Thinking Skills ApproachesA way of promoting independent student

reflection

What do we mean by Thinking Skills?

• Thinking Skills is a method used by teachers to challenge their students to:• extend their understanding• use their imaginations• transfer learning across situations• and, above all to think for themselves

• This summary is based on 30 studies that formed part of the Behaviour for Learning Anthology which can be found at http://www.curee.co.uk/files/publication/1301587364/bfl_anth_pbfl2_0310.pdf

How have thinking skills approaches benefited students?

• Students have benefited from acquiring thinking skills knowledge by:• increasing their grade

achievement in both end of year and GCSE exams

• accelerating their development through even deeper levels of thinking and learning

Which techniques develop students’ thinking skills?

• Over the past 20 years there has been considerable research in how students’ thinking skills can be accelerated. Techniques include:• preparing the ground• cognitive challenge• social construction• metacognition• building bridges

• These techniques are outlined in the following slides

Preparing the ground

• To make the most out of challenges students need to be prepared. To help students achieve this effective teachers:• help students recap on relevant aspects of what

they have already learned• highlight and clarify the meaning of essential

vocabulary through discussion with the students• help students to become familiar with the task

and what they have to do through examples• Unless you define terms and vocabulary a

problem may not be recognised as a problem

Cognitive Challenge• Cognitive challenge is an activity designed to make

students think. It can:• challenge someone’s usual way of thinking• introduce new information that does not fit with

previous experience• pose questions by bringing together ideas in tension

with each other• Such activities lead students to be curious about

the problem and prompt them to work through ideas themselves

• The tasks set should be interesting and demanding, but achievable with the help of others

An example of cognitive challenge

• In a secondary science lesson students investigated the effects of different variables on the note produced when they blew across the top of a tube.

• Students considered the effect of:• length, • width • type of material

• The cognitive challenge was about which variable was the key factor.

Social Construction• Once students have been set a challenge, effective

teachers planned for them to work together to solve it, with support from each other and the teacher – a process of constructing understanding and solving problems collaboratively

• Conversation between the students and teacher helps to:• build new knowledge and understanding• create dialogue within the group which helps

children to refine their own thinking• ‘In collaboration the child can always do more than

he can do independently.’ Lev Vygotskty

Examples of social construction• One study involved a class in solving a mystery

murder set in 1822. The project required students to work collaboratively to take on the role of history detectives, to think of questions, follow lines of enquiry and make hypotheses.

• Another study found that secondary science learners were more motivated to learn if they were set a task which required them to solve a problem from a real-life context by collaborative discussion. They were less enthusiastic if they received precise instructions from the teacher to carry out a task designed to solely convey a particular point.

Metacognition• Metacognition occurs when students become

aware of / understand their own thinking• While students are working together on a task

teachers prompting them to say what they are thinking and why leads students to:• become more aware of their own thinking• discuss ideas and concepts within the group

• students may not be explicitly aware of their thinking, so holding a plenary discussion after the task can help to embed thinking by getting students to reflect on what they have done.

An example of metacognition• A secondary school designed a debriefing

activity that could be used by students from years 7 to 10. Features included:• asking a high number of open questions• prompting students to carry on talking, so that they

gave lengthy responses that justified their answers to questions

• making frequent references to concepts such as cause, effect and planning, and to learning skills

• summarising the discussion and learning for the students

• securing evaluative feedback to students from both the teacher and other students.

Building Bridges

• Bridging involves enabling students to take their learning from one context to another and could include:• using plenary sessions to broaden

students’ understanding by connecting what they have just learnt to other situations

• offering examples of similar situations to students and getting them to discuss the similarities and differences to help them make links between the two

An example of why bridging is important

• A study from Brazil looked at young people who sold fruit on the streets. The teacher presented them with the same set of problems, but in three different ways.• The first was just like the buying and selling of fruit• The second was similar but involved different goods • The third removed all context and left abstract sums

only• The young people answered almost all of the first set

correctly, only three quarters of the second and scored an average of 40% on the decontextualised third set.

• By using plenary sessions this type of issue can be overcome, by allowing students to connect their understanding and learning to other situations

How was the information gathered?

• The evidence underpinning this bite was drawn together as an anthology of the evidence from 30 high quality Research for Teachers studies written for GTC during the period 2000 – 2010. The 30 underpinning studies were all selected as high quality studies which are directly relevant to current practice These included:• Assessment for Learning: putting it into practice -

http://www.tla.ac.uk/site/SiteAssets/RfT2/06RE018%20Assessment%20for%20learning%20-%20Putting%20it%20into%20practice.pdf

• Enquiry-based learning, cognitive acceleration and the spiral curriculum: Jerome Bruner’s constructivist view of teaching and learning - http://www.tla.ac.uk/site/SiteAssets/RfT1/06RE031%20Jerome%20Bruner%27s%20constructivist%20model%20and%20the%20spiral%20curriculum%20for%20teaching%20and%20learning.pdf

• Social interaction as a means of constructing learning: the impact of Lev Vygotsky’s ideas on teaching and learning - http://www.tla.ac.uk/site/SiteAssets/RfT2/06RE014%20Vygotsky%27s%20ideas%20on%20teaching%20and%20learning.pdf

How can teachers use the evidence in this study?

• If you aren’t yet using thinking skills strategies, you could start by systematically asking students open questions about the connections between what they’ve done in a lesson and what they have learned, and use these to encourage reflection in a range of contexts.

• Bridging learning across a variety of contexts helps students’ understanding. Discussing connections between lessons and experiences outside school with the whole class can be valuable. Different students will spot different connections. You could encourage your classes to brainstorm and evaluate increasing numbers of bridges over time.

How can school leaders use the evidence in this study?

• The evidence is clear about the value of students thinking aloud, so they can move towards new understandings.

• To what extent are students in your school able to talk about their own thinking? You may wish to ask your teachers to video or record students reflecting on their thinking process during the lesson and to explore approaches together with teachers. What does this tell you about students’ confidence and skills in talking about thinking?

• Do you, as a staff, need to use metacognition and model your own thinking aloud in order to help students develop an understanding of how they can talk about their thinking and reflections?

Follow-up reading

• This BITE is based on the Research for Teachers ‘Behaviour for Learning Anthology’ accessible here: http://www.curee.co.uk/files/publication/1301587364/bfl_anth_pbfl2_0310.pdf

• See also:• Vygotsky’s ideas on Teaching and Learning:

http://www.tla.ac.uk/site/SiteAssets/RfT2/06RE014%20Vygotsky%27s%20ideas%20on%20teaching%20and%20learning.pdf

• Improving learning through cognitive intervention: http://www.tla.ac.uk/site/SiteAssets/RfT2/06RE003%20Improving%20learning%20through%20cognitive%20intervention.pdf

Contact details

This presentation was produced by CUREE:• CUREE Ltd

4 Copthall HouseStation SquareCoventryCV1 2FL

• 02476 524036• info@curee.co.uk