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Land Ownership 1

Pakikibaka: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis on

Land Ownership in the Philippines

Alonzo, Lucille

Britanico, Camille

Sy, aroline

Ateneo de !anila "ni#ersity



Land Ownership $

%&'(OD"C'%O&

'he dawn o) the democratic and li*erated era *rou+ht with it a renewed #i+or )or

the promul+ation o) social ustice- .radually, the nations ha#e come to realize that the

path to +rowth is pa#ed *y e/ui#alence in the distri*ution o) the country0s resourcesone

o) which is land 2%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, n-d-4- Particularly, in the Philippines, the

newly esta*lished +o#ernment a)ter the !artial Law era committed itsel) to *rin+in+ *ac5

and sustainin+ societal inte+rity in the country, throu+h social and economic re)orm

2%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, n-d-4-

%n an attempt to alle#iate the ine/uita*le land distri*ution in the country, the

A/uino administration enacted the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram 2CA(P4 in

1677- CA(P promised the redistri*ution o) 7-$ million hectares o) land to millions o)

landless Filipino )armers 28orld Ban5, $9964- Accordin+ to Dr- Arsenio Balicasan 2$994,

the CA(P is considera*ly di))erent )rom all the pre#ious a+rarian re)orm pro+rams

implemented *y the state as the pro+ram co#ers e#ery a+ricultural land, re+ardless o) its

produce, and the pro+ram also ;+oes *eyond tenancy arran+ements to encompass other

alternati#e production arran+ements li5e production or pro)it<sharin+ and stoc5

distri*ution options= 2as cited in %nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, n-d-, p- >4- 'he land re)orm

pro+ram was slated to last )or only 19 years? howe#er, the passa+e o) (-A- &o- 7@$ in

1667 +ranted it an etension o) 19 years, and was a+ain +i#en a )i#e<year etension

throu+h the CA(P( or (-A- 699 in $996 2Fa*ella, $914-

From the time o) its enactment, the )armers considera*ly #iewed the CA(P in a

positi#e li+ht- Accordin+ to a policy paper prepared *y the "ni#ersity o) the Philippines0

%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts 2n-d-4, the )armers percei#ed the law as their way out o)

po#erty- 'his implies the )armers0 reco+nition o) the economic ad#anta+e that ownin+ the

land will +i#e them 2!artin, 16664- 'he landowners, on the other hand, #iewed the law as



Land Ownership

a #iolation o) their ri+ht to own- Conse/uently, they deemed the law as somethin+ de#oid

o) pu*lic purpose as they did not see anythin+ purposi#e in handin+ o#er their properties

to another indi#idual 2%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, 16774- 'hese opposin+ sentiments

resulted to recurrin+ clashes *etween the title holders and the landless )armers 2shleman

E 3unt, 16614- %n turn, these disputes contri*uted to the delay o) land redistri*ution, with

se#eral million hectares o) land remainin+ undistri*uted to this day, and le)t millions o)

)armer *ene)iciaries landless and still under the power o) landowners 2Araa, $91?

Cer#antes, $914-

For this study, the researchers will concentrate on how )armers and title holders

construct land ownership, relati#e to the discourses *rou+ht a*out *y CA(P- %n addition,

the proponents o) this study will try to )ind out how their conceptualization o) land

ownership in)luences, rein)orces their *eha#ior, ;lan+ua+e,= and co+nition- 'he

researchers )ind it important to eplore this particular topic as this study can contri*ute in

eplainin+ how the pre#ailin+ 5nowled+e<power relations and )ormations in society are

capa*le o) constructin+ meanin+s, in etension, ways o) li)e and realities, )or di))erent

people, )rom di))erent contets, that it encompasses 2Foucault, 166@4- Additionally, this

study can also eplain how 5nowled+e )ormations, as well as its conse/uences in power,

a))ect psycholo+ical ownership- !oreo#er, in an a+ricultural country li5e the Philippines,

this study can allow us to )urther in#esti+ate and +i#e insi+ht to law conception,

)ormulation and implementation, especially with re+ard to laws a*out ownership and

la*or- %n connection to that, incidentally, this year, mar5ed the end o) the $> year

e))ecti#ity o) the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram 2CA(P4? a law 5nown to

ha#e +i#en rise to years o) le+al disputes and etra<udicial 5illin+s 2Cer#antes, $914-

.i#en this contet, this study may +i#e li+ht to the )ollowin+: 214 reason why the law did

not wor5, 2$4 the power im*alances that the law created and how it hindered its success,



Land Ownership

and 24 the social practices the law rein)orced and etin+uished- 3ence, in understandin+

the actions, practices and identities that were rein)orced or created, there would *e a more

pro)ound understandin+ and analysis o) the issue and possi*ly, the way throu+h which it

can *e resol#ed-

Review of Related Literature

'o understand how the )armers and title holders construct land ownership, the

history o) land ownership and land re)orms in the Philippines must )irst *e put into

contet- Philippine history eposes the persistent compleity o) the issue o) land

ownership and +i#es insi+ht into the current state o) land re)orm and land distri*ution

today 2!artin, 16664- Additionally, to )urther enrich the historical discussion, the re#iew

will del#e into the importance o) land in the country, as this would pro#ide historical

contet )or the dispute *etween the )armers and titleholders- Such ;shared narrati#es or

storylines that emer+e )rom such discursi#e )ramewor5s pro#ide the )oundations )or

collecti#e identities= 2Diprose E !c.re+or, $996, p- @@4- !oreo#er, their

conceptualization o) land ownership must *e discussed in the contet o) psycholo+ical

ownership since ;psycholo+y o) possession is well rooted in people socialized *y a

8estern herita+e= 2Pierce, osto#a, E Dir5s, $99, p- 7@4-

The History of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

'he pre<3ispanic perception o) land as a communal property was superseded *y

the idea o) pri#ate ownership introduced *y the Spaniards when they occupied the

country durin+ the start o) the 1>th century- 'his conceptualization o) land was not

eradicated durin+ the American occupation, rather, it was rein)orced *y their )riar land

resettlement pro+rams- Althou+h a homestead act was implemented in order to promote

the reallocation o) the )riar lands to the peasants and e#en allowed them to secure loans,

the su*stantial costs that comes with procurin+ a land title pro#ed to *e too costly )or



Land Ownership @

them 2%yer E !aurer, $9964- As a result, the Spanish and American occupation led the

Filipino elites to own #ast tracts o) land throu+h ;royal +rants, land<+ra**in+ and

pri#ile+ed access to le+al )ormalities,= 2Putzel, 166$, p- >94, intensi)yin+ the disparity o)

wealth *etween the )armers and titleholders- 'his pro*lem persisted e#en a)ter the

declaration o) Philippine independence, +i#in+ the succeedin+ administrations the

dauntin+ tas5 o) cur*in+ such disparity throu+h the enactment o) a+rarian re)orm

pro+rams-

Land re)orm pro+rams were continually carried out durin+ the Guezon, (oas,

Guirino, !a+saysay, .arcia, !acapa+al, and !arcos administrations 2Fuwa, $9994-

3owe#er, due to a host o) )actors and circumstances, such as the lac5 o) )unds, the

*ene)iciaries0 am*i#alence, and the non<compliance o) the landowners, amon+ others,

these e))orts cannot *e considered as successes- Post<!artial Law, the newly esta*lished

+o#ernment epressed a renewed dedication to implementin+ socio<economic re)orms,

chie) o) which is land distri*ution- On the 19th o) Hune, 1677, the A/uino administration

passed (-A- >>@ or the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Law 2CA(L4- 'his law ser#ed

as the le+al )oundation o) the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram 2CA(P4- 'his

pro+ram was desi+ned to stimulate a+ricultural pro+ress and decrease ;po#erty *y

terminatin+ ine))icient )eudal tenure<*ased relationships,= pertainin+ to the per#adin+

system o) land ownership, a system that has chan+ed e#en today 2Diprose E !c.re+or,

$996, p- @$4- %t epressly stipulated that the well<*ein+ o) the landless )armwor5ers and

)armers will *e +i#en utmost concern in order to promul+ate social ustice and to direct

the country toward a+ricultural de#elopment, and the institution o) ;owner culti#atorship

o) economic<sized )arms as the *asis o) Philippine a+riculture= 2%nstitute o) 3uman

(i+hts, 1677, p- @4- 3owe#er, pro*lems with its implementation, such as delay in

distri*ution, constant uprisin+s, and noncompliance *y the landowners, ust to name a



Land Ownership >

)ew, resulted to its etension 2.arcia E !anuel, n-d-4- 3ence, the succeedin+

administrations were all tas5ed to implement the CA(P and all o) its pro#isions-

3owe#er, none o) them, includin+ the present administration, were a*le to implement it

)ully 2Araa, $914-

%n summary, land re)orm in the Philippines is mar5ed *y a tumultuous history

2Franco E Borras, $994- 4- A)ter approimately )our centuries o) *ein+ under colonial

power, ;the Philippines inherited a land tenure system which *ene)ited mainly the landed

oli+archy= and predisposed the )armers to an implicit ser#itude *y means o)

;sharecroppin+ system and other )orms o) tenant )armin+= 2Draper, 16, p- 94- 'he

attempts to address the ine/uita*le distri*ution o) land in the country were pla+ued *y

series o) protests that placed land re)orm as an unwa#erin+ )iture on the national

+o#ernment0s pro+rams throu+hout the $9th century, in the midst o) etensi#e durations

o) political idleness 2Borras E Franco, $994- .i#en all o) this, it is e#ident how the series

o) land<related con)licts that ha#e marred the history o) land re)orm in the Philippines,

illustrates the #alue con)erred *y the )armers to land 2!ar/uez et al-, $99>4-

The Importance of Owning Land in the Philippines

For most o) the world0s population, land is a way and source o) li)e- Since

culti#a*le land is the most conclusi#e constructi#e aspect in a lar+ely rural community,

the system o) control )or this ara*le land is o) a*solute rele#ance concernin+ the social

structure o) this 5ind o) society 2(en+er, 166@4- 'his holds true )or the Philippines since it

is a principally a+ricultural nation? in essence, the su*ect o) land ownership and the

ensuin+ ri+hts to culti#ate and o*tain the har#est )rom the land are essential to the ;social,

political, and economic status o) the rural Filipino= 2!artin, 1666, p- 17$4- !oreo#er,

there are se#eral Filipino politicians who are landowners themsel#es or *elon+ to a )amily

o) landowners- 'hus, ownin+ land is a source o) *oth economic and political power-



Land Ownership 7

)armers, access to the land has principal su*sistence *ene)it since it pro#ides a sa)e

dwellin+ and source o) li#elihood 2(utten, $9194- 8ith this re+ard, )armers may )eel an

ecessi#e +rasp on the land that they consider home and source o) li#in+-

3owe#er, it is important to note that there is a distinction *etween psycholo+ical

ownership and le+al ownership- For instance, le+al ownership is primarily ac5nowled+ed

*y society? thus, this 5ind o) ownership comes with speci)ied ri+hts which are

sa)e+uarded *y the country0s le+al system- Con#ersely, psycholo+ical ownership is

primarily reco+nized *y the person who holds this perception o) ownin+ an o*ect or

item- 3ence, the indi#idual himsel) is the one who ehi*its ;the )elt ri+hts associated with

psycholo+ical ownership= 2Pierce, osto#a E Dir5s, $99, p- 74- %n the same way, the

o*li+ations )or le+al and psycholo+ical ownership are di))erent- Le+al ownership

responsi*ilities o)ten stem )rom the le+al system, as opposed to those responsi*ilities with

the psycholo+ical state, that come )rom the indi#idualJs )eelin+s o) ha#in+ an o*li+ation

and an assertion to the o*ect as JmineJ 2Pierce, osto#a E Dir5s, $994- !oreo#er,

psycholo+ical ownership can persist e#en without the presence o) le+al ownership- 'he

concept o) psycholo+ical ownership and le+al ownership may then re)lect the )armers0

and titleholders0 source o) moti#ation )or assertin+ their ri+hts )or land-

Furthermore, studies ha#e stated that a 5ey component o) one0s desire to own is

showed *y one0s capa*ility to *uild intimate *onds 2Pierce, osto#a, E Dir5s, $994-

Still, ownin+ eceeds the concept o) *elon+in+, as it usually includes a separate entity that

also epresses a desire to own the tar+et o*ect 2Atlas<och E uchuc5, $91$4- 'his

separate entity can *est *e seen durin+ the etensi#e period when the Philippines was

under colonial rule- Such )eelin+s o) ownership are said to *e lin5ed to identity )ormation

as the thin+s we own are o)ten percei#ed as ;etensions o) the sel)-= 2ParK, Sicotte, E

Hac/ues, $99>, p- 1674-



Land Ownership 6

.i#en all these, eaminin+ the rich history o) Philippine land re)orm allows )or a

*etter understandin+ o) the current situation o) land distri*ution- %t pro#ides a *irds eye

#iew o) how the Philippines +ot to where it is now- Comin+ )rom lon+ periods o) colonial

rule, the country has seen #arious acts o) a*use and eploitation o) the ri+hts o) )armers-

A)ter the proclamation o) independence, the succeedin+ administrations tried, and yet

)ailed to success)ully implement land re)orm pro+rams 2such as the CA(P4- A )actor that

may ha#e caused these attempts to )ail is the stron+ in)luence o) the elites not only in

society *ut also in the +o#ernment- 8hich is why, until today, a num*er o) )armers are

still )i+htin+ )or their ri+hts )or the land they *elie#e to *e ri+ht)ully theirs al*eit not

ha#in+ le+al documents- Such a))airs re)lect the impact o) the di))erences in the

mani)estation o) psycholo+ical and le+al ownership in the Philippines-

Theoretical Framework

'his paper will )ocus on how )armers and title holders construct the meanin+ o)

land ownership within the contet o) the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram

2CA(P4- 'his paper will also eamine how such meanin+s are rein)orced *y how they are

positioned within the scope o) the land re)orm pro+ram and *y how pre#ailin+ discursi#e

practices a))ect their su*ecti#e positions relati#e to the law- And lastly, the researchers

will also scrutinize how these constructed meanin+s, assumed positions, and discursi#e

practices in)luence their *eha#iors-

For this paper, the researchers *elie#e that the *est way to dissect the

a)orementioned topic is to use discourse analysis, particularly Foucauldian Discourse

Analysis 2FDA4, as this paper0s chassis- Foucault 216$4 stated that to ;tac5le the

ideolo+ical )unction o) a science in order to re#eal and modi)y it,= one should ;/uestion it

as a discursi#e )ormation?= this entails critically interro+atin+ the system which

proli)erati#ely produces distinct o*ects, as well as the ;types o) enunciations= 2p- $9@4-



Land Ownership 19

Accordin+ to Deleuze 216774, a ;statement has a discursi#e o*ect0 which does not deri#e

in any sense )rom a particular state o) thin+s, *ut stems )rom the statement itsel)= 2as cited

in .raham, $99@, p- 74- 'his implies that the su*ects do not manu)acture the discourses?

rather, it is the discourses that produce the su*ects 28oda5 E !eyer, $9964- FDA then is

concerned in eaminin+ how discourse produces su*ects and o*ects- 3ence,

Foucauldian Discourse Analysis will *e utilized )or this study as a means o) determinin+

how the title holders and )armers construct landownership, and position and percei#e

themsel#es within the scope o) the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram- Accordin+

to 8oda5 and !eyer 2$9964, FDA re#ol#es around these )our /uestions: 1-4 what is #alid

5nowled+e at a particular place and timeM $-4 how was this 5nowled+e )ormed and passed

onM -4 what rationale does it ha#e )or producin+ su*ectsM And -4 what are its e))ects on

society0s )ormation and operationsM 'hese )our /uestions will *e a*le to help the

researchers dissect the research topic and o*tain insi+hts with re+ard to how landowners

and )armers construct landownership within the contet o) the CA(P-

What is valid knowledge at a particlar place and time! nowled+e re)ers to all

the types o) characterizations that helps and +uides people with their perception o) the

world- FDA0s +oal is to disco#er the 5nowled+e contained in and produced *y discourses

28oda5 E !eyer, $9964- As5in+ and answerin+ such /uestion will *e a*le to pro#ide us

more insi+hts on how the 5nowled+e that the )armers and title holders ha#e a*out the

CA(P in)luences their ;lan+ua+e,= co+nition, and *eha#iour-

How was this knowledge formed and passed on! Lin5 21674 re)ers to discourse

as ;an institutionalized way o) tal5in+ that re+ulates and rein)orces action there*y eerts

power= 2as cited in 8oda5 E !eyer, $996, p- @4- 'his implies that discourse is

5nowled+e that was molded throu+hout history- !oreo#er, &ietzschean philosophy states

that ;discourse cannot *e analyzed only in the present *ecause the power components and



Land Ownership 11

the historical components create such tan+led 5nots o) shi)tin+ meanin+s, de)initions, and

interested parties o#er periods o) time= 2Powers, $99, p- $>4- Land re)orm in the

Philippines is 5nown to ha#e a rich history- aminin+ such history will not only help us

trace where shi)ts in the meanin+s attri*uted to land re)orm and land ownership stem

)rom, this will also help us scrutinize the players that caused such shi)ts, and their

moti#ations )or pursuin+ such shi)ts- Additionally, ha#in+ a more enriched understandin+

o) the historical pro+ression o) land re)orm in the country, we can )urther loo5 into its

implications and lin+erin+ in)luences in the present condition o) a+rarian re)orm- And *y

etension, see how these implications and lin+erin+ in)luences a))ect how )armers and

title holders construct the meanin+ o) land ownership within the contet o) the CA(P-

What rationale does it "discorse# have for prodcing sb$ects! 'he power o)

discourse is rooted in the )act that ;discourses delineate a ran+e o) positi#e statements

which are saya*le,= implyin+ that they suppress certain statements that are deemed to *e

;unsaya*le= 28oda5 E !eyer, $996, p- 4- Foucault de)ines power as comple tapestry

o) )orces that could produce ;tensions *etween, within, and amon+ indi#iduals or +roups=

2Powers, $99, p- $74- %t is this /uestion that will help the researchers understand the

CA(P and the moti#ations that surround it, and *y etension disco#er how these

moti#ations produce su*ects 2)armers and landowners4- 'his /uestion will also pro#ide

the researchers o) this study more insi+hts as to the role o) implementation o) the CA(P

in the rein)orcement o) the landowners0 and )armers0 ;lan+ua+e,= co+nition, and

*eha#iour in relation to the landownership-

What are its effects on society%s formation and operations! Discourses, throu+h

their innate a*ility to eert power, are not ust mirrors o) reality? discourses themsel#es

are the lu*ricant that allows the +ears o) reality to mo#e, thus, indicatin+ that discourses

produce reality- Accordin+ to Foucault 2166@4, pre#ailin+ 5nowled+e<power relations and



Land Ownership 1$

)ormations 2discourses and discursi#e practices4 in society are capa*le o) constructin+

meanin+s, in etension, ways o) li)e and realities, )or the di))erent people, )rom di))erent

contet, that it encompasses- 'his in/uiry will allow the researchers to pinpoint how the

discourses that is produced *y the CA(P a))ects the title holders0 and )armers0 social

reality, particularly, the social practices that they adhere to in relation to the land and to

their conceptualization o) the land-

3ence, usin+ Foucauldian Discourse Analysis as the theoretical )ramewor5 o) this

study will +i#e us a clear and encompassin+ perspecti#e on the processes in#ol#ed in the

manner )armers and landowners construct land ownership within the scope o) the CA(P-

And *y etension, )urther understand the *eha#iors or actions they carry out, that arise

)rom these constructed meanin+s-

Statement of the Problem

By means o) analyzin+ discourse, we are capa*le o) reco+nizin+ 5nowled+e,

power, and meanin+ produced in lan+ua+e- 'hrou+h the eamination o) the discourse

ehi*ited *y the )armers and landowners, it is possi*le to )ind meanin+ in how these two

parties construct land ownership within the contet o) CA(P- 'hrou+h Foucauldian

Discourse Analysis, this study see5s to answer the /uestion: 3ow do the )armers and

titleholders construct landownership within the contet o) CA(PM

METHOD

'his study utilized a /ualitati#e desi+n in order to eamine and understand how

landowners and )armers esta*lish landownership- By means o) Foucauldian Discourse

Analysis, the researchers in#esti+ated how )armers and titleholders esta*lish

landownership in the contet o) CA(P- %ndi#idual inter#iews were conducted with

)armers and titleholders who were a))ected and are still *ein+ a))ected *y CA(P- 'he aim

o) this study was to *e a*le to reco+nize the discourse produced, disco#er how )armers



Land Ownership 1

and titleholders esta*lish landownership throu+h this discourse, and in addition, *e a*le to

discern the su*ecti#e positions and power play that will mani)est )rom the discourses that

will *e identi)ied-

Participant

Su*stantial di))erences in semantic models can *e o*tained )rom a limited num*er

o) indi#iduals? hence, a small sample size was recommended )or a discourse analysis

2Bondarou5 E (uel, $994- "sin+ the snow*all samplin+ method, a com*ined num*er o)

si indi#iduals a))ected *y the CA(P were selected as participants o) this study- Snow*all

samplin+ was employed *ecause it has *een said to *e in)ormati#e and enli+htenin+ not

only with respect to the o)ten mar+inalized and sti+matized +roups 2At5inson E Flint,

$9914 *ut also in relation to the ;elitist +roups= 2&oy, $997, p- 74- 'hese indi#iduals

comprised o) three married tenant<)armers, who ha#e *een tillin+ and residin+ in the land

)or at least ten years, and three married titleholders, who ha#e owned the land *ein+ )or at

least ten years-

Data !ollection

For this study, the researchers also made use o) pu*lic documents such as

eectment cases-

Meaure

&emi'&trctred Interview (estions

%n order to o*tain etensi#e /ualitati#e data )rom the participants, inter#iews were

conducted- %nitial /uestions were employed 2see Appendi A4 and )ollow<up /uestions

were #aried across participants which depended on the responses and inter#iew )low-

!oreo#er, since the researchers utilized Foucauldian Discourse Analysis as a )ramewor5,

strai+ht)orward pro*in+ /uestions were maneu#ered into the discussion-

Procedure



Land Ownership 1

Pilot phase

An indi#idual who matches the participant description o) a married person who

spea5s and understands the same lan+ua+edialect as the actual inter#iewees was chosen

to ta5e part in a semi<structured inter#iew which lasted around an hour- 'he schedulin+ o)

the inter#iew was settled in coordination with the pro#incial o))ice o) Department o)

A+rairian (e)orm Al*ay- Prior to the inter#iew proper, the participant was assured o)

con)identiality and anonymity- 'he participant was also as5ed to si+n a consent )orm 2See

Appendi B4- Permission to record the entire course o) the inter#iew throu+h a #oice

recorder was also re/uested )rom the participant- A)ter which, the inter#iew proper *e+an-

At the end o) the inter#iew, the participant was pro#ided with a to5en o) appreciation )or

contri*utin+ to the study-

'he pilot inter#iew was analyzed and e#aluated in order to identi)y and dispose o)

#a+ue, con)usin+, and insi+ni)icant /uestions- 'hrou+h this, the manner *y which the

inter#iew was conducted was also assessed in order to distin+uish aspects that need

)urther impro#ement-

"ctual Procedure

Participants were ac/uired throu+h snow*all samplin+- Potential participants were

as5ed whether they were willin+ to *e inter#iewed re+ardin+ their conceptualization o)

land ownership in the contet o) CA(P- 'he participants were also pro#ided a *rie)

description o) the nature o) the study- 'hey were assured o) the anonymity and

con)identiality o) their responses- 'he indi#idual inter#iews o) the participants ran

approimately )rom 9 minutes to 1 hour- Date, time, and place o) inter#iew was

determined *ased on the a#aila*ility o) *oth the inter#iewer and inter#iewee-

At the *e+innin+ o) the actual inter#iew, the inter#iewers +reeted the participant

and properly introduced themsel#es- 'he participant once a+ain were +i#en a *rie)



Land Ownership 1@

description o) the study, and upon a+reement, were as5ed to si+n a consent )orm 2See

Appendi B4- Con)identiality was emphasized, and permission to employ a #oice recorder

durin+ the discussion was re/uested )rom the participant- A)ter which, the inter#iew

proper commenced- One o) the researchers ser#ed as the inter#iewer while the other two

recorded and too5 note o) the physical +estures and mannerisms o) the participant- 'he

inter#iewer threw pro*in+ /uestions when the answers o) the inter#iewee needed

clari)ication or ela*oration- A)ter the inter#iew, the inter#iewers epressed +ratitude and

reassured complete con)identiality- %n closin+, a to5en was *e pro#ided )or the su*ect )or

their participation in the study-

For the )acilitation o) data analysis, transcri*ed statements +athered )rom the inter#iew

was or+anized accordin+ to the participants0 classi)ication o) *ein+ a )armer or a

titleholder- ach o) the researchers had a copy o) the transcription, with the omission o)

the names o) the participants to pre#ent potential *ias- %t was initially su*ected to

indi#idual in#esti+ation, and was then *e cross<analyzed with the interpretations o) each

researcher to enhance inter<rater relia*ility-

Data "nal#i

'he researchers utilized Foucauldian Discourse Analysis 2FDA4 in the

eamination o) the data that is to *e collected )or this study- FDA in#ol#es the critical

interro+ations o) historical continuities and discontinuities 2+enealo+y4 that a))ected the

de#elopment o) a concept, as well as the Nrules o) )ormationN 2*iopower4 that it produced,

which now +o#erns the discourses that eist within and in relation to the concept- 'his

in#ol#es scrutinizin+ the concepts o) Ndiscipline, de#elopment, and author,N as well as the

a*stractions o) Nri)ts and trans)ormationsN that happened durin+ the historical

de#elopment o) the concept- Studyin+ NstatementsN within this contet will allow us to

critically eamine the Nhistorical conditions o) the actual eistence o) statements-N



Land Ownership 1>

Additionally, )or Foucauldian analysis o) discourse, Nto identi)y and to analyze discourses

is e/ui#alent to identi)yin+ and analyzin+ systems o) statements as *earers o) their rules

o) )ormation i-e- the rules that made the statements possi*le and that simultaneously

already reside in the 2system o) precedin+4 statements,N thus, analyzin+ discourses usin+

this method, also re/uires studyin+ the discursi#e practices that perpetuate them 2Diaz<

Bone et al-, $99, Art- 94-

%n line with 8illi+0s 2$9974 roposed sta+es o) FDA, the analysis o) data in this

study was anchored on the su*se/uent phases: 1-4 identi)yin+ the discursi#e constructions

$-4 reco+nizin+ discourses, -4 determinin+ the action orientation, -4 locatin+ su*ect

positions within the discourses, @-4 discernin+ the practices eercised *y the su*ects, and

>-4 delineatin+ su*ecti#ity-

(esults

'he researchers ha#e identi)ied a num*er o) discourses re+ardin+ land, land

ownership, and the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram 2CA(P4 )rom the

inter#iews that they ha#e conducted- 'he )ollowin+ ta*le summarizes the )indin+s o) this

study:

Table )

&mmary of Reslts

*ARP as a

form ofcommnism

*ARP as a

flawed law

*ARP as

pro'poor

*ARP as a

frameworkof formality

*ARP as

anabstraction

Discourse conomic Le+al Socio<

economic

Le+al Conceptual

Positionin+

s

'he ictim 'he

%n)ormed

'he

"nderdo+

'he

Claimant

'he

%+norant

Action

Orientation

Blamin+

authorities,

resentin+

)armers ,

pursuin+ a

pitia*le )ront

Blamin+

authorities

mphasizes

CA(P0s

*ene)icialit

y, a))irms

worthiness

to +et theland

Assertin+

)eelin+s o)

anti/uated

land

ownership

Dependenc

y on

landowners



Land Ownership 1

Su*ecti#it

y

!ar+inalizatio

n, )rustration

(e+ret 'han5)ul,

u*ilant

Complacenc

y,

unapolo+etic

%ndi))erenc

e, apathy

Practice Le+al actions,

direct

ne+otiations

O*edience

to the law,

dialo+uewith

sta5eholder

s

O*edience

to the law,

le+alactions,

dialo+ue

with

sta5eholder

s, SS

comparison

Le+al

actions,

&on<compliance

to

re+ulations

!indless

compliance

tore+ulations

Constructio

n o) land

ownership

Family a))air,

possi*le only

when land is

not co#ered *y

CA(P

Le+al

matter

!eans o)

upli)tin+

SS

"tility, sel)<

proclaimed

ownership

Only

possi*le

when

permitted

*y le+al

owner

'hese discourses operate to primarily esta*lish CA(P as either harm)ul or

*ene)icial- Su*se/uently, these )unction to rationalize, preser#e, or *latantly reect such

*ene)its or hazards *y re<eaminin+ the limits and implications o) the concept o) ;land

ownership= within the speci)ic CA(P discourse that they ascri*e to- 'his su++ests that the

CA(P discourse that a )armer or a landowner complies with, is crucial and in)luential to

how he understands his role and his )unctions as re+ards to the realm o) a+rarian re)orm-

'he discourses that were unearthed were CA(P as a )orm o) communism, CA(P as a

)lawed law, CA(P as pro<poor, CA(P as a )ramewor5 o) )ormality, and CA(P as an

a*straction- "ltimately, these discourses )unction to determine how one +rasps the notion

o) land ownership- All o) these shall *e eplained )urther in the succeedin+ para+raphs-

*ARP as a form of commnism

'his economic discourse positions the landowners as the inured party, the

#ictims, and the disre+arded heirs- Adherin+ to this discourse allows the landowners to

place *lame on the +o#ernment )or ta5in+ their land away )rom them and to )eel

resentment towards their tenants )or applyin+ )or CA(P co#era+e- Additionally, this



Land Ownership 17

discourse empowers the landowners to pursue a pitia*le )ront- 'his was most apparent in

one o) the landowners0 statement: ;8eJre all co#ered *y CA(P- % said< % said we ha#e

)ied @ hectares )or the owner, hectares )or e#ery child- 'hat is a< bibili ka pa ng lpa!

Para knin nanaman 2So will you still *uy landM Hust )or them to se/uester it a+ainM4 So

thereJs< itJs communism eh-= %t can *e assumed that )eelin+s o) *etrayal, eclusion,

powerlessness, )rustration, and an+er are procura*le to the landowners positioned within

this particular discourse re+ardin+ CA(P- 'he landowners0 con)ormity to this discourse is

mani)ested *y ta5in+ le+al actions- An eample )or this is the )ilin+ o) eectment cases

that leads to the dis/uali)ication and remo#al o) a tenant, re+ardless o) eistin+ )amilial

ties- 'his was eempli)ied in the eectment case )iled *y Cellona a+ainst Bor*e where the

)ormer was the *rother<in<law o) the latter- 2pu*lic document4- One o) the landowners

ehi*ited this throu+h this statement: ; In<eect ko talaga siya 2% really had him eected4-

&o need )or me to say na 2that4 N+y, malis ka diyan 23ey, +et out4-N Order o) the court-=

Additionally, the landowners who are under this particular discourse also resorts to

personally as5in+ the )armers to a*stain )rom applyin+ )or CA(P co#era+e- 'his was

illustrated in one o) the landowners0 statement: ; Hwag na kayong magpalagay ng co#er

ng land trans)er 2Please don0t apply )or CA(P co#era+e4- &a akin din ang lpa, pero kayo

ang )armer 2'he land is still mine *ut you0ll still remain as the )armers4- Hindi kayo ang

aalis diyan habang kayo%y magbibigay ng rental ninyo, hindi baM 2Iou won0t *e let +o as

lon+ as you pay rent, ri+htM4= Landowners who comply with this discourse percei#e that

land ownership is a )amily a))air and is possi*le only when the land is not co#ered *y

CA(P- Such construction was e#ident throu+h this statement: ;Once you are co#ered,

ayan na 2that0s it4-=

'he )ore+oin+ implies that a titleholder who is located alon+ the spectrum o) this

particular economic discourse is predisposed to the role o) the #ictim? and *ein+ in such a



Land Ownership 16

role, these landowners )ind pursuin+ lawsuits, ma5in+ personal appeals towards the

tenants usti)ied- 'hus, this discourse insinuates a completely anta+onistic stance towards

CA(P- Su*se/uently, not all landowners )all under this discourse as some act in

accordance to a more e#aluati#e discourse that esta*lishes CA(P as a )lawed law-

*ARP as a flawed law

Bein+ under this le+al discourse, the landowners, ha#in+ an etensi#e pro)iciency

a*out the law, are prescri*ed the role o) in)ormed and acti#e participants- A*idin+ *y this

discourse permits the landowners to attri*ute accounta*ility to the authorities with re+ard

to the inherent ine))iciencies and limitations o) the enactment o) CA(P- 'his was e#ident

in one o) the landowners0 statement: ;&a aking opinyon lang yan, ewan ko sa iba 2% don0t

5now a*out the others *ut in my opinion,4- But sa'sa ngayon, kng ang a+rarian policy

na yan, ssndin natin, maganda ang nasa libro. pero ang akin ngang apprehension eh

ang implementation, imonitor naman ng hsto ng gobyerno 2%) we were to )ollow the

a+rarian policy, in terms o) writin+, it0s impressi#e? howe#er, it )alls short in terms o)

implementation- 'he +o#ernment should conscientiously monitor it4-= Assumin+ an

in)ormed stance within the construction o) CA(P as a )lawed law leads the landowners to

*elie#e that it is usti)ia*le to ha#e )eelin+s o) re+ret o#er their percei#ed underutilization

o) CA(P0s potential- A landowner personi)ied this throu+h his utterance o) the succeedin+

statement: ;Oh, sa pro+ram, sa papel , napakaganda 2'he pro+ram, in paper, is #ery

outstandin+4- Pag <implement, wala na 2But its implementation does not li#e up to the

potential o) the law-4- /aya sayang lang, sayang lang lpa ng Pilipinas 2'hat0s why the

country0s lands are put to waste4-= Attendin+ landowner )orums, spea5in+ with authorities

and with the )armers, and )ollowin+ the law, concretizes the landowners0 compliance with

this discourse- 'his was ehi*ited in this particular statement *y one o) the landowners



Land Ownership $9

that were inter#iewed: ;%n )act, % was present durin+ the landowners )orum- 0n din ang

ibinigay ko kay Secretary Delos (eyes 2'hat0s the same thin+ % told Secretary Delos

(eyes4- Ako mismo nagtanong 2% personally as5ed him4-= Landowners who adhere to this

discourse esta*lish land ownership as a le+al matter- 'his was encapsulated *y the

pronouncement o) one o) the landowners statin+, ;!asasa*i mo yun+ lupa pa+ le+ally,

pa+ hawa5 mo an+ titulo, pa+ nasa posisyon 2Iou can only claim ownership o) the land i)

you possess the deed4-=

'he a)orementioned su++ests that landowners who are positioned under this le+al

discourse are inclined to assume the role o) the in)ormed and acti#e participants- 'hese

landowners who )eel dismay o#er the wasted potential o) CA(P en+a+e in )orums,

discuss with authorities and )armers, and o*ey the law- 'here)ore, this discourse proposes

a conditional a))irmati#e stance towards CA(P- 8hereas all o) the discourses identi)ied

)rom the )armer<inter#iewees ta5e on a purely pro<CA(P stance- 'he )irst o) which, #iews

the CA(P as ha#in+ a pre)erence )or the destitute-

*ARP as pro'poor

'his socio<economic discourse situates the )armers as the underdo+s- Concurrin+

to this discourse ena*les )armers to emphasize CA(P0s *ene)iciality and a))irms their

worthiness to +et the land- 'his was most pronounced in one o) the )armer0s statement:

; /ahit sabi ko ganito na ang edad ko at least makakaranas din kami ng ano nng

pinaghirapan 2#en at this a+e, at least % can say that we will ha#e a chance to eperience

what we ha#e wor5ed )or4-= %t can *e in)erred that )eelin+s o) than5)ulness and u*ilance

are o*taina*le to the )armers who comply with this discourse- 'he inter#iewed )armers

epressed this in their account: ;&a twa ko, na'' sabi ko talagang napasaamin 2Out o)

happiness and oy, we were )inally a*le to claim ownership to the land4-= 'he )armers0

a*idance to this discourse is displayed *y their )ollowin+ o) the law, applyin+ )or



Land Ownership $1

co#era+e, and tal5in+ to the authorities- 'his was eempli)ied *y one o) the )armers0

articulation: ; 1aisipan namin yn nng lmabas na yng mga ganitong mga patakaran

kaya kami lmapit para makha yng 2lpa3 2Durin+ the time when land re)orm policies

came out, we thou+ht o) see5in+ assistance )rom DA( to ac/uire the land4-= %n addition,

the )armers also communicate with landowners and other )armers, and constantly reiterate

their )inancial and educational inade/uacies as eplicitly a))irmed *y the )armers

responses when as5ed- 'here)ore, the su*ect positions dispensed *y this construction are

those o) underdo+s who *elie#e that despite their lac5 o) pro)iciency, land ownership is a

#ehicle that can upli)t their current situation in the socioeconomic hierarchy- And this was

particularly e#idenced in the )armers0 assertion sayin+: ; 4ay habol rin kami dahil mag'

wala naman kaming ibang pinag'anohan''pinag'aralan, kndi magtanim lang 28e also

ha#e a +oal, since we were only tau+ht how to )arm4- Para sa amin-- Ano interesado rin

kami sa lpa, siyempre mapagka mapagkahanap bhay namin 2For us, we are interested

in the land, *ecause it is a source o) li#elihood )or us4 -=

'he precedin+ para+raph proposes that )armers who ascri*e to this socio<

economic discourse are oriented to ta5e the role o) the underdo+s- 'his means that

)armers who )eel +ratitude and elation respond *y actin+ in accordance to law- 3ence, this

discourse o))ers a completely pro<stance towards CA(P- Furthermore, there are )armers

who su*mit to a discourse which denotes CA(P as a )ramewor5 o) )ormality-

*ARP as a framework of formality

A*idin+ *y the le+al discourse that CA(P is a )ramewor5 o) )ormality, assumes

that the )armers ha#e considered the land to *e theirs )or a lon+ time e#en without law)ul

*asis- 'he )armers utilize words that connote possession o) the land that they are rentin+

such as ;bkid namin 2our )armland4-= 'hus, this discourse esta*lishes the )armers as the

claimant o) the land- Con)ormin+ to this discourse allows the )armers to assert their



Land Ownership $$

)eelin+s o) anti/uated ownership with re+ard to the land in /uestion- 'his is apparent in

the )armers0 statement: ; 1oong araw pa yan nagplano, matagal na matagal na yan

pigplano pero ngnyan lang 2%t was planned years a+o, *ut it0s only now that it0s actually

pursued4-= Conse/uently, adherence to this particular discourse ma5es practices such as

applyin+ )or DA( co#era+e and not payin+ the )ull amount o) rent usti)ied- %t can *e

postulated that )eelin+s o) complacency and *ein+ unapolo+etic are )elt *y the )armers

who are positioned under this particular discourse- 'hese were made *latant as the

)armers )ound humor in the )act that they ha#e not paid the ri+ht amount o) rent as

displayed in this statement: ; /ami nga meron din, may tang din yng father namin pero

ano, hindi mo yan maiwasan 2lau+hs4 2#en in our )amily, our )ather also has outstandin+

de*t *ut you can0t really a#oid that4-5 'he )armers under this discourse percei#e land

ownership as somethin+ achie#ed *y utility and is su*stantiated *y their sel)<proclaimed

ownership o) the land- 'his was o*#ious in the )armers0 ac/uiescent response when as5ed

whether they thin5 they deser#e the land a)ter years o) tillin+ it-

'he antecedent clause stipulates that the )armers who con)orm to this le+al

discourse are directed to assume the position o) the claimant- 'hese )armers who )eel

complacent and unapolo+etic eercise noncompliance with the settled rental arran+ement-

r+o, this discourse ar+ues a pro<CA(P stance- %n contrast, there are )armers who remain

detached )rom CA(P as the law )ailed to reach them- Simply put, they o*ser#e a

discourse which presents CA(P as an a*straction-

*ARP as an abstraction

By acceptin+ the conceptual discourse that CA(P is nothin+ *ut an a*straction,

the )armers are conditioned to *ecome nai#e, i+norant or unin)ormed- 'his was si+ni)ied

in the )armers0 in/uiry, ;Ano po yun+ CA(PM 28hat is CA(PM4-= !oreo#er, this

discourse propels the )armers to de#elop e#en more dependency towards the landowners-



Land Ownership $

'his is demonstrated *y *lindly )ollowin+ the stipulations o) the landowners as denoted in

the )armers0 proclamation: ; 6epende po sa may'ari kng partehan 2%t depends i) the

owners decide to +rant us a portion o) their land4-= 3ence, )eelin+s o) indi))erence and

apathy are )ound amon+ )armers who adhere to this certain discourse- Land ownership

then is deemed *y the )armers as somethin+ that is only possi*le i) permitted *y the le+al

owner- 'his is saliently #isi*le in the )armer0s statement: ;&yempre kasi matagal na ---

6epende sa may'ari kng ibigay nila-=

'he prior passa+e con#eys that the )armers who are ruled *y this conceptual

discourse are propelled to ta5e an i+norant part- 'hey are the )armers who )eel indi))erent

and apathetic toward CA(P which *rin+s a*out +reat reliance to their respecti#e

leaseholders- 'herea)ter, this discourse is de#oid o) a stance with respect to CA(P-

Dicuion

For this study, ele#en )armers and landowners were inter#iewed, and a num*er

o) pu*lic documents were consulted to +arner insi+hts on pre#ailin+ CA(P discourses

and their in)luence on the construction o) landownership amon+ tenants and titleholders-

Foucauldian Discourse Analysis 2FDA4 was utilized as the theoretical )ramewor5 o) the

study- 'he researchers, throu+h this )ramewor5, ha#e arri#ed at )i#e discourses that shape

such construction o) land ownership- 'he discourses that sur)aced are CA(P as a )orm o)

communism, CA(P as a )lawed law, CA(P as pro<poor, CA(P as a )ramewor5 o)

)ormality and CA(P as an a*straction-

*ARP as a form of commnism

'he results o) this study concur with the )indin+s o) the "ni#ersity o) the

Philippines0 %nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts 2n-d-4 that landowners su))er persecution and

mar+inalization due to CA(P- 'itleholders percei#e that CA(P *reaches their

constitutional ri+hts ;to property,= )air compensation, and to li)e 2%nstitute o) 3uman



Land Ownership $

(i+hts, n-d-, p- 164- Landowners )eel cheated *y the amount and mode o) compensation

o))ered to them *y the +o#ernment, and *y the *y the manner in which their source o)

li#elihood is ta5en away )rom them 2%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, n-d-4- 'his percei#ed

eperience o) oppression leads them to employ a #ictimized )ront- %ndeed, ad#erse

)eelin+s o) landowners towards he CA(P were mani)ested *y their direct utterance o)

statements li5e, ;8e are #ictims o) CA(P-= (esearch has shown that accounts o)

#ictimhood start )rom a ;moralized= narrati#e o) eperienced su))erin+Q;somethin+

wron+ has *een done to me? someone else was responsi*le )or this= 28illiams, $997, p-

794- %n response, landowners resort to ta5in+ le+al actions such as )ilin+ eectment cases

in order to reclaim their sole ri+ht to their lands- By doin+ so, they are a*le o*tain a sense

o) ustice- !ore interestin+ly, the results o) this study show that )eelin+s o) inustice )elt

*y landowners transcend )amilial ties as there ha#e *een eectment cases )iled a+ainst

)amily mem*ers- All these prompted these landowners to ultimately assume an

anta+onistic stance towards CA(P- As a result, landowners esta*lish land ownership as

possi*le only when the land is not under the co#era+e o) CA(P- 3owe#er, this study also

disco#ered that not all landowners share this particular mindset-

*ARP as a flawed law

%n contrast with prior literature, )indin+s o) this study su++est that there are

landowners who positi#ely percei#e CA(P on paper, *ut criticizes its implementation-

Land re)orm pro+rams are *elie#ed to *e instruments )or social ustice that would

;chan+e the pre#ailin+ situation o) unust and ine/uita*le ownership o) land and resources

*y a )ew indi#iduals in the society= 2Putzel, 166$, as cited *y l#inia, $91$, p- 4-

Landowners reco+nize this potentiality o) CA(P to *e a means o) upli)tin+ po#erty<

stric5en )armers- 3owe#er, they also #iew some o) its policies li5e the land retention limit

and payment system to *e unust and ine))icient- 'hus, landowners attri*ute these +litches



Land Ownership $@

o) CA(P and it0s eecution to those in authority- 'he %nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts 2n-d-4

)urther note that ;there is a non<o*ser#ance o) proper procedures in the implementation as

well as the lac5 o) standards and the non<uni)orm application o) such= 2%nstitute o)

3uman (i+hts, n-d-, p- $94- Due to these issues and complications attached with CA(P,

landowners )eel disappointed o#er CA(P0s hampered potential- Furthermore, in an e))ort

to impro#e the law0s situation, landowners resort to o*eyin+ the law, participatin+ in

)orums, and en+a+in+ in dialo+ue with )ellow landowners, )armers and authorities-

"ltimately, landowners ascri*in+ to this discourse a+ree with CA(P0s purpose as their

opinion hin+es on the impro#ement o) implementation? and they construct land ownership

as a le+al matter as they percei#e it to *e tied with policy ma5in+ and law eecution- 8ith

this re+ard, it is necessary to consider the contets )rom which landowners who adhere to

this discourse hail )rom-

*ARP as pro'poor

(esults o) this study resonate with pre#ious literature statin+ that CA(P was

enacted in accordance with post<!artial Law Philippines0 ;renewed commitment to social

and economic re)orm= 2%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, n-d-, p- @4- %t can *e recalled that

durin+ the dictatorial period in the Philippine history, the landed oli+archy were put into

power as crony capitalism was widely prominent, lea#in+ the destitute e#en more

powerless- %n an e))ort to address this, President Cory A/uino particularly esta*lished

institutions that will help her administration restore ustice and democracy in the

PhilippinesR institutions that will aid her in resol#in+ the ine/uita*ility o) land

distri*ution in the country-

'he issue o) land ownership is indispensa*le to the ;social, political, and

economic status o) the rural Filipino= 2!artin, 1666, p- 7$4- 'his supports the results o)

this study depictin+ that )armers construct land ownership as a means )or them to upli)t



Land Ownership $>

their status in the social hierarchy- As a result, they percei#e CA(P as inherently

)a#ora*le )or them and as an assertion o) their worthiness to own the land- 'his, in turn,

leads them to resort to le+al actions, a*idance with the law, and dialo+ues with

sta5eholders- %n connection with this, there are also )armers who deem that CA(P is

merely a )ormality )or their percei#ed ownership towards the land-

*ARP as a framework of formality

%n a+reement with Pierce, osto#a, and Dir5s 2$994, psycholo+ical ownership

ser#es as the dri#in+ )orce )or the )armers to apply )or CA(P co#era+e- Farmers

reco+nize that throu+h their la*or, they ha#e de#oted ;not only their time and physical

e))ort *ut also their psychic ener+y into the product o) that la*or= 2Pierce, osto#a, E

Dir5s, $99, p- 64- Findin+s o) this study mani)est that )armers percei#e that their years

o) hard wor5 merits them ri+ht)ul ownership o) the land- 'his is supported *y Pierce,

osto#a, and Dir5s0 2$994 statement that ;throu+h our la*or, we in#est not only our time

and physical e))ort *ut also our psychic ener+y into the product o) that la*or= 2p- 64-

Conse/uently, )armers construct land ownership as merely somethin+ that can *e

accorded with )eelin+s o) attachment towards the land- %n e))ect, noncompliance with the

leasehold payment arran+ements are usti)ied while le+al actions, such as applyin+ )or

CA(P co#era+e, are encoura+ed- %t is important to note that since they already ha#e a

sense o) sel)<proclaimed ownership towards the land, CA(P *ecomes moot and

academic- 8hile this discourse may seem to resonate amon+ )armers, there are still some

who remain disconnected to CA(P-

*ARP as an abstraction

Accordin+ to 3irtz 216674, indi#iduals who eert time and ener+y on land which

are not their own, are ;in principle, dependent, and thus, insecure= 2p- $64- Furthermore,

he ar+ues that this trepidation impels )armers to reect e#ery opportunity which could



Land Ownership $

potentially ad#ance their indi#idual outputs, an eample o) which is land re)orm- 'his

indicates that hesitancy and uncertainty are contri*utory to the sta+nation or li*eration o)

)armers )rom po#erty 23irtz, 16674- Hutaposin+ the discourse statin+ that CA(P is an

a*straction to 3irtz0 216674 rationale, one can in)er that the )armers0 eperience o)

detachment )rom the land re)orm policy may ha#e *een e#o5ed *y their unintentional

re)utation o) su*ectin+ their land, and )undamentally, their way o) li)e, to CA(P- 'his

insinuates that *y adherin+ to this discourse, the )armers are predisposed to a nai#e

stance? a stance that could possi*ly lead them to de#elop more dependence towards their

landowners- And such position could +radually trap them to de#elop a mindset which

)eeds on reectin+ any means aimed at increased producti#ity, and e#en possi*ly, a chance

to escape destitution- "ltimately, a*idin+ *y this discourse push the )armers to ha#e no

particular stance towards CA(P-

The *onstrction of Landownership

'he discourses which ha#e *een disco#ered and discussed in this study not only

prescri*e a stance, and a set o) ideals to the )armers and landowners, they also shape how

the leaseholders and title holders conceptualize land ownership- 'his indicates that these

discourses ser#e as the matri in which the concept o) land ownership is constructed *y

)armers and landowners-

'he succeedin+ section consists o) the practical and theoretical implications o) the

results o) this study- %t will *e )ollowed *y a discussion on its limitations, alon+ with a

num*er o) 5ey points and recommendations- #entually, )inishin+ with the researchers0

re)lei#e eposition o) the entire research process-

Implications to Theory and Practice

Se#eral studies on CA(P discourses ha#e *een done, yet no research has )la+rantly

implicated a lin5 *etween the pre#ailin+ CA(P discourses and the construction o) land



Land Ownership $7

ownership in the Philippines- (esearch on this particular area could pro#ide #ia*le

insi+hts on decipherin+ the power dynamics inherent in landowner<tenant relationships, as

well as implications on mediation proceedin+s and policy implementation )or the

Department o) A+rarian (e)orm-

Furthermore, the results o) this study, particularly those re+ardin+ the inherent

nuances in the construction o) landownership *etween )armers and landowners, puts

)orward a new perspecti#e with re+ard to the chan+in+ nature o) landownership- Prior

studies ha#e indicated that the country0s history o) recurrent colonization esta*lished a

structure o) land ownership that de#iates )rom the pre<colonial interpretation o)

landownership as a state which does not necessitate le+al *asis 2!artin, 16664- 'he

)indin+s o) this study ar+ue that residual presences o) the primiti#e notion o)

landownership are still apparent in contemporary Philippines seein+ that *oth )armers and

landowners ehi*it this certain supposition-

Conse/uently, this study may contri*ute to ;how )ar tenure re)orm re)lects a shi)t

in powers o#er property )rom the center to periphery= 28ily, $999, p- 14- Be)ore, the

Supreme Court used the *attle *etween 3ercules and a mythical creature as a metaphor

)or the epic<li5e stru++le o) Filipino )armer *ene)iciaries )or e#en<handed land re)orm

2%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts, n-d-4- Due to CA(P0s pre)erential option )or the )armers, they

*ecome more asserti#e in their pursuit )or landownership-

!oreo#er, ;the shared narrati#es or storylines that emer+e )rom such discursi#e

)ramewor5s pro#ide the )oundations )or collecti#e identities= 2Diprose E !c.re+or,

$996, p- @@4- %n 5nowin+ how the )armers and the title holders percei#e land ownership in

the contet o) CA(P, there can *e a +reater understandin+ o) where *oth parties are

comin+ )rom- Furthermore, ;the cru o) the acute pro*lem o) landlord<tenant

relationships in the Philippines lies in the sharin+ o) crops and )armin+ epenses and in



Land Ownership $6

credit arran+ements= 2!c!illan, 16@@, p- $4- Because CA(P in#ol#es the +rantin+ o)

lands which are )ormerly owned *y title owners to the )armers, ac/uirin+ 5nowled+e

a*out the )armers0 and the title owners0 concept o) land ownership is essential in

anticipatin+ possi*le con)licts and comprehendin+ presently eistin+ issues-

'he study contri*utes to literature and theories related to policy )ormation and

implementation- 'his could also enrich research on psycholo+ical ownership 2Pierce,

osto#a, E Dir5s, $994- Furthermore, this study will ena*le us to 5now what the

si+ni)icance and impact o) land re)orm hold on the producti#ity and #alue o) land

2Deinin+er, Hin, E Iada#, $9114-

Limitations and Recommendations

'he researchers ha#e identi)ied se#eral limitations in this study- First o) which

was the )act that the study0s data source was con)ined to Al*ayano )armers and

landowners- 'he results cannot *e +eneralized to )armers and landowners outside o)

Al*ay- 'his is why, the researchers propose that )uture replications o) this study should

+ather respondents )rom other pro#inces or re+ions to ha#e more comprehensi#e )indin+s-

Another limitation to this study is the employment o) Foucauldian Discourse Analysis

2FDA4- FDA +i#es utmost importance to statements without considerin+ the respondent0s

in)lection, +estures, and )acial epressions- 'his su++ests that )alse statements that the

respondents may ha#e imparted, delimits the study- %n return, the researchers recommends

that )uture research attempts o) the same issue should deli*erate on usin+ a di))erent

)ramewor5? particularly, one that +i#es re+ard to the aspects that the current )ramewor5

o#erloo5s- Lastly, the utilization o) the Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram

2CA(P4 as the pre#ailin+ contet )or this study can also *e percei#ed as a limitation- 'he

statements o*tained are utaposed to CA(P, meanin+, these statements are interpreted



Land Ownership 9

relati#e to CA(P-'herea)ter, the alternati#e ways that these statements could ha#e *een

interpreted are disre+arded-

Refle7ivity

'his section is the researchers0 attempt to present a su))icient and personal

eposition )or this entire research

Lucille $utine "lon%o- #en prior to the nitty<+ritty o) this study, % was /uite

uneasy with the topic as % )elt li5e it was *eyond my interests and capa*ilities- 'hese

apprehensions o) mine were )ueled *y the countless times people ha#e as5ed me why %

decided to del#e into this topic )or my under+raduate thesis- %t is *ad enou+h that % am

dou*tin+ mysel) as /uali)ied )or such a pro)ound and contro#ersial topic- And so sensin+

the same sentiment )rom others worried me e#en more and yet at the same time,

encoura+ed me to pro#e mysel) and others wron+- Admittedly, *ein+ immersed in this

topic had *een nothin+ short o) di))icult- ach step re/uires meticulousness and patience-

But +oin+ *eyond the di))iculty, % was still a*le to learn insi+hts a*out aspects o) this topic

and surprisin+ly, a*out mysel) as well- One is that despite hailin+ )rom a pri#ile+ed

position, % )ound it interestin+ how instead o) ha#in+ a preconcei#ed notion that relates

and empathizes with the landowners, % had this inclination to ta5e the side o) the )armers,

especially when % was readin+ up on related literature and inter#iewin+ respondents- But

upon hearin+ the side o) the landowners, % can say that years o) *elie#in+ that the

landowners are the #illains o) the story came crashin+ *e)ore my eyes, pretty much the

same way % reacted to Snape0s re#elation- % can say that the whole eperience is rather

eye<openin+ as % was )inally a*le to see *eyond my *iases and apprehensions-

!amille "trid &ritanico- 'hrou+hout this study, %0#e had days when % thou+ht

a*out chan+in+ the topic, not *ecause %0#e had dou*ts a*out the su*ect0s worthiness, *ut

*ecause % was not sure i) % would *e a*le to +i#e ustice to this particular topic- But, %



Land Ownership 1

lo#ed this topic- % +ot )ascinated and intri+ued *y it *ecause o) my philosophy pro)essors-

Additionally, *ein+ a dau+hter o) a DA( o))icer, and *ein+ a))iliated to a )amily who

owns land, this topic somewhat hits home- 'hus, one o) my worries durin+ the course o)

this study was whether % could set aside my presuppositions, and actually *ecome open to

new perspecti#es- % could only hope that % was a*le to *rac5et such presuppositions

*ecause althou+h, % dou*ted my capacity to uphold this topic, ne#er ha#e % had /ualms

a*out the people to whom this paper is )or-

'aroline S#( 8hen my thesis mates and % were still decidin+ on a research topic, %

was uneasy and uncertain a*out choosin+ this one- % was worried i) % could sustain my

interest and enthusiasm in the proect until the end? and more importantly, % was worried

whether or not % was capa*le o) de)tly handlin+ such a sensiti#e issue li5e CA(P-

3owe#er, decidin+ to ta5e on the challen+e o) this study pro#ed to *e a +ood choice-

% initially sided with the tenant )armers *ut as % went throu+h this research, % )ound mysel)

understandin+ some o) the many apprehensions o) landowners a*out CA(P- % realized

that % was *iased and didn0t +i#e much thou+ht to the landowners and their circumstances-

% had a romanticized notion o) the whole issue and researchin+ on this particular topic

opened my eyes to the reality o) the situation )or *oth sides- % can only hope that the

)indin+s o) this study can contri*ute in some way to the de#elopment o) the Philippines-

(F(&CS

n-a- 2$9964- Land re)orm, rural de#elopment, and po#erty reduction in the Philippines:(e#isitin+ the a+enda- World 8ank -

n-a- 2$994- ;Lumad= )armers )rom Sumilao to march on )oot )or >9 days to reclaim land-

(etrie#ed )rom http:asian)armers-or+Mp16-

Alli, "-P- 2$914- 'he political economy o) neoli*eralism in the Philippines: 'he A/uino

re+ime- Paper presented at the th %%P Con)erence, %nternational %nitiati#e )or

Promotin+ Political conomy, %nstitute )or Social Studies, 'he 3a+ue, &etherlands-

(etrie#ed )rom http:iippe-or+wpwp<contentuploads$919>Paul<Alli-pd)-

Araa, (-&- 2$91, Hune $64- CA(P ends? DA( chie) told: 'ime to pac5 up- 4anila&tandard Today- (etrie#ed )rom http:manilastandardtoday-com-

http://asianfarmers.org/?p=319


http://manilastandardtoday.com/








Land Ownership $

At5inson, (- E Flint, H- 2$9914- Accessin+ hidden and hard<to<reach populations:

Snow*all research strate+ies- &ocial Research +pdate, 99, 1<-

Atlas<och, .- E uchuc5, S- 2$91$4- 'o ha#e and to hold: Psychoanalytic dialo+ues on

the desire to own- Psychoanalytic 6ialoges, ::, 6T19@-

Borras Hr-, S-!- E Franco, H-C- 2$994- 'he national campai+n )or land re)orm in the

Philippines- Institte of 6evelopment &tdies-

Borras Hr-, S-!- E Franco, H-C- 2$994- Stru++les o#er land re)orm in the Philippines-

Peace Review, );214, ><@-

Ca*i+ao, S-S- 2$91, April 94- ;%t runs in the )amily=: 'he ma5in+ o) political dynasties

in the Philippines- (etrie#ed )rom http:www-up-edu-ph-

Cer#antes, D- 2$91, Hune 94- A)ter $> years, CA(P ends- The Philippine &tar - (etrie#ed)rom www-philstar-com-

Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram- (epu*lic Act >>@ 216774-

Diaz<Bone, (-, BUhrmann, A-D-, .utiKrrez -, Schneider, 8-, endall, .-, E 'irado, F-

2$994- 'he )ield o) )oucauldian discourse analysis: Structures, de#elopments, and

perspecti#es V@$ para+raphsW- <orm (alitative &o=ialforschng > <orm?

(alitative &ocial Research, @2$4, Art- 9- (etrie#ed )rom http:n*n<

resol#in+-deurn:n*n:de:911<)/s99$9@-

Draper %%, H- A- 2164- Land re)orm law and policy in the Philippines: De#elopment

toward a post<colonial )ramewor5 o) land tenure ri+hts- Philippine Law ornal , B:,

9<-

Diprose, .-, E !c.re+or, A- 2$9964- Dissol#in+ the su+ar )ields: Land re)orm and

resistance identities in the Philippines- &ingapore ornal Of Tropical Ceography,

9D214, @$<>6-

shleman, H-, E 3unt, C- L- 216614- Demo+raphic and cultural constraints on the

Comprehensi#e A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ram in the Philippines- &OO+R1? ornal

Of &ocial Isses In &otheast Asia, E 214, $$<-

Fa*ella, (- 2$914- Comprehensi#e a+rarian re)orm pro+ram: 'ime to let +o- (etrie#ed

)rom http:www-econ-upd-edu-phdpinde-phpdparticle#iew1@@6$-

Foucault, !- 2166@4- The Archeology of /nowledge 2(- Sheridan, 'rans-4- London:

(outled+e- 2Ori+inal wor5 pu*lished in 16$4

France<Presse, A- 2$91, !arch 4- Philippines0 elite swallows country0s new wealth-

Philippine 6aily InFirer - (etrie#ed )rom

http:*usiness-in/uirer-net1191philippines<elite<swallow<countrys<new<wealth-

http://www.up.edu.ph/

http://www.philstar.com/

http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702305


http://business.inquirer.net/110413/philippines-elite-swallow-countrys-new-wealth

http://www.up.edu.ph/

http://www.philstar.com/



http://business.inquirer.net/110413/philippines-elite-swallow-countrys-new-wealth



Land Ownership

Franco, H-C- E Borras Hr-, S-!- 2$994- Stru++les o#er land resources in the Philippines-

Peace Review, );214, ><@-

Fuwa, &- 2$9994- Politics and economics o) land re)orm in the Philippines: A sur#ey-

(etrie#ed )rom http:mpra-u*-uni<muenchen-de$61FuwaLand(e)orm-pd)

.arcia, A- E !anuel, !- 2n-d-4- Position paper on re)orm and etend a+rarian re)orm-

(etrie#ed )rom http:www-sali+an-or+docsPositionX$9onX$9CA(P

X$9tensionX$9withX$9(e)orms-pd)

.raham, L-H- 2$99@, &o#em*er<Decem*er4- Discourse analysis and the critical use o)

Foucault- Paper presented at the Australian Association )or (esearch in ducation,

Annual Con)erence, Sydney, Australia- (etrie#ed )rom

http:eprints-/ut-edu-au$>761$>76-pd)-

.reen, A- E 8hite, (- 2$994- Attachment to Place? &ocial 1etworks, 4obility and

Prospects of yong people- Ior5: Ior5 Pu*lishin+ Ser#ices Ltd-

%+nacio, H- 2n-d-4- Land rights- (etrie#ed )rom

http:www1-umn-eduhumanrtsedumat%3(%Pcirclemodulesmodule17-htmYZedn

1

%nstitute o) 3uman (i+hts- 2n-d-4- (e#isitin+ the Philippine Comprehensi#e A+rarian

(e)orm Pro+ram: Lessons )rom eperience and policy recommendations towards a

ri+hts<*ased approach to a+rarian re)orm- (etrie#ed )rom

http:law-upd-edu-ph)ilespd)CA(P<PolicyX$9Paper-pd)

aye, H-L- E Iahya, !- 2$91$4- 'ool5it and +uidance )or pre#entin+ and mana+in+ land

and natural resources con)lict: Land and con)lict- (etrie#ed )rom

http:www-un-or+ene#entsen#ironmentcon)lictdaypd).&ZLandZConsultation-p

d) -

eenan, H- 2$91, !ay 4- 'he +rim reality *ehind the PhilippinesJ economic +rowth- The

Atlantic- (etrie#ed )rom http:www-theatlantic-com

ilusan+ !a+*u*u5id n+ Pilipinas- 2$91, Hune $4- *ARP failed to defend Arora

farmers from Angara%s APG*O- (etrie#ed )rom

http:5ilusan+ma+*u*u5idn+pilipinas-or+carp<)ailed<to<de)end<aurora<)armers<)rom<an+aras<apeco<proect

Lape[a, C- E Pulum*arit, - 2$91$, Hanuary 164- &rvivor reconts horror :B years later -

(etrie#ed )rom

http:www-+manetwor5-comnewsstory$@99newsspecialreportsmendiola<

massacre<sur#i#or<recounts<horror<$@<years<later

Lopez, A- 2$997, Hanuary $14- Lim clari)ies role in !endiola massacre- Philippine 6aily

InFirer - (etrie#ed )rom

http:newsin)o-in/uirer-net*rea5in+newsnation#iew$99791$1<1176Lim<

clari)ies<role<in<!endiola<!assacre

http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23394/1/FuwaLandReform.pdf

http://www.saligan.org/docs/Position%20on%20CARP%20Extension%20with%20Reforms.pdf


http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/module18.htm#_edn1


http://law.upd.edu.ph/files/pdf/CARP-Policy%20Paper.pdf

http://www.un.org/en/events/environmentconflictday/pdf/GN_Land_Consultation.pdf


http://www.theatlantic.com/

http://kilusangmagbubukidngpilipinas.org/carp-failed-to-defend-aurora-farmers-from-angaras-apeco-project/


http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/245040/news/specialreports/mendiola-massacre-survivor-recounts-horror-25-years-later


http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080121-113849/Lim-clarifies-role-in-Mendiola-Massacre


http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23394/1/FuwaLandReform.pdf





http://law.upd.edu.ph/files/pdf/CARP-Policy%20Paper.pdf



http://www.theatlantic.com/









Land Ownership

!anahan, !- 2$914- The state of agrarian reform nder President 8enigno AFino III%s

government? 8eyond the nmbers? A strggle for social $stice and inclsive rral

development - Guezon City: FCA Printhouse-

!artin, A- 216664- Philippine land re)orm cycles: Perpetuatin+ "S colonial policy-

Philippine &tdies, 2$4, 171<$9@-

!ar/uez, &-, 'olentino, !-, E De*u/ue, !- 2$99>4- Stru++les in implementin+ a+rarian

re)orm in the Philippines- %n A Resorce 8ook on Gnhancing Access of the Poor to

Land and *ommon Property Resorces- !anila: A&.OC-

!cCrac5en, .- 2167>4- Culture and consumption: A theoretical account o) the structure

and mo#ement o) the cultural meanin+ o) consumer +oods- ornal of *onsmer

Research, )9, 1T7-

!c!illan, (- '- 216@@4- Land tenure in the Philippines- Rral &ociology, :D214, $@<-

&oy, C- 2$9974- Samplin+ 5nowled+e: 'he hermeneutics o) snow*all samplin+ in

/ualitati#e research- International ornal of &ocial Research 4ethodology, ))24,

$<-

Pa5isama- 2n-d-4- 'he sumilao )armers0 case- (etrie#ed )rom

http:www-pa5isama-com(esearchX$9PapersSumilaoX$9FarmersX$9Case

X$9Study-pd)

ParK, .-, Sicotte, C-, E Hac/ues, 3- 2$99>4- 'he e))ects o) creatin+ psycholo+ical

ownership on physiciansJ acceptance o) clinical in)ormation systems- Am 4ed

Inform Assoc- )9, 16T$9@- (etrie#ed )rom:

http:www-nc*i-nlm-nih-+o#pmcarticlesP!C1@6

Pierce, H-L-, osto#a, '-, E Dir5s, -'- 2$994- 'he state o) psycholo+ical ownership:

%nte+ratin+ and etendin+ a century o) research- Review of Ceneral Psychology,

214, 7<19- doi:19-191976<$>79--1-7

Powers, P- 2$994- 'he philosophical )oundations o) Foucaultian discourse analysis-

*ritical Approaches to 6iscorse Analysis Across 6isciplines, )2$4, 17<-

Putzel, Hames 2166$4- A captive land? The politics of agrarian reform in the Philippines- &ew Ior5: !onthly (e#iew Press-

(en+er, H- 2166@4- %nstitutional, communal, and indi#idual ownership or possession o)

ara*le land in ncient !esopotamia )rom the end o) the )ourth to the end o) the )irst

millenium B-C- *hicago'/ent Review, )214- $>6<16-

(utten, (- 2$9194- 8ho shall *ene)itM Con)licts amon+ the landless poor in a Philippine

A+rarian (e)orm Pro+ramme- Asian ornal of &ocial &cience, 9@2$4, $9<$16-

doi:19-11>1@>7@119\69697

'homas, A- E Sawhill, %- 2$99@4- For lo#e and moneyM 'he impact o))amily structure on )amily income- The <tre of *hildren, )B2$4, @<-



Land Ownership @

'upaz, - 2$914- 'he power o) hacienda #otes in &e+ros- Rappler-com- (etrie#ed )rom

http:www-rappler-comnationpoliticselections<$91$$<the<power<o)<

hacienda<#otes<in<ne+ros

8illi+, C- 2$9974- Introdcing Falitative research in psychology? Adventres in theoryand method 2$nd ed-4- &ew Ior5, &I: Open "ni#ersity Press-

8ily, L- A- 2$9994- Land tenure re)orm and the *alance o) power in eastern and southern

A)rica- 1atral Resorce Perspective, B@, 1<- (etrie#ed )rom

http:www-)ace*oo5-coml-phpMuhttpXAX$FX$Fwww-odi-or+X$Fsites

X$Fodi-or+-u5X$F)ilesX$Fodi<assetsX$Fpu*lications<opinion<)iles

X$F$76-pd)EhAGziZ

8oda5, (- E !eyer, !- 2$9964- 4ethods for critical discorse analysis- London: SA.-

"PPE)D*+ES

Appendi A

%nter#iew .uide:1-4 Pano po nindo nahihilin+ an da+a na pi+atanuman nindoM Ano po para saindo an da+a

nainiM

"Ano po ang tingin ninyo sa lpa! Ano ang halaga ng lpa para sainyo!#

$-4 Pano niyo po naintindihan an+ pa+mamay<ari 5i da+aM

Pro*e: Para po saindo, pano o 5inano niyo po masasa*i na saindo an+ dana na itoM

"Ano po ang pagkaintindi niyo sa Jland ownership5 o pag'ari ng lpa!

Probe? &a tingin niyo po ba, paano magkaroon ng RICHT sa lpa!#

http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/22437-the-power-of-hacienda-votes-in-negros






Land Ownership >

-4 &adan+u+ na po *a nindo an+ pro+rama nin+ DA( na CA(PM Ano po an+

pa+5a5aaram at pa+5a5aintindi nindo sa CA(PM

"Alam ninyo po ba ang *omprehensive Agrarian Reform! Ano po ang tingin o pag'

intindi ninyo dito!

Probe? Positive or 1egative attitde towards *ARP#

-4 &apa+<uurunan po *a nindo at nin+ i*a pan+ para<uma an CA(PM Pararehas po *a an

pa+5a5aintindi nindo sa CA(PM

2 1apag'sapan niyo po ba ang *ARP sa inyong mga kapwa magsasaka!

Probe? Pare'parehas po ba ang tingin at pag'intindi ninyo sa *ARP!#

Appendi B

Permio n, Pahintulot

ami po ay m+a estudyante mula sa Ateneo de !anila- ami po ay na+sasali5si5

tun+5ol sa proseso n+ pa+*uo n+ m+a ma+sasa5a at n+ m+a na+mamay<ari n+ lupa n+

5onsepto n+ pa+mamay<ari- Sa pa+<aaral na ito, 5ayo po ay amin+ 5apapanayamin u5ol

sa opinyon ninyo sa pa+mamay<ari n+ lupa at sa CA(P- An+ panayam ay maaarin+

tuma+al n+ 5alahatin+ oras han++an+ isan+ oras- &+unit, 5un+ +usto po ninyon+

palawa5in an+ pa5sa o may m+a tanon+ po na hindi 5ayo 5umporta*len+ sa+utin, malaya

po 5ayon+ ipaalam sa amin an+ m+a saloo*in+ ito-



Land Ownership

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

A5o, ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ, ay *oluntaryon+ sumasan+<ayon na lumaho5

sa pa+<aaral na ito- &auunawaan 5o na sa 5ahit anon+ punto n+ panayam na ito ay maaari

a5on+ umuron+ sa a5in+ pa5i5ilaho5 sa pa+<aaral na ito nan+ walan+ 5ahit anon+

multa5aparusahan-

An+ a5in+ pa5i5ilaho5 ay na5a*atay sa m+a sumusunod na 5ondisyon:

1- Sapat na pansan++alan+ ay i*i*i+ay upan+ matiya5 an+ pa+papanatili n+

privacy

at pa+i+in+ 5umpedensyal n+ a5in+ m+a sa+ot-

$- An+ a5in+ pan+alan ay hindi +a+amitin para sa pa+5a5a5ilanlan n+ a5in+ m+a

sa+ot-

A5in+ na*asa an+ m+a impormasyon na nasa itaas, at nauunawaan 5o rin na maari

a5on+ umuron+ sa panayam sa 5ahit anon+ oras, at sa 5ahit anon+ 5adahilanan-

%*ini*i+ay 5o an+ a5in+ pahintulot sa pa+laho5 sa panayam na ito-

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

La+da n+ alaho5 Petsa La+da n+ !ananali5si5

thesismanuscript_kaluca

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