THE  WILDLILFE  MANAGEMENT  AREAs  (WMA)  AS  AN  APPROACH  FOR  CBNRM  

IN  WILDLIFE  SECTOR    

Hussein  Sosovele  CBNRM  Program  Coordinator,  WWF  Tanzania  Country  Office  

 

Introduc*on:  WMA  Approach  in  TZ  

•  Adopted  in  the  early  2003  as  a  community  based  natural  resources  management  (CBNRM)  for  the  country  

•  Main  pillars  of  WMAs  approach:    ü  Resource  conserva*on,    ü  Rural  development  and  livelihood  improvements,      ü  Capacity  development  for  local  governance  and  

management,  and  ü  Strengthen  tenure  rights    

WWF  and  WMA  s  

•  WWF  has  been  involved  in  building  the  capacity,  establishment  and  func*oning  of  WMAs  since  2001  ü Supported  the  development  and  implementa*on  of  policies  that  integrate  conserva*on  and  livelihood  improvement  

ü Provides  capacity  development  to  strengthen  implementa*on  of  environmental  policies  

Program Objectives  

       

•  Facilitate  the  applica*on  of  key  Environment  &  Natural  resource  policies;  

•  To  increase  the  effec*veness  of  ins*tu*ons  that  support  natural  resource  conserva*ons,  through  capacity  building  ac*vi*es;  

•  Facilitate  the  func*oning  of  community  based  conserva*on  ventures  (WMAs)  in  target  areas;  

•  enable  local  communi*es  earn  income  that  they  can  use  to  improve  their  livelihoods    

Achievements.  

•  Wildlife  Management  Area  Regula*ons  (2005,  rev.  2012)  

•   Land  Use  Plans  for  the  villages  forming  WMA  –  (enhancing  tenure  rights)  

•   GMP/RZMP  for  improved  management  of  WMA  

•  Increased  awareness  of  the  importance  of  wildlife  management  as    a  form  f  land  use  

Achievements  ..  

•  The  area  under  WMA  management  na*onwide  grew  from  about  6,700  km2  to  about  27,430km2  (>3%  of  the  country’s  land  area).    

•  Crea*on  of  Authorized  Associa*on  Consor*um  (AAC),  serving  as  plaaorm  for  all  WMAs  

•  Grading  and  adver*sement  of  hun*ng  blocks  in  WMAs,  communi*es  now  manage  blocks  

•  Introduc*on  and  applica*on  of  Management  Oriented  Monitoring  system  

Achievements…  •  21 WMAs have been registered

countrywide, with 18 more moving towards formal registration. There are currently over 148 villages with a population of more than 440,000 people participating in WMAs.

•  Revenue generation in WMAs is mainly from trophy hunting and photographic tourism.

•  •  13 WMAs with Hunting Blocks

received yearly combined revenue total US$198,032 in 2012

•  Four WMA received combined revenue from game viewing tourism of US$915,000 in 2012

Gazeded  WMAs  

SN  

Name  of  WMA   Process  started    Date  gazeKed   Date  User  rights  granted  

FacilitaMng  NGO  

1   Jukumu   2003   23.10.2010   29.10.2010   WWF  ex  GTZ  

2   Wami-­‐Mbiki   2003   14.04.2007   30.10.2007   WWF  ex  DHA  

3   Mbarang’andu   2003   31.03.2006   29.03.2010   WWF  ex  GTZ 4   Tunduru   2003   26.10.2007   24.09.2009   WWF  ex  GTZ  

5   Liwale   2003   01.05.2009   17.09.2010   WWF  ex  GTZ

6   Ngarambe-­‐Tapika   2003   31.03.2006   16.02.2007   WWF  ex  GTZ  

7   Burunge   2003   31.03.2006   16.02.2007   AWF  

8   Makame     2003   04.12.2009   15.01.2012   AWF  

9   Enduimet   2003   03.09.2007   04.05.2007   AWF  

10    Ikona   2003   03.09.2007   21.02.2007   FZS  ex  NORAD  

11    Uyumbu   2003   31.03.2006   02.02.2007   WWF  ex  Africare  

12    Ipole   2003   31.03.2006   02.02.2007   WWF  ex  Africare  

13    MBOMIPA   2003   03.09.2007   21.02.2007   WWF  ex  DFID  

14    Makao   2007   20.11.2009   29.03.2010   FZS  

15    Kimbanda   2008   24.02.2012   15.07.2012   WWF  ex  GTZ  

16    Chingoli   2008   24.02.2012   15.07.2012   WWF  ex  GTZ  

17    Kisungule   2008   24.02.2012   15.07.2012   WWF  ex  GTZ  

18   Randelin   2011   01.02.2013   10.04.2013   AWF  

19   Iluma   2011   10.05.2013   BTC  

Source:  AAC  2014  

Achievements – Revenue earnings

       

29-May-15 / 9

Achievements - Safari Hunting

       

Achievements - Photographic

       

Investments  in  WMA  •  A  simple  investment  model  in  which  private  sector  invests  in  hun*ng    or  photographic  tourism,  guided    the  WCA  2009  and  other  regula*ons  

•  Government  has  a  string  hand  in  the  investments  with  lidle  powers  bestowed  to  WMAs  

•  WMA  land  on  which  such  investments  take  place  is  not  given  the  value  it  deserves  

CBNRM  Issues  and  Challenges  -­‐  WMA  

•  Cost  of  establishing  and  running  a  WMA    is  high  •  Revenues    from  business  are  unreliable,  inadequate  and  not  sustainable  

•  Ins*tu*onal  ,  infrastructural  and  opera*onal  challenges  s*fle  progress  in  WMAs  and  improvement  of  livelihoods  

•  Inadequate  benefit  sharing  arrangements  •  Poaching  a  major  limi*ng  factor  •  Incomplete  devolu*on  of  responsibili*es  to  WMAs  –  state  s*ll  holds    much  powers  

CBNRM  Issues  &  Challenges  •  Example Cost of running individual WMAs from 2009 t0 2012

0.00  

100,000.00  

200,000.00  

300,000.00  

400,000.00  

500,000.00  

600,000.00  

Year  1   Year  2   Year  3   Year  4  

USD

 Actual  cost  of  managing  WMAs  per  year  

IKONA  

ENDUIMET  

BURUNGE  

JUKUMU  

Unlocking  the  poten*al  of  WMAs  •  Investments  should  take  into  account  condi*ons  in  each  area  rather  than  tourism  or  photographic  in  all  areas  

•  Diversifica*on  of  ac*vi*es/poten*als  •  Resolve  benefit  sharing  arrangement  and  dedicate  more  resources  to  WMA  –  what  if  they  are  told  to  pay  corporate  tax    instead  ?  

•  Strengthen  accountability  and  transparency  at  villages,  AAs  and  within  MNRT  

•  Support  capacity  development  in  contract  management  

Unlocking  the  poten*als  of  WMA  •  Support  capacity  development  of  AAs,  AAC,  CBC  Unit,  DNRAB  

•  Improve  policy  environment  by  harmoniza*on  of  ENR  policies  that  support  CBNRM  (fisheries,  forestry,  wildlife)  

•  Review  guidelines  for  establishing  WMA  with  the  view  to  reduce  cost  and  *me  and  make  them  compe**ve  forms  of  land  use  

•  Support  M  &  E  for  informed  decision    making  at  all  levels  –  AAs  to  MNRT  

•  Promote  greater  interagency  collabora*on  in  support  of  CBNRM