'fhe ·Fetishism o1.' S tato P1•operty . -.-._ -- ·The 1•evoJ.u~ry moVement he. a loDt -J.\a:i·:1:•a o&.p6l.Uity -·to -.<-,· · __ k~_e_jr·-hiii.'-~~r..og9:::a:.. ~n the- p~~e .-o:!>h'U.!!!.a.n· rel.Ji tiona • "that __ is_ soci_~1:..'­

-~-:./~:.)~e1~ tioner _o:r -production, o.ncl- Gets ~-:>o_t-_ in the:: world of' o bJr,c_ti v:o . .:-:;;~(t:ling:l.--- I"t keeps. its e:,.r-es:·gluett .on._ tb.~-: -ph0J'iOf!t~na; prop·3r_t·Y: __ an~,

· po_~i tics instead. of' keep ins them· focuasd. ou tho esaanoe: ~abol" - and·-_produo tion. It 'took the :.::;enius ol" ~arx to extra.o·t _pol.i ti~tt.~_

·-·-- _-_ecouom~t--_:f'r_om its fe_tishism or commodities. He.s .. "tha rovolution--·. --::~:7~17-:i.~~:r··~fi~'OVGi:i~h!"t.:·:t\c-ee·u· Ttsel:r:·:t:..·-o·ci-thG-._:rei~~J:;l.st::.·.-·o:r e.·_-··to:t-m- o~- H.' · .. , _,, ..

-: -:_-;;;;;·t:-f<:'"P~oduct .o:f ~abor ·{tt coi!Uno~ity) cn~y in ·ordar_- to croS.t€_ a:· new,-. ·-~:~:~fetishism of_.a form of propert~l (statil;ied·:_p:roperty)?-.

_-'·:·_ -- In 'his prefaCe to capital._ ].13l•X ~ardoa. ·us thnt_;_in_ thirL .. :.- ·' · -ana~ysia o~either rr._io~Q.ecopea nor chemi~tl.TO._;

- reagents ar_e -o:r _uSe;--"'Tlilf\._~ of' a.batract.l.O'iij mua·t .rep_laae-'::·---. • [~:?%~However, a_ bs_'traotions huve no-va~tre-ylsviec.r_· apflr __ .-r.~ ·1'r0m __

0

:.~~ hi~· ~ourgeois economists were incapable o:r separat.tng·_ ·

. - "t .~.e are tical potentisli ties o:r a ·relation f"rom ita histor-ical·._ st8._r"ting point bcC8use o:f their bourgeois limi "ta tiona .in ,}·

g±ng-the-1~ own· h~o..E!.Q_M_riod. Thei~ -hori~n--wae-~d~ by Uthe personification o:f' thin'""s---ar, -- ~n _q_f _ __people n·; ) they- s or c t.v of tho purticuJ.ar:··perrcli. in Wh:ich thay lived into a theoretic81 abstraction; .-chua there .. w.~.e paSt ·history_ but there :!.2 no lonr;er history·. On the _o'ther hand,· they trfed tO tUrn a historic· f'orn1 oifr la!La.r-LWJh...Jl.B-:.!!.t.ree ~aborrr !Bi9" a theoretical abst~-tt.c~-;-rn-:ootli'iristanaes, theJrumnn--. qontent _'IJ'las lost sight of Uehind the h:l,storio form.

· _·:The conTusion ill ,;l!e Clines o:r even the beEt bourgeois economists, auid. ~lt;u::;_o in hie review of l~arx•s Critique of

_. .. Political Ecomomy, is due to the_ :rs.ct ·tlio.t "economics deals _::· .. ·not with things, bu:t the rel~ ticns between -pe_rsor.s.s and --in· the l

·- · __ - /'l.aat -resort- be"twElen classeS-; 'the-se rela1·i·ons a're~ 'how6ver, ·-.vr .~.a~wa·,.-e. at<tached to. things· ana. appe~n· as things·" :B,or exampl~_, - ·.- ··exchanse of. comm"'cii ul.eS ee"Grii'B to meunOxcfifl!lGe-. of' thine;s. In ,

r_eali ty, hOwever, 'the proC:uc "t appearing in exchanGe 18 a commod- · 1 ty "soley- because a ,...elation between __ tv1o pi..::rsons or commUni tie_s e.tts.cheu .to th.e thing~ the Pfoduct. 11 -- - ·-

In his :ramous chapter on the E'etishisn of' ccmraodi ties; lJU.l'X tiemonatrat.es mos't olee.!"ly how-''& 6.e:f"ini te social relation "between men _assumed the i'anta.stic form o:!.' a relo.tion betwaen·-thincs;.11 1~nd to the queotion-,' 11 \\'henoa, then, a:ris~;c tlle e:lisma tical oh&.r::Joter ot.' the product of labor; so soon· as it &SBUii16G the :form O:f COI!lUOdi ties?" nt\rx repliei.., r:c.:;:lea.rly: from the form itnel1'.'' Clearly the ;tetieL.iom of state ·propert~~ e.risea from the"fact that the f'orru ot state property uppea:red in: his tor:~ na v;orkera s to. te propert;v ond was thus iden tirieC.­with a -new proc.uction relation, which beaar.1e ut-taohed t.o _the thing, atat~!1eil property. ·

First·, thero \"JU.D ·the u.bo·tr~ction,- \",'orl~ers state. When Trotsky i'a.iled to checl: the abat~~uctiot1, workoro stat.e, ugair.z:rt the. roali ty, the sovj_et Uuion, the nist.ak.e, lr.. u pro.oticul sense , was a minor one beoauao i 't oonoerned the vid.!Jle viO!'l~era at.e.te !>f Lenin ann ·,;..•rotnky whitlh wus et;1ll a _workers stllte, though bureauc_ra. ticelly distorteti._. But O'lhcn IJ.'rotsky curried over his mistal:.en concepti or. of' t.he ?IOr1:,=:rs Ert& te to the.-st.n. Le Of" Stalin, the mistnke \'/HS "!'utcJ .•

8888

v:atoh:-~hov.r_ Trotsky tllrn.e __ the ·ab.atraotion, worker-S. state,-. into the fetish, statiried Prop_el .. ty: nThe no_tionaliza.tion. o:f the ~and., the means_ or industry, pr-oduction, tranSport and_ ~xohango_.

- ~ogether_.:_wi th :the :_monopoly _o~ ,_ J;ci1·_~i_gn -tra_d_a·, _o_oneti iu't_eQ 'tllS -bo.si-·s ·-:_ of>-SC?y_:l_e_t __ sociu.~ ·_s:tr:uc"ture-. · _'.ChJ:out;h -&he t:_e -· r·ela ti uno:;, ·~eatab~isb.ed -. _by the -p:r.o18t~riam. revo~u"Cion,·· -"tlle ritlture-: oi tile Soviet -union aa-

·. _ - " - a.· prole ta:x.·1&1l f::l""t& uc :i.a :fol." us_- bn.oiaally.: c.e:r!ned·.n- .'flhioh rale.tiOn'a; . . prod~ction :relatiOns _or property: relations? r~n .ay are not oue and-

- .. th~- sam_e thing. We have sean how·rserx -had. n6v r tire_d~ _stre_ssing ,::c:.:~''" .... ~-·--:·:,:.;.thc. :t ,:i. t.:·~·:ao.:~ the ... prooe Sf!:. o_:f·:..:.L'-:ro_d,ll~ t_io_n~·· w_iliCh.- .fined an eConOmy

. ..an. __ d _ "!ih~t. c~assea .. _.we.re a.e"te:rm1:.neU _by. Ln& .. ". <>ltt¥tF·ja.~ .. proaoo.s .. o_'Z'.:·· .. ·::'-­proau~'tio_~; that is, by_ the prcduc,;ion- rela · · _- A proper'ty re~atio_n:,

. ---is the ~ega~ expression· o:r. the _pro"duotion ic-e a on ... It.~-· express~ a that· .:re~ationship, · coL1etlm¥s ... c-o_l"r_eot_~y, B?matim~s inaor­rS'lfti"S', lie pendi!lg upon whe'thal.~ tl1ef-Prcduc tion re~e.tiont:l'.~.ip has. · been _va~idated_by law. In 1ts_alf/ witho;u"t ·re:eerenee_.to- the ac-cua~ pro~uction relations, ntate prof}erty_ is_ a <form- _of p:roper_ty. _or .... " .. _

- p_roperty rela_tion, ·.not a relation at" _pro_duc::tion •. It _ie· a· __ deriva·tive ,. not a·._-fundamentaL. relation. In periods o:f" revolu:tion anit counter-­revo~ution, vrhen the actua~··produo_tion relati-ons ,und~rgO a tra."ls-

. formation while the ~eee.l .e,::precsions are still·.::retained. in the le.wo.i . .Jl!IWI.< "production relations ·cannot be equated to prope1•ty :rt!~a~iona n._~. _

wi tho·J.t. aqua t;t,.ng revOl~ti ri -to ~yun;e:r-r~l<t}:y:~~on! "~/~.,\~~"·"-~.__tt:!_r;.;-. .-li.;;;cc._;;<_-j I}V '\o.~'W ~I )hM-t J.J.)-lA. ~ {N . .i.w • d.t.V 1\J.U. ~ ~

- T~o~eky never ~ompre 'ended what .. _:naldng -a :fetish o:f a·ttttified proper~y co_uld lec..d td-., He alwP-ys spoke of <.he recession _:in the · v:orkera s~as something v . .at might aonsolidat~, or as something that woul.d happen, but ~'.as u. prucess thE:..t. was evolVi!lg 'oe:fore tdb1 very-eyes. y!hen oorii"ronted with the f'umili::1.r ~ea t1U•eo of' private property capi tali am- of the IrE?, he correctly warned that an unb2.•idled tt.evelopment ot the NE1~ woul.d ~ead. to the sovieli U""nion 's acquiring' ncapi tal.iam on the inotalr.tant' plan·.u But iX.t 192'/-s· when the "prinoip~en of indua trializat!on tmd oo~lectivSzt::.. tion _waa:.ado_pte_~. the abstractiont the worke~o state, -was tro.ns:rormod into_ the .fetish,\ eta. tif':.t.ed- pro pert:,.--. Yet he i:neroi~eaa cri tied sed the Lef:t oppoei ti'on-:-. _. iste:.1'tho were· leG. to capi tula.tion throu.gh equating . vmrkers ataco. _ · to_ statified .Prope.rtj. He ·au.baCribBd to Rakovaky 1 a· Correct analysis , of-:the capitulCL"Gors: ':'J.'he cu. pi tul.ators re:fuse ·to consid9r what D'teps

-.-, - \must be ~dop tad in- Ol~llor· .. the. t inct.uet-~ .... i~lizL-:t;ion. and. oollec.tivization -~ do not· bring aboUt r~.H::n.ll."'~s o;,pooi te to those expected: ••• They

' .. · of"_:conside::::·ation _the- main question; what ohan5_es.will- the bring about 1.11...-:~.~ -~ relations t_l, ( . u·..:l,1';.;2~))

;i_c.)Gfl,j\,arJP'Ra.kc•v:sk;y ~auw~"'1;he conquea_ts of economic. 1a.ws permi t-t~d

to rul.int; class Qther prole

11 be~Ore our vel'Y eyos. The raotive ~ force Of this a~nguJ.ar· c1&ss. ~the sin6ulo,r :form o:f prl.v<•te prop~rty, state powor;r'' ?7-l8,ll/l2

- Irt the ane.lysi~. of: t.he cm.1.."1te:r revolu.tior:. WG suvo: 'ljhB.t the --- · -.:::; f·e.tishiei'!l o1' stut.e p1·~· ert~· blind.e~ Tl.•otsky rr. o.ra anuJ.ys. i.ng co .. rrea.t.ly the O.evelopltlent o:f th 11 5J.n(;uls.r :form· of' prive-'Le prope:-t:y, stn,te. power 1~' and thus f"rom cccl•.ning the socii·l.l c'o."J.r!;."'l.C~t:cr o1' t!'lc cou.rl'tf3;r-reVo~ution v1hen it oa 1 • 'l'rotaky oor.:.mued to er.1ploy the same t.erm-· inol.ot;y and ~eve it th!i oo.mo oontont; \'then he onoke a! the state pl~opert.y char&cteristic oi" the diatn.torship oi' the prol.ctnriet where the p:.-olctarir.;.t is tLe l'ulillt~ ola.sl:l, as \'ihen ,-ha O.on~s with Sts. te prope~~ty ohuructcriati\! o1.' tho Stalinist eta tP. wLere 'the · working cJ.a.ss io no_t 'tl::.e ruJ.it~e clnsJJ Uut the cluss in subjeq-tionl He thua subs"ti ""Cutod a Dr0perty :form !'u:r the clr;.s:;: oontent./lft the tinie of the l::osc0\'l ~ri~la ll"tfie prci'(Iu>J tion rtJ'.l."i\f!Ons estnbl~shed. by_ october" were still. in oxiste11Ce J He sm·1 tlu~r:t me:&. .. cly us a f;ory political speot'"cle, e. a t-1 -aol"t oi" p!.~.luo"' <::olm.tor-revclution without sooial root, Stnez:c:t·euccncc of the rovton _po-li tionl supcl'­structure but on a th~ t le.cl~ec!. ~n. IJCOnomic llune r.t3v-e-r theleno. P._':;l:~: .. that is precisely Vll'1B t 1 t did !!,_0_! lack-~ ...:..a •·- ocr._ .~ou L .... a P- eY1~ -~

1 (l;t--~·'~:=· =~__.:;· -;);.,. ~ .: ·.1 pf> :::( · 4/Y~- . ./-~.' _(>-CC.-•~ ~· ;;;(-;'-h;...---l..;c-¥.,-Ll.!~--,-·c- ',;·

'1i"eocici~~-, 'the· __ :.roSCO_~- -~i·_iEi.~a:·r.lid IiO_t ~CiulUlfni-·te_ ·rr.ere~y~<i- .Po~iliicc.l cpu.."'lter-re_vo~~utiou in WhJ..O!i t.he E0019.1 :foundations w6re _ ~ef't int~ct~ Rathe·r it was r~ countel•-:revoJ.utio!!·_ ii1.the rol.atioris o:f p~oa.uotion •• :,.p:ropos of' ! 1ptu-el:rn- ·political .. revolu tiona .wo must not 'f'o.l~eet '!.l:arx 1 a emphasis tha !.-- they- hs.ve me.1·o~y-· perf'E::o Lt;U-. the-

. e--t-sti:c.r; state r.:.echine!"y. In·, ct:~~r \'tord::;,. _:::!nee .-they -i::;:;rclved·-_a·.: aJ;Is:uga _of'-. _pvli tical ruler~, and not a soc1·a1. .~..::h~e;e~t --the bourB:a-- _ _ O_l- s _ po1 i t:1c2:l- rsvolutions p~ri'eo ted; nut __ uJ.~_r.o_r1.eti. ~ ·t.he bo1!l"s.!sbia state· maChine ana. thus _the <iomina 1..1on ~i: tlle bourge-Oisie ti -. -~ ola tl;,ut.: cannot lJe se.id of the :relation- o:f· the

:fetishism thut " :t:e'Lisl:.i:nn which

. align ·.1 tselr with war II

ti.on· tO ·the

~. ·sba~htmen ta .Q.Q!!Q_f.llD&.. .Q.b. ~olJ..ectivist pronerty _ •runa.er a eocie.l systew or burec.ucrn. tic col~ e .. uti -visL't, u .

states the Par-ty' a Russie.n_ the sin 11 •• 9_1n the f'iela . or pro_f)er_t;'1•. o~-nership all classes tlre equal;-ilance l<One .or them O\vr~s social .property .n (Eutphasis in o~ie;:in&~) But wlle"tlie.r or not. all. Cl4ss~s are "equa1 11 in a: property senso (in· the bonJ?ceois nuyea .of the lawn u.ll clusst::a are also" qual"l no one--wholiher prol.etariat, aollectivis.t commisst~-r or tipi ta· 1st. coupon clippe~s--ct>.n gein a live~ihoOd·_·exriept· out 6!' -'the proCE-leds of". ~n·oductiorJ~ Hence· it is t11e~ rela t~ionship£.1 pf: !!..!:,9dUc tim'!, t:.o't t:lereiy -the legel

.-aapec'ts or tne p_roru=n:-ty rele. t:tons ~hich are-_, the es·se_nco o:f' -._th_inga •

. To RS..V 1.ha.t in .Russia. ull clt=.oses .a.re.e;::m.aL because -none .owns .. is to take- the~ legal fiction 0~ Ov~'D-erShi_P cit f'E1Ce- ·vaiue ~ Iii-·her- ~ pOlemic against. refoi-mi_sm, Rost:._ Lu;x:emSurg O._eal.'s· most profoundly­yet auccinct!.:y' ·with the property .versus production tho~n·y: 11By oapi talis1i Be:r:loti~.:•lJ. aces no_t tl}ean & c~tee;or:; o:f produc tiorJ bu"t the right to pro party. Qo him , u. cupi tells:t is~not an eco:c.omic­unit but a :t"isoal w-tit • ..;uti •ouPit.al' itJ i'Ol'- him-not~ f'actor in .P.roduc tion bu~t siruply u certt:..ir... •]UUnti ty of ,none~/· 11

. "\: .. ··.\

t{hen -J_!P~rx a:1alys-:.t'i ·the pr.ocens of' cDpi talis't p.roCJ..uat.ion, he-· probed _dc0pe:: ·!;hnn its _,J,egul. outer oovarl.!lg_. tho t is why -he_ c anoluded thu t it l'!ElS not~~':nerehi ~ but ~-w1c tior1 or ott. pi tal ·that proc:i.uoed su:ryl.uo vulue. EVen when one tinu.iyzes a 11new" orO.cr~ one ah.culC. not l:org~t our Hal.•xiat ... <;BCe which ·tells 9ne

c~~'l )··~; y;-1~5-J ~ rotf';,j :

that 1 t ia "the productive proceas, J<hc:rein labor. is explc.>il.eC f ~,r~~~J ~ :::~-. which _is ci•ea tivo o:I: surplus-value. "I:f there_:fore the capitul~st .(J_ '',U_ ~--! 1~. the- 0:\\'U~:t· o:f the_ ca.vi tal which_ he employs • n c~ys HB_r,.:' a.· · ,~ .. ~·~J! r'!a$.!.te.l,\::J"J 11 ho pookoto tho whoJ.:a· vrof'it or s-...trpl.us vaJ.ne .• It_ I-A t.t\ / )_' is inunateri.a.l to "the laborer whcthe:t.• the oapitB.~ist pool::o"tD-the \)~ · _·_.: whole prof'i t or v1hethor he hta.z 't.o 1n.1y over u purt oi' it tu_ bOrne other~-· ~; vers?n YJhO has u loe;al C1Uiit1_ tu i:O· The ~~auson- :fer divit'iin_~~ ~.> "~; prof'l. t among two J.::.inds of' aapi tal::..cta thus -cu.rno atu.r~·ep-t-i"t~ u: _ V': into reb.eons f'or the exintenoe of' suroluu-vuluo to---mr-t..~rueCl ..J1' ~ .-; vihich the capital as such- d1•a.wo: out· oi:' the prooas_n ot: p_rOdnct.ion, -~ }.-1.-:; q_ui te tipurt from any subsequent divisiolt. n noes this_ nc't Ot:Jply ~ tY -; to a. bureuucratio collectivist socia·ty? ',-;hut than, in that society, .J-"t'"~. . : is 'the i'w'Io:tdlnn of C{:lpi tal (or whatever vou ott.ll tho moans of: ,. \ .')\\· p1.•oductiotl nlionoted 1"l'Otil tho tlireot P:l"O~uoero nnct t:ho~e GT~J..n4--ting _!Y~~~)_: them)? .Agub.~. \Je ouote 1'l•om L-...J.Xemburc'n Raf'orn1 und acvolution:- "BY I\\~~Vi}.; i tranaferrinc t,ho wconcept o:i' o&pi tulifl!ll from proc.uot~on rei~ tiona: ijJ ' • to p:ropeJl•ty :relntiono, and b!f a,Penkinc; at simpltJ iz~divid.uu.ls tfXjo 4' 1nste-a.d o.f ep'3flking oi' cntropreneuro, ho (Bcl.'rn~te1r..) moves the r-J,"'~ ~ (~

J 8890 . \J, '.7;1 -rl f'- . .I I • •''N\._11 Jt:J

qti.e'stion or socialism f';;,:oom the domui11 c;f pl~oduotion _into the dom!;l.ill o~_.rela"tions o·f: -f'orti.u1e-; that. is, f!.•_om -the -relation betwee·n. oagital and.~abor· to the_re~at~on botwoen rich and 'poor."·

·-_ ·. LuxeinbUrg was_ poler~ioizin6· ago.inst _reformieta ·who -did not·:-, ~ocept 1~:_a.rx' s- ·desorip~ion o:f cu. pi tEi..~ist-· production. ·v;e a:re-· Ue'alin·g wi.th coiDl."a.des who_ aocep_t !.!arx'l:3 a...""lalys!"a_ of:- capitalist. produotion-­

,,,,c.,._ .. •.· .t~~n_:;~pp;t.y._:_n?nc:._ c:£ -l~is ·.·genci:!!al._.c:'..~:t ttl ria-. -t·c-~thennewu .. ao:oiit-.1 .orO.er,--_, __ - ,_. Just __ oecause. they have_ -·eiven it· a 'tlaw na."'Iia .. - Look'· ·a:t ~ Ru.asia .and _ .. tel·l: ma_ what the !Jroletarie.t ~a~~-}~s in orde::r..~ to· _-be rller iri. the.t ata.:.Ce. ~t ia 11ot the title oi' ovmi'.9:i"Ship_· .. on t.ha_ ·-ccn_tra:t•y, ·the ·cOns"ti tutiOn ot> t_~et coll!--try. def'ine s s t;_C. to property .. as .pr01'e~t;y ubelo:agini;" tO · .the vthole people 11 • Th~ lag&l ti tl.e~ notwi tha ts..n.dil'.g, _the pro:fi ts_ that oome out of' __ Soviet:. industry go_ partly to the enterprises' P...nd. partly·

~··L.o_ the .state. The worker. doeo no."ti _share i!:t ._i"t;.,· ilot becuut~e ho __ d.oe_a no_1:'"leca11y" O\m it, but bect!UB6· liia role in_ the p:r_oce.Bs' of _produo-~

_ tion is such that he l_abors and gets paid :ror his labor, power at __ · -·ita_.ve.lue, which is at a probably low:'level~-110-_:!'Ublaa !Jer month~­The worker d_oes not11 sha.ro the -prof'ito 11 because bin rela:ti·on to the means __ of- _prod.uc·c.ion is such thut_ v;he:U he has fj.niShed using. the ~riatruments, ths vrodnot· orea:ted (a _com."!lodi ty} "thro'"ll,f;h ·the_ ub.ion of that labor-- power with the mea.!1S ot .pro due tioh·, belon.::;s not to himself, but to the ente:!:p~ise ~or .which he. works.. ~

· Nov1 keep in min'd the Ruasie. of i.o'niu when thO let;al ti ·tlo · was the '·same but the production _relations were .dif'i'e~'ent·. rn-_Lenln 1 s time, bef'ore the worke~~ enterol1. _the :factory, he ha~ .. hiS product;ion · con:f'erenoe. where he decided Uflon the pln.n. While he up plied his labor pouer· to the instrumer.ts· o:f produc ~ion .in the f"ac tory, there' were: his trade union nnd party re!u.•esentatives .to contest an;y bossy con~uot on the pnrt of the. f~otory 'dir~ctor. Wh~n _he got his pay enVelope • he once again had. reco\ll•se to his ·trade unions and once

.-again- had :xebe., 'e •• O..iscuSsed produo"'Gion reau.l ts & --rra might h~ve been to~d that he c£.I1Ilot get_· a. :fur"the1• raise. in pny beoG..'ll,ee: S;_~though · his :i~dustr~,. :::1a.de anpro:fi t", s"till _ tl1e whole ben&fi t should nOt , ._:r_ey_~_r:t_ ... _to him_.-. because_ :h~s. et.a"te n--eeded- to pr_oduce __ st€_Cl uric.l .th.t:.~.t liid..YJ.'t­

"- ~6de --a: prOf'i.t Yet._ He: woUld know then--~t.ila.t ·he ;-a.iO. nOi· ilii-_e_C1il-y beinefii;··· by his industx•y's gro\•:th but--mat his class did. Does Shechtman· know ·, what ths rai1road ttorkut• <.lid -vrhon he y;8s-aTsaa tisf'itJd- with- tho rogiffie'? Why, the rtt.nk and :ti~o workers, in pr..o- single yea~·;- :."'roue;ht prossur&-_ -to bear eo that the Glavpoli tput (the po~i tical -·auper:Lntend~nce_ o\•er ·_ the economic programs) wo..s abolished; the aomposi tion of -the··cectran we.a changed; all. VIent ·bacl' to thair respective t::.'ade .uniorJo and:_func­'tioTted thro~h normal democr~tic proceodm·es. _Yes,. Comrade -Shaohtfuail~ the· rank and file workers had tha't .povwr not; because he had _the ·lf;sga~ ti t~O, :whi __ oh ~e like\o:ise has- now t but becau~c _o1.' the produ~;rti-on-. rola_- /~ .:: tio~s (which v;ere the cppooi te of' wl:o.t t!ley· a.x•e_ now). In t-,1!.e _o~e---lJ:.-o.;..-­the_ vansu_ ard political po.r1;y :t'oll.av:ed the lea.a of the_ v:oz•kers •. ~nEvery- -_- ~ pol.i 'tical auperstructuJ.•e in the' lUt.Jt f~nclyaia serves producticn, and i.n-- the ~ant a_nalysis is detnrmined by- the production relc.ticns _ · _.,./' prevui~ing inthe given sooiety." (Lenir.) <::-~ · .

FUrther our thestta reads: "Vii"th the nAw mode l)f distribution-, the bureaucracy_ dave~opod. e. new mode o~ produCtion 1 proa.uc tion for the _ aWal11ng_ needs o:r the_ btu~on.uc_~·na~ .. 11 · 'l'hua the pEI.l'ty _th~si_s perverts a baslc M:arzian oon<?ept ;Lu......o.r~~;y,_tlle-hn_ ltli!L..l:g.!:.-fL~~~-.o orig~nal (:for a. · o 3:-tfn on So\•:!.ot ecopor·,~· ~~--eu:r xo~; .. iat .. :ABS • s tat • str ut.ion. is more!:,.,. the 11 expressiou O:t the historically a. termined O(Jn;:ii ·t;iono oi' Pl'oduaticn. 11 (54 !Sud 2. t:ua.t boi'ore dist:!"'ibution can become distribution of prQduoti n.S,. it i-e the o.istribution of the mean a of pro due tion .. Hero is how Le t:t'{~ expresoeo the C.ii'ferenoe between scientific n.nd vuJ.ear aocie.liem: _h-tlarx con­tra-sted vulge.r sooia.l.ism to scientitiu aoo1_ ill.iam! .wh.iol.l doeo not _a'ttach '\ cren t impo:•trmoe to dictri bution und which e:xp~o r.s tho socia~ system I by the orgn.nizu tion of the relations or oroduotion e.nd whioh oonoidera that the given e:,ratem or reia tiona llf.Produotion includes a. dafini te eystern of distribution. Thia idcY. l.'1mS like e. t:!'~·aaa, "th:::.•o..:.ch tl!e--_wl,_t:~1.~-- : o1' :r.~c.rx'e teuchiugs." (56) -!~d thie iClea appli~a no't oHly to capital-ist society but to a~~ sooieti6a, P"r'l.i~u~ur~y to a~~ c~ass euoietioo, ino~ud.ing, ,,e ahou1d think, burtta.ucl.•atio oollectiviant.

8891

. ,.. It --ie -not as s.p.~_Ch:tM.ftn -p~t~~ wh~ch. y;a.Ef. responsi_blo_ ~or._the .,tyJJa ~-the .. oS_rio_d o:r- the workers ··attitC '.o:t- .t:••n;~,:;;,~~';'~~L~T:l'o·t:;.k:v

___ . tha_t the- WorkBrs·. we·re· thei '-rU.le~a . ,i . ··- prooesJ3·· "H;av·ing ·ov~~throWn·- t.!ie-~bol.ll"g~oiae

DOWer, n wrote Le:ni_ri ( 5?) • . "the pr_ol.et'.Eu-ia t ol.a.cs; ·1 t holds. 1:he power o:f,~ the __ at~te; it

•m6a.J1:6 __ o:f'_.:p_ro._tl~c-;;_ic::::l_ nhiCh- !laye.::now~._beoor:.I!t,:. 'W<>Jca.o. when _"the -mee.ns Of ·prOdUction .ar·e·:(fc~lectrve !''':=·~?~~:¥: th~re , "na ture.l;lY'~ (1!ai·x) :_ re !3:uJ. ts n- _:cCi:f~renT.- - . , lJ-~1; C'::iiG_x::el~l

-o:r _oommodl. ties produced; __ but o-rin-tari1y,_: of' "'the mean.o_ ._o:r·;produetion.· ~·or wh"t is oruoie.~ regarding ;;he subJect o:f dis.t:d.bution is:. which:· c~aas determines .produoti'on:•z ~ · .... · · ' ·.-"_ -.::

--~c!~'

contrasting the young _workerS Bt.ate_ to capit_.ali'~t:_:l;ciaar-.r.~-ntn _ vn;_ote, (58) "Bu1i see ho_w t.t:.illgs ht:.ve _cl~linged · si!l~tl __ :the_. po;;-1-t'-i_ce:.l ~--AJqvier :. . . is in .the _hands-of' tho_ wo1•king cl.H-ss, -since the _pOl±ti __ o.a~-:.p_OYI-$1~:-_of'the:,: exp~oi ters is ov~rthrowri. and since e.ll the meaDS .o:r_ pro<IU:.ctioli·.~--(eXC'Op_tf' -those Which· the workers stu to volunte.~"il.Y gi_ven_·_ to .... tho explo'i terB far ti .tima, in the fOrril· o:f I'J_OnC.Q~SiODS} are O\-"ffi8d bJI' the working·. __ c·ls.sa.:1

Thus vzhen the prolete.Diat om1ed the mean a o:f production ,· .. the rela tiw -::_~.:-: ship ot: the mee.ns of' production to the means. oi: conSumption Was· _~4.6~--:_ · 'to :P5 .4%, and l)y the time ind~stry r_eache-d i:ta !X!'e-wer ·le_vel, tho . 1 :•_ standard of' ,living of' Shachtma.n'a· prop_ertyless _proletariat b.ut Lenin .. s property. o\ming .pro].etaJ.•i{it VlaB ~25:0:~ O:f that level.- ·_:BUt __ when 'thfl. :- n.

appropriating- class di_f'fered i':.•oru the direct producers,. 'then the. rela­tionship of' tho means _of' produo"tion _ .- t~_ ·'the means ·of_ corisrqnpt~on _ru_o~ed in auoh ·a di:t>ection that by 1940, th6 means of' p~·cduction· eonstitute_d 6~?~ o:f- "the "to 'tal. eo anomy 1 · ano. the vteuns of' conSum.p'tioH ·but :59;;t and·,-most important o:f aJ.l, the sta.nclt~.rd of':. ~i ving decree.aed. to half. of- v1ha t 1 t was in 1928 whi~st the "oal·leotiVis tuwea.l th- of' 'the nvil101e peoPI'e-w--:­Jumpad :fr'oiill>bi~~ion to ~7.8 oin.ionl The dist.:riblltion o:f nile means o:f Oonsuinption was due, :L'>i. ·the :::>irst p:tc.c·e: , noL--.to the· .. fact that one- class-had the whel.'C\1ith:a~ to l.lu:." thene pJ.'oducts.. l:.Uld others did not, but· · 'because one class, as the~ ow:ne:r o£ the meuns· of production. or., mo:r.e oc:::reo,tly, :tb:e. -_ag6!l t of'-& · c:l.ei'itli to mode oi' _pro<i.uct.ion, ne1;~rJ:~ir:.e"d·- t.l:l.e direution o::f the, state eco~ODlY•- ·

·shachtmc.n lookS at the deterio~o.tion oX'· 'the .\:iorkel>s stt.~:nUard of living-'and"says that burea.ucra.tia oolleativiam is near6rto oe.pit­a~i.em than to s·acit2.lism. Then ho looks at the collectivist fo:rma_·_·af' propertY and _the· ·n e qua.11 tyu _ oi' all oltl_oses in a ora pert;{ se:uae-a.nd these "tWo V1orils so overawe him th~1.t _he co~aea to vhe oono~ution that the 178 billion o! colleotivisli wetti"th !a wor-thY of' be_ing called part of' the ncolJ.eci"tivie!i .. opooliu. Along .'.d.th 'Drotaky. Shuchtman· ·t-u.rnri · st&:tif'ied prOpo:t."t:/ (c\J~lectivist) into a_ :retishism. In 'l1ro:tsky•o·- case

'1 t led him_ to cal~ t:or tho 'mcondi tional de:t'enae o:f the nworkGrs state !I Vlhioh· was integrally- pa::-tioipe:tine; in-. u.n impel~iulist wEr •. \'o'e :reooil.ed. In Shuchtrnan'a case, i_t le:rt·' e.n opQn ·way for the conditional defense of the.~oame s·taliuist a'tti.. te _which io now_ called nbureancr&tic oollec ti viem11 ·_ and bt'O&une the doi'cJ,ee i o: in the the ere tic rf:!t.:!.t!l only • the Party nco~·pted thild s t~·add.lins posi t1cn.

:0. carter •a apeuiea £!!. oo1 lcotivia.t proPe~·t;v Alo.Dg -wi v~.L ct!lmrao.e Shr.t.o!_l_tme.n ~ comrad~J Gt:.r'te-r h:; o diacovel'•;id

u. new socie"t~l wh:l.o!1 he J.i Ke\·lioo uulis 11 l::ure~uo~:u tic oo~lec 'ti vism11 ~ :S:ovreve:r, he ci:! • .l't.'e.t'Ol'i.1i~J-· ir~t;:1i"D::CC'ti::.; 1h1s 11ne\·J 3oo1u~ ,n•Uer·n. Cocrtl.ue carte!:' Grunts lih<:\"C l.ihe Stv.lini:::~t buret- ucr:.:l,.c~· oo:Lleotivialy ow:au t!te m'.:Ho~.ns o.:r prouu_otion ou~ he J.nnis~o t.h< t. B\lOh 0\'<1Jero!lip ucas-n--o-t' &ur~ -c;h.e L!OtlO.llS o:r pro due Lion ill 'tO n!?J.'.t.vuuu :,u:uvtlJ.· "''"' , nu-~.un .~-c nllu.t. UJ.tJ-t ~oJ..ue;UJ..t;~.n~u ~.~nt:J ut.tp.~-u~.L..~-Ut. ..;;pvud ...... ""'··c. uv u..t..l..J.uJ:. :.?he t1.ii:.:C'erent.1a !.\

..Lll).oQi£ioa u.L \:u.}l.~- ... ~u . .:.u .... v.t.· ... , .. uc'tim'l is no.::; tn:~.t -..ho me.mSOi' produo-"\ tion. ere pri vc. "t;ol;r o\·a .. od :!.n thu oer.se ti::n;. tu.t-ty :.rG p1•i vu 1.a ;.~l·O;Htrt:(. Out tt!.C. t th.o ::t~.S'd3 o:C [•l'Vd:t._u~~~on CU~'!: -CHll~i t:,,l. un{i~r t.'GUt\G.lin:n o.no. unde:- sl.~\ver:t 'the~·c wr·.El li.i:.e\';{ ce !Jl"l. vu t.rJ Pl.'OIH3l~ ~;y; nei the1• lll'ttst we 1'orc;et thut t:c.r::;:. !tlso oollF.d tl"i'bc.l ownorslti:) :lco:nluW1Ul private pl.~v 1J5r-,;y'_!. U"nd~r tho OC!'lCOpt rJ:t ·prcp:n."ty. ·~:::1 s:.-:.·.-; ovar- V~'lO variety o;t ul.as;:J r.:oolo".:ie!l _fJrivt.;.:..,e pJ.•cp~l~"t:v hur; Dln·:.~wlBd. \'!hat p:t'l3oisely_ U.OCB t,;Urli.er llia\.ll:l by privutc !;Ji•<J!)tll.'i,;;;;? 5'\U•eJ4~_r 1.-l~~ c.a11i t&li.S't priVUliU prolH3l.·"t.~ o:l t..:le. l.l~·u~· .. :..r.'"u ~,.vLJ.•).l_h.>l:f 1.mJ;el.•:i.J.J-.Lio~ <l,i.IO~h is not "tlltJ inu.a.·­·Viciuo..l private pror•sl.~ty. u1· .n .... um ti_tni1ih 1s oJ:U. :1:.o.~v i.~vt:t mi-ll~)li. I :c_ w i.

. --~.--, ~:i~r -·, -_ · -- ·· . · . _ . . . _ ' _ _ wrote -·-;;ha1~1f;:-_<:>~~f.:_ooncli--cio_ll_s· _o:t, capi_tnJ.ie_t ·sooi_ety .. \'lerc

;,: cc.c.c.,"t•C>-.. :t'\10: ~·-_!'rJ.. va ve.-.. Qr.9!.J':l_:r.;~Y;~ _,_v;fliuh :a~ .'-__ U~i·in~:_a. ._1;1,13 __ ~li~'Uia_uJ,.u tu_,u ·_ ltt bo -~ng l'e.'bor ~--So_-. J.bng o.s · ~ccWllttllii6 u.·.--J.:C.~o:o_r;.;.o:m.in~~t6b.":c V:i:i"i:_~IiV i!lg ~_:;:.:ic•d:c·:.-,tJite:r••":T''i~';: ·;_wi'll.·-.-bC~ _Hyl:iv~;;~."l-6 ·proi~ill:-tyu.·:ro~· _uprvp_e:r:•t: .... t·~ri·ta_·-~u_:,,--t;f.) .Os-- the­·.·the::_.Par_t·..,of' _:the __ o·o.:;i-tal·L3t ;·~- t.c.-,-· ayprfo:_;i•i:j:to_ ... ~he_ -:m1•u.i_ll ~ ~a'.:l·?:r ., its· gr_od_uCt: ~\lH1· to be· the ir.l})O_ssibi'l·.it:~·- o:ii·_ tue·: ;art: o±'._ .. tb.e _--_lu!J~re·r ap!,lr.opr"ia tilng 'his ·_o,.m_ .9rodu_ct··. u ··.(!!tpi--tr-... li-st · .:;rJ v.~ te -l.H'5JPGr;:;y- is .. the _ic.J.i~ea .un11a::e.. _::f'-'b.:..o'r of tile ·lnborer_. · - ·

-<_~t·· y:a·a ;:i>e~:ise~y thi.f.l -ihorollgh ·-unaernt~uiUing u:C .. c><mt<•rn.l)<>.r•a:o~·,-:siJ~:L.e.t;y> the _profoiu1d ·e.nalySia _o:E its_ ·law oz·_ruollion~ i;hU."t_-_·anO.bJ.:Sd :fciJ:"eSee ~ ·warn against beinc; ~e._lcen __ i_n -~~:_ mor·e __ .ch&...lqe _ , -·erahip, _ape.c~:LJ.CUJ..:Ey, o~ ,the :;:to:t-ifioc..._"tion __ of- thc--ru.~D.rJ.fi .. _ Listen· to tlle CollU1Hn•:;;.t_6r- a.e:·t..:ar.:r: in a- book._roe.d by ·1,:~-:r,;-.: _-oei'ore_. 1 ts _pub-·. l;oa.tion~ .-lH-.J~n-ti-!Jnhring (t.:>l~-3)·-·i:,;uC~-(l~ st:t.•e!::>e6d :"tflat- tlle- :;;t-a-;-~1:i.catio~> ·

.-.o:f'_·the means· of' produotiou_ ;l(;.osa _not uuprive vild ra-·oductive __ foroes ·.of' __ ._-. ·:· ·-Che:tr character.a-s oagJ.·~al ••• Tlle moue~·n :.:~t1.:,,te, -Y:hute __ vcr _its--f'oxmt iS·_e_aseli...;·_ -cially a. cu. pi ta.li-st machine; it; is: the _ e_tt~ ·.:e·.- of' t~1e· c_agj,te..J.ists t ·-the_-___ ide_~:-L · .oo~lcotiva bod~·. of u_l~ · cug:.. to.l:i.nts. The more p:roo_ductive_ foro_eo_ it·_ "tO.k?S -.--·.:,:· _. ove_r, the no~·e it 'uecomes .1i;1e real:co:J_le-c;tive boti.Y of' a:t.:L- :the _·c_api'talis~s_i'.-·

'more oi tizens it exp~oi ts. Ti.w · ,:;o:r:ke_ru remain_ wa€;a-_E:a.J?tun.•O_ ~ · lU•_o:teta:t':.. · .. ,TiLe capito.litlt rolu~iollt:Jhip is not ab..:~lisllad.; i-;:; in _l.~o:thel .. pu·e~e~ to'"

ex:trente; But_ o.:t the o:.~.:~rar.~o it o.tifinso s · in to i -cs op!lusi lie __ ~ ::l :,;a.-ta :-ov;tie:r-.: f~<;:i::~;~~~~il~o:::r~·.8the _ _produutive rorcs8 in no~ t!le ~:;0.LU"tior~ of "Che · cc:n:t'J::L_c~, ,but_ it.-.· k within 1 tr:elf' the ta~J:J.>ical. couO.i tio;::-s "ti:1a t :t'Gr:m the Cleme.,tta

tion • "- Ins"&ead oX ~.1H.1.1yzing itO"'-1 -tl·-~.e "tc.olmioul- ~onUi'tiOn"S i.Jec_lu!le eJ.ements .to the_ scl.ution o:r .the oapitB~-~~bcr .r~~u1'io:~-; _bu~.-:tho- '''· ·•-.-.•. ,.,,.

_-to-·moi'"e·-l>:t-utal., ~to-_"tul:L_"t;o.,riall · ~~:p_J.ci·t~t:i.O::.lJ · __ Cil::t."'te:::-_ll_na_ UGOd tl~-a 6'x.ir.rte:.:_oe o:f. t'hl sua::;o .P~·gptlrty us u oloB-1:: tn hide -the -rer.~l--:t:'tllntid.ns ·of_ vroO.u~,;tl.on, vs!tioh iH .uo wv.y {i.if"icn: :rroc1 t.hoso Ulltie~· c:u._?j:ts.:.:..:UJui._

·SlEive o:r .tore ell. ,la.'ool' -,.-.-.---:_--yt_ J.B -uruleooasO.l.':J a;juin to rt:pco.t ou:t· Lar::ist :L~HJamontoJ.a-, 1'.c uhow t.hat -wha.t_ distinguis:i.J.or.i.; VC.l'io_U.s ~arras .or ~ell or is ·the manue~" in_ Ytllioh:-SUl."­-p~t;tn lc.bor· is ex.tru.ctad; no:D _to_-:short _·Ch:.\t 'the: Ll!.l.lU1Gl~~-in ythloJl. i~: ~s-"t;~xtraot

·- ·ed. in RUssia ,Par~l.lels. thrit ·in the reEt -o;f tho ca_yitD.l;';._s_"t ·vior.La.·.-·-~he- \'til:o~-e·· discussion reca:rrlin(.; 11 frea 11 _l.abor--u1"l~eo in thu-~'..:l..cub:le· _ocnsil that- ne:Lthe:~ "they thenselves 1·orm pert· and _pnrcal. o:t the mouns o:C !'l"ca.uction; tis in tt:.a ":·,··

-, co.sa ot·' sll!.ves, bonaac:.a~l. eto. ,nor clo L-he me:.:ue o~- groduotiuna belong to them" aD in ~he oaGe- of paaso.n't pro_r;ri<~to~ ... s 1:- :~# l 'rd0j--l1:...n -uao.n Givall a

-!?utri?!..ly ;":!.b ... ':!:."~-1 t:!.~.eo b:• the e:~:;o::.sr.~::; o~ 1:r·.J.rat.:.\.,_c:--:·tic -oo~1ectivir:m, .both:. o:r tJ.le OJ.u.t.ch-ctaun ~'.lHl (;c,;..L"lr~J::!:' ::;iJOUJ..UI;). -

I i.o iG n ;)l'ir.le J-,:....(.;6-a:.:i ~:,;~t to c.:>-~;i -.;~J.i:.;t: Ol~o~uati.:m "!.}:,~-.~ tht:: ".'.'C:L'l.:or lle . u:e1.·e~", tal~ v;hor~.OJ -~~e _:~t.:.s no~ been c::.1 t.ll~o:Ly "?.:n:-r:.1.:ted :fl.•ow -'the meu.'71~ of' _. J:. · production, he cloea not rao.ui~y o~J.OX' his ~aov:~.· po\'1e~ :t:oJ: aale to lille uv:u- _ oJ.• or \i.1.1S mu~mu o:t IJJ.'Ouuot.~on. I.e nuu. .....t.J. u.:Kt..mpJ..\:1 oi: l..a~\l> ;.n tho l<JtS.l.- Ct'lH't-: · UJ:;Y. \7:-ten tho nu!::Li:-:m ~O:!.'.:i:' _v;:::.JJ ::>:'i.:.'~ ._. :1:'l'GC\t ~u.~~ ,::•:; no I: ±'nll ,,_ I·H3 n'"l'.;. ::e:d.- :Cl.•om his- met\ua of pl•odt:.ction, Y;iti; tr..~ ~08\,J__--:~ "i:.hu..u ~1a ro:i..'u.::;rJn t;.~ ~o-h l!ls--·:tab'Jr power. Hfi~~e isl!:.u•:·.:.'::: C~l!·:~1~e:-l't:(GG) 11 Tile n.·ltDE:iC_J. :fnzom lt~.borc.t', or·;i:n.:;-to ·the­oonununul p.t•upoJ.•ty ih l:..~.Hl,, l1us. not. oeen :rully Dcpa:ro.:t:ood !'l~an hi a meune of' .vroduoti on ana. henoe is -_not yet tl. "f'roo ,-;:_;,e,a rJOrkOI.' 1 111 t~10 :t'u.D. oo.pi tal-_ ist meaning ot tho vwrd. 11

!n 'the ~Oth oen tu.ry, il.i ::'!to:-::' 1.':J-cl~~·.otc6. un .:::.no.losuna uc 13.;.10 in P..ussda .After tho ~tc to ;-__;rn'io tati th.t: ::.;~ l;:he,z..lil;i a;::-::.•-t::.lii~ L;l~:l. y·;.. ~..;c ~-.:t•opc::-ty l'iL)\ts, it i'ou:nd thut ~·hol'C '.':<.,:1 .lo~.- u-,,;.:i:'.' . .".i..t.d~~;-.-:. ltc_:);:)::_• ;;~.-,:: .. ir~:,,::~-::.• .. :• ~Che. ko:Ll:.hozn1ld. ool•"tu.inly :not hav1nc boon oopul.•utod f\1~~~ :rxam. lihn mc:.UlO ol.' proauation a.nd hence not be iuc; ~ nr!.•oc yruce \"lOl<;;:ul"tt in iiho :rull c.mJ?:l. tulitit meanitlg of' 'tho WOJ:.'d.- :t•s1'usoU "to -o!.l'c!.~ his ~ci.llor-,!lv\-:ul.• to __ ci_-t.~· .i.uUu.G"tl":'J'•_ ~.li ordal.· to llfl.VEl -a. oouat_n.nt rezervo __ 8l.'nlY o1'_ 111.'ruo n ·1n bor, -chu o-..u tc· u~Oi..'t;!t:U ~uti vr"elo!. 'tio:.._ o:r·

tJ tl\te .Lubo:b Reaervoo • 8893

.<;.-_--:.~;.::,·- The wOrker mus't be nf'reon :ear ca•Ji 'te.liat ~ .. :./:_,.:not in the sense tb.ti._t :t.:ent._ into~·n:roots -;L t Cd: boi.ng p-ez-;~~:~~'i·L~

r:;~".;.;:yin -~he ·s.e~se oi: _being :n.•ee ·-:rroin ~na··m·s'i:rv.c.o:tlLo·-which·· ~~;:- -:~ ~" __ .po~er ___ in ~~uion._ ~T'n.~t -_is wil~' 1.!0-::t.·:::: placed·- t.li.a .;ford.-: :t::-co ,~·more t~~-~_j~- -._·;_quotations_:_-nho.n _in _i talios; O:ri .he( wou.lu:- r~:ter -co --~h?_-·. :er.aC .t1c::01:~r iY,::;:·~::· ;\'!e.ge-a~ave:-,.;~1d o'ther tiraes sim.P~Y D.Dea!:..-a!:~·eJ.~ 1'orm.e _ox slavery fc::.•· ·•::=ll·indirect.n · · · · · · · .. · · ~~,~~·.-:,· ,-___ .- -_ :Wi~~ the hm•eauc:!"atio o_ol.:teO-tiviots· l'_ictioe tc~l r:10 Ylll.On'-." ~~~--~·~;c_;;;_,~e..bo~._,.beo?-~e,_.lln __ ::f.nhere~t t:eat1u•e_ o_:C-:tha Russian ._aconom:rr: i1US_.i t · [(<_:'. :. ·w~Ori-.bOtli 'hi·a··ra.tion ce.ra.- s.ne1-_ltfs- ~ic;h~··:~:.C_ci--<.Li~ili.IG- t;(p·u·ce --we_l~a·-:gi_:''~:~:~~i~~ijt"~~~

1·'·:· the_-__ hands- of-. the :faCtory C'dreato1• who ·htul. th-.9-_-l.._!.ght. to .-1'i.re- hirit~-

~---- -~:- __ -h:i.nf ~:rr_cln "the pr_erilisao he occu!)i'Gd._: as- living_ space ror_ -sci li ttlo·

'.· .. ·-:· ... ·.·:: . · .. · •. m.·.e. e.n.· ·o .. r· .. :· "" .. a. . s_i!.·i1Gl.!:t_ d..t:ty. '. " .. t£b .. _sen.·ca·? .·.1.9;:,-.~-,. l .. 'o····wav·e·~ .. ~ ,-_ .hu .. ".· ·n··· e. ""'.-r··.beG~ .. ,·._--;- _to.:by:them; More o:eten.it·ia ~938. and·l940~~t1.VIS& !:Ta.y-_tolJ..·t- com>··.c"'"' >;:.:----· .'which-_ seems :-&o ha.ve ·auch omlll.pOtcnce·-in- youi-·.eycs, aoll:ld. · .,.,,Q. ·· ;.;,;;<Jt.O"k_!!r:,s. al.tl.ve .:!.n ~932· but couJ.d,.o.o. so. in ·1938. when _the, le,.:l,<<w•a .• :l7et~'c ;:,~·:--: ~- :..'reste.tad.~·wi th~ muoh cmore-.pub~io'i ty:'a, t'tond..ir ... g the -d.ecrce?'

t~~: :>::. -'Vib.Cll.~-.oriminal i)ena.l'ttea war a··: e. ttaohed "to the:.- Order re~;,;.~'lliu.g 1.:;-,,_,_.--, _ut1o:O. of_ ra_ilroa.d -~~Sportaiion baCk in -J..920Ii)They nns1."lc:r; it ''is_ . . -·: L· ,:-nOt:_in.-thels.w but in_the __ econol!li.c-:condi"tfons .. -,·,_e -r1iJ..~ E\gree that_ it :ia·_~thri f'-'. ·eoO:iicimic OO:nditiol_is,_ nOt _ths _la\7, . . -1;i~~.:t .cCrriea tl).e c;ree:ts:r we_igh?-:_:; but_~it-: f.::- -::~s pl.9 oo:iseJ..y_ pen you wei.gh -tllS_economic co.tiditions,._ tllll't you·- see the~ · -( _ Ru.~sia.n .vJorker ~u v.a ttfr.ean., ao .,the Gurm.<in _wor!:er _where the ec_onomy··i. s. ~- ,._-i.)e.pi·t&.liet~ not ~ureaucra.tio · col.lect.ivist, Ally serious study of'· Germun eonD..;c'; ~. ·amy w_ill r~VE:nl th~t the J.abor market is _more e:t'i'eciently oo~ti:'oll.::IU-:"·iri':_, r' Germ!;U'iy than in Rusoiu, thu~\i the_ laborer· is less able to break ~"through_--_t:h~-f---- anti.-~ttbo~· _legisleJ.:tion 'beou.use. , ur."l.ong other \;hi}!t::u,· 1jhere is_ no. ·axt .• ar::.sivo, · ~---. · a.gricultu:ral indus'trJ whe~·e uho ~o.bo:.t:ar can Jc.eep i'l.'Om being_ P:rr·eo}! :by_:hi · t: ing llimself'on his .t e.cre _plot. ·o:r laud. Tna:t 1 _ hovieve~·, is not. _ths :l:BU~~O .. l~--. tho disPute is ab.ou't the time_ when he i~ nrreen, f':-·ee i':i.'Om. ·lu.nt;i W?-ll:- _ ... , · r:- f'rom the ip.atrwnents of lo.bor. Tho RussHUl worke:!.." ·nc~s boen_-ao·-J.llgOl'\1~·- - -.-t;-··~·:;--; :- _ in· circu.nwenting the anti -le.bor let:isle.tion which __ t~ .. ie>l to __ harnase---liim. :.to: -t:_-:~- ~ . a._ s_ingle enterprise, tha. t _the ls. te ut pro-w:.;r _co::-.:.Z'6::.•enot~ stress_ed: the·;-,~a_ot--_ r{1.· _ -th~ t :abaen_~~-~_i_sm. and tiou5..;TJ.c~( were i:::~ u1ru.o.y .i-ns·t_tUlcea- mvrc· p~~Vfa:en_t~Jth??-·~-j_-,-~r: be:tore_- t~~- ,eL.e.c~ent of' __ t..uese _ tl.ocre_es.:- Voznetn;;cnol~y. oomg_lHJ..ne.d -_~ha.t;:_-the_ ,...,:..t:··---_---_.Ruasian ~'\'to·.::~er, ~ aJ.e.s -.- st:il.J. · _t..._b sen tad_ hitnaeJ.:!: ·· up;;:\r:ticul.o.rl.y .-~u:etcrr /IlU.¥,,· "''Y•Y"

(,·'.-: .. ·.··.'. ·:.ct tal;:e_s more than lec;islo.ticm _'iic·na.ke _o:t t.ho.wace slave u. a_lave o:£ !/ .: - a sluve in body~ e.nd an intoe;l.~<ll 90.rt o:t "the ro.eano or produotion~ {_-_.. , -. It ie __ a s~d cODUJ~cr.o:tury on. our moyan1cnt "Lhu.t \"!e r.,u.va _si.ldd.enly dis-·· f·· covered that vrhen DI.:;a.L~ u..sod tile c:-:pl.~easion ti:.e lJr_oleiiS:riu.t. is_c."-alave t. oi: no ,l>t;l.l.~liioular ,Porn on but o:t :L.hc o:lloJ.o .D!'Ol-Hn~t:/ ovminB_ cl'usau ha __ used -.1 t (~- "me i,;u,phcrice.l1;rn • .li;;vidcntly ·uhrtt- He~ds 6['l['lmsiu (iu this pci"ioa. of ·:ras- -~ ~-: i(.:- oisa.tio.n o;f tne state) uoool'dint,; to ctu··b·~u~t·aucl~:::·.t.ic ool.~cc·Li.vist.E:.:_, ia ths.-.".1'· b·~--- · · the- v:ag!-: ~:Lave is n1"'~r~unul1.:,.r ::t"rae u in P..~J. ccu:zn::_~:Los ( T;"nei:e:- in ·_Ga.!.'Dl~J.Y?) .

1:·.:_:"- ~~:cep.t .in Ru.asia. \'lhtu~u. he iE 1 ~ l.i 'ticl'U.lJ.yttn.o-t·".mo "tU.Ql.lorio:;..lJ.. y" •. a slave· .• Sine!"'. .

1~·-: ttf'ree lP.bor" is a opeoif'io f'eat,_u~e of' ct;:.pi·tn.J.ist prod.uction~ uud EinCe it.· . . ;. , is·J1on-exiute:-..t in Ru:u:::;:!.a, ·i;::.tol~c--.:Eore~ uu.y S!l.8.oh'trr.W1 ana. co.rto:r-; it is in- _ _. · ·

r.~ Russia where ( SJ.Io\ ve) J..-,.bor is. v.n inhe1·en t rm.:.:tUJ:"a c:t' 1.-J:l.e rtu~siu.:.n euul.:.OIIlY 1 -~ l 't11ut we have- a nev: non.:.oti.pi talis't accia:i.. ord.c:o_•. ~~ ·au.umuut on _tha ·~ .. :. f:":-~ point o_:r slave ~ui.Jar, Ll1ougll they lmve fo.iled to provo/ "hut the nussit:.n .-~.-t:.: worker hns sold hirr1Gel:t: t:l.~.l.P aud. stuh1pn. ~"tll·thflr.more(1 Shachtraan· thinks ':· -r that t~1e oolJ.eot.iviBt 61J0011 in .R,u.ssia hc.D oro:....li0Cl. u. ~upe:r:ior :t'O:t"l''1 1 a high7:,'.-:-t.'· er re.te of' p~·oti.uc1.iou 1 t:~an u.r.~.C'~el.' cn_pJ.taJ.ium .. \':._ - \J.it.a:t d.tmt;e:.•ous cont:l•u!!.i ti..;.·~o l Sl.ava lu.lloJ.• e:·:.istc 1 is u.n inhal~ent

i:-:~· fes.tUr-e or 1>ne naw- ordox·: t<.J.Out,, ·side j_t ·c;;:~;;-;..;.; ::. t:t:..r.r;:-:..•io:t" ,::::,'nrm of _9;L~o_d..'!::1C-_-, tion. The idea tlll\t a auporiv:l~ :fo~m ot· prcd.uc'tion ou..rl ooexist. wiLii. sluve -· laboJ.• des""Groyo the entire Ut,;.;,rxl.st concopt.ion :;,i' the Uovu~oJ:1rnont o:r laLo~~

iv uocietyo If s11nohtn::-.n 11~s ::1ot ~.::'O'I::.nC: o"..;._t yeL, ::;~t!.lin ho.o: ;t'ol.~cea la"Jor is no't oonduoJ.ve "to hit:;;h pruuuotivity llfJCCscitu'tod by a hi()h.l.y 1l.lClustl•iul.­ized economy.T.ho a·c.uts ooo1:or:l~{ mLtot he.ve hi~t:.~:..' ~1l';..Hit~o-:..-ivo l~·-bor 11 to cu'tioh up with co.:.-,i "t;Ulia't lLU.L~sn UllCL 1:.:-ru.u tho m~1.n1;~com:-.:.:i. t ol.' tho D:.;,'-\ll to l:otuH.i. 'the. t it mt:r.::t b:l.d u.cui.~..i.::::t e;;1.ch oti1er i'ol' ~ubo1· pO\'JOl" of -cnu mn.·rl:.ar. ::he vtoJ.•ker oon tinues to be nrrcu n

1 thu t io 'the ;-;:\GO :;.lr:. ._, c co:.1 ~.;i:.~.u.ou ta be o ·olicect to

uell hi::: lt.\llor .tnn-,cl' on t~!.•! mttl'KO ..,, tl..ti.O. beincu.i)o::.·:..:o!~t;,lly :fl.•oeu, l:..e :finUtJ ii.tl ou.u :toroo n :fen couce.uc~OllS iiltila :t:uC..i..tl:itl.~~r-noel!.P hie lc.llol' . .()O\'H3r. ~hL\t _CT.).-. is why the stu to :r'onntl "l>hut 1.:he wo~~kc:!.· \-t~·s not : . .-.:r~o.::..a. o:C being :tiJ.~eu.. Th~t 00 12 --why the atuta 1 J!Oali~int;; th~_t it cou.l.t1_::1ot st!'tticht-jnc!\et lul>or by _oo··.---thi·c:..:. teni:nt; _to 1'j,).'CJ __ hiLl:- tho~ht _it ooU:.U._ ;:o:rce hilrt _ i.io _ y;o~~k tihl~0U3h on.nct":"'.~ .. ing crindnul otu.tu.tiis,. requ.i.l~illi; _tha -:U . .I.iJOl'C.L' to \!Ol.'1\. o.t :~L~'~ 1 l~eduction in- .. pay.- ~ "' Lf'N\ t._ }>Hi "'-'"" J~ (i~'4 i ~,:) "(:,}-f)!)), ':f}.e,-.L<-,:J