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UNIT 4 The Solar System

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Page 1: The$SolarSystem UNIT4 - WordPress.com · According$to$Ptolemy,$motion$of$planet$in$epicycle$ would$make$it$appearto$move$backward$ sometimes

UNIT  4The  Solar  System

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Models  of  the  Solar  System

Section  1

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▪ 2,000  years  ago,  many  people  developed  ideas  about  the  universe  based  on  what  they  saw  !

▪ Aristotle  promoted  an  earth-­‐centered  (geocentric)  model  of  solar  system  !

▪ Sun,  stars,  planets  revolved  around  earth

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▪ Did  not  explain  why  some  planets  appear  to  reverse  direction  sometimes  

▪ Backward  motion  à retrograde  motion  ▪ About  500  years  after  Aristotle,  another  Greek  astronomer,  Claudius  Ptolemy,  put  forth  model  

▪ Each  planet  had  two  motions  ▪ One  motion  was  revolution  around  earth  ▪ Other  motion  in  small  circles  like  links  of  chain  ▪ Epicycles à small  circular  movements

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▪ According  to  Ptolemy,  motion  of  planet  in  epicycle  would  make  it  appear  to  move  backward  sometimes

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Copernicus’s  Model

▪ In  the  1500s  Nicolaus  Copernicus  challeneged  ideas  of  Aristotle  and  Ptolemy  

▪ Proposed  a  heliocentric  (sun-­‐centered)  model  of  solar  system  

▪ Earth  and  other  planets  revolve  around  sun  ▪ Also  proposed  all  planets  orbit  in  same  direction  but  each  moves  at  different  speeds  and  distances  from  sun  

▪ Faster  planets  would  pass  slower  planets

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▪ In  early  1600s  Galileo  Galilei  was  able  to  observe  motions  of  planets  with  telescope  (just  invented)  

▪ He  collected  evidence  ▪ Proved  heliocentric  model  was  correct

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Kepler’s  Laws

▪ Before  the  invention  of  the  telescope,  Tycho  Brahe,  Danish  astronomer,  made  detailed  observations  of  positions  of  stars  and  planets  

▪ He  hired  German  astronomer,  Johannes  Kepler,  as  an  assistant  

▪ Kepler  explained  Brahe’s  observations  in  mathematical  terms  

▪ Developed  3  laws  that  explained  most  aspects  of  planetary  motion

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1.  Law  of  Ellipses

▪ Kepler’s  first  law  ▪ Each  planet  orbits  the  sun  in  a  path  called  an  ellipse  

▪ Ellipse  à oval  whose  shape  is  determined  by  2  points  within  the  figure

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▪ Each  point  is  called  a  focus  ▪ The  sun  is  at  one  focus  of  the  orbit  of  a  planet  ▪ If  you  draw  a  line  from  any  point  on  ellipse  to  each  of  two  foci,  the  total  length  of  lines  will  always  be  the  same  

▪ Some  look  like  circles  ▪ Circle  –  ellipse  where  2  foci  are  at  same  point

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▪ b/c  orbits  of  planets  are  ellipses,  planet  is  not  always  same  distance  from  sun  

▪ Point  where  orbit  is  closest  to  sun  -­‐  perihelion  ▪ Point  where  orbit  is  farthest  -­‐  aphelion

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▪ Distance  of  planet  from  sun  defined  as  average  of  distances  from  sun  at  perihelion  and  aphelion  

▪ Ex.  Aphelion  of  Earth’s  orbit  is  152  million  km  ▪ Perihelion  is  147  million  km  ▪ Average  =  149.5  million  km  ▪ This  distance  is  known  as  one  astronomical  unit  (AU)  

▪ Distances  of  other  planets  measured  in  AU

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2.  Law  of  Equal  Areas

▪ Describes  speed  at  which  planets  travel  at  different  points  in  their  orbit  

▪ Kepler  found  that  orbit  of  earth  was  a  nearly  perfect  circle,  with  sun  off-­‐center  

▪ Found  that  earth  moves  fastest  when  it’s  closest  to  sun  

▪ Calculated  a  line  from  center  of  sun  to  center  of  planet  sweeps  through  equal  areas  in  equal  periods  of  time

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▪ Imagine  a  line  that  connects  the  center  of  the  sun  to  the  center  of  a  planet  

▪ When  planet  near  sun,  the  line  is  short  ▪ Planet  moves  quickly  and  after,  say,  10  days  the  line  sweeps  through  a  short,  wide  triangular  section

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▪ When  planet  is  farther  from  sun,  line  is  longer  ▪ But  planet  moves  more  slowly  ▪ Line  sweeps  through  long,  thin  triangular  section  in  10  days  

▪ Kepler’s  second  law  à the  area  of  the  long,  thin  section  is  the  same  as  the  area  of  the  short,  wider  section

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3.  Law  of  Periods

▪ Describes  relationship  between  average  distance  of  a  planet  from  the  sun  and  the  orbit  period  of  the  planet  !

▪ Orbit  period  à time  required  for  the  planet  to  make  one  revolution  around  the  sun

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▪ The  cube  of  the  average  distance  of  a  planet  from  the  sun  (r)  is  always  proportional  to  the  square  of  the  period  (p)  

▪ Math  formula  is  K  x  r³  =  p²  ▪ K  is  mathematical  constant  ▪ When  distance  measure  in  Aus  and  period  is  in  earth-­‐years,  K  =  1  and  r³  =  p²

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Example

▪ Radius  of  earth’s  orbit  (distance  from  sun)  is  1  AU  

▪ Period  is  1  year  

▪ 1  x  1³  =  1²  ▪ 1  =  1

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▪ Jupiter  is  5.2  AU  from  sun  ▪ Period  is  11.9  years  

▪ K  x  5.2³  =  11.9²  ▪ K  x  140.6  =  141.6  ▪ Nearly  equal  ▪ Errors  caused  by  rounding  periods  and  Aus  ▪ When  precise,  always  1

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Newton’s  Application  of  Kepler’s  Laws

▪ Kepler’s  laws  explained  how  planets  orbit  sun  ▪ Isaac  Newton  asked  why  planets  moved  this  way  

▪ Explanation  described  the  motion  of  objects  on  earth  and  motion  of  planets  in  space  

▪ Hypothesized  that  moving  body  will  change  motion  only  if  outside  force  causes  it  to  do  so

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▪ Inertia  à tendency  of  a  moving  body  to  move  in  a  straight  line  at  a  constant  speed  until  an  outside  force  acts  on  it  

▪ Newton  compared  planet  to  rolling  ball  ▪ b/c  planet  doesn’t  follow  straight  path,  outside  force  must  cause  it  to  curve  

▪ Gravity  ▪ Gravitational  pull  of  sun  causes  planets  to  move  around  it

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Section  2

The  Inner  Planets

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▪ 4  planets  closest  to  sun  are  inner  planets  ▪ Mercury,  Venus,  Earth,  Mars  ▪ Also  called  terrestrial  planets  b/c  they’re  similar  to  earth  

▪ Formed  close  to  sun  so  heat  caused  materials  with  low  boiling  points  to  go  away

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▪ Inner  planets  don’t  have  rings  ▪ Number  of  moons:  0-­‐2  ▪ Have  bowl-­‐shaped  depressions  on  surface  called  impact  craters  

▪ From  collisions  with  objects  in  space  (later  stages  of  solar  system  formation)

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Mercury

▪ Mercury  is  closest  to  sun  ▪ Has  shorter  orbit  period  than  any  other  planet  –  88  days  

▪ Romans  named  planet  Mercurius  after  fast  messenger  of  gods  

▪ Rotates  slowly  on  axis  –  once  every  59  days  ▪ So  close  to  sun  the  sunlight  usually  blocks  a  clear  view  

▪ Has  no  moons

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▪ In  1974  and  1979  Mariner  10  visited  Mercury  ▪ Transmitted  photos  to  earth  that  showed  surface  was  heavily  cratered  

▪ Suggests  Mercury  hasn’t  changed  much  since  formation  of  solar  system  

▪ Some  craters  look  filled  with  hardened  lava  ▪ If  so,  Mercury  was  volcanic

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▪ Photos  also  showed  line  of  cliffs  hundreds  of  km  long  

▪ May  be  wrinkles  in  crust  that  developed  when  molten  core  cooled  and  shrank

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▪ Has  thin  atmosphere  for  2  reasons  ▪ 1.  closeness  to  sun  ▪ Solar  heat  causes  gas  molecules  near  surface  to  move  fast  

▪ 2.  size  ▪ Gravitational  pull  too  weak  to  hold  them  to  form  an  atmosphere

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▪ Absence  of  dense  atmosphere  and  slow  rotation  causes  huge  daily  temperature  range  !

▪ Daytime:  427℃  !

▪ Nighttime:  -­‐173℃

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▪ Before  Mariner  10  expedition,  astronomers  thought  Mercury  too  small  and  rotated  too  slowly  to  have  magnetic  field  !

▪ Instruments  on  Mariner  10  detected  weak  magnetic  field  !

▪ Core  may  still  be  molten

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Venus

▪ 2nd  planet  from  sun  ▪ Orbit  period  =  225  days  ▪ Rotates  once  very  243  days  ▪ Rotates  in  opposite  direction  than  other  planets  

▪ Sun  rises  in  west  and  sets  in  east  ▪ No  moons

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▪ Some  ways  Venus  is  earth’s  twin  ▪ Same  size,  mass,  density  ▪ Venus  is  much  hotter  b/c  it’s  closer  to  sun  and  atmosphere  is  dense  and  has  insulating  effect  

▪ Average  surface  temp  is  464℃  ▪ Atmospheric  pressure  is  90  times  more  than  earth

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▪ High  temperature  and  dense  atmosphere  are  related  

▪ When  Venus  was  formed,  temp  was  lower  and  atmosphere  was  less  dense  

▪ Volcanic  activity  happened    ▪ Oceans  may  have  formed  ▪ As  sun  became  hotter,  oceans  evaporated  ▪ No  water  to  combine  with  CO2  released  by  volcanoes,  level  of  CO2  increased

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▪ Result:  atmospheric  pressure  increased  ▪ CO2  is  96%  of  atmosphere  ▪ Allows  orange  wavelengths  of  solar  energy  to  get  through  but  blocks  escape  of  heat  

▪ Planet  too  hot  to  support  life  ▪ Above  surface,  temp  decreases  ▪ Very  little  water  vapor  ▪ Instead,  clouds  made  of  sulfuric  acid

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▪ In  1970s,  Soviet  Union  sent  six  Venera  probes  to  explore  surface  

▪ Survived  heat  and  pressure  long  enough  to  transmit  surface  images  

▪ Showed  smooth  plain,  with  some  mountains  and  valleys  

▪ Other  instruments  showed  surface  made  of  basalt  and  granite  

▪ These  commonly  found  on  earth

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▪ Between  1990  and  1992,  Magellan  orbiter  made  radar  images  of  most  of  Venusian  surface  

▪ Domes,  mountains,  volcanoes  and  lava  plains  are  most  common

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Earth

▪ 3rd  planet  from  sun  ▪ Orbit  period  =  365.24  days  ▪ 1  rotation  =  23  hours  56  minutes  ▪ 5th  largest  planet  ▪ 1  moon

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▪ Very  active  geologic  history  ▪ Over  last  250  million  years,  continents  separated  from  single  landmass  and  drifted  to  present  positions  

▪ Weathering  and  erosion  changed  and  continue  to  change  surface

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▪ Life  possible  b/c  of  distance  from  sun  ▪ Temp  warm  enough  for  water  to  exist  as  liquid  ▪ Mercury  and  Venus  don’t  have  liquid  water  ▪ Mars  and  outer  planets  too  far  away  (ice)  ▪ Only  planet  in  solar  system  known  to  have  oceans  of  liquid  water

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▪ Geologists  think  that  as  oceans  formed  on  earth,  water  combined  with  CO2  in  atmosphere  

▪ Since  CO2  didn’t  build  up  in  atmosphere,  solar  heat  able  to  escape  

▪ Life  was  able  to  form

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Mars

▪ 4th  planet  from  sun  ▪ Orbit  period  =  687  days  ▪ Rotation  =  24  hours  37  minutes  ▪ Has  seasons  like  earth’s  b/c  of  tilt  of  axis  ▪ Has  2  moons

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▪ Large  surface  areas  covered  with  lava  ▪ Volcanoes  on  Mars  are  largest  in  solar  system  ▪ Largest  –  Olympus  Mons  ▪ 3  times  higher  than  Mt.  Everest

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▪ Deep  canyons  also  cover  surface  ▪ Largest  –  Valles  Marineris  ▪ As  long  as  US  –  4,500  km  ▪ Fault  zones  may  have  formed  them

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▪ Atmospheric  pressure  and  temperature  too  low  for  water  to  exist  as  liquid  

▪ Spacecraft  Viking  1  and  Viking  2  found  evidence  of  erosion  by  water  

▪ Also  recent  Pathfinder  mission  showed  images  of  large  flood  plain    

▪ Assume  Mars  used  to  have  warmer  and  wetter  climate

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▪ Temp  near  equator  about  20℃  during  summer  

▪ Near  poles  about  -­‐130℃  ▪ A  little  water  remains  trapped  in  polar  ice  caps

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Section  3

The  Outer  Planets

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▪ Outer  planets  –  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  Neptune,  Pluto  

▪ 1st  4  are  called  gas  giants  –  largest  planets  in  solar  system  

▪ Also  called  Jovian  planets  b/c  they  are  similar  to  Jupiter  

▪ Less  dense  than  inner  planets  ▪ Mostly  hydrogen  and  helium  atmosphere  ▪ Rock,  metals  and  water  at  core

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Jupiter

▪ 5th  planet  from  sun  ▪ Largest  planet  in  solar  system  ▪ Mass  is  twice  all  8  other  planets  combined  ▪ Orbit  period  =  12  years  ▪ Rotation  every  9  hours  50  minutes  ▪ Has  at  least  17  moons  and  4  rings

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▪ May  or  may  not  have  solid,  rocky  core  (don’t  know)  

▪ Large  mass  causes  pressure  and  temp  in  interior  much  more  than  earth  

▪ Temps  at  interior  as  high  as  30,000℃  ▪ Changed  much  of  interior  to  sea  of  liquid  metallic  hydrogen  

▪ Electric  currents  may  be  source  of  huge  magnetic  field

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▪ Made  mainly  of  H  and  He  –  92%  ▪ Makes  composition  of  Jupiter  similar  to  sun  ▪ Surface  not  solid  –  mixture  of  hot  gases  and  liquids  

▪ Formed  about  4.6  billion  years  ago  ▪ Not  enough  mass  to  start  nuclear  fusion  ▪ So  it  never  became  a  star

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▪ Surface  unique  b/c  of  alternating  light  and  dark  cloud  bands  

▪ Orange,  gray,  blue  and  white  bands  spread  out  parallel  to  equator

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▪ Colors  suggest  presence  of  ammonia,  methane,  and  water  vapor  

▪ Scientists  think  quick  rotation  causes  gases  to  swirl  around  planet  –  forms  bands  

▪ Average  temp  of  atmospheric  layers  =  -­‐160℃  ▪ Lower  layers  about  20℃  ▪ Also  lightning  and  thunderstorms

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The  Great  Red  Spot

▪ Distinguishing  feature  of  Jupiter  ▪ Astronomers  think  heated  material  rising  to  surface  from  interior  causes  it  

▪ Giant  rotating  storm  (like  hurricane)  ▪ Been  for  several  hundred  years  or  more  ▪ Galileo  spacecraft  data  (1995)  showed  Jupiter  has  wind  speed  up  to  540  km/hr

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Saturn

▪ 6th  planet  from  sun  ▪ Over  ½  billion  km  farther  from  sun  than  Jupiter  

▪ 2nd  largest  planet  in  solar  system  

▪ Average  temp  =  -­‐176℃  ▪ Has  at  least  18  moons  and  several  rings

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▪ Spins  rapidly  ▪ Rotates  every  10  hours  30  minutes  ▪ Rotation  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter  causes  it  to  bulge  at  equator  and  flatten  at  poles  

▪ Also  has  bands  of  colored  clouds  parallel  to  equator  

▪ Same  interior  as  Jupiter

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▪ Saturn  differs  from  Jupiter  in  3  ways  1. Saturn  much  less  dense  than  Jupiter  

1. Least  dense  planet  in  solar  system  2. Density  less  than  water  

2. Orbit  period  =  29.5  years  1. Almost  20  years  longer  than  Jupiter  

3. Has  much  more  complex  system  of  rings

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Uranus

▪ 7th  planet  from  sun  ▪ 3rd  largest  ▪ Discovered  in  1781  ▪ 1st  planet  to  be  discovered  since  ancient  times  ▪ Nearly  3  billion  km  from  sun  ▪ Hard  to  study  ▪ Has  at  least  20  moons  ▪ At  least  11  small  rings  ▪ Orbit  period  =  84  years

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▪ Most  unique  feature  –  rotates  like  rolling  ball  !

▪ Axis  almost  horizontal  to  plane  of  orbit  !

▪ Rotation  rate  not  discovered  until  1986  !

▪ Voyager  2  passed  by  !

▪ Rotates  once  every  17  hours

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▪ Greenish  color  indicates  atmosphere  contains  methane  

▪ Atmosphere  contains  mainly  H  and  He  

▪ Average  cloud-­‐top  temp  =  -­‐214℃  ▪ Astronomers  think  temp  much  higher  below  clouds  

▪ Core  might  be  rock  and  metals  with  temp  about  7000℃

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Neptune

▪ 8th  planet  from  sun  ▪ Similar  to  Uranus  in  size  and  mass  ▪ Orbit  period  =  164  years  ▪ Rotates  every  16  hours  ▪ Has  8  moons  ▪ Possibly  4  rings

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▪ Existence  of  Neptune  predicted  before  it  was  discovered  

▪ Astronomers  noticed  variations  of  Uranus’s  orbit  from  expected  orbit  

▪ Suspected  gravity  of  unknown  planet  behind  Uranus  might  be  responsible

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▪ Mid  1800s  scientists  calculated  possibility  of  planet  beyond  Uranus  

▪ 3  years  later  Johann  Galle  discovered  bluish-­‐green  disk  where  one  scientist  predicted  –  4.5  billion  km  from  sun  

▪ Named  Neptune  after  Roman  god  of  the  sea

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▪ Data  from  Voyager  2  showed  atmosphere  mainly  H,  He  and  methane  

▪ Upper  atmosphere  has  white  clouds  of  frozen  methane  

▪ Images  from  Voyager  also  show  Neptune  has  active  weather  system  

▪ Solar  system’s  strongest  winds  –  1000  km/hr  ▪ Has  earth-­‐sized  storm  –  The  Great  Dark  Spot  ▪ Average  surface  temp  about  -­‐225℃

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Pluto

▪ No  longer  a  planet  ▪ Now  called  a  dwarf  planet  –  more  than  40  of  them  in  solar  system  

▪ A    planet  is  an  object  that  orbits  the  sun  and  is  large  enough  to  have  become  round  due  to  the  force  of  its  own  gravity  

▪ A  planet  has  to  dominate  the  neighborhood  around  its  orbit

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▪ Pluto  has  been  demoted  because  it  does  not  dominate  its  neighborhood  !

▪ Charon,  its  large  "moon,"  is  only  about  half  the  size  of  Pluto,  while  all  the  true  planets  are  far  larger  than  their  moons.  

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Section  4

Asteroids,  Comets  and  Meteoroids

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▪ Solar  system  includes  millions  of  smaller  bodies  of  matter  than  planets  

▪ Some  are  just  bits  of  dust  or  ice  floating  in  space  

▪ Others  as  big  as  moons  ▪ Left  over  from  nebula  that  formed  solar  system

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Asteroids

▪ Largest  of  smaller  bodies  in  solar  system  ▪ Fragments  of  rock  that  orbit  sun  ▪ Astronomers  have  seen  more  than  50,000  ▪ Millions  may  exist  in  solar  system  ▪ Orbits  are  mostly  ellipses  (like  planets)  ▪ Largest  known  asteroid  is  Ceres  (1,000  km  diameter)

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▪ Most  exist  in  area  between  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter  

▪ Asteroid  belt  ▪ Begins  100  million  km  beyond  orbit  of  Mars  ▪ Stretches  for  about  150  million  km  toward  Jupiter

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▪ Asteroids  usually  classified  into  3  types  depending  on  composition  

1. Mostly  carbon  materials  –  dark  appearance  2. Mostly  iron/nickel  –  metallic  appearance  3. Mostly  silicate  materials  –  look  like  earth  

rocks  (most  common)

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▪ Many  astronomers  think  asteroids  in  asteroid  belt  are  remains  of  planetesimals  not  able  to  form  planet  b/c  of  gravity  from  Jupiter  

▪ Composition  of  asteroids  is  same  materials  as  planets  

▪ Ex.  Iron  common  in  cores,  silicate  minerals  common  in  crusts

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▪ Some  asteroids  –  Trojan  asteroids  and  earth-­‐grazers  –  orbit  sun  

▪ Not  in  asteroid  belt  ▪ Trojan  asteroids  concentrated  in  groups  just  ahead  and  behind  planet  Jupiter

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▪ Earth-­‐grazers  have  elongated  elliptical  orbits  ▪ Sometimes  bring  them  very  close  to  sun  and  earth  

▪ Do  sometimes  collide  with  earth

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Comets▪ Orbit  sun  in  long  ellipses  ▪ Body  of  rock,  dust,  methane,  ammonia,  ice  ▪ Core  (nucleus)  made  of  rock,  metals  and  ice  ▪ Usually  1  km  –  100  km  diameter  ▪ Coma  à spherical  cloud  of  gas  and  dust  surrounding  the  nucleus

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▪ Tail  is  gas  and  dust  that  streams  from  head  (nucleus  and  coma)  

▪ Forms  as  sunlight  and  solar  wind  pushes  gas  and  dust  away  from  head  

▪ Whatever  direction  comet  travels,  tail  always  points  away  from  sun  

▪ Some  larger  comets  have  tails  more  than  80  million  km  long

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▪ Astronomers  think  most  comets  start  in  Oort  cloud  –  spherical  cloud  of  dust  and  ice  that  contains  nuclei  of  as  many  as  a  trillion  comets  

▪ Bodies  in  cloud  circle  sun  at  140  m/s  ▪ Takes  a  few  million  years  to  complete  1  orbit

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▪ Cloud  surrounds  solar  system  ▪ Starts  1  light  year  from  sun  ▪ Reaches  halfway  to  nearest  star  ▪ Matter  may  have  been  left  over  from  formation  of  solar  system  

▪ Gravity  of  star  passing  near  solar  system  may  cause  comet  in  cloud  to  fall  into  long  elliptical  orbit

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▪ Orbit  stretches  from  Oort  cloud  to  sun  and  back  to  cloud  

▪ Some  long-­‐period  comets  have  periods  of  several  thousand  or  several  million  years  !

▪ Short-­‐period  comets  have  periods  up  to  100  years  

▪ Gravity  of  outer  planets  can  affect  comets  as  they  orbit  sun

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Meteoroids

▪ Smaller  bits  of  rock  or  metal  ▪ Most  less  than  1  mm  diameter  ▪ Pieces  of  matter  detached  from  passing  comets  

▪ Larger  meteoroids  –  1  cm  –  made  by  collisions  between  asteroids

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▪ If  meteoroid  passes  through  earth’s  atmosphere,  air  pressure  heats  it  and  slows  it  down  

▪ Most  burn  up  in  atmosphere  before  reaching  surface  

▪ Make  bright  streak  of  light  à meteor  ▪ “shooting  star”

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▪ Meteoroids  sometimes  vaporize  quickly  in  brilliant  flash  of  light  -­‐  fireball

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▪ Sometimes  large  number  of  small  meteoroids  enter  in  short  period  of  time  

▪ Meteor  shower  à lots  of  meteoroids  burning  up  

▪ Occur  at  same  time  each  year  when  earth  intersects  orbits  of  comets  that  left  trail  of  meteoroids  

▪ Astronomers  estimate  1  million  kg  matter  from  meteoroids  falls  to  earth  every  day

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▪ Millions  of  meteoroids  enter  earth’s  atmosphere  each  day  

▪ Few  do  not  burn  up  entirely  and  fall  to  earth  ▪ Meteorite  à meteoroid  or  any  part  left  after  it  hits  earth  

▪ Most  are  small  (mass  less  than  1  kg)

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▪ Meteor  Crater  in  Arizona  ▪ Created  by  meteoroid  that  hit  earth  about  20,000  years  ago  

▪ Meteor  was  50  m  in  diameter  ▪ Weight  500,000  tons  ▪ Left  crater  1.3  km  diameter,  180  m  deep

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▪ Meteorites  can  be  classified  into  3  basic  types  1. Stony  2. Iron  3. Stony-­‐iron

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Stony  Meteorites

▪ Similar  in  composition  to  rocks  on  earth  !

▪ Contain  carbon  substances  similar  to  materials  in  living  things

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Iron  Meteorites

▪ Easier  to  find  ▪ Stony  meteorites  look  like  earth  rocks  ▪ Often  not  noticed  ▪ Iron  meteorites  have  distinct  metallic  appearance

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Stony-­‐Iron  Meteorites

▪ Contain  both  iron  and  stone  ▪ Very  rare

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▪ Almost  all  meteorites  probably  come  from  collisions  between  asteroids  

▪ Oldest  meteoroids  are  about  100  million  years  older  than  earth  or  moon  

▪ Meteorites  can  give  information  about  makeup  of  solar  nebula  that  existed  before  earth  and  moon  formed