'New Sanitation‘

for energy & raw materials

Recovery of energy and nutrients from Black Water

13-11-2013, Grietje Zeeman; WUR-ETE

Grietje.Zeeman@WUR.nl

large quantities of water:

‘flush and forget’

Industrialized

countries

‘New Sanitation’; restore the cycle with agriculture

Black water &

Kitchen waste

(g p-1d-1)

% of total domestic

Wastewater &

Kitchen waste

N 12.3 g 92

P 1.6 g 80

K 3.9 g 84

organics 111 g COD 69

Raw materials; BW & KW

adapted from Zeeman & Kujawa-Roeleveld, 2011

The potential for recovery

World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .

BW + KW (tons per year)

Fertilizer production (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27

Haber-Bosch

process

N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3

Energy use :

*37-45 kJ/g N;

*Maurer, M., Schwegler, P., and Larsen, T. A. (2003). Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery.

Water Science and Technology, 48 (1), 37-46.

The potential for recovery

World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .

BW + KW (tons per year)

Fertilizer production (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27

N *30.9*106 ##121*106 25 1.1*103 PJ/y

The potential for recovery

BW + KW (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

COD 280*106

±cooking energy

69*109

m3 CH4 per year

‘New Sanitation’

DESAH BV

• Collection (WC) & transport with

minimal water use

•vacuum toilets

•water free urinals

•urine separation toilets

• Separation at source

•BW separate from GW

Modern vacuum

collection and

transport

• comfort

• minimal water use (≤ 1Litre per flush)

EET & STOWA supported

‘New Sanitation’

Full scale

application

Vila Flora; Venlo

DESAH BV

‘New Sanitation’

Full scale

application

Sneek; 250 houses

DESAH BV

New sanitation in NIOO building

Black water UASB treatment,

nitritation-anammox & struvite-precipitation

1.8 m3 CH4/m3

UASB Autotrophic N-removal

N2

P-recovery

De Graaff et al.(2010), Water ;De Graaff et al., (2010), Water Research;De Graaff et al., (2011),Water Research 2*;De Graaff et al., (2011),WS&T

Black water treatment

UASB

Air Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Effluent

Biogas

MP & Pathogens

Sludge

UASB

MP & Pathogens

Local use

Black water treatment

UASB

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Agriculture

Effluent

Biogas

Sludge

UASB

MP & Pathogens

MP & Pathogens

Energy

Liquid Eff. N,K

COD

Black Water P-granules

Sludge

Simultaneous AD & Ca-phosphate precipitation

Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Submitted to Water Research

19

Simultaneous AD & Ca-phosphate

precipitation

Granule formation in black water UASB reactor (a) dried granule (b) and inorganic core of granule (burned at 550"C) (c)

NH3-recovery; microbial fuel cell

Kuntke, P., Śmiech, K.M. , Bruning, H., Zeeman, G., Saakes, M. , Sleutels, T.H.J.A. , Hamelers, H.V.M., Buisman, C.J.N. (2012). Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 46-8, 2627-2636

• migrational ion flux to the cathode

• driven by electron production

• anaerobic degradation of organic matter in urine.

N & P recovery; microalgae growth on

urine

Kanjana Tuantet, Marcel Janssen, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman, René H. Wijffels, and Cees J.N. Buisman (2013). How to grow microalgae on human urine? Journal of Applied Phycology.

N & P recovery; microalgae growth on BW

Schematic representation of current and future black water according to new sanitation concepts. Tania Fernandes, NIOO

effluent

polishing

BW

UASB

DBW

Vacuum

toilet

Biogas

PBR

NIOO-KNAW

Wetland

Algae

harvesting

H2O

C

LNV, 2007

NIOO-KNAW

N & P

To develop

'New Sanitation‘

for energy & raw materials

• 3 full scale applications in The Netherlands

• further improvements under development at laboratory and pilot scale.

'New Sanitation‘

for energy & raw materials

next application

in Canada?

'New Sanitation‘

for energy & raw materials

Recovery of energy and nutrients from Black Water

Questions?

urine

(g p-1d-1)

% of total domestic

Wastewater &

Kitchen waste

N

9 67

P 0,8 40

K 2,75 60

organics 11 g COD 7

Raw materials; Urine

adapted from Zeeman & Kujawa-Roeleveld, 2011

Objectives

‘New Sanitation’

• N recovery

• P recovery

• Water recovery

• Energy production

Liernur system

(1867)

Several locations in Europe

Simultaneous phosphorus and energy

recovery in black water UASB reactor

29

Calcium phosphate

min 16 gP/person/year

EFFLUENT

BIOGAS

UASB

Methane

1.7 m3 CH4/m3 BW

(1.8)

Future Research

P recovery

N-recovery

Pathogen removal

MP removal

DESAH BV

31

Sludge: P-enriched organic fertilizer?

Results

61%

100%

39%

in

sludge

Struvite : Mg(NH4;K)PO4

0.22 kg P/p.y

Pictures from Kealan Gell de Wit

De Graaff M., Temmink, H., Zeeman, G, Buisman, C.J.N. (2012).

Phosphorus recovery

Elemental composition (ICP-AES)

Element Unit Lab-scale Demo-scale

Ca wt% 22 21

P wt% 11 13

Mg wt% 0.3 0.3

K wt% 0.05 0.06

molar Ca/P ratio 1.55 1.25

Theoretical molar Ca/P ratio:

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) 1.50

Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) 1.30

Precipitated species (Raman)

33

1. HAp 2. Calcium phosphate

hydrate

Initiation of calcium phosphate precipitation

34

Removal of humic acids

from tap water in 2010

→ More free calcium

→ Increase in saturation

index of calcite (from 0.54

to 0.63)

→ Formation of calcite seed

crystals

EFFLUENT

BIOGAS

UASBBlack water in 2012

→ More free calcium

→ Increase in saturation index of

calcium phosphate (from 108

to 109)

→ Seed crystals enhance

precipitation

CaP granules as a new phosphorus

product

35

Parameter

Unit Granules (lab-scale)

Granules (demo-scale)

Crystalactor P-pellets

Phosphate rock

Triple Superphosphate

P2O5 % 35 41 26 40 46

Fe g/kgDW-P2O5

2 2 5 - -

Zn

mg/kgDW-P2O5

430 743 1192 1120 770

Cu 143 182 65 80 33

As 5 4 8 25 13

Cd 6 3 23 64 62

Cr 32 93 31 380 498

Hg 0.09 < 0.05 - 0.08 0.04

Ni 29 56 31 93 46

Pb 30 17 - 10 33

- not determined