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The Water Cycle and its Importance Ecosystems Ecology

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Page 1: The$Water$Cycle$and$its$ Importance$biol336-bowen.wikispaces.umb.edu/file/view/water_lecture_ECO (1... · life)$of$nutrients$(phosphorus,$nitrogen,$and$ carbon)$and$heavy$metals$

The  Water  Cycle  and  its  Importance  

Ecosystems  Ecology  

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Water  Proper8es  •  Water  is  unique  in  that  it  is  the  only  natural  substance  that  is  

found  in  all  three  physical  states—liquid,  solid,  and  gas—at  the  temperatures  normally  found  on  Earth.  

•  Bonds  to  itself  through  rela8vely  weak  hydrogen  bonds  •  Water  is  unusual  in  that  the  solid  form,  ice,  is  less  dense  than  

the  liquid  form,  which  is  why  ice  floats.  •  Water  is  called  the  "universal  solvent"  because  it  dissolves  

more  substances  than  any  other  liquid.    •  Water  molecules  are  cohesive  (s8ck  to  each  other)  and  

adhesive  (s8ck  to  surfaces)  •  Water  has  a  high  specific  heat  index—it  absorbs  a  lot  of  heat  

before  it  begins  to  get  hot.    

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Capillary  Ac8on  

•  Cri8cal  for  Plants,  humans,  groundwater  movement,  and  more  

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Rainfall  

•  The  amount  of  precipita8on  that  falls  around  the  world  may  range  from  less  than  0.1  inch  per  year  in  some  deserts  to  more  than  900  inches  per  year  in  the  tropics  

•  For  cloud  forma8on/rainfall  to  occur  (condensa8on),  water  vapor  in  the  air  must  be  cooled  to  the  dew  point,  the  temperature  at  which  net  condensa8on  occurs    

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Evapotranspira8on  •  Studies  have  shown  that  the  oceans,  seas,  lakes,  and  rivers  

provide  nearly  90  percent  of  the  moisture  in  the  atmosphere  via  evapora8on,  with  the  remaining  10  percent  being  contributed  by  plant  transpira8on.  

•  With  transpira8on,  plants  u8lize  ~10%  of  water  from  roots  for  biochemical  processes.  ~90%  is  transpired  away  

•  Over  land:  evapora8on  <  Precipita8on  •  Over  ocean:  evapora8on  >  Precipita8on  •  Plants  transpire  to:  

–  Remain  cool  –  Take  up  nutrients  –  Maintain  turgor  pressure  of  structures  and    stomata  

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Factors  Affec8ng  Runoff  •  The  rate  of  rainfall  -­‐  A  lot  of  rain  in  a  short  period  tends  to  run  off  the  land  

into  streams  rather  than  soak  into  the  ground.  •  The  topography  of  the  land  -­‐  Topography  is  the  lay  of  the  land  -­‐-­‐  the  hills,  

valleys,  mountains,  and  canyons.  Water  falling  on  uneven  land  drains  downhill  un8l  it  becomes  part  of  a  stream,  finds  a  hollow  place  to  accumulate,  like  a  lake,  or  soaks  into  the  ground.  

•  Soil  condi6ons  -­‐  Small  par8cles  (like  clays)  have  lower  infiltra8on  rates,  larger  par8cles  (sandy  soils)  have  higher  infiltra8on  rates  

•  Density  of  vegeta6on  -­‐  It  has  long  been  known  that  plant  growth  helps  decrease  erosion  caused  by  flowing  water  by  slowing  water  flow  

•  Amount  of  urbaniza6on  -­‐  Roads,  pavement,  and  parking  lots  create  impervious  surfaces  where  water  can  no  longer  seep  into  the  ground.  Rather,  water  is  funneled  into  creeks  and  streams  that  were  never  meant  by  nature  to  handle  so  much  runoff.  This  can  cause  problems  in  urban  areas.  

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Water  is  cri8cal  for  ecosystems,  so  how  do  we  explain  rainfall  

distribu8on?  

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8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.23b  

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8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.8  

ITCZ:  Inter-­‐Tropical  Convergence  Zone  

Coriolis  Effect:  •  Wind  deflects  to  the  

right  in  N  hemisphere  •  Wind  deflects  to  the  

leb  in  S  hemisphere    

Note:  Wind  flows  from  High  to  Low  pressure  

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Hadley  Cell  Circula8on  (KNOW  THIS!)    

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Ocean  Currents:  A  regional  control  on  precipita8on  

8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  

•  Solid  lines:  warm  

•  Dashed  lines:  cool  

•  In  general:  – Warm  currents  interac8ng  with  land:  more  rainfall  

–  Cold  currents  interac8ng  with  land:  less  rainfall  

Fig.  2.11  

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•  Seasonal  insola8on  and  differen8al  hea8ng  between  land  and  sea  cause  large  High  and  Low  Pressure  systems,  which  shib  around  and  influence  rainfall  paherns  

8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.9b  

•  In  general:  Low  pressure  systems  are  associated  with  rising  air  (which  can  lead  to  rain)  

•  High  pressure  systems  associated  with  stable  weather  

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Major  Air  Masses  

•  Major  air  masses  can  shib  slightly  depending  on  factors  like  seasonality,  but  in  general  the  moisture  content  of  the  air  masses  is  a  factor  for  regional  rainfall  

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Orographic  Libing  

•  Higher  eleva8ons  tend  to  receive  more  rainfall  

•  Mountain  chains  can  influence  regional  rainfall  paherns  drama8cally  

Washington  State:  Precipita8on/Rain  shadow    effect  

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Land-­‐Sea  Hea8ng:  Large  and  Small  Scale  Effects  

8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.13  

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4  Main  Ways  to  Uplib  Air  (necessary  for  Clouds/Rainfall)  

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Summary:  What  factors  affect  rainfall  distribu8on?  

•  General  Global  distribu8on:  – La8tudinal  atmospheric  circula8on  

•  Regional  Distribu8on  factors:  – Major  air  masses  – Ocean  currents  – Proximity  to  ocean/large  water  bodies  – Orographic  libing  (mountains)  

•  Local  rainfall:  – Localized  uplib  (see  previous  slide)    

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How  Does  Water  Impact  Ecosystems?  

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8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.22  

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8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.24  

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8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.37a  

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8/29/11   Chapin  et  al.,  2011  Fig.  2.23b  

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Human  Impacts  to  the  Water  Cycle  

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•  Average  American  Water  use:  ~2000  gal/day  (twice  global  average)  

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•  -­‐  Everything  requires  water.  When  factoring  in  the  average  goods  consumed,  our  individual  daily  use  is  1,400  litres/person  in  Asia  and  4,000  litres/person  in  Europe  and  North  America,  according  to  the  FAO.  

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Groundwater  Deple8on  

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Dams:  Pros/Cons?  

•  Can  provide  large  amounts  of  energy  (1/5  of  electricity  worldwide)  

•  Can  create  reservoirs  for  water  consump8on  

•  About  25%  of  the  en8re  world’s  sediment  flow  gets  trapped  behind  dams  

•  Can  have  drama8c  nega8ve  ecological  impacts  

•  In  certain  cases:  can  be  a  large  emiher  of  methane  (a  powerful  greenhouse  gas)  

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Deforesta8on:  Major  impacts  to  Water  cycle  

8/29/11  Chapin  et  al.,  2011  

Fig.  2.14  

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Case  Study:  The  Loess  Plateau  aka  “China’s  Sorrow”  

•  Known  as  the  cradle  of  Chinese  civiliza8on  •  Was  originally  fer8le  croplands,  but  over  8me  

deforesta8on  and  over-­‐grazing  has  lead  to  the  highest  soil  erosion  rates  in  the  world  

•  Consequence:  soil  inputs  to  the  Yellow  River  have  caused  massive  floods  –  1931  Flood:  1-­‐4  million  people  killed  –  1887  Flood:  1-­‐2  million  people  killed  

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Impervious  Surfaces:  Increase  runoff  and  decrease  infiltra8on  

Note:  Urbaniza8on  is  a  rapidly  growing  process.  Currently  about  48%  of  the  popula8on  lives  In  ci8es.  By  2030  it  is  predicted  to  be  60%  

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Storm  water  management  

Tradi8onal  design:    Remove  stormwater  though  engineering:    

•  curbed  streets  •  catchbasins  •  pipes  to  receiving  waters  (or  deten8on  ponds).  

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A  solu6on:  Low  Impact  Development  (LID)  

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Types  of  Water  Pollutants  •  Micro-­‐organisms  (human/animal  waste)  – Giardia,  E.  Coli,  viruses  

•  Disinfec8on-­‐byproduct    –  Bromate,  Chlorite,  haloace8c  acids  

•  Disinfectants  (control  microbes)  –  Chloramines,  chlorine  

•  Inorganic  chemicals  – Arsenic,  cadmium,  lead  

•  Organic  chemicals  – Atrazine,  dioxins,  PCBs,    

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pH/Acid  Rain  •  The  pH  of  water  determines  the  solubility  (amount  

that  can  be  dissolved  in  the  water)  and  biological  availability  (amount  that  can  be  u8lized  by  aqua8c  life)  of  nutrients  (phosphorus,  nitrogen,  and  carbon)  and  heavy  metals  (lead,  copper,  cadmium,  etc.).    

 

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“FRACKING”  (Research  it)  

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Future  of  Water  Resources  

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Water  Vapor  in  the  atmosphere:  Posi8ve  Feedback  Loop  

•  Water  vapor  has  the  largest  warming  effect  of  any  greenhouse  gas  •  Models  predict  that  the  hydrologic  cycle  will  intensify  as  the  globe  

warms  (more  precipita8on  over  land,  more  evapora8on  over  oceans)  –  These  shibs  will  vary  spa8ally  and  seasonally  

•  Weather  paherns  and  extreme  events  are  predicted  to  intensify  and  become  more  frequent  

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Glacial  Retreat  

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Reduced  Snowpack/Early  Snowmelt  

•  Will  significantly  impact  freshwater  supplies  for    

•  Will  nega8vely  impact:  – Groundwater  recharge  – Fish  migra8on/spawns  – Pollu8on  levels  – Hydropower  

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Urban  Farming?