her death in 54 BC. After this, the two became terrible enemies, which culminated in civil war and the eventual breakdown of the Roman Republic.

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After the death of Julia, his former father-in-law wanted Pompey (right) to marry again, this time to Octavia, sister of the young Octavian. Pompey declined but Octavia was used in a similar way by her family some fourteen years later, in 40 BC, in order to cement relations with Mark Antony. At the time, tensions were increasing between her brother, the soon-to-be-emperor Augustus, and her new husband, so the marriage was designed to help patch things up for the time being. Hmm. A pity that Cleopatra turned up her nose a little later, to mess things up for them all. The age difference between Antony and Octavia was about fourteen years. In fact, Octavia had been married previously, before joining up with Mark Antony; her son from the earlier marriage, Marcellus, was a favourite with her brother. In view of this, Augustus, as he was now known, arranged for Marcellus to be married off to his own fourteen year old daughter, who, rather confusingly, was also called Julia. Are you keeping up with all this? Julia and Marcellus were quite close in age but when Marcellus died three years later, Julia was to be used again by her father, to make another political alliance. This time, the man to benefit was Agrippa, who had served with Augustus (at that point, called Octavian) in various campaigns and was widely regarded as the emperor’s possible heir. The age difference this time was a lot greater: Julia was about 18 years old and Agrippa was about 42. It did not stop them from having a small herd of children, however, before Agrippa died in 12 BC. After this, the unfortunate Julia was used yet again by her relentlessly demanding father, when she was married off to the future emperor Tiberius in 11 BC. There was a complete lack of love in this relationship, which led to Julia going off the rails completely and eventually being banished from Rome forever by dear old dad. The rest of her life was spent in utter misery until her death, some time after Tiberius became emperor, who had by now rejected her completely. Julia was perhaps the ultimate pawn in the Roman marriage game. All of this paints a very bleak picture of Roman family life, as indeed it should. The treatment of young girls by their loved ones was despicable, seen by modern standards. However, not all Roman marriages were bad; you should realise that the examples given so far in this chapter have been chosen precisely to illustrate how awful things could become.

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There were also, of course, successful marriages in these times: the marriage of Augustus and Livia lasted from 39 BC until his death in AD 14. Both, admittedly, had been married before, but their wedding was apparently of their own making and not arranged by their families. Having made this concession, it is worth adding (for a minus point) that Augustus was five years older than his 19 year old bride, who was pregnant at the time of her wedding, with her previous husband's child. Perhaps the most charming picture of Roman married life has been given to us by the writer Pliny the Younger. At the age of about 40, he married Calpurnia, a girl of about 14. After she had a miscarriage, she left Rome to recover, when he wrote the following letter to her.

incredibile est quanto desiderio tui tenear. in causa amor primum, deinde quod non consuevimus abesse. inde est quod magnam noctium partem in imagine tua vigil exigo; inde quod interdiu, quibus horis te visere solebam, ad diaetam tuam ipsi me, ut verissime dicitur, pedes ducunt; quod denique aeger et maestus ac similis excluso a vacuo limine recedo. (Pliny's Letters VII.5) It is amazing by how much desire for you I am gripped. First in cause is love, then because we have not been accustomed to being apart. Then it is because I spend a large part of my nights awake thinking of your image. Then because sometimes, in the hours when I would normally visit you, my very feet take me to your room, to tell the most honest truth; because finally sick and sad and like somebody excluded, I retire from your empty threshold.

Here we can see how Pliny desperately missed his wife, though he knew it was best for her to spend time to recover her health and her well-being, away from the noisy city. The freshness of the emotion is still clear for us to see and our conclusion should perhaps be that this kind of universal love will always be an essential aspect of humanity, even in societies where marriage can be used as a tool of political convenience and even where loveless, May-December relationships were regularly created for cynical reasons. The particular marriage of Domitia Paulina to Lucius Julius Servianus, mentioned in this chapter, was a fairly typical affair, organised by the families concerned. It took place in around AD 89, when she was 14 years old. Servianus was probably from southern Gaul and became the suffect consul* in the next year: he was well over 40 at this time. The marriage itself proved long and successful, despite the age difference. When Domitia Paulina died in about AD 130, they were still married; indeed, Servianus continued to serve his brother-in-law, the emperor Hadrian, for many years to come. This was tainted at the end by the fact that Hadrian ordered Servianus’ death in his ninetieth year, shortly before his own death in AD 138. * suffect consul means that he was not one of the first two consuls chosen in a given year but took office at some point later on during that year. The first two consuls were called consules ordinarii.

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sine qua non In this section, there is a whole bunch of stuff you should know already. It has been re-inserted here so you can have all the material about nouns which you will ever need to know, all in one place. Well, more or less, anyway…. Vocabulary: 4th declension nouns cornu, cornus, n horn exercitus, exercitus, m army genu, genus, n knee gradus, gradus, m step impetus, impetus, m attack manus, manus, f hand senatus, senatus, m senate sensus, sensus, m sense spiritus, spiritus, m spirit versus, versus, m verse Vocabulary: 5th declension nouns dies, diei, m day facies, faciei, f face fides, fidei, f faith, loyalty res, rei, f thing, matter species, speciei, f appearance spes, spei, f hope Declension patterns: looking things up in dictionaries When we look up a noun in a dictionary or word listing, it always appears with four pieces of information given, as in: puer, pueri, m – boy

1. The first form of the noun is the Nominative form. 2. The second form is the Genitive. 3. The third thing is a letter, m for masculine, f for feminine, or n for neuter. Once in a while

you may also see c, meaning common. This can be used when something, e.g. a human being, can be masculine or feminine.

4. The fourth thing to appear is the meaning of the noun in English. In order to know what declension a noun comes from, you should look at the Genitive endings, not the Nominative. The table below may help.

1st declension (mostly feminine)

2nd declension (masculine and neuter)

3rd declension (all genders)

4th declension (all genders)

5th declension (feminine and masculine)

Nominative familia Hadrianus Afer bellum

pater uxor nomen

manus genu

res dies

Genitive familiae Hadriani Afri belli

patris uxoris nominis

manus genus

rei diei

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Cases It is essential that you know the meanings of all the cases, or you may as well not bother learning any of the noun tables which follow.

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

Before verb in English (subject)

O After verb in English (object)

Of To or For

By, With, From, Than, At or In

Now learn or revise the tables which follow 1st declension

Feminine 2nd declension Masculine -us

2nd declension Masculine -er

2nd declension Neuter

Nominative Singular puella (girl) asinus (donkey) puer (boy) bellum (war)

Vocative Singular puella asine puer bellum

Accusative Singular puellam asinum puerum bellum

Genitive Singular puellae asini pueri belli

Dative Singular puellae asino puero bello

Ablative Singular puella asino puero bello

Nominative Plural puellae asini pueri bella

Vocative Plural puellae asini pueri bella

Accusative Plural puellas asinos pueros bella

Genitive Plural puellarum asinorum puerorum bellorum

Dative Plural puellis asinis pueris bellis

Ablative Plural puellis asinis pueris bellis

3rd declension Masculine

3rd declension Common -i stem

3rd declension Neuter

3rd declension Neuter -i stem

Nominative Singular pater (father) civis (citizen) nomen (name) mare (sea)

Vocative Singular pater civis nomen mare

Accusative Singular patrem civem nomen mare

Genitive Singular patris civis nominis maris

Dative Singular patri civi nomini mari

Ablative Singular patre cive nomine mari

Nominative Plural patres cives nomina maria

Vocative Plural patres cives nomina maria

Accusative Plural patres cives nomina maria

Genitive Plural patrum civium nominum marium

Dative Plural patribus civibus nominibus maribus

Ablative Plural patribus civibus nominibus maribus

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4th declension Feminine

4th declension Neuter

5th declension Feminine

5th declension Masculine

Nominative Singular manus (hand) genu (knee) res (thing) dies (day)

Vocative Singular manus genu res dies

Accusative Singular manum genu rem diem

Genitive Singular manus genus rei diei

Dative Singular manui genu rei diei

Ablative Singular manu genu re die

Nominative Plural manus genua res dies

Vocative Plural manus genua res dies

Accusative Plural manus genua res dies

Genitive Plural manuum genuum rerum dierum

Dative Plural manibus genibus rebus diebus

Ablative Plural manibus genibus rebus diebus

Some extra notes

Second declension nouns which end –ius in the Nominative singular have Vocative singulars ending in –i. For example, the Vocative of filius is fili, not filie.

The Gender of third declension nouns can be masculine, feminine or neuter. Masculine and feminine nouns have basically similar endings, so for example, mater declines identically to pater. The Genitive plural of third declension nouns is normally –um, as in nominum. However, there are frequent exceptions, such as civium and marium. You may see the –ium ending in the Genitive plural when one of the following conditions apply:

! when the number of syllables in the Nominative singular and in the Genitive singular is the same, e.g. civis, civis, both with 2 syllables. Some of these nouns can actually be labelled -i stem, as seen in the tables above. An exception to the same-syllables rule is pater, patris.

! when the Nominative singular ends with two or more

consonants, e.g. urbs.

There will be plenty of opportunities to get this wrong, however, so don’t get too attached to either rule.

Fourth declension nouns follow the same endings in both masculine and feminine examples. We give the feminine noun manus in the tables above as a template but be aware that other fourth declension masculine nouns have exactly the same endings, such as gradus or impetus. Not all Roman marriages were a disaster. From this tomb in Pompeii, a happily married couple look back on their lives.

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Chapter 20 Moves and Manoeuvres Ex. 20.1 Translate the following sentences into English. Hadrianus epistulam brevem a Traiano accipit.

TRAIANUS CUSTOS HADRIANO FILIO SALUTEM DAT.

imperator Domitianus, ut scis, bellum in Dacos gerit. hostes sunt difficiliores quam speraverat.*

sed Antonius Saturninus defectionem inter milites Moguntiaci facit. res gravis est atque gravior fit.

hic enim Chattis, qui hac in regione habitant, ut quoque deficiant persuadet.

imperator tamen sollicitus est. mihi ut cum legione septima Gemina ad se quam celerrime adeam imperat.

mihi non diutius manendum est in Hispania sed ad flumen Rhenum celeriter procedendum. res est plena periculis sed castra nobis prope flumen ponenda sunt.

tu cura ut diligenter labores et studeas. togam virilem mox gerere debes, quod paene iuvenis es.

Domitia Paulina Serviano in Hispania nubere cupit, deinde cum marito novo Romam adire, ubi consul suffectus fiat.

optimum est tibi Italicam ire ut adsis matrimonio tuae sororis. tum togam virilem ibi cum sorore tua et Plotina mea sumas. melius ita est omnibus. itaque, cura ut Italicam adeas. vale.

* speraverat = he had hoped

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Comparison of adjectives and adverbs Adjectives and adverbs in Latin have three different levels, as indeed they do in other languages. Let us call these levels normal, comparative and superlative. Study the table below, to ensure you understand this in English, before proceeding further. Normal Comparative Superlative

Adjective thick thicker more thick rather thick, too thick

thickest very thick most thick

Adverb thickly more thickly rather thickly, too thickly

very thickly most thickly

In Latin, the following things happen to the word densus, meaning thick: Normal Comparative Superlative

Adjective densus (m) densa (f) densum (n)

densior (m) densior (f) densius (n)

densissimus (m) densissima (f) densissimum (n)

Adverb dense densius densissime

Now study the notes on formations of adjectives and adverbs in the table below.

Normal Comparative Superlative

Adjective There are different types of adjectives. Numbers given below refer to the declensions of the m/f/n endings.

! -us -a -um 2-1-2 e.g. densus, longus

! -er -a -um = 2-1-2 e.g. pulcher, miser

! -is -is -e = 3-3-3 e.g. omnis, tristis

Check out the table on the next page to help you with endings of 2-1-2 adjectives.

Comparatives ending -ior -ior -ius are all 3-3-3 adjectives, regardless of the declension number of their normal forms. For all endings of these, see the table on the next page. In case you read Winnie the Pooh, “-ior goes -er”.

All forms are 2-1-2 adjectives, regardless of the declension number of the normal forms. As well as -issimus, you will see -illimus and -errimus, e.g. facillimus or miserrimus. The double consonants tell you that the adjectives are superlative. Check out the table on the next page to help you with endings of 2-1-2 adjectives.

Adverb 2-1-2 adjectives usually have adverbs ending -e.

! densus -a -um > dense = thickly

! miser -era -erum > misere = miserably

(Exception magnus -a -um > magnopere = greatly) 3-3-3 adjectives often end -ter. e.g. fortis -is -e > fortiter = bravely

Comparative adverbs are the same as the neuter form of the comparative adjective. e.g. densior -ior -ius > densius = more thickly

Superlative adverbs are basically formed from -us -a -um adjectives, so they follow the rule given for normal adverbs. e.g. densissimus -a -um > densissime = most thickly, very thickly

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Now, before proceeding to the next exercise, you need to do three things:

! Learn SQN of this chapter ! Check out the endings of adjectives, as found below ! Realise that superlative endings are the same as normal ones, e.g. -us -a -um.

Singular M F N M F N

Nominative densus densa densum densior densior densius

Vocative dense densa densum densior densior densius

Accusative densum densam densum densiorem densiorem densius

Genitive densi densae densi densioris densioris densioris

Dative denso densae denso densiori densiori densiori

Ablative denso densa denso densiore densiore densiore

Plural

Nominative densi densae densa densiores densiores densiora

Vocative densi densae densa densiores densiores densiora

Accusative densos densas densa densiores densiores densiora

Genitive densorum densarum densorum densiorum densiorum densiorum

Dative densis densis densis densioribus densioribus densioribus

Ablative densis densis densis densioribus densioribus densioribus

Ex. 20.2 Form the words required in the exercise below. You may have to guess sometimes but you will also need to use the information in the tables above, as well as the listings of regular adjectives or adverbs in sine qua non of this chapter. Don't forget to look at declension numbers: you may even have to look at entries for the adjectives in the vocabulary listings at the back of this book, in case you don't know their stems. The first question has been done for you.

celer – superlative adjective, accusative masculine singular celerrimum

callidus – comparative adverb

stultus – superlative adjective, genitive feminine plural

iratus – comparative adjective, accusative neuter plural

miser – superlative adverb

tristis – comparative adjective, dative masculine plural

fortis – normal adverb

potens – comparative adjective, accusative masculine singular

ferox – superlative adverb

pulcher – comparative adjective, dative feminine singular

difficilis – superlative adverb

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Four uses of quam The Latin word quam can be quite confusing. Study the points below and try to make sense of them before doing exercise 20.3.

! quam can be the accusative feminine singular form of the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod, or the interrogative pronoun quis, quis, quid. For example: haec est femina quam amo, this is the woman whom I love. (relative) quam scis quae hoc dicit, whom do you know who says this? (interrogative) ! quam with a normal adjective or adverb means how. For example: quam callida es, how clever you are! quam ferox leo, how fierce the lion is! (In sentences like this one, you don't have to include the verb to be.) ! quam after a comparative adjective or adverb means than. For example: ego sum celerior quam meus frater, I am faster than my brother. neminem scio callidiorem quam te, I know nobody more clever than you. NB – in Latin, the two things compared are always in the same case. ! quam with a superlative adjective or adverb means as ..... as possible. For example: quam celerrime curro, I am running as fast as possible. quam diutissime in urbe manent, they stay in the city as long as possible.

Moral message Being wise is just a matter of knowing how little you know. At any rate, this is what Socrates said. Was he wiser than anyone else? Who knows? Perhaps he was indeed the wisest man of all. But it didn't do him any good: they killed him for it. Don't call yourself wise, even if you are referring to your wisdom of ignorance. Although Socrates was famously wise, he was also notoriously ugly. Would you want to look at this in the mirror each morning?

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Ex. 20.3 Translate the following sentences into English.

“quid est hoc? nonne hasta est? cur hastam tenes?” Hadrianus Plotinam rogat.

“ita vero. hasta est quam Anna sumit ut crines Domitiae Paulinae componat.*

nam Servianus et Domitia Paulina iunctionem dextrarum** hodie faciunt.”

“quam bella est puella! consule uxor digna est!” inquit Plotina.

Servianus ridet. multo senior est quam uxor nova, sed hodie eius maritus fit.

“ubi tu Gaius, ego Gaia,”*** inquit Domitia Paulina.

Servianus per vias Italicae eam domum ducit. ab omnibus in viis ioci scurriles clamantur.****

Hadriano Plotina, “et tu, nunc iuvenis es, non diutius puer,” dicit.

“haec est toga virilis quam cras gerere debes. quam mirabile!”

“nunc iuvenis fio. nunc cum amicis ad venationem quam celerrime adeam! apri, cavete! Bucephale, paratus esto!”

* When a Roman bride was getting ready for her wedding, her hair was traditionally parted with a spear, before being bound into six plaits. ** The joining of the right hands of the bride and groom was an important part of a Roman wedding. *** This expression was a formulaic way of saying that the bride was about to accept her new role, subordinate to her husband in the marriage: you could compare this to the fact that most brides today accept their husbands' surnames as their own, when they become married. **** The procession to the married couple's house after the ceremony was usually accompanied by lots of people calling out rude jokes to them in the streets, as well as singing and chanting. When they arrived at their home, the groom would normally carry his bride across the threshold.

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Ablative case taken by plenus and dignus plenus, plena, plenum means full. dignus, digna, dignum means worthy. In English, we say full of something, or worthy of something, but in Latin, plenus or dignus need to have nouns in the Ablative attached to them. For example: Curia plena est senatoribus. – The Senate House is full of senators. amici mei digni sunt mea fide. – My friends are worthy of my loyalty. The Ablative of comparison From Chapter 7 onwards, when you first were told about the Ablative case, you have read that it can mean By, With, From, Than, At or In. The Ablative of comparison is when it is used to mean than. In other words, it is an alternative to using quam, after a comparative adjective or adverb. Look at the following pairs of sentences: Hadrianus laetior est quam soror. – Hadrian is happier than his sister. Hadrianus laetior est sorore. – Hadrian is happier than his sister. apri celerius currunt quam limaces. – Boars run faster than slugs. apri celerius currunt limacibus. – Boars run faster than slugs. The meanings of the phrases given here are identical but in the second examples presented, the Ablative of comparison is used. This won't cause you any problem at all, provided you remember that “than” is one of the possible translations of the Ablative case. NB – note again that when quam is used, object A and object B being compared are both in the same case, e.g. boars (Nominative) run faster than slugs (Nominative, implying slugs run). Ex. 20.4 Translate the following sentences into Latin.

The city is full of shouting. (= shouts, plural)

The horse is worthy of a great emperor.

Riding (use a gerund) is more dangerous than writing (use a gerund).

The Roman soldiers walk through the streets, which are full of Dacians.

The donkey is as happy as possible when he sees Hadrian.

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Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives We have already looked at various rules of formations of Comparatives and Superlatives but as is usual in most languages, life isn't all like that. Look at the following, in case you don't want to believe this.

English French Spanish Dutch

Normal good bon bien goed

Comparative better mieux mejor beter

Superlative best meilleur el mejor beste The rather tedious fact is that in most systems, the most commonly used examples of adjectives and adverbs are not formed in a regular way. So you will need to learn the whole list of adjectives and adverbs, which appears in sine qua non of this chapter. For the time being, try to use that list to help you work through the next exercise. Ex. 20.5 Translate the following sentences into English.

Augustus omnium principium maximus est.

Daci fortiter pugnant sed Romani fortissime bellum gerunt.

Anna est pulchra sed Domitia Paulina multo pulchrior est quam ancilla.

melius est dare quam accipere.

hoc mihi minime interest.

diutissime id facio quod non diutius facere cupio.

plus pecuniae mihi habendum est, plura tibi agenda.

faciliora sunt haec illis.

qui pessima exspectant, eis plurima sunt meliora quam sperent.

saepe infelices sunt, qui optima sibi semper cupiunt.

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Background The toga virilis – an end to childhood To finish off Imperium Book 2, we see Hadrian putting on his toga virilis, or toga of manhood. This important occasion was highly symbolic to the Romans: the assumption of the toga virilis marked the end of a period after which he would expect to be more formally dressed, at least on social occasions. The ceremony, attended by close family, symbolised that his childhood was coming to an end and that he was ready to take on some of the responsibilities of adult life. This occasion was usually held on March 17th, at the so-called festival of Liberalia. The toga was a woollen garment, wrapped around in copious folds, leaving a twisted knot of fabric to be held clenched in the left hand. The more fabric in your toga, the more wealthy you were. Togas were usually around five or six meters in length, providing a sign of status, denoting the Roman alpha male. Boys wore a toga with a coloured border but for adults, it was normally white. We all know how hard it is to keep our white clothes clean, so it is obvious that wealthy Romans must have had several togas in their wardrobes. Those men who made it up the career ladder to become senators were allowed to wear a toga praetexta, which had a purple border. This became an emblem of success and was the target of many. There were laws governing the wearing of a toga and it was regarded as inappropriate to wear the wrong one at the wrong time or place. It was expected that magistrates on official duty or in the public eye would always be properly dressed and generally speaking, if we see statues of important Romans, as with this picture of Augustus, they are always shown wearing a toga. Hadrian's own progression to adulthood was marked by various events. We know that he returned to Italica at the age of about fourteen and also that complaints were made at that time about his obsession with hunting. We do not know exactly what happened and when. It is safe to assume that the trip to Italica was probably quite a short one and that he soon returned to his education in Rome. His guardian Trajan served as consul ordinarius in AD 91. The consul ordinarius was more important than the suffect consul, as he was the first one chosen and therefore gave his name to the year. So Trajan remained well-connected, at the highest level of Roman society, and personally supported by Domitian. Domitia Paulina and Servianus had a daughter in the same year, called Julia Paulina. Uncle Hadrian must have been feeling quite old and important by now and by the time he was eighteen, in AD 94, he was appointed to his first position of responsibility in public life, that of vigintivir, one of twenty men appointed to complete various duties in the courts of Rome. In this capacity, he must have seen and known men such as Tacitus, Pliny and Agricola, who have left a real mark from their times on the modern world. During Book 3 of this course, we will aim to look at how Hadrian's career continued to develop in his adult life as a politician, soldier and emperor.

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sine qua non

Adjectives - regular densus -a -um thick densior -ior -ius thicker densissimus -a -um thickest facilis -is -e easy facilior -ior -ius easier facillimus -a -um easiest fortis -is -e brave fortior -ior -ius braver fortissimus -a -um bravest pulcher -ra -rum beautiful pulchrior -ior -ius more beautiful pulcherrimus -a -um most beautiful Adjectives – less regular, or irregular bonus -a -um good melior -ior -ius better optimus -a -um best malus -a -um bad peior -ior -ius worse pessimus -a -um worst multus -a -um much plus more (singular noun) plures, plures, plura more (plural adjective) plurimus -a -um most magnus -a -um great maior -ior -ius greater maximus -a -um greatest parvus -a -um small minor -or -us smaller minimus -a -um smallest

Adverbs - regular dense thickly densius more thickly densissime most thickly facile easily facilius more easily facillime most easily fortiter bravely fortius more bravely fortissime most bravely pulchre beautifully pulchrius more beautifully pulcherrime most beautifully Adverbs – less regular, or irregular bene well melius better, in a better way optime best, in the best way male badly peius worse, in a worse way pessime worst, in the worst way multo or multum much plus more plurimum most magnopere greatly magis more, more greatly maxime most, most greatly parve in a small way minus less minime least, no! diu for a long time diutius any longer, for a longer time diutissime for a very long time saepe often saepius more often saepissime most often, very often

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Latin to English Vocabulary a, ab (+ ablative) from, away from, by 7 Preposition ab, a (+ ablative) away from, from, by 7 Preposition absentia, absentiae, f absence 18 Noun Declension 1 absum, abesse, afui I am absent 11 Verb Irregular ac but, and, as (after idem) 16 Conjunction accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum I receive 20 Verb Conjugation 3/4 accusativus, accusativa, accusativum accusative 15 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Acilius, Acilii, m Acilius 18 Noun Declension 2 acuo, acuere, acui, acutum I sharpen 16 Verb Conjugation 3 ad (+ accusative) to, towards 5 Preposition adeo, adire, adii, aditum I go to 18 Verb Irregular adsum, adesse, adfui I am present, am here 6 Verb Irregular aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum I build 12 Verb Conjugation 1 aeger, aegra, aegrum ill 3 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Afer, Afri, m Afer 1 Noun Declension 2 Africa, Africae, f Africa - Roman province 17 Noun Declension 1 ager, agri, m field 2 Noun Declension 2 agito, agitare, agitavi, agitatum I chase 17 Verb Conjugation 1 ago, agere, egi, actum I do, act 5 Verb Conjugation 3 Alexander, Alexandri, m Alexander 8 Noun Declension 2 aliquis, aliquis, aliquid someone, something 17 Pronoun alius, alia, aliud other 16 Adjective Irregular alter, altera, alterum second, one of two 18 Adjective Irregular ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum I walk 17 Verb Conjugation 1 amicus, amici, m friend 10 Noun Declension 2 amo, amare, amavi, amatum I love 10 Verb Conjugation 1 amphitheatrum, amphitheatri, n amphitheatre 6 Noun Declension 2 ancilla, ancillae, f maidservant 5 Noun Declension 1 animal, animalis, n animal 17 Noun Declension 3 Anna, Annae, f Anna 5 Noun Declension 1 annus, anni, m year 12 Noun Declension 2 antea before 16 Adverb Antonius, Antonii, m Antonius 20 Noun Declension 2 antrum, antri, n cave 15 Noun Declension 2 aper, apri, m boar 6 Noun Declension 2 aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum I open 6 Verb Conjugation 4 apertus, aperta, apertum open 11 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum I call 13 Verb Conjugation 1 aqua, aquae, f water 6 Noun Declension 1 arena, arenae, f arena 17 Noun Declension 1 asinus, asini, m donkey 2 Noun Declension 2 Athenae, Athenarum, f pl Athens 7 Noun (pl) Declension 1 atque and 20 Conjunction Attianus, Attiani, m Attianus 18 Noun Declension 2 attonitus, attonita, attonitum astonished 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 audio, audire, audivi, auditum I hear 5 Verb Conjugation 4 Augustus, Augusti, m Augustus 12 Noun Declension 2 aula, aulae, f hall 13 Noun Declension 1 aut or 16 Conjunction aut... aut... either... or... 16 Conjunction ave (s), avete (pl) hello 5 Phrase avunculus, avunculi, m uncle 6 Noun Declension 2 bellum, belli, n war 8 Noun Declension 2 bellus, bella, bellum pretty 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 bene well 7 Adverb benignus, benigna, benignum kindly 5 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 bibo, bibere, bibi I drink 18 Verb Conjugation 3 bonus, bona, bonum good 9 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 brevis, brevis, breve brief, short 20 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 breviter briefly 20 Adverb Britannia, Britanniae, f Britain 18 Noun Declension 1 Bucephalus, Bucephali, m Bucephalus 7 Noun Declension 2 cado, cadere, cecidi, casum I fall 7 Verb Conjugation 3 caecus, caeca, caecum blind 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Caesar, Caesaris, m Caesar 12 Noun Declension 3 callidus, callida, callidum clever 13 Adjective Declension 2-1-2

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canis, canis, c dog 17 Noun Declension 3 capio, capere, cepi, captum I take, capture 8 Verb Conjugation 3/4 caput, capitis, n head 15 Noun Declension 3 Carthago, Carthaginis, f Carthage 6 Noun Declension 3 carus, cara, carum dear 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 casa, casae, f house 2 Noun Declension 1 castra, castrorum, n pl camp 20 Noun Declension 2 casus, casus, f case, fall 15 Noun Declension 4 caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum I beware 20 Verb Conjugation 2 celer, celeris, celere quick 8 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 celeriter quickly 7 Adverb celerrime most quickly 20 Superlative Adverb celo, celare, celavi, celatum I hide 16 Verb Conjugation 1 centum hundred 12 Indeclinable number Irregular certe certainly 13 Adverb cervus, cervi, m deer 17 Noun Declension 2 Chatti, Chattorum, m pl Chatti (tribe) 20 Noun Declension 2 cibus, cibi, m food 6 Noun Declension 2 civis, civis, c citizen 6 Noun Declension 3 clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum I shout 3 Verb Conjugation 1 clamor, clamoris, m shouting 7 Noun Declension 3 commotus, commota, commotum upset 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 compono, componere, composui, compositum I arrange 20 Verb Conjugation 3 conscendo, conscendere, conscendi, conscensum I mount, board 7 Verb Conjugation 3 consilium, consilii, n plan 11 Noun Declension 2 consilium capio I make a plan 15 Phrase consobrinus, consobrini, m cousin 5 Noun Declension 2 consul, consulis, m consul 19 Noun Declension 3 consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum I consume 18 Verb Conjugation 3 cor, cordis, n heart 4 Noun Declension 3 Cornelius, Cornelii, m Cornelius 18 Noun Declension 2 cornu, cornus, n horn 19 Noun Declension 4 corpus, corporis, n body, corpse 4 Noun Declension 3 cras tomorrow 11 Adverb cremo, cremare, cremavi, crematum I cremate 12 Verb Conjugation 1 crinis, crinis, m (normally in plural) hair 20 Noun Declension 3 cubiculum, cubiculi, n bedroom 7 Noun Declension 2 culina, culinae, f kitchen 2 Noun Declension 1 cum (+ ablative) with 17 Preposition cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum I desire 5 Verb Conjugation 3/4 cur why 3 Interrogative particle Curia, Curiae, f Senate House 13 Noun Declension 1 curo ut I see to it that (+ subjunctive) 12 Phrase curo, curare, curavi, curatum I look after, care for 5 Verb Conjugation 1 curro, currere, cucurri, cursum I run 17 Verb Conjugation 3 cuspis, cuspidis, f point 16 Noun Declension 3 custos, custodis, m guard, guardian 18 Noun Declension 3 Cyclops, Cyclopis, m Cyclops 15 Noun Declension 3 Dacia, Daciae, f Dacia 18 Noun Declension 1 Dacus, Daca, Dacum Dacian 18 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 de (+ ablative) about, down from 7 Preposition debeo, debere, debui, debitum I ought, must, owe 6 Verb Conjugation 2 Decebalus, Decebali, m Decebalus (king of Dacians) 18 Noun Declension 2 decem ten 15 Indeclinable number declino, declinare, declinavi, declinatum I decline (a Noun) 15 Verb Conjugation 1 defectio, defectionis, f rebellion 20 Noun Declension 3 deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum I rebel 20 Verb Conjugation 3/4 deinde then 5 Adverb deleo, delere, delevi, deletum I destroy 15 Verb Conjugation 2 deletor, deletoris, m destroyer 16 Noun Declension 3 demitto, demittere, demisi, demissum I lower 16 Verb Conjugation 3 denarius, denarii, m denarius (coin) 17 Noun Declension 2 dens, dentis, m tooth 17 Noun Declension 3 dense thickly 20 Adverb densior, densior, densius thicker 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 densissime most thickly 20 Superlative Adverb densissimus, densissima, densissimum thickest 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 densius more thickly 20 Comparative Adverb

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densus, densa, densum thick 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum I descend 7 Verb Conjugation 3 desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum I miss, long for 3 Verb Conjugation 1 deus, dei, m god 12 Noun Declension 2 devoro, devorare, devoravi, devoratum I devour, eat 9 Verb Conjugation 1 dextra, dextrae, f right hand 20 Noun Declension 1 dico, dicere, dixi, dictum I say 5 Verb Conjugation 3 dictator, dictatoris, m dictator 12 Noun Declension 3 dies, diei, m day 19 Noun Declension 5 difficile est (+dative) it is difficult 9 Verb Impersonal difficilis, difficilis, difficile difficult 7 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 difficultas, difficultatis, f difficulty 7 Noun Declension 3 dignus, digna, dignum worthy (of = +abl) 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 diligenter carefully 13 Adverb discipulus, discipuli, m pupil 13 Noun Declension 2 disco, discere, didici I learn 9 Verb Conjugation 3 diu for a long time 3 Adverb diutissime for a very long time 20 Superlative Adverb diutius any longer, for a longer time 5 Comparative Adverb dives, dives, dives (stem divit-) rich 19 Adjective Declension 3 do, dare, dedi, datum I give 6 Verb Conjugation 1 doceo, docere, docui, doctum I teach 13 Verb Conjugation 2 dominus, domini, m master 5 Noun Declension 2 Domitia, Domitiae, f Domitia 1 Noun Declension 1 Domitianus, Domitiani, m Domitian 11 Noun Declension 2 domum home (= to home) 15 Adverb donum, doni, n gift 16 Noun Declension 2 dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum I sleep 7 Verb Conjugation 4 duco, ducere, duxi, ductum I lead, bring, take (as a wife) 5 Verb Conjugation 3 duo, duae, dua two 15 Declinable number Irregular durus, dura, durum hard 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 dux, ducis, m leader 18 Noun Declension 3 e, ex (+ ablative) from, out of 7 Preposition ebrius, ebria, ebrium drunk 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 ecce look 12 Exclamation edo, edere, edidi, editum I put on, organise 17 Verb Conjugation 3 ego, me, mei, mihi, me I 10 Pronoun eheu oh dear 12 Exclamation elephantus, elephanti, m elephant 17 Noun Declension 2 enim for 20 Conjunction (Word 2 in Latin) eo, ire, ii, itum I go 10 Verb Irregular epistula, epistulae, f letter 14 Noun Declension 1 equito, equitare, equitavi, equitatum I ride 7 Verb Conjugation 1 equus, equi, m horse 7 Noun Declension 2 est is 1 Verb Verb to be et and 1 Conjunction etiam even, also 12 Adverb ex, e (+ ablative) out of, from 7 Preposition excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatum I wake up 7 Verb Conjugation 1 exeo, exire, exii, exitum I leave 16 Verb Irregular exercitus, exercitus, m army 18 Noun Declension 4 exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum I wait for 10 Verb Conjugation 1 Fabius, Fabii, m Fabius 13 Noun Declension 2 Fabricius, Fabricii, m Fabricius 12 Noun Declension 2 fabula, fabulae, f story 15 Noun Declension 1 facies, faciei, f face 19 Noun Declension 5 facile easily 20 Adverb facilior, facilior, facilius easier 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 facilis, facilis, facile easy 11 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 facilius more easily 20 Comparative Adverb facillime most easily 20 Superlative Adverb facillimus, facillima, facillimum easiest 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 facio, facere, feci, factum I do, make 11 Verb Conjugation 3/4 familia, familiae, f family 1 Noun Declension 1 febris, febris, f fever 4 Noun Declension 3 feles, felis, f cat 2 Noun Declension 3 femina, feminae, f woman 5 Noun Declension 1 fero, ferre, tuli, latum I carry, bear 6 Verb Irregular

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ferociter fiercely 17 Adverb ferox, ferox, ferox (stem feroc-) fierce 8 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 ferrarius, ferrarii, m blacksmith 16 Noun Declension 2 fessus, fessa, fessum tired 3 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 fides, fidei, f faith, loyalty 19 Noun Declension 5 filia, filiae, f daughter 2 Noun Declension 1 filius, filii, m son 1 Noun Declension 2 fio, fieri, factus sum I become, happen 16 Verb Irregular flamma, flammae, f flame 16 Noun Declension 1 Flavius, Flavia, Flavium Flavian (of the F. household) 17 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 fleo, flere, flevi, fletum I weep 3 Verb Conjugation 2 flumen, fluminis, n river 12 Noun Declension 3 fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum I flow 7 Verb Conjugation 3 fortior, fortior, fortius braver 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 fortis, fortis, forte strong, brave 7 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 fortissime most bravely 20 Superlative Adverb fortissimus, fortissima, fortissimum bravest 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 fortiter bravely 20 Adverb fortius more bravely 20 Comparative Adverb forum, fori, n forum 12 Noun Declension 2 fractus, fracta, fractum broken 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 fragor, fragoris, m din 16 Noun Declension 3 frango, frangere, fregi, fractum I break 15 Verb Conjugation 3 frater, fratris, m brother 5 Noun Declension 3 frenum, freni, n bridle, reins (pl) 7 Noun Declension 2 fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum I escape 16 Verb Conjugation 3/4 Fuscus, Fusci, m Fuscus 18 Noun Declension 2 Gades, Gadum, f pl Cadiz 3 Noun (pl) Declension 3 Gaia, Gaiae, f Gaia 20 Noun Declension 1 Gaius, Gai, m Gaius 20 Noun Declension 2 geminus, gemina, geminum twin 18 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 genu, genus, n knee 19 Noun Declension 4 gero, gerere, gessi, gestum I wear, wage (war) 20 Verb Conjugation 3 gigas, gigantis, m giant 15 Noun Declension 3 gladiator, gladiatoris, m gladiator 6 Noun Declension 3 gladius, gladii, m sword 14 Noun Declension 2 gradus, gradus, m step 19 Noun Declension 4 Graeculus, Graeculi, m Graeculus, Little Greek 14 Noun Declension 2 Graecus, Graeca, Graecum Greek 9 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 grammaticus, grammatici, m teacher of grammar 13 Noun Declension 2 gratias (tibi) ago I thank (you) 6 Phrase gravis, gravis, grave heavy, serious 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 habeo, habere, habui, habitum I have 4 Verb Conjugation 2 habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum I live 1 Verb Conjugation 1 Hadrianus, Hadriani, m Hadrian 1 Noun Declension 2 Hannibal, Hannibalis, m Hannibal 6 Noun Declension 3 hasta, hastae, f spear 16 Noun Declension 1 herba, herbae, f grass 12 Noun Declension 1 hic, haec, hoc this, these (pl), the latter 11 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun Hispania, Hispaniae, f Spain 1 Noun Declension 1 Hispanus, Hispana, Hispanum Spanish 13 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 hodie today 17 Adverb Homerus, Homeri, m Homer 9 Noun Declension 2 hostis, hostis, m enemy 20 Noun Declension 3 huc here, to this place 5 Adverb iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitum I lie 8 Verb Conjugation 2 iam now 10 Adverb ianua, ianuae, f door 5 Noun Declension 1 ibi there 20 Adverb idem, eadem, idem the same 16 Demonstrative Adjective igitur therefore 10 Adverb ille, illa, illud that, those (pl), the former 12 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun imperator, imperatoris, m emperor 6 Noun Declension 3 imperium, imperii, n power, empire 12 Noun Declension 2 impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum I order (+ dative) 20 Verb Conjugation 1 impetus, impetus, m attack 19 Noun Declension 4 in (+ ablative) in, on 1 Preposition in (+ accusative) into, onto, against 6 Preposition

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infelix, infelix, infelix (stem infelic-) unlucky, unhappy 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 ingens, ingens, ingens (stem ingent-) huge 16 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 inquit he/she says 5 Verb Irregular insula, insulae, f island 12 Noun Declension 1 intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum I understand 5 Verb Conjugation 3 inter (+ accusative) among, between 20 Preposition intersum, interesse, interfui I interest 20 Verb Irregular intro, intrare, intravi, intratum I enter 5 Verb Conjugation 1 invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum I find 11 Verb Conjugation 4 invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum I invite 8 Verb Conjugation 1 iocus, ioci, m joke 20 Noun Declension 2 ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself 16 Demonstrative Adjective iratus, irata, iratum angry 9 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 is, ea, id he, she, it, this, that 15 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun iste, ista, istud that (awful) 16 Demonstrative Adjective ita in this way, so 20 Adverb ita vero yes indeed 18 Exclamation Italia, Italiae, f Italy 11 Noun Declension 1 Italica, Italicae, f Italica, a town in Spain 2 Noun Declension 1 itaque therefore 18 Conjunction iter, itineris, n journey, way 11 Noun Declension 3 iterum again 16 Adverb Ithaca, Ithacae, f Ithaca 16 Noun Declension 1 iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum I order 5 Verb Conjugation 2 Iulius, Iulii, m Julius 12 Noun Declension 2 iunctio, iunctionis, f joining 20 Noun Declension 3 iuvenis, iuvenis, m young man (16-45 approx) 20 Noun Declension 3 iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum I help 4 Verb Conjugation 1 laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum I work 13 Verb Conjugation 1 Laertes, Laertis, m Laertes (father of Odysseus) 16 Noun Declension 3 laetus, laeta, laetum happy 3 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Latine in Latin 15 Adverb Latinus, Latina, Latinum Latin (from Latium) 15 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum I praise 4 Verb Conjugation 1 Legio, Legionis, f Leon (town in North Spain) 18 Noun Declension 3 legio, legionis, f legion 18 Noun Declension 3 lego, legere, legi, lectum I read 8 Verb Conjugation 3 lente slowly 17 Adverb leo, leonis, c lion 17 Noun Declension 3 lepus, leporis, m hare 17 Noun Declension 3 liber, liberi, m child 2 Noun Declension 2 liber, libri, m book 14 Noun Declension 2 ligneus, lignea, ligneum wooden 15 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 limax, limacis, f slug 14 Noun Declension 3 lingua, linguae, f language, tongue 13 Noun Declension 1 littera, litterae, f letter, literature (pl) 9 Noun Declension 1 Livia, Liviae, f Livia 12 Noun Declension 1 loco, locare, locavi, locatum I place 4 Verb Conjugation 1 longe far 11 Adverb longus, longa, longum long 11 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Lucius, Lucii, m Lucius 10 Noun Declension 2 ludus, ludi, m game, school 6 Noun Declension 2 magis more 20 Comparative Adverb magister, magistri, m master, teacher 9 Noun Declension 2 magnificus, magnifica, magnificum magnificent 5 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 magnopere greatly, much 10 Adverb magnus, magna, magnum great 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 maior, maior, maius greater 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 male badly 20 Adverb malus, mala, malum bad 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 mane morning, in the morning 15 Adverb maneo, manere, mansi, mansum I remain, stay 4 Verb Conjugation 2 manus, manus, f hand 19 Noun Declension 4 Marciana, Marcianae, f Marciana 10 Noun Declension 1 Marcus, Marci, m Marcus 13 Noun Declension 2 mare, maris, n sea 3 Noun Declension 3 maritus, mariti, m husband 6 Noun Declension 2 mater, matris, f mother 1 Noun Declension 3

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Matidia, Matidiae, f Matidia 10 Noun Declension 1 matrimonium, matrimonii, n marriage 19 Noun Declension 2 maxime most, most greatly 20 Superlative Adverb maximus, maxima, maximum greatest 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 mecum with me 5 Pronoun phrase medius, media, medium the middle of 13 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Megalensis, Megalensis, Megalense of the Earth Mother 17 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 melior, melior, melius better 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 melius better, in a better way 20 Comparative Adverb memoria, memoriae, f memory 6 Noun Declension 1 memoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratum I remember 7 Verb Conjugation 1 mensa, mensae, f table 8 Noun Declension 1 meus, mea, meum my, mine 6 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 miles, militis, m soldier 18 Noun Declension 3 milito, militare, militavi, militatum I serve in the army 9 Verb Conjugation 1 minime least, no! 20 Superlative Adverb minimus, minima, minimum smallest 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 minor, minor, minus smaller 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 minus less 20 Comparative Adverb mirabilis, mirabilis, mirabile wonderful 15 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 miser, misera, miserum sad, miserable 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 mitto, mittere, misi, missum I send 5 Verb Conjugation 3 modestus, modesta, modestum shy 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Moguntiacum, Moguntiaci, n Mainz 20 Noun Declension 2 momentum, momenti, n importance 19 Noun Declension 2 moneo, monere, monui, monitum I warn, advise 13 Verb Conjugation 2 mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum I bite 4 Verb Conjugation 2 mortuus, mortua, mortuum dead 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 moveo, movere, movi, motum I move 16 Verb Conjugation 2 mox soon 20 Adverb multo much, by far 20 Adverb multum much 17 Adverb multus, multa, multum much, many 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 murus, muri, m wall 8 Noun Declension 2 nam for 17 Conjunction narro, narrare, narravi, narratum I tell 9 Verb Conjugation 1 navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum I sail 11 Verb Conjugation 1 navis, navis, f ship 11 Noun Declension 3 ne in order not to, lest 12 Conjunction nec and not 19 Conjunction nec... nec... neither... nor... 19 Conjunction necesse est it is necessary (+dative) 9 Verb Impersonal neco, necare, necavi, necatum I kill 8 Verb Conjugation 1 neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum I neglect 14 Verb Conjugation 3 nemo, neminis, c nobody 4 Noun Declension 3 Neptunus, Neptuni, m Neptune 16 Noun Declension 2 nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum I do not know 15 Verb Conjugation 4 niger, nigra, nigrum black 19 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 nihil nothing 4 Noun Indeclinable nimium too much 15 Adverb nisi if ... not, unless 13 Conjunction noli/nolite + infinitive don't 5 Verb Imperative form nolo, nolle, nolui I do not want 5 Verb Irregular nomen, nominis, n name 7 Noun Declension 3 non not 3 Adverb nonne...? surely...? (expects “yes”) 6 Interrogative particle nonnunquam sometimes (lit, not never) 15 Adverb nos, nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis we 10 Pronoun novem nine 16 Indeclinable number Irregular novus, nova, novum new 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 nox, noctis, f night 15 Noun Declension 3 nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum I marry (woman-man, +dat) 20 Verb Conjugation 3 numquam never 16 Adverb nunc now 16 Adverb nuntius, nuntii, m messenger, message 18 Noun Declension 2 O O 8 Exclamation Takes vocative octo eight 16 Indeclinable number Irregular oculus, oculi, m eye 15 Noun Declension 2

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Odyssea, Odysseae, f Odyssey 15 Noun Declension 1 oliva, olivae, f olive 16 Noun Declension 1 omnis, omnis, omne all 4 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum I attack 17 Verb Conjugation 1 optime best, in the best way 20 Superlative Adverb optimus, optima, optimum best, excellent 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 opus, operis, n work, project 12 Noun Declension 3 oratio, orationis, f speech 13 Noun Declension 3 orationem habeo I make a speech 13 Phrase orator, oratoris, m orator 13 Noun Declension 3 ordo, ordinis, f line, row of seats 17 Noun Declension 3 orthographia, orthographiae, f art of correct writing 14 Noun Declension 1 ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum I show 6 Verb Conjugation 3 ovis, ovis, c sheep 16 Noun Declension 3 paene almost 20 Adverb Palatium, Palatii, n Palatine Hill 12 Noun Declension 2 palatium, palatii, n palace 12 Noun Declension 2 panis, panis, m bread 6 Noun Declension 3 paratus, parata, paratum prepared, ready 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 parve in a small way 20 Adverb parvus, parva, parvum small 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 pater, patris, m father 1 Noun Declension 3 Paulina, Paulinae, f Paulina 1 Noun Declension 1 pax, pacis, f peace 12 Noun Declension 3 pecunia, pecuniae, f money 20 Noun Declension 1 peior, peior, peius worse 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 peius worse, in a worse way 20 Comparative Adverb per (+ accusative) through 11 Preposition periculosus, periculosa, periculosum dangerous 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 periculum, periculi, n danger 15 Noun Declension 2 persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum I persuade (+ dative) 20 Verb Conjugation 2 pessime worst, in the worst way 20 Superlative Adverb pessimus, pessima, pessimum worst 7 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 peto, petere, petivi, petitum I ask, make for, attack 15 Verb Conjugation 3 placeo, placere, placui, placitum (+ dative) I please 6 Verb Conjugation 2 placet (+dative) it pleases 6 Verb Impersonal plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum I applaud 17 Verb Conjugation 3 plenus, plena, plenum full (of = +abl) 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Plotina, Plotinae, f Plotina 5 Noun Declension 1 plures, plures, plura more (plural Adjective) 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 plurimum most 20 Superlative Adverb plurimus, plurima, plurimum most 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 plus more 20 Comparative Adverb plus, pluris, n more (singular Noun) 20 Noun - Comparative Declension 3 poeta, poetae, m poet 9 Noun Declension 1 Polyphemus, Polyphemi, m Polyphemus 15 Noun Declension 2 pompa, pompae, f procession 17 Noun Declension 1 pono, ponere, posui, positum I put, place 20 Verb Conjugation 3 pons, pontis, m bridge 12 Noun Declension 3 populus, populi, m people 6 Noun Declension 2 posco, poscere, poposci I demand 17 Verb Conjugation 3 post (+ accusative) after 8 Preposition potens, potens, potens (stem potent-) powerful 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 praetor, praetoris, m president of games, praetor 6 Noun Declension 3 premo, premere, pressi, pressum I weigh upon, press 15 Verb Conjugation 3 primum first, at first 11 Adverb primus, prima, primum first 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 princeps, principis, m emperor 19 Noun Declension 3 pro (+ ablative) in front of 16 Preposition proboscis, proboscidis, f trunk 17 Noun Declension 3 procedo, procedere, processi, processum I proceed 20 Verb Conjugation 3 prope (+ accusative) near 4 Preposition provincia, provinciae, f province 1 Noun Declension 1 Publius, Publii, m Publius 18 Noun Declension 2 puella, puellae, f girl 2 Noun Declension 1 puer, pueri, m boy 1 Noun Declension 2 pugna, pugnae, f fight 12 Noun Declension 1 pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum I fight 17 Verb Conjugation 1

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pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 pulcherrime most beautifully 20 Superlative Adverb pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum most beautiful 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 pulchre beautifully 20 Adverb pulchrior, pulchrior, pulchrius more beautiful 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 pulchrius more beautifully 20 Comparative Adverb quadraginta forty 19 Indeclinable number Irregular quam how, than, as ... as possible 12 Adverb See note ch 20 quam celerrime as quickly as possible 20 Adverb Expression quattuor four 16 Indeclinable number Irregular quattuordecim fourteen 19 Indeclinable number Irregular qui, quae, quod who, which 12 Relative Pronoun quid agis/agitis? how are you? 5 Phrase quidam, quaedam, quoddam a, a certain, some (pl) 17 Indefinite article quinque five 12 Indeclinable number Quintilianus, Quintiliani, m Quintilian 13 Noun Declension 2 Quintus, Quinti, m Quintus 14 Noun Declension 2 quis, quis, quid who, what 4 Interrogative Pronoun quod because 3 Conjunction quomodo how 13 Interrogative particle quoque also 5 Adverb radix, radicis, f radish 14 Noun Declension 3 ramus, rami, m branch of tree 16 Noun Declension 2 rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum I snatch 16 Verb Conjugation 3/4 reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum I give back, pay, render 17 Verb Conjugation 3 regio, regionis, f region 20 Noun Declension 3 rego, regere, rexi, rectum I rule 5 Verb Conjugation 3 relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum I leave, abandon 18 Verb Conjugation 3 Remus, Remi, m Remus 12 Noun Declension 2 reperio, reperire, repperi, reppertum I find 5 Verb Conjugation 4 res, rei, f thing, matter 19 Noun Declension 5 respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsum I reply 4 Verb Conjugation 2 revoco, revocare, revocavi, revocatum I recall 18 Verb Conjugation 1 rex, regis, m king 12 Noun Declension 3 Rhenus, Rheni, m Rhine 20 Noun Declension 2 rhetor, rhetoris, m teacher of rhetoric 13 Noun Declension 3 rideo, ridere, risi, risum I smile, laugh 3 Verb Conjugation 2 rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum I ask 3 Verb Conjugation 1 Roma, Romae, f Rome 1 Noun Declension 1 Romanus, Romana, Romanum Roman 1 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Romulus, Romuli, m Romulus 12 Noun Declension 2 ructo, ructare, ructavi, ructatum I belch 15 Verb Conjugation 1 rursus again 8 Adverb Sabina, Sabinae, f Sabina 10 Noun Declension 1 Sabinus, Sabini, m Sabinus 10 Noun Declension 2 saepe often 19 Adverb saepissime most often, very often 20 Superlative Adverb saepius more often 20 Comparative Adverb saeve savagely 17 Adverb salus, salutis, f greeting, health 20 Noun Declension 3 saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum I greet 17 Verb Conjugation 1 sanguis, sanguinis, m blood 7 Noun Declension 3 Saturninus, Saturnini, m Saturninus 20 Noun Declension 2 saxum, saxi, n rock 16 Noun Declension 2 Scaurus, Scauri, m Scaurus 14 Noun Declension 2 scio, scire, scivi, scitum I know 13 Verb Conjugation 4 scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum I write 14 Verb Conjugation 3 scurrilis, scurrilis, scurrile rude 20 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 se, sui, sibi, se him/her/itself, themselves 12 Reflexive Pronoun seco, secare, secui, sectum I cut 16 Verb Conjugation 1 securis, securis, f axe 16 Noun Declension 3 sed but 7 Conjunction sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum I sit 3 Verb Conjugation 2 sella, sellae, f chair 6 Noun Declension 1 semper always 7 Adverb senator, senatoris, m senator 1 Noun Declension 3 senatus, senatus, m senate 19 Noun Declension 4 senex, senis, m old man 13 Noun Declension 3

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senior, senior, senius older 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 sensus, sensus, m sense 19 Noun Declension 4 sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum I feel 16 Verb Conjugation 4 septem seven 16 Indeclinable number Irregular septimus, septima, septimum seventh 18 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 sepulcrum, sepulcri, n tomb 4 Noun Declension 2 Servianus, Serviani, m Servianus 19 Noun Declension 2 servus, servi, m slave 6 Noun Declension 2 sex six 16 Indeclinable number Irregular si if 4 Conjunction sibilo, sibilare, sibilavi, sibilatum I hiss 16 Verb Conjugation 1 sic so, in this way 15 Adverb sicut just as 15 Adverb silentium, silentii, n silence 8 Noun Declension 2 sollicitus, sollicita, sollicitum worried 8 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 solum only 15 Adverb solus, sola, solum alone 4 Adjective Irregular somnium, somnii, n dream 6 Noun Declension 2 soror, sororis, f sister 1 Noun Declension 3 species, speciei, f appearance 19 Noun Declension 5 spectaculum, spectaculi, n show, spectacle 17 Noun Declension 2 spectator, spectatoris, m spectator 17 Noun Declension 3 specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum I look at, watch 4 Verb Conjugation 1 spero, sperare, speravi, speratum I hope 20 Verb Conjugation 1 spes, spei, f hope 19 Noun Declension 5 spiritus, spiritus, m spirit 19 Noun Declension 4 stabulum, stabuli, n stable 7 Noun Declension 2 stadium, stadii, n stadium 12 Noun Declension 2 sto, stare, steti, statum I stand 3 Verb Conjugation 1 struthiocamelus, struthiocameli, m ostrich 17 Noun Declension 2 studeo, studere, studui I study 14 Verb Conjugation 2 stultus, stulta, stultum stupid 6 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 sub (+ ablative or accusative) under 16 Preposition suffectus, suffecta, suffectum suffect, replacing 19 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 sum, esse, fui I am 1 Verb Irregular sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum I take up 20 Verb Conjugation 3 sunt are 2 Verb Verb to be supero, superare, superavi, superatum I conquer 18 Verb Conjugation 1 surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum I rise 16 Verb Conjugation 3 taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum I am silent 3 Verb Conjugation 2 tam so 6 Adverb tamen however 20 Adverb tandem at last 7 Adverb tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum I touch 16 Verb Conjugation 3 Tarraconensis, Tarraconensis, Tarraconense of Tarragon (in North Spain) 18 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 taurus, tauri, m bull 6 Noun Declension 2 tego, tegere, texi, tectum I cover 16 Verb Conjugation 3 tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum I control 7 Verb Conjugation 1 templum, templi, n temple 12 Noun Declension 2 tempus, temporis, n time 15 Noun Declension 3 tenebrae, tenebrarum, f pl darkness 16 Noun Declension 1 teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum I hold 4 Verb Conjugation 2 Terentius, Terentii, m Terentius 14 Noun Declension 2 tergum, tergi, n back 16 Noun Declension 2 terra, terrae, f earth, land 4 Noun Declension 1 terreo, terrere, terrui, territum I terrify 4 Verb Conjugation 2 territus, territa, territum frightened 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Tiberinus, Tiberina, Tiberinum of the Tiber 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Tiberis, Tiberis, m Tiber (river) 12 Noun Declension 3 tigris, tigris, c tiger 17 Noun Declension 3 timeo, timere, timui I fear, am afraid 4 Verb Conjugation 2 toga, togae, f toga 20 Noun Declension 1 tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum I raise, take hold of 14 Verb Conjugation 3 traho, trahere, traxi, tractum I drag 17 Verb Conjugation 3 Traianus, Traiani, m Trajan 5 Noun Declension 2 trans (+ accusative) across 17 Preposition tres, tres, tria three 16 Declinable number Irregular triginta thirty 16 Indeclinable number Irregular

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tristis, tristis, triste sad 3 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 Troia, Troiae, f Troy 15 Noun Declension 1 tu, te, tui, tibi, te you (singular) 5 Pronoun tum then 20 Adverb tuto safely 16 Adverb tuus, tua, tuum your 14 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 ubi where, when 8 Conjunction Ulixes, Ulixis, m (but acc. Ulixen) Odysseus 15 Noun Declension 3 ultimus, ultima, ultimum last 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 umbra, umbrae, f shade, shadow 3 Noun Declension 1 unus, una, unum one 15 Declinable number Irregular urbs, urbis, f city 8 Noun Declension 3 urgeo, urgere, ursi I urge 3 Verb Conjugation 2 ursa, ursae, f bear 6 Noun Declension 1 ut so that, in order to (+ subjunctive) 11 Conjunction ut as (+ indicative) 19 Conjunction uxor, uxoris, f wife 1 Noun Declension 3 vale (s), valete (pl) goodbye 20 Phrase valeo, valere, valui I am well, am healthy 18 Verb Conjugation 2 vehementer vigorously 15 Adverb venatio, venationis, f hunt 7 Noun Declension 3 venator, venatoris, m hunter 6 Noun Declension 3 venio, venire, veni, ventum I come 5 Verb Conjugation 4 verbum, verbi, n word 15 Noun Declension 2 versus, versus, m verse 19 Noun Declension 4 Vespasianius, Vespasiani, m Vespasian 12 Noun Declension 2 via, viae, f road, street 4 Noun Declension 1 Vibia, Vibiae, f Vibia 10 Noun Declension 1 Vibius, Vibii, m Vibius 10 Noun Declension 2 video, videre, vidi, visum I see 4 Verb Conjugation 2 viginti twenty 16 Indeclinable number Irregular villa, villae, f house 5 Noun Declension 1 vinum, vini, n wine 16 Noun Declension 2 vir, viri, m man 12 Noun Declension 2 virgatus, virgata, virgatum striped 17 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 virilis, virilis, virile manly, of a man 20 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 visito, visitare, visitavi, visitatum I visit 3 Verb Conjugation 1 voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum I call 3 Verb Conjugation 1 vos, vos, vestrum, vobis, vobis you (pl) 10 Pronoun vox, vocis, f voice 7 Noun Declension 3 vulneratus, vulnerata, vulneratum wounded 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum I wound 16 Verb Conjugation 1

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English to Latin Vocabulary a, a certain, some (pl) quidam, quaedam, quoddam 17 Indefinite article I abandon, leave relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum 18 Verb Conjugation 3 about, down from de (+ ablative) 7 Preposition absence absentia, absentiae, f 18 Noun Declension 1 I am absent absum, abesse, afui 11 Verb Irregular accusative accusativus, accusativa, accusativum 15 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Acilius Acilius, Acilii, m 18 Noun Declension 2 across trans (+ accusative) 17 Preposition I act, do ago, agere, egi, actum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 I advise, warn moneo, monere, monui, monitum 13 Verb Conjugation 2 Afer Afer, Afri, m 1 Noun Declension 2 I am afraid, fear timeo, timere, timui 4 Verb Conjugation 2 Africa - Roman province Africa, Africae, f 17 Noun Declension 1 after post (+ accusative) 8 Preposition again iterum 16 Adverb again rursus 8 Adverb against, into, onto in (+ accusative) 6 Preposition Alexander Alexander, Alexandri, m 8 Noun Declension 2 all omnis, omnis, omne 4 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 almost paene 20 Adverb alone solus, sola, solum 4 Adjective Irregular also quoque 5 Adverb also, even etiam 12 Adverb always semper 7 Adverb I am sum, esse, fui 1 Verb Irregular I am well, am healthy valeo, valere, valui 18 Verb Conjugation 2 among, between inter (+ accusative) 20 Preposition amphitheatre amphitheatrum, amphitheatri, n 6 Noun Declension 2 and atque 20 Conjunction and et 1 Conjunction and, but, as (after idem) ac 16 Conjunction and not, nor nec 19 Conjunction angry iratus, irata, iratum 9 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 animal animal, animalis, n 17 Noun Declension 3 Anna Anna, Annae, f 5 Noun Declension 1 Antonius Antonius, Antonii, m 20 Noun Declension 2 appearance species, speciei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 I applaud plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 they are sunt 2 Verb Verb to be arena arena, arenae, f 17 Noun Declension 1 I serve in the army milito, militare, militavi, militatum 9 Verb Conjugation 1 army exercitus, exercitus, m 18 Noun Declension 4 I arrange compono, componere, composui, compositum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 art of correct writing orthographia, orthographiae, f 14 Noun Declension 1 as (+ indicative) ut 19 Conjunction as (after idem), and, but ac 16 Conjunction as ... as possible quam + Superlative 20 Adverb See note ch 20 as quickly as possible quam celerrime 20 Adverb Expression I ask rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 I ask, make for, attack peto, petere, petivi, petitum 15 Verb Conjugation 3 astonished attonitus, attonita, attonitum 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 at first, first primum 11 Adverb at last tandem 7 Adverb Athens Athenae, Athenarum, f pl 7 Noun (pl) Declension 1 I attack oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum 17 Verb Conjugation 1 attack impetus, impetus, m 19 Noun Declension 4 I attack, ask, make for peto, petere, petivi, petitum 15 Verb Conjugation 3 Attianus Attianus, Attiani, m 18 Noun Declension 2 Augustus Augustus, Augusti, m 12 Noun Declension 2 away from, from, by ab, a (+ ablative) 7 Preposition axe securis, securis, f 16 Noun Declension 3 back tergum, tergi, n 16 Noun Declension 2 bad malus, mala, malum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 badly male 20 Adverb bear ursa, ursae, f 6 Noun Declension 1 I bear, carry fero, ferre, tuli, latum 6 Verb Irregular

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beautiful pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 beautifully pulchre 20 Adverb because quod 3 Conjunction I become, happen fio, fieri, factus sum 16 Verb Irregular bedroom cubiculum, cubiculi, n 7 Noun Declension 2 before antea 16 Adverb I belch ructo, ructare, ructavi, ructatum 15 Verb Conjugation 1 best, excellent optimus, optima, optimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 best, in the best way optime 20 Superlative Adverb better melior, melior, melius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 better, in a better way melius 20 Comparative Adverb between, among inter (+ accusative) 20 Preposition I beware caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum 20 Verb Conjugation 2 I bite mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 black niger, nigra, nigrum 19 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 blacksmith ferrarius, ferrarii, m 16 Noun Declension 2 blind caecus, caeca, caecum 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 blood sanguis, sanguinis, m 7 Noun Declension 3 boar aper, apri, m 6 Noun Declension 2 I board, mount conscendo, conscendere, conscendi, conscensum 7 Verb Conjugation 3 body, corpse corpus, corporis, n 4 Noun Declension 3 book liber, libri, m 14 Noun Declension 2 boy puer, pueri, m 1 Noun Declension 2 branch of tree ramus, rami, m 16 Noun Declension 2 bravely fortiter 20 Adverb braver fortior, fortior, fortius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 bravest fortissimus, fortissima, fortissimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 bread panis, panis, m 6 Noun Declension 3 I break frango, frangere, fregi, fractum 15 Verb Conjugation 3 bridge pons, pontis, m 12 Noun Declension 3 bridle, reins (pl) frenum, freni, n 7 Noun Declension 2 brief, short brevis, brevis, breve 20 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 briefly breviter 20 Adverb I bring, lead, take (as a wife) duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 Britain Britannia, Britanniae, f 18 Noun Declension 1 broken fractus, fracta, fractum 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 brother frater, fratris, m 5 Noun Declension 3 Bucephalus Bucephalus, Bucephali, m 7 Noun Declension 2 I build aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum 12 Verb Conjugation 1 bull taurus, tauri, m 6 Noun Declension 2 but sed 7 Conjunction but, and, as (after idem) ac 16 Conjunction by, away from, from ab, a (+ ablative) 7 Preposition Cadiz Gades, Gadum, f pl 3 Noun (pl) Declension 3 Caesar Caesar, Caesaris, m 12 Noun Declension 3 I call appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum 13 Verb Conjugation 1 I call voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 camp castra, castrorum, n pl 20 Noun Declension 2 I capture, take capio, capere, cepi, captum 8 Verb Conjugation 3/4 I care for, look after curo, curare, curavi, curatum 5 Verb Conjugation 1 carefully diligenter 13 Adverb I carry, bear fero, ferre, tuli, latum 6 Verb Irregular Carthage Carthago, Carthaginis, f 6 Noun Declension 3 case, fall casus, casus, f 15 Noun Declension 4 cat feles, felis, f 2 Noun Declension 3 cave antrum, antri, n 15 Noun Declension 2 a certain, a, some (pl) quidam, quaedam, quoddam 17 Indefinite article certainly certe 13 Adverb chair sella, sellae, f 6 Noun Declension 1 I chase agito, agitare, agitavi, agitatum 17 Verb Conjugation 1 Chatti (tribe) Chatti, Chattorum, m pl 20 Noun Declension 2 child liber, liberi, m 2 Noun Declension 2 citizen civis, civis, c 6 Noun Declension 3 city urbs, urbis, f 8 Noun Declension 3 clever callidus, callida, callidum 13 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I come venio, venire, veni, ventum 5 Verb Conjugation 4 I conquer supero, superare, superavi, superatum 18 Verb Conjugation 1 consul consul, consulis, m 19 Noun Declension 3

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I consume consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum 18 Verb Conjugation 3 I control tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum 7 Verb Conjugation 1 Cornelius Cornelius, Cornelii, m 18 Noun Declension 2 corpse, body corpus, corporis, n 4 Noun Declension 3 art of correct writing orthographia, orthographiae, f 14 Noun Declension 1 cousin consobrinus, consobrini, m 5 Noun Declension 2 I cover tego, tegere, texi, tectum 16 Verb Conjugation 3 I cremate cremo, cremare, cremavi, crematum 12 Verb Conjugation 1 I cut seco, secare, secui, sectum 16 Verb Conjugation 1 Cyclops Cyclops, Cyclopis, m 15 Noun Declension 3 Dacia Dacia, Daciae, f 18 Noun Declension 1 Dacian Dacus, Daca, Dacum 18 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 danger periculum, periculi, n 15 Noun Declension 2 dangerous periculosus, periculosa, periculosum 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 darkness tenebrae, tenebrarum, f pl 16 Noun Declension 1 daughter filia, filiae, f 2 Noun Declension 1 day dies, diei, m 19 Noun Declension 5 dead mortuus, mortua, mortuum 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 oh dear eheu 12 Exclamation dear carus, cara, carum 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Decebalus (king of Dacians) Decebalus, Decebali, m 18 Noun Declension 2 I decline (a Noun) declino, declinare, declinavi, declinatum 15 Verb Conjugation 1 deer cervus, cervi, m 17 Noun Declension 2 I demand posco, poscere, poposci 17 Verb Conjugation 3 denarius (coin) denarius, denarii, m 17 Noun Declension 2 I descend descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum 7 Verb Conjugation 3 I desire cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum 5 Verb Conjugation 3/4 I destroy deleo, delere, delevi, deletum 15 Verb Conjugation 2 destroyer deletor, deletoris, m 16 Noun Declension 3 I devour, eat devoro, devorare, devoravi, devoratum 9 Verb Conjugation 1 dictator dictator, dictatoris, m 12 Noun Declension 3 it is difficult difficile est (+dative) 9 Verb Impersonal difficult difficilis, difficilis, difficile 7 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 difficulty difficultas, difficultatis, f 7 Noun Declension 3 din fragor, fragoris, m 16 Noun Declension 3 I do not know nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum 15 Verb Conjugation 4 I do not want nolo, nolle, nolui 5 Verb Irregular I do, act ago, agere, egi, actum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 I do, make facio, facere, feci, factum 11 Verb Conjugation 3/4 dog canis, canis, c 17 Noun Declension 3 Domitia Domitia, Domitiae, f 1 Noun Declension 1 Domitian Domitianus, Domitiani, m 11 Noun Declension 2 don't noli/nolite + infinitive 5 Verb Imperative form donkey asinus, asini, m 2 Noun Declension 2 door ianua, ianuae, f 5 Noun Declension 1 down from, about de (+ ablative) 7 Preposition I drag traho, trahere, traxi, tractum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 dream somnium, somnii, n 6 Noun Declension 2 I drink bibo, bibere, bibi 18 Verb Conjugation 3 drunk ebrius, ebria, ebrium 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 of the Earth Mother Megalensis, Megalensis, Megalense 17 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 earth, land terra, terrae, f 4 Noun Declension 1 easier facilior, facilior, facilius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 easiest facillimus, facillima, facillimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 easily facile 20 Adverb easy facilis, facilis, facile 11 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 I eat, devour devoro, devorare, devoravi, devoratum 9 Verb Conjugation 1 eight octo 16 Indeclinable number Irregular either... or... aut... aut... 16 Conjunction elephant elephantus, elephanti, m 17 Noun Declension 2 emperor imperator, imperatoris, m 6 Noun Declension 3 emperor princeps, principis, m 19 Noun Declension 3 empire, power imperium, imperii, n 12 Noun Declension 2 enemy hostis, hostis, m 20 Noun Declension 3 I enter intro, intrare, intravi, intratum 5 Verb Conjugation 1 I escape fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum 16 Verb Conjugation 3/4 even, also etiam 12 Adverb excellent, best optimus, optima, optimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2

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eye oculus, oculi, m 15 Noun Declension 2 Fabius Fabius, Fabii, m 13 Noun Declension 2 Fabricius Fabricius, Fabricii, m 12 Noun Declension 2 face facies, faciei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 faith, loyalty fides, fidei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 I fall cado, cadere, cecidi, casum 7 Verb Conjugation 3 fall, case casus, casus, f 15 Noun Declension 4 family familia, familiae, f 1 Noun Declension 1 far longe 11 Adverb by far, much multo 20 Adverb father pater, patris, m 1 Noun Declension 3 I fear, am afraid timeo, timere, timui 4 Verb Conjugation 2 I feel sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum 16 Verb Conjugation 4 fever febris, febris, f 4 Noun Declension 3 field ager, agri, m 2 Noun Declension 2 fierce ferox, ferox, ferox (stem feroc-) 8 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 fiercely ferociter 17 Adverb I fight pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum 17 Verb Conjugation 1 fight pugna, pugnae, f 12 Noun Declension 1 I find invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum 11 Verb Conjugation 4 I find reperio, reperire, repperi, reppertum 5 Verb Conjugation 4 first primus, prima, primum 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 first, at first primum 11 Adverb five quinque 12 Indeclinable number flame flamma, flammae, f 16 Noun Declension 1 Flavian (of the F. household) Flavius, Flavia, Flavium 17 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I flow fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum 7 Verb Conjugation 3 food cibus, cibi, m 6 Noun Declension 2 for nam 17 Conjunction for enim 20 Conjunction (Word 2 in Latin) for a long time diu 3 Adverb for a very long time diutissime 20 Superlative Adverb the former, that, those (pl) ille, illa, illud 12 Demonstrative Adjective forty quadraginta 19 Indeclinable number Irregular forum forum, fori, n 12 Noun Declension 2 four quattuor 16 Indeclinable number Irregular fourteen quattuordecim 19 Indeclinable number Irregular friend amicus, amici, m 10 Noun Declension 2 frightened territus, territa, territum 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 from, away from, by a, ab (+ ablative) 7 Preposition from, out of e, ex (+ ablative) 7 Preposition in front of pro (+ ablative) 16 Preposition full (of = +abl) plenus, plena, plenum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Fuscus Fuscus, Fusci, m 18 Noun Declension 2 Gaia Gaia, Gaiae, f 20 Noun Declension 1 Gaius Gaius, Gai, m 20 Noun Declension 2 game, school ludus, ludi, m 6 Noun Declension 2 giant gigas, gigantis, m 15 Noun Declension 3 gift donum, doni, n 16 Noun Declension 2 girl puella, puellae, f 2 Noun Declension 1 I give do, dare, dedi, datum 6 Verb Conjugation 1 I give back, pay, render reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 gladiator gladiator, gladiatoris, m 6 Noun Declension 3 I go eo, ire, ii, itum 10 Verb Irregular I go to adeo, adire, adii, aditum 18 Verb Irregular god deus, dei, m 12 Noun Declension 2 good bonus, bona, bonum 9 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 goodbye vale (s), valete (pl) 20 Phrase Graeculus, Little Greek Graeculus, Graeculi, m 14 Noun Declension 2 grass herba, herbae, f 12 Noun Declension 1 great magnus, magna, magnum 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 greater maior, maior, maius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 greatest maximus, maxima, maximum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 greatly, much magnopere 10 Adverb Greek Graecus, Graeca, Graecum 9 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Little Greek, Graeculus Graeculus, Graeculi, m 14 Noun Declension 2 I greet saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum 17 Verb Conjugation 1 greeting, health salus, salutis, f 20 Noun Declension 3

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guard, guardian custos, custodis, m 18 Noun Declension 3 guardian, guard custos, custodis, m 18 Noun Declension 3 Hadrian Hadrianus, Hadriani, m 1 Noun Declension 2 hair crinis, crinis, m (normally in plural) 20 Noun Declension 3 hall aula, aulae, f 13 Noun Declension 1 right hand dextra, dextrae, f 20 Noun Declension 1 hand manus, manus, f 19 Noun Declension 4 Hannibal Hannibal, Hannibalis, m 6 Noun Declension 3 I happen, become fio, fieri, factus sum 16 Verb Irregular happy laetus, laeta, laetum 3 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 hard durus, dura, durum 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 hare lepus, leporis, m 17 Noun Declension 3 I have habeo, habere, habui, habitum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 he, she, it, this, that is, ea, id 15 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun he/she says inquit 5 Verb Irregular head caput, capitis, n 15 Noun Declension 3 health, greeting salus, salutis, f 20 Noun Declension 3 I am healthy, am well valeo, valere, valui 18 Verb Conjugation 2 I hear audio, audire, audivi, auditum 5 Verb Conjugation 4 heart cor, cordis, n 4 Noun Declension 3 heavy, serious gravis, gravis, grave 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 hello ave (s), avete (pl) 5 Phrase I help iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum 4 Verb Conjugation 1 her/it/himself, themselves se, sui, sibi, se 12 Reflexive Pronoun I am here, am present adsum, adesse, adfui 6 Verb Irregular here, to this place huc 5 Adverb herself, itself, himself ipse, ipsa, ipsum 16 Demonstrative Adjective I hide celo, celare, celavi, celatum 16 Verb Conjugation 1 him/her/itself, themselves se, sui, sibi, se 12 Reflexive Pronoun himself, herself, itself ipse, ipsa, ipsum 16 Demonstrative Adjective I hiss sibilo, sibilare, sibilavi, sibilatum 16 Verb Conjugation 1 I hold teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 home (= to home) domum 15 Adverb Homer Homerus, Homeri, m 9 Noun Declension 2 I hope spero, sperare, speravi, speratum 20 Verb Conjugation 1 hope spes, spei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 horn cornu, cornus, n 19 Noun Declension 4 horse equus, equi, m 7 Noun Declension 2 house casa, casae, f 2 Noun Declension 1 house villa, villae, f 5 Noun Declension 1 how quomodo 13 Interrogative particle how are you? quid agis/agitis? 5 Phrase how, than, as ... as possible quam 12 Adverb See note ch 20 however tamen 20 Adverb huge ingens, ingens, ingens (stem ingent-) 16 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 hundred centum 12 Indeclinable number Irregular hunt venatio, venationis, f 7 Noun Declension 3 hunter venator, venatoris, m 6 Noun Declension 3 husband maritus, mariti, m 6 Noun Declension 2 I ego, me, mei, mihi, me 10 Pronoun if si 4 Conjunction if ... not, unless nisi 13 Conjunction ill aeger, aegra, aegrum 3 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 importance momentum, momenti, n 19 Noun Declension 2 in, on in (+ ablative) 1 Preposition in order not to, lest ne 12 Conjunction in order to, so that (+ subjunctive) ut 11 Conjunction in this way, so ita 20 Adverb in this way, so sic 15 Adverb I interest intersum, interesse, interfui 20 Verb Irregular into, onto, against in (+ accusative) 6 Preposition I invite invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum 8 Verb Conjugation 1 is est 1 Verb Verb to be island insula, insulae, f 12 Noun Declension 1 it, she, he, this, that is, ea, id 15 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun it/him/herself, themselves se, sui, sibi, se 12 Reflexive Pronoun Italica, a town in Spain Italica, Italicae, f 2 Noun Declension 1 Italy Italia, Italiae, f 11 Noun Declension 1

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Ithaca Ithaca, Ithacae, f 16 Noun Declension 1 itself, himself, herself ipse, ipsa, ipsum 16 Demonstrative Adjective joining iunctio, iunctionis, f 20 Noun Declension 3 joke iocus, ioci, m 20 Noun Declension 2 journey, way iter, itineris, n 11 Noun Declension 3 Julius Iulius, Iulii, m 12 Noun Declension 2 just as sicut 15 Adverb I kill neco, necare, necavi, necatum 8 Verb Conjugation 1 kindly benignus, benigna, benignum 5 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 king rex, regis, m 12 Noun Declension 3 kitchen culina, culinae, f 2 Noun Declension 1 knee genu, genus, n 19 Noun Declension 4 I know scio, scire, scivi, scitum 13 Verb Conjugation 4 I do not know nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum 15 Verb Conjugation 4 Laertes (father of Odysseus) Laertes, Laertis, m 16 Noun Declension 3 land, earth terra, terrae, f 4 Noun Declension 1 language, tongue lingua, linguae, f 13 Noun Declension 1 at last tandem 7 Adverb last ultimus, ultima, ultimum 16 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 in Latin Latine 15 Adverb Latin (from Latium) Latinus, Latina, Latinum 15 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 the latter, this, these (pl) hic, haec, hoc 11 Demonstrative Adjective I laugh, smile rideo, ridere, risi, risum 3 Verb Conjugation 2 I lead, bring duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 leader dux, ducis, m 18 Noun Declension 3 I learn disco, discere, didici 9 Verb Conjugation 3 least, no! minime 20 Superlative Adverb I leave exeo, exire, exii, exitum 16 Verb Irregular I leave, abandon relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum 18 Verb Conjugation 3 legion legio, legionis, f 18 Noun Declension 3 Leon (town in North Spain) Legio, Legionis, f 18 Noun Declension 3 less minus 20 Comparative Adverb lest, in order not to ne 12 Conjunction letter epistula, epistulae, f 14 Noun Declension 1 letter, literature (pl) littera, litterae, f 9 Noun Declension 1 I lie iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitum 8 Verb Conjugation 2 line, row of seats ordo, ordinis, f 17 Noun Declension 3 lion leo, leonis, c 17 Noun Declension 3 literature (pl) litterae, litterarum, f pl 9 Noun Declension 1 Little Greek, Graeculus Graeculus, Graeculi, m 14 Noun Declension 2 I live habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum 1 Verb Conjugation 1 Livia Livia, Liviae, f 12 Noun Declension 1 long longus, longa, longum 11 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I long for, miss desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 for a long time diu 4 Adverb for a very long time diutissime 20 Superlative Adverb any longer, for a longer time diutius 5 Comparative Adverb I look after, care for curo, curare, curavi, curatum 5 Verb Conjugation 1 I look at, watch specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum 4 Verb Conjugation 1 look ecce 12 Exclamation I love amo, amare, amavi, amatum 10 Verb Conjugation 1 I lower demitto, demittere, demisi, demissum 16 Verb Conjugation 3 loyalty, faith fides, fidei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 Lucius Lucius, Lucii, m 10 Noun Declension 2 magnificent magnificus, magnifica, magnificum 5 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 maidservant ancilla, ancillae, f 5 Noun Declension 1 Mainz Moguntiacum, Moguntiaci, n 20 Noun Declension 2 I make, do facio, facere, feci, factum 11 Verb Conjugation 3/4 I make a plan consilium capio 15 Phrase I make a speech orationem habeo 13 Phrase I make for, attack, ask peto, petere, petivi, petitum 15 Verb Conjugation 3 man vir, viri, m 12 Noun Declension 2 manly, of a man virilis, virilis, virile 20 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 many, much multus, multa, multum 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Marciana Marciana, Marcianae, f 10 Noun Declension 1 Marcus Marcus, Marci, m 13 Noun Declension 2 marriage matrimonium, matrimonii, n 19 Noun Declension 2 I marry (woman to man, + dative) nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum 20 Verb Conjugation 3

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master dominus, domini, m 5 Noun Declension 2 master, teacher magister, magistri, m 9 Noun Declension 2 Matidia Matidia, Matidiae, f 10 Noun Declension 1 matter, thing res, rei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 me, I ego, me, mei, mihi, me 10 Pronoun memory memoria, memoriae, f 6 Noun Declension 1 message, messenger nuntius, nuntii, m 18 Noun Declension 2 messenger, message nuntius, nuntii, m 18 Noun Declension 2 the middle of medius, media, medium 13 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 mine, my meus, mea, meum 6 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 miserable, sad miser, misera, miserum 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I miss, long for desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 money pecunia, pecuniae, f 20 Noun Declension 1 more magis 20 Comparative Adverb more plus 20 Comparative Adverb more (plural Adjective) plures, plures, plura 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 more (singular Noun) plus, pluris, n 20 Noun - Comparative Declension 3 more beautiful pulchrior, pulchrior, pulchrius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 more beautifully pulchrius 20 Comparative Adverb more bravely fortius 20 Comparative Adverb more easily facilius 20 Comparative Adverb more often saepius 20 Comparative Adverb more thickly densius 20 Comparative Adverb in the morning mane 15 Adverb most plurimus, plurima, plurimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 most plurimum 20 Superlative Adverb most, most greatly maxime 20 Superlative Adverb most beautiful pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 most beautifully pulcherrime 20 Superlative Adverb most bravely fortissime 20 Superlative Adverb most easily facillime 20 Superlative Adverb most often, very often saepissime 20 Superlative Adverb most quickly celerrime 20 Superlative Adverb most thickly densissime 20 Superlative Adverb mother mater, matris, f 1 Noun Declension 3 I mount, board conscendo, conscendere, conscendi, conscensum 7 Verb Conjugation 3 I move moveo, movere, movi, motum 16 Verb Conjugation 2 much multum 17 Adverb much, by far multo 20 Adverb much, greatly magnopere 10 Adverb much, many multus, multa, multum 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I must, ought, owe debeo, debere, debui, debitum 6 Verb Conjugation 2 my, mine meus, mea, meum 6 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 name nomen, nominis, n 7 Noun Declension 3 near prope (+ accusative) 4 Preposition it is necessary necesse est (+dative) 9 Verb Impersonal I neglect neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum 14 Verb Conjugation 3 neither... nor... nec... nec... 19 Conjunction Neptune Neptunus, Neptuni, m 16 Noun Declension 2 never numquam 16 Adverb new novus, nova, novum 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 night nox, noctis, f 15 Noun Declension 3 nine novem 16 Indeclinable number Irregular no!, least minime 20 Superlative Adverb nobody nemo, neminis, c 4 Noun Declension 3 nor, and not nec 19 Conjunction not non 3 Adverb nothing nihil 4 Noun Indeclinable now iam 10 Adverb now nunc 16 Adverb O O 8 Exclamation Takes vocative Odysseus Ulixes, Ulixis, m (but acc. Ulixen) 15 Noun Declension 3 Odyssey Odyssea, Odysseae, f 15 Noun Declension 1 of Tarragon (in North Spain) Tarraconensis, Tarraconensis, Tarraconense 18 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 of the Earth Mother Megalensis, Megalensis, Megalense 17 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 of the Tiber Tiberinus, Tiberina, Tiberinum 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 often saepe 19 Adverb oh dear eheu 12 Exclamation

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old man senex, senis, m 13 Noun Declension 3 older senior, senior, senius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 olive oliva, olivae, f 16 Noun Declension 1 on, in in (+ ablative) 1 Preposition one unus, una, unum 15 Declinable number Irregular one of two, second alter, altera, alterum 18 Adjective Irregular only solum 15 Adverb onto, into, against in (+ accusative) 6 Preposition I open aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum 6 Verb Conjugation 4 open apertus, aperta, apertum 11 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 or aut 16 Conjunction either... or... aut... aut... 16 Conjunction orator orator, oratoris, m 13 Noun Declension 3 I order iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum 5 Verb Conjugation 2 I order (+ dative) impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum 20 Verb Conjugation 1 in order to, so that (+ subjunctive) ut 11 Conjunction I organise, put on edo, edere, edidi, editum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 ostrich struthiocamelus, struthiocameli, m 17 Noun Declension 2 other alius, alia, aliud 16 Adjective Irregular I ought, must, owe debeo, debere, debui, debitum 6 Verb Conjugation 2 out of, from ex, e (+ ablative) 7 Preposition I owe, must, ought debeo, debere, debui, debitum 6 Verb Conjugation 2 palace palatium, palatii, n 12 Noun Declension 2 Palatine Hill Palatium, Palatii, n 12 Noun Declension 2 Paulina Paulina, Paulinae, f 1 Noun Declension 1 I pay, give back, render reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 peace pax, pacis, f 12 Noun Declension 3 people populus, populi, m 6 Noun Declension 2 I persuade (+ dative) persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum 20 Verb Conjugation 2 I place loco, locare, locavi, locatum 4 Verb Conjugation 1 I place, put pono, ponere, posui, positum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 plan consilium, consilii, n 11 Noun Declension 2 I make a plan consilium capio 15 Phrase I please placeo, placere, placui, placitum (+ dative) 6 Verb Conjugation 2 it pleases placet (+dative) 6 Verb Impersonal Plotina Plotina, Plotinae, f 5 Noun Declension 1 poet poeta, poetae, m 9 Noun Declension 1 point cuspis, cuspidis, f 16 Noun Declension 3 Polyphemus Polyphemus, Polyphemi, m 15 Noun Declension 2 power, empire imperium, imperii, n 12 Noun Declension 2 powerful potens, potens, potens (stem potent-) 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 praetor, president of games praetor, praetoris, m 6 Noun Declension 3 I praise laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum 4 Verb Conjugation 1 prepared, ready paratus, parata, paratum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I am present, am here adsum, adesse, adfui 6 Verb Irregular president of games, praetor praetor, praetoris, m 6 Noun Declension 3 I press, weigh upon premo, premere, pressi, pressum 15 Verb Conjugation 3 pretty bellus, bella, bellum 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I proceed procedo, procedere, processi, processum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 procession pompa, pompae, f 17 Noun Declension 1 project, work opus, operis, n 12 Noun Declension 3 province provincia, provinciae, f 1 Noun Declension 1 Publius Publius, Publii, m 18 Noun Declension 2 pupil discipulus, discipuli, m 13 Noun Declension 2 I put on, organise edo, edere, edidi, editum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 I put, place pono, ponere, posui, positum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 quick celer, celeris, celere 8 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 quickly celeriter 7 Adverb as quickly as possible quam celerrime 20 Adverb Expression most quickly celerrime 20 Superlative Adverb Quintilian Quintilianus, Quintiliani, m 13 Noun Declension 2 Quintus Quintus, Quinti, m 14 Noun Declension 2 radish radix, radicis, f 14 Noun Declension 3 I raise, take hold of tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum 14 Verb Conjugation 3 I read lego, legere, legi, lectum 8 Verb Conjugation 3 ready, prepared paratus, parata, paratum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I rebel deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum 20 Verb Conjugation 3/4 rebellion defectio, defectionis, f 20 Noun Declension 3

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I recall revoco, revocare, revocavi, revocatum 18 Verb Conjugation 1 I receive accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum 20 Verb Conjugation 3/4 region regio, regionis, f 20 Noun Declension 3 reins (pl), bridle frena, frenorum, n pl 7 Noun Declension 2 I remain, stay maneo, manere, mansi, mansum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 I remember memoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratum 7 Verb Conjugation 1 Remus Remus, Remi, m 12 Noun Declension 2 I render, pay, give back reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 replacing, suffect suffectus, suffecta, suffectum 19 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I reply respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 Rhine Rhenus, Rheni, m 20 Noun Declension 2 rich dives, dives, dives (stem divit-) 19 Adjective Declension 3 I ride equito, equitare, equitavi, equitatum 7 Verb Conjugation 1 right hand dextra, dextra, f 20 Noun Declension 1 I rise surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum 16 Verb Conjugation 3 river flumen, fluminis, n 12 Noun Declension 3 road, street via, viae, f 4 Noun Declension 1 rock saxum, saxi, n 16 Noun Declension 2 Roman Romanus, Romana, Romanum 1 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Rome Roma, Romae, f 1 Noun Declension 1 Romulus Romulus, Romuli, m 12 Noun Declension 2 row of seats, line ordo, ordinis, f 17 Noun Declension 3 rude scurrilis, scurrilis, scurrile 20 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 I rule rego, regere, rexi, rectum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 I run curro, currere, cucurri, cursum 17 Verb Conjugation 3 Sabina Sabina, Sabinae, f 10 Noun Declension 1 Sabinus Sabinus, Sabini, m 10 Noun Declension 2 sad tristis, tristis, triste 3 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 sad, miserable miser, misera, miserum 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 safely tuto 16 Adverb I sail navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum 11 Verb Conjugation 1 the same idem, eadem, idem 16 Demonstrative Adjective Saturninus Saturninus, Saturnini, m 20 Noun Declension 2 savagely saeve 17 Adverb I say dico, dicere, dixi, dictum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 Scaurus Scaurus, Scauri, m 14 Noun Declension 2 school, game ludus, ludi, m 6 Noun Declension 2 sea mare, maris, n 3 Noun Declension 3 second, one of two alter, altera, alterum 18 Adjective Irregular I see video, videre, vidi, visum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 I see to it that (+ subjunctive) curo ut 12 Phrase senate senatus, senatus, m 19 Noun Declension 4 Senate House Curia, Curiae, f 13 Noun Declension 1 senator senator, senatoris, m 1 Noun Declension 3 I send mitto, mittere, misi, missum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 sense sensus, sensus, m 19 Noun Declension 4 serious, heavy gravis, gravis, grave 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 I serve in the army milito, militare, militavi, militatum 9 Verb Conjugation 1 Servianus Servianus, Serviani, m 19 Noun Declension 2 seven septem 16 Indeclinable number Irregular seventh septimus, septima, septimum 18 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 shade, shadow umbra, umbrae, f 3 Noun Declension 1 I sharpen acuo, acuere, acui, acutum 16 Verb Conjugation 3 she, he, it, this, that is, ea, id 15 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun she/he says inquit 5 Verb Irregular sheep ovis, ovis, c 16 Noun Declension 3 ship navis, navis, f 11 Noun Declension 3 I shout clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 shouting clamor, clamoris, m 7 Noun Declension 3 I show ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum 6 Verb Conjugation 3 show, spectacle spectaculum, spectaculi, n 17 Noun Declension 2 shy modestus, modesta, modestum 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 silence silentium, silentii, n 8 Noun Declension 2 I am silent taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum 3 Verb Conjugation 2 sister soror, sororis, f 1 Noun Declension 3 I sit sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum 3 Verb Conjugation 2 six sex 16 Indeclinable number Irregular slave servus, servi, m 6 Noun Declension 2

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I sleep dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum 7 Verb Conjugation 4 slowly lente 17 Adverb slug limax, limacis, f 14 Noun Declension 3 small parvus, parva, parvum 7 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 in a small way parve 20 Adverb smaller minor, minor, minus 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 smallest minimus, minima, minimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I smile, laugh rideo, ridere, risi, risum 3 Verb Conjugation 2 I snatch rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum 16 Verb Conjugation 3/4 so tam 6 Adverb so that (+ subjunctive) ut 11 Conjunction so, in this way ita 20 Adverb so, in this way sic 15 Adverb so that, in order to (+ subjunctive) ut 11 Conjunction soldier miles, militis, m 18 Noun Declension 3 some (pl), a, a certain quidam, quaedam, quoddam 17 Indefinite article someone, something aliquis, aliquis, aliquid 17 Pronoun something (n), someone (m, f) aliquis, aliquis, aliquid 17 Pronoun sometimes (lit, not never) nonnunquam 15 Adverb son filius, filii, m 1 Noun Declension 2 soon mox 20 Adverb Spain Hispania, Hispaniae, f 1 Noun Declension 1 Spanish Hispanus, Hispana, Hispanum 13 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 spear hasta, hastae, f 16 Noun Declension 1 spectacle, show spectaculum, spectaculi, n 17 Noun Declension 2 spectator spectator, spectatoris, m 17 Noun Declension 3 I make a speech orationem habeo 13 Phrase speech oratio, orationis, f 13 Noun Declension 3 spirit spiritus, spiritus, m 19 Noun Declension 4 stable stabulum, stabuli, n 7 Noun Declension 2 stadium stadium, stadii, n 12 Noun Declension 2 I stand sto, stare, steti, statum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 I stay, remain maneo, manere, mansi, mansum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 step gradus, gradus, m 19 Noun Declension 4 story fabula, fabulae, f 15 Noun Declension 1 street, road via, viae, f 4 Noun Declension 1 striped virgatus, virgata, virgatum 17 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 strong, brave fortis, fortis, forte 7 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 I study studeo, studere, studui 14 Verb Conjugation 2 stupid stultus, stulta, stultum 6 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 suffect, replacing suffectus, suffecta, suffectum 19 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 surely...? (expects “yes”) nonne...? 6 Interrogative particle sword gladius, gladii, m 14 Noun Declension 2 table mensa, mensae, f 8 Noun Declension 1 I take, capture capio, capere, cepi, captum 8 Verb Conjugation ¾ I take hold of, raise tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum 14 Verb Conjugation 3 I take up sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 I take (as a wife), bring, lead duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 of Tarragon (in North Spain) Tarraconensis, Tarraconensis, Tarraconense 18 Adjective Declension 3 I teach doceo, docere, docui, doctum 13 Verb Conjugation 2 teacher of grammar grammaticus, grammatici, m 13 Noun Declension 2 teacher of rhetoric rhetor, rhetoris, m 13 Noun Declension 3 teacher, master magister, magistri, m 9 Noun Declension 2 I tell narro, narrare, narravi, narratum 9 Verb Conjugation 1 temple templum, templi, n 12 Noun Declension 2 ten decem 15 Indeclinable number Terentius Terentius, Terentii, m 14 Noun Declension 2 I terrify terreo, terrere, terrui, territum 4 Verb Conjugation 2 than (after Comparative) quam 12 Adverb See note ch 20 I thank (you) gratias (tibi) ago 6 Phrase that (awful) iste, ista, istud 16 Demonstrative Adjective that, this, he, she, it is, ea, id 15 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun that, those (pl), the former ille, illa, illud 12 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun themselves, him/her/itself se, sui, sibi, se 12 Reflexive Pronoun then deinde 5 Adverb then tum 20 Adverb there ibi 20 Adverb therefore igitur 10 Adverb

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therefore itaque 18 Conjunction these, this (s), the latter hic, haec, hoc 11 Demonstrative Adjective thick densus, densa, densum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 thicker densior, densior, densius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 thickest densissimus, densissima, densissimum 20 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 thickly dense 20 Adverb thing, matter res, rei, f 19 Noun Declension 5 thirty triginta 16 Indeclinable number Irregular in this way, so ita 20 Adverb in this way, so sic 15 Adverb this, that, he, she, it is, ea, id 15 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun this, these (pl), the latter hic, haec, hoc 11 Demonstrative Adjective Also Pronoun those, that (s), the former ille, illa, illud 12 Demonstrative Adjective three tres, tres, tria 16 Declinable number Irregular through per (+ accusative) 11 Preposition of the Tiber Tiberinus, Tiberina, Tiberinum 12 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 Tiber (river) Tiberis, Tiberis, m 12 Noun Declension 3 tiger tigris, tigris, c 17 Noun Declension 3 time tempus, temporis, n 15 Noun Declension 3 tired fessus, fessa, fessum 3 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 to this place, here huc 5 Adverb to, towards ad (+ accusative) 5 Preposition today hodie 17 Adverb toga toga, togae, f 20 Noun Declension 1 tomb sepulcrum, sepulcri, n 4 Noun Declension 2 tomorrow cras 11 Adverb tongue, language lingua, linguae, f 13 Noun Declension 1 too much nimium 15 Adverb tooth dens, dentis, m 17 Noun Declension 3 I touch tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum 16 Verb Conjugation 3 towards, to ad (+ accusative) 5 Preposition Trajan Traianus, Traiani, m 5 Noun Declension 2 Troy Troia, Troiae, f 15 Noun Declension 1 trunk proboscis, proboscidis, f 17 Noun Declension 3 twenty viginti 16 Indeclinable number Irregular twin geminus, gemina, geminum 18 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 two duo, duae, dua 15 Declinable number Irregular uncle avunculus, avunculi, m 6 Noun Declension 2 under sub (+ ablative or accusative) 16 Preposition I understand intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 unhappy, unlucky infelix, infelix, infelix (stem infelic-) 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 unless, if ... not nisi 13 Conjunction unlucky, unhappy infelix, infelix, infelix (stem infelic-) 19 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 upset commotus, commota, commotum 4 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I urge urgeo, urgere, ursi 3 Verb Conjugation 2 us nos, nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis 10 Pronoun verse versus, versus, m 19 Noun Declension 4 very often saepissime 20 Superlative Adverb Vespasian Vespasianus, Vespasiani, m 12 Noun Declension 2 Vibia Vibia, Vibiae, f 10 Noun Declension 1 Vibius Vibius, Vibii, m 10 Noun Declension 2 vigorously vehementer 15 Adverb I visit visito, visitare, visitavi, visitatum 3 Verb Conjugation 1 voice vox, vocis, f 7 Noun Declension 3 I wage war bellum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 I wait for exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum 10 Verb Conjugation 1 I wake up excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatum 7 Verb Conjugation 1 I walk ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum 17 Verb Conjugation 1 wall murus, muri, m 8 Noun Declension 2 I do not want nolo, nolle, nolui 5 Verb Irregular I wage war bellum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum 20 Verb Conjugation 3 war bellum, belli, n 8 Noun Declension 2 I warn, advise moneo, monere, monui, monitum 13 Verb Conjugation 2 I watch, look at specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum 4 Verb Conjugation 1 water aqua, aquae, f 6 Noun Declension 1 way, journey iter, itineris, n 11 Noun Declension 3 we nos, nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis 10 Pronoun I wear, wage (war) gero, gerere, gessi, gestum 20 Verb Conjugation 3

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I weep fleo, flere, flevi, fletum 3 Verb Conjugation 2 I weigh upon, press premo, premere, pressi, pressum 15 Verb Conjugation 3 well bene 7 Adverb I am well, am healthy valeo, valere, valui 18 Verb Conjugation 2 what (n), who (m, f) quis, quis, quid 4 Interrogative Pronoun when, where ubi 8 Conjunction where, when ubi 8 Conjunction which (n), who (m, f) qui, quae, quod 12 Relative Pronoun who (m, f), what (n) quis, quis, quid 4 Interrogative Pronoun who (m, f), which (n) qui, quae, quod 12 Relative Pronoun why cur 3 Interrogative particle wife uxor, uxoris, f 1 Noun Declension 3 I take (as a wife), bring, lead duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 5 Verb Conjugation 3 wine vinum, vini, n 16 Noun Declension 2 with cum (+ ablative) 17 Preposition with me mecum 5 Pronoun phrase woman femina, feminae, f 5 Noun Declension 1 wonderful mirabilis, mirabilis, mirabile 15 Adjective Declension 3-3-3 wooden ligneus, lignea, ligneum 15 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 word verbum, verbi, n 15 Noun Declension 2 I work laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum 13 Verb Conjugation 1 work, project opus, operis, n 12 Noun Declension 3 worried sollicitus, sollicita, sollicitum 8 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 worse peior, peior, peius 20 Comparative Adjective Declension 3-3-3 worse, in a worse way peius 20 Comparative Adverb worst pessimus, pessima, pessimum 7 Superlative Adjective Declension 2-1-2 worst, in the worst way pessime 20 Superlative Adverb worthy (of = +abl) dignus, digna, dignum 20 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I wound vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum 16 Verb Conjugation 1 wounded vulneratus, vulnerata, vulneratum 10 Adjective Declension 2-1-2 I write scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum 14 Verb Conjugation 3 year annus, anni, m 12 Noun Declension 2 yes indeed ita vero 18 Exclamation you (pl) vos, vos, vestrum, vobis, vobis 10 Pronoun you (singular) tu, te, tui, tibi, te 5 Pronoun young man (16-45 approx) iuvenis, iuvenis, m 20 Noun Declension 3 your tuus, tua, tuum 14 Adjective Declension 2-1-2

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ALSO AVAILABLE IN THE IMPERIUM LATIN COURSE

If you have enjoyed this book, why not have a look at what else is available our range? Imperium Latin consists of three course books, a Grammar and Syntax Guide, the Imperium Latin Puzzles book and a Latin Unseens collection for advanced users. All of these can be ordered as printed books through Amazon but are also available as pdf files in our Site Support Packs, which can be bought by schools. The three course books are also available as free of charge downloadable pdf files from the TES Resources website. There are Apps for iOS and Android, as well as MP3 files to support learning. In addition to all the purchasable resources, there are other materials you can download which are free of charge. These include practice tests, rough working sheets and planning documents which may be useful to teachers.

Whether you are a teacher or a student, there is probably something for you on our website. Have a delve around and see what you can find: www.imperiumlatin.com

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PUZZLE BOOKS FROM J-PROGS There are five puzzle books in our range, boasting 260 puzzles in all. These collections are aimed at those who want to have some fun with the Latin and Greek languages they know and love. All of the books feature solutions at the back for those who get stuck. Whether you are a student or a teacher, you should be able to spend a good few hours relaxing and enjoying these books.

Easy Latin Puzzles was written after compiling three lists of words commonly used in a variety of Latin courses. It makes very limited use of word endings and includes a variety of challenges, including sudokus, word searches, Latin to English crosswords and English to Latin ones. The book features the full word lists at the back. Tricky Latin Puzzles was written for students learning Latin today or for those to whom the good old days beckon. These 50 crossword puzzles, sudokus, wordsearches and other brainteasers should bring plenty of fun. It is aimed at those who have studied the language for two or three years at least. Easy Greek Puzzles was assembled from two short lists of words commonly used in a variety of courses. It uses all five cases of noun, adjective and pronoun systems, as well as the active indicative verb endings from the present, imperfect, aorist and future tenses. As such, it is suitable for those who have studied the language for one year or longer. The 50 puzzles include sudokus, wordsearches, Greek to English crosswords and English to Greek ones. Tricky Greek Puzzles was written for those whose command of ancient Greek may allow them to enjoy its challenges - not for the faint-hearted. It includes 50 crosswords, sudokus, wordsearches and other brainteasers and is aimed at those who have studied the language for two or three years at least. Imperium Latin Puzzles was written for those who follow the Imperium Latin Course but could certainly be used by students of other courses. It contains 60 puzzles and features sudokus, word searches, Latin to English crosswords and English to Latin ones. The puzzle collections can be bought as books from Amazon or as downloadable files in our Site Support Packs for schools. For details on how to get your copies, see www.j-progs.com

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Julian Morgan served as a teacher and a Head of Classics for many years in the UK, before taking up a post in 2007 at the European School of Karlsruhe in Germany. Julian has devoted his entire career to finding new, original ways of teaching Latin and Greek. Julian has written many educational software titles and books in the last 25 years, publishing many of these under the banner of his business, J-PROGS. He is well known in Classics teaching circles for his teacher training activities, not least in directing courses for the CIRCE Project, which has been part of the EU's Comenius programme since 2003. He has served twice as a Council member of the Joint Association of Classical Teachers and has also been a long-standing member on the Computing Applications Committee of the American Classical League. He can often be found walking his dogs in the Great Wold Valley of North Yorkshire, where he lives.

You can find out more on Julian's Author Page: amazon.com/author/julianmorgan