THE WILDLILFE MANAGEMENT AREAs (WMA) AS AN APPROACH FOR CBNRM
IN WILDLIFE SECTOR
Hussein Sosovele CBNRM Program Coordinator, WWF Tanzania Country Office
Introduc*on: WMA Approach in TZ
• Adopted in the early 2003 as a community based natural resources management (CBNRM) for the country
• Main pillars of WMAs approach: ü Resource conserva*on, ü Rural development and livelihood improvements, ü Capacity development for local governance and
management, and ü Strengthen tenure rights
WWF and WMA s
• WWF has been involved in building the capacity, establishment and func*oning of WMAs since 2001 ü Supported the development and implementa*on of policies that integrate conserva*on and livelihood improvement
ü Provides capacity development to strengthen implementa*on of environmental policies
Program Objectives
• Facilitate the applica*on of key Environment & Natural resource policies;
• To increase the effec*veness of ins*tu*ons that support natural resource conserva*ons, through capacity building ac*vi*es;
• Facilitate the func*oning of community based conserva*on ventures (WMAs) in target areas;
• enable local communi*es earn income that they can use to improve their livelihoods
Achievements.
• Wildlife Management Area Regula*ons (2005, rev. 2012)
• Land Use Plans for the villages forming WMA – (enhancing tenure rights)
• GMP/RZMP for improved management of WMA
• Increased awareness of the importance of wildlife management as a form f land use
Achievements ..
• The area under WMA management na*onwide grew from about 6,700 km2 to about 27,430km2 (>3% of the country’s land area).
• Crea*on of Authorized Associa*on Consor*um (AAC), serving as plaaorm for all WMAs
• Grading and adver*sement of hun*ng blocks in WMAs, communi*es now manage blocks
• Introduc*on and applica*on of Management Oriented Monitoring system
Achievements… • 21 WMAs have been registered
countrywide, with 18 more moving towards formal registration. There are currently over 148 villages with a population of more than 440,000 people participating in WMAs.
• Revenue generation in WMAs is mainly from trophy hunting and photographic tourism.
• • 13 WMAs with Hunting Blocks
received yearly combined revenue total US$198,032 in 2012
• Four WMA received combined revenue from game viewing tourism of US$915,000 in 2012
Gazeded WMAs
SN
Name of WMA Process started Date gazeKed Date User rights granted
FacilitaMng NGO
1 Jukumu 2003 23.10.2010 29.10.2010 WWF ex GTZ
2 Wami-‐Mbiki 2003 14.04.2007 30.10.2007 WWF ex DHA
3 Mbarang’andu 2003 31.03.2006 29.03.2010 WWF ex GTZ 4 Tunduru 2003 26.10.2007 24.09.2009 WWF ex GTZ
5 Liwale 2003 01.05.2009 17.09.2010 WWF ex GTZ
6 Ngarambe-‐Tapika 2003 31.03.2006 16.02.2007 WWF ex GTZ
7 Burunge 2003 31.03.2006 16.02.2007 AWF
8 Makame 2003 04.12.2009 15.01.2012 AWF
9 Enduimet 2003 03.09.2007 04.05.2007 AWF
10 Ikona 2003 03.09.2007 21.02.2007 FZS ex NORAD
11 Uyumbu 2003 31.03.2006 02.02.2007 WWF ex Africare
12 Ipole 2003 31.03.2006 02.02.2007 WWF ex Africare
13 MBOMIPA 2003 03.09.2007 21.02.2007 WWF ex DFID
14 Makao 2007 20.11.2009 29.03.2010 FZS
15 Kimbanda 2008 24.02.2012 15.07.2012 WWF ex GTZ
16 Chingoli 2008 24.02.2012 15.07.2012 WWF ex GTZ
17 Kisungule 2008 24.02.2012 15.07.2012 WWF ex GTZ
18 Randelin 2011 01.02.2013 10.04.2013 AWF
19 Iluma 2011 10.05.2013 BTC
Source: AAC 2014
Achievements – Revenue earnings
29-May-15 / 9
Achievements - Safari Hunting
Achievements - Photographic
Investments in WMA • A simple investment model in which private sector invests in hun*ng or photographic tourism, guided the WCA 2009 and other regula*ons
• Government has a string hand in the investments with lidle powers bestowed to WMAs
• WMA land on which such investments take place is not given the value it deserves
CBNRM Issues and Challenges -‐ WMA
• Cost of establishing and running a WMA is high • Revenues from business are unreliable, inadequate and not sustainable
• Ins*tu*onal , infrastructural and opera*onal challenges s*fle progress in WMAs and improvement of livelihoods
• Inadequate benefit sharing arrangements • Poaching a major limi*ng factor • Incomplete devolu*on of responsibili*es to WMAs – state s*ll holds much powers
CBNRM Issues & Challenges • Example Cost of running individual WMAs from 2009 t0 2012
0.00
100,000.00
200,000.00
300,000.00
400,000.00
500,000.00
600,000.00
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
USD
Actual cost of managing WMAs per year
IKONA
ENDUIMET
BURUNGE
JUKUMU
Unlocking the poten*al of WMAs • Investments should take into account condi*ons in each area rather than tourism or photographic in all areas
• Diversifica*on of ac*vi*es/poten*als • Resolve benefit sharing arrangement and dedicate more resources to WMA – what if they are told to pay corporate tax instead ?
• Strengthen accountability and transparency at villages, AAs and within MNRT
• Support capacity development in contract management
Unlocking the poten*als of WMA • Support capacity development of AAs, AAC, CBC Unit, DNRAB
• Improve policy environment by harmoniza*on of ENR policies that support CBNRM (fisheries, forestry, wildlife)
• Review guidelines for establishing WMA with the view to reduce cost and *me and make them compe**ve forms of land use
• Support M & E for informed decision making at all levels – AAs to MNRT
• Promote greater interagency collabora*on in support of CBNRM