thesis robogun[1]
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Santa Rosa Campus
College of Engineering
ECE Department
REMOTE CONTROLLED
ROBOGUN
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering
By:
Aguila, Michelle May V.
Aldama, Rio C.
Valenzuela, Precious T.
Vicente, Princess Gie H.
Victoria, Marjan Patrick Q.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In earlier days the army cops always used to go on the site to tackle
the terrorists or go on other side to tackle enemies. This involves a great risk
of soldiers life. Man power is of an extreme importance in wars. To save
lives, many experiments were conducted. Out of all of them the successful
was the robot. Machines don't get tired. They don't close their eyes. They
don't hide under trees when it rains and they don't talk to their buddies. A
human's attention to detail on guard duty drops dramatically in the first 30
minutes. Machines know no fear.
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices
designed for military applications. The use of robots in warfare is being
researched as a possible future means of fighting wars. Already several
military robots have been developed by various armies. Some believe the
future of modern warfare will be fought by automated weapons systems. The
U.S. Military is investing heavily in research and development towards
testing and deploying increasingly automated systems.
Therefore the objective of this project is to design a robot that will
protect soldiers. The robot will be sent in the battlefield instead of sending a
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soldier therefore it will lessen the rate of injuries when a combat occurs. An
automatic gun will be integrated to the robot as its primary weapon. By using
a data transceiver, it becomes very easy for the soldier to give commands to
the robot and vice versa.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Everyone knows that being a soldier is a dangerous job. The
main problem is how we can replace the human soldiers in an
increasing range of dangerous missions and life-risking warfare. What
if we could send robots to do these missions instead of humans? Then,
if something went wrong, wed only lose the money it cost to build the
robot instead of human life. The use of this kind of robot will lessen
soldiers returning home in flag-draped caskets to heartbroken families.
1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAM:
The framework in the previous page is the concept comprises the
proposed robot where the different variables will be tackled and observed
upon the building of the remote controlled robogun. The HUMAN BATTLE is
what we can refer to as the fighting of the military to the terrorist; or of the
police to the criminal. In this concept, the disadvantage of the human battle
would be studied.
Then, the CONCEPT OF REMOTE CONTROLLED ROBOT mainly
comprises of the study on how the robot will be controlled and function using
a wireless device. This will focus on the concept of wireless transmission of
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HUMAN
BATTLE
CONCEPT OF
REMOTE
CONTROLLEDROBOT
ROBOTIC
GUNSDESIGN
ANDFUNCTION
THE USE OF
REMOTE
CONTROLLEDROBOTIC GUN TO
REPLACE HUMAN
IN THE
BATTLEFIELD
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signals to purposely control, guide and lead the robot into the desired area
where the enemies are present. The controller consists of a data transceiver
to control the robot and also, the robot can send data back to the controller.
The controller uses joystick to control the movement of the gun and the
robot itself.
Next, the ROBOTIC GUNS DESIGN AND FUNCTION which will mainly
focus on the robots design; how the robot will be able to travel and trigger
the gun. It also comprises the circuit that will be used, special battery, the
gun that will be integrated to the robot, and other hardware used to build the
robot.
Finally, THE USE OF REMOTE CONTROLLED ROBOTIC GUN TO
REPLACE HUMAN IN THE BATTLEFIELD will focus on the advantages of the
robot in shooting enemies. Soldiers attacking enemies will be replaced by
the proposed robot. The information given would be compared to relate the
advantages and/or disadvantages of the remote controlled robogun in
human fighting.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To be able to design a robot that will protect soldiers during
hazardous missions to lessen injuries and human loss.
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1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Objectives are dealt accordingly with the following:
To design a robot that will be able to help in military operations.
To design a robot that will use the desired gun to shoot the
target accurately.
To provide the most appropriate devices necessary for the robot
to travel effectively.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
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The results of the research and development of this proposed
project will not only benefit us but also companies and/or people who
will acknowledge the need for this robot.
1 APPLICATION TO SOCIETY
We all know that being a soldier is a noble yet dangerous job.
Human life is at stake when these soldiers are sent to battle leaving
their families behind; they are not even sure if they could return
home alive. The result of this proposed project will help lessen if not
totally eliminate the loss of human life in military operations.
2 APPLICATION IN THE ARMY
Army cops always used to go on the site to tackle the terrorists.
Instead of sending a soldier and risking his life it is always better to
send a robot on the field. Man power is of an extreme importance in
wars.
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1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
1.6.1Scope
The proposed robot will use microcontrollers to provide
automation.
The proposed robot will use a UHF Data transceiver to send and
receive digital data. The said UHF Data transceiver has a range
of 100-150m line of sight.
The study is focused on using a remote controller to direct the
gun and the robot itself.
A wireless camera is integrated to the robot while the controller
has an LCD screen to provide a visual confirmation of the target.
1.6.2Delimitation
The proposed robot does not cover the concept of bomb
detection.
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The proposed robot is remote controlled and the accuracy and
precision shooting depends upon the person that controls it.
The robot does not assure full protection of the one who controls
it.
The study is limited to the control of the project on land and does
not cover the use in water and air.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Soldier A soldier is a member of the land component of national armed
forces; whereas a soldier hired for service in a foreign army would be termed
a mercenary. In most languages, "soldier" includes commissioned and non-
commissioned officers in national land forces.
Robot - A robot is an automatically guided machine which is able to do tasks
on its own, almost always due to electronically-programmed instructions.
MCU (Microcontroller) A microcontroller is a small computer on a single
integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded
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applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers
or other general purpose applications.
Prototype - A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of something
serving as a typical example, basis, or standard for other things of the same
category.
Transceiver - A transceiver is a device that has both a transmitter and a
receiver which is combined and share common circuitry or a single housing.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIESRobots have been with us for the past centuries. They are utilized in
many ways like in manufacturing industrial purposes, research, etc. They are
employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for
humans.1
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Now humans are developing new ways of using them, like in security
purposes. The military has grabbed this idea and tests robots for their ability
to replace human soldiers. If you shoot the robot, we dont care. We know
youre there, youre hostile, and we can keep our forces in reserve to move
tactically against the enemy. The robots will save our troops lives. Said
Capt. Adolfo Meana Jr., chief of the concepts division for the Force Protection
Battlelab at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.2
"Robots that are programmed properly are less likely to make errors
and kill non-combatants, innocent people, because they're not emotional,
they won't be afraid, act irresponsibly in some situations," said Robert
Finkelstein. So, Bob Quinn, who works for the US subsidiary of the British
robot manufacturer QinetiQ, stresses the need to make sure that the
weaponised robots only operate under the control of the soldier and never
independently.3
1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot2http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/52786093 http://news.oneindia.in/2010/02/09/robotsmay-soon-replace-human-soldiers-on-thebattlefield.html
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices
designed for military applications.4 There are many advantages to robots as
compared to human soldiers the most important one being their capability
to perform missions remotely in the field, without any actual danger to
human lives. Robots are generally sturdier and more capable of withstanding
damage than humans, hence giving them a higher chance of success in
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dangerous environments and whenever a robot is shot down, the military
simply rolls out a new one.5
There are ethical considerations that arise in discussions about robotic
soldiers. Would a country with an armed robotic force be more likely to
invade another country, knowing the invasion would likely result in very few
casualties? By removing the human element from war, do we make it even
more inhumane? When a robot breaks down during a mission, do we risk
sending humans in to retrieve and repair it? Can we be sure that robots will
know when to stop attacking when an enemy surrenders? 6
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot5 http://www.thetartan.org/2008/4/7/scitech/htw6 http://www.howstuffworks.com/robot-armies.htm/printableWorking Principles
Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip, or if you prefer, a single-chip
computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you
that the device might be useful to control objects, processes or events.
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Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because
the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded
in, the devices they control.7
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and
devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical
devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys.
By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate
microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it
economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed
signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems.8
UHF Data Transceiver
Data transceiver is a general purpose wireless data module that can
send and receive digital data. With it, you can easily add a wireless remote
control function on your MCU based and robotics projects. 9
7 The Microcontroller Idea Book by Jan Alexson8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller9 http://www.e-gizmo.com/KIT/UHF.htmWireless Security Camera
Wireless security cameras are closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV)
that transmit a video and audio signal to a wireless receiver through a radio
band. Many wireless security cameras require at least one cable or wire for
power; "wireless" refers to the transmission of video/audio. However, some
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wireless security cameras are battery-powered, making the cameras truly
wireless from top to bottom.
Wireless cameras are proving very popular among modern security
consumers due to their low installation costs (there is no need to run
expensive video extension cables) and flexible mounting options; wireless
cameras can be mounted/installed in locations previously unavailable to
standard wired cameras. 10
AEG Electric M82 Assault Rifle FPS-200, Scope, Tactical Light,
Silencer Airsoft Gun
The proposed robot should have a weapon to use. Since it is only for
prototype purposes, the researchers used an Airsoft gun to ensure safety.
Electric Airsoft Rifles use batteries as their power source, they're
usually fully automatic, and they shoot very fast. If you are looking for
continuous fire fun, this is the type of Airsoft Gun for you - just hold down the
trigger and watch those BBs stream out, one after the other, in a straight,
swift line - which means fun and entertainment, plain and simple. This
Electric Airsoft Rifle doesn't require any pumping just simply point and shoot.
10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camera11 http://www.hobbytron.com/AirsoftAssaultRifleGunAEGAAM82P.html
CHAPTER III
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METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES
To generate the complete program possible for this design project, a
number of different research methods were employed. These methods were
used to gather information about the proposed robot. These methods include
experimental method, observation and analytical tools.
3.1 Methods of Research Used
Methods of Research Used are the following:
3.1.1 Experimental Method
The researchers tested different components that are most
appropriate in the said project. Each component was observed on how
it interacted with the circuit along with the program.
3.2 Data Gathering Instrument
To obtain relevant information regarding the said project,
important tools such as observation, the internet were used.
3.2.1 Observation
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Observations were done by analyzing the most appropriate
design for the robot. This includes testing possible designs for the base
of the robot, which material to use and other factors to consider in
determining the robots structure. The researchers also visited school
libraries, took ideas from successful design solutions and studying how
they were formed. Observation will help the researchers collect
important data that can help develop robotic applications in military
operations.
3.2.2 Internet
The internet is one of the most useful tools in research. Many
people around the world have come up with designs for different
robots and ideas on military robots and their significance to the
present world. The researchers analyzed and compared results with
other data found to create the robots design and function.
3.2.3. Survey Questionnaires
Information gathered from respondents is very important. This
method will be employed to congregate opinion from other people.
Survey questionnaires will contain important questions that are related
to the study
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3.2.4 Statistical Treatment
The researchers made use of the frequency and percentage
distribution to determine the mean scores of the responses to the
present study.
The formula used was
= mean
f = summation of frequency
n = number of respondents
3.2.3 Evaluation Form
To test the reliability, precision and accuracy of the robot, it must
be evaluated so that the researchers would make sure if the said robot
functions as it is supposed to.
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3.3 Analytical Tools
3.3.1 Hardware
3.3.1.1 Block Diagram
It is an illustration of a system, in which the primary
parts are represented by blocks connected by arrows
showing the how the system works. It is typically used for a
less detailed description to help in understanding the
overall concepts. The researchers clearly exemplify their
idea with the use of this diagram.
3.3.1.2 Schematic Diagram
A schematic diagram shows electrical symbols and
connections of a specific circuit. It is also used to trace the
circuit and functions without the need to show the actual
shape, size or location of the components or parts. This can
also be used for maintenance and to show connections if
ever a problem occurs. With this diagram, the actual
connections needed for the robot to function properly are
illustrated.
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3.3.2 Software
3.3.2.1 Flowcharting
A flowchart represents the flow of data throughout
the robotic system, the operations performed and the
sequence in which they are done. The researchers used
flowcharts to encapsulate and show the main process of
the study.
3.4 Methods Used in Developing the Robot
3.4.1 Software Development
3.4.1.1 Program Simulator
Proteus Design Suite was used in simulating the
program. It is possible to develop and test designs before a
physical prototype is constructed. Proteus VSM uses our proven
Schematic Capture software to provide the environment for
design entry and development. ISIS is a long established product
and combines ease of use with powerful editing tools. It is
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capable of supporting schematic capture for both simulation and
PCB design. ISIS also provides a very high degree of control over
the drawing appearance, in terms of line widths, fill styles, fonts,
etc.
At the heart of Proteus VSM is ProSPICE. This is an
established product that combines uses a SPICE3f5 analogue
simulator kernel with a fast event-driven digital simulator to
provide seamless mixed-mode simulation.
Proteus VSM includes a number of virtual
instruments including an Oscilloscope, Logic Analyzer, Function
Generator, Pattern Generator, Counter Timer and Virtual
Terminal as well as simple voltmeters and ammeters. In addition,
it provides dedicated Master/Slave/Monitor mode protocol
analyzers for SPI and I2C - simply wire them onto the serial lines
and monitor or interact with the data live during simulation. It is
a truly invaluable and inexpensive way to get your
communication software right prior to hardware prototyping.
Proteus is equipped with comprehensive diagnostic
or trace messaging. This allows you to specify which components
or processor peripherals that is of interest at any given time and
receive detailed textual reporting of all activity and system
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interaction. This is invaluable as a debugging aid, allowing you to
locate and fix problems in both software and hardware much
faster than you could when working on a physical prototype.
3.4.1.2 Flowcode Compiler for PIC Microcontrollers
Flowcode software allows you to create complex
programs for the PIC microcontroller. You create the flowchart for
the program you want. When you have finished the flowchart,
Flowcode can check how it behaves by running a simulation,
before the flowchart is translated and transferred to the PIC chip.
This often involves adding virtual components, such as switches
and LED's.Then Flowcode does all the hard work of converting
the flowchart into the machine code that the PIC understands.12
Flowcode is a powerful language that uses macros to
facilitate the control of complex devices like 7-segment displays,
motor controllers, and LCD displays. The use of macros allows
students to control highly complex electronic devices without
getting bogged down in understanding the programming
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involved. Flowcode is a powerful rapid development tool and is
also useful as a means of introducing the need for C and
assembly programming.13
12http://www.electronics-lab.com/downloads/mcu/007/FlowCode/index.html13 http://www.imagesco.com/microcontroller/flowcode-compiler.html
3.2.2 Hardware Development
3.4.2.3 Prototyping
The tested circuits on the simulator are now placed on the
breadboard for testing. Interfacing the circuits with the program
is also tested. Prototyping is done to exactly simulate the
characteristics of the intended design and function.
3.4.2.4 PCB Creation
ARES (Advanced Routing and Editing Software) was used to
create the PCB Layout. This high performance netlist based PCB
design package perfectly complements our powerful ISIS
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schematic capture software and features both automatic
component placement and a truly world class shape based auto-
router. ARES features a state of the art layout database capable
of representing the most complex of PCB designs. Placement
resolution is 10 nanometers within a maximum board size of
20m. Components and other objects may be rotated in 0.1
degree increments whilst padstacks facilitate the achievement of
maximum routing area on inner layers.
3.5 Methods Used for Prototype Evaluation
Evaluation of the product means that the consumers verify the
reliability, accuracy and safety of the robot. This allows companies and
manufacturers to be more creative in designing products. There are three
feasibility studies that the project must guarantee; Technical, Operational
and Economic feasibility.
3.5.1 Technical Feasibility
A technical feasibility study is an excellent tool for
troubleshooting and long term planning. In some instances, it serves as
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a flow chart of how the robot evolves and moves throughout the study.
This evaluates the details of how the prototype will be constructed
(i.e., materials, labor, etc.). It is the logistical or tactical plan of how the
study will be constructed.
3.5.2 Operational Feasibility
It is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the
problem, and takes advantages of the opportunities identified during
scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements. The robots
operational feasibility is measured using an evaluation form. On rating
the robotic system, it must satisfy a range of eighty five to one
hundred percent or else the system fails.
Condition A
Condition A indicates that the start button has not been pressed
yet. The robot must satisfy the response and the output stated below.
Table 1(Condition A Expected Output)
Function Response Expected Output
Forward & BackwardMovement
Inactive Inactive
Movement of the Gun Inactive Inactive
The Robot Points and
Shoots
Inactive Inactive
Wireless Camera/LCD
Screen
Turned off Turned off
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Condition B
Condition B indicates that the start button has been pressed and
the robot is functioning. With this condition, no enemy has been seen
so the shoot button has not been pressed yet.
Table 2 (Condition B Expected Output)
Function Response Expected Output
Forward & BackwardMovement
Active Active
Movement of the Gun Active Active
The Robot Points and
Shoots
Inactive Inactive
Wireless Camera/LCD
Screen
Active Active
Condition C
Condition C indicates that the start button has been pressed and
the system is functioning. With this condition, an enemy has been seen
so the shoot button is pressed.
Table 3 (Condition C Expected Output)
Function Response Expected Output
Forward & BackwardMovement
Active Active
Movement of the Gun Active Active
The Robot Points and
Shoots
Active Active
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Wireless Camera/LCD
Screen
Active Active
3.5.3 Economic Feasibility
Businesses, governmental entities, and other organizations face
great uncertainty and risks when making decisions about major
investments in new manufacturing facilities, new products, new
markets, new technologies and new programs. Economic feasibility
studies provide the facts and analytical rigor to improve these types of
strategic decisions.14 If the expected benefits is equal or exceed the
expected cost, it can be said that the system is economically feasible.
14 http://www.decisionanalyst.com/Services/EconomicFeasibility.dai
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA4.1 Existing System and the Need to Develop a New System
In developing a robotic system, cost and reliability should be
prioritized. The proposed robot is intended to replace soldiers during battle.
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It has a wireless camera connected to a controller with a joystick and an LCD
screen.
There is an existing system that is somewhat similar to the proposed
system but it focuses on search and rescue operations that were used at the
World Trade Center Ground Zero. It was developed for the EOD Technology
Directorate of the Armys Armament Research, Development and
Engineering Center at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ by the engineering and
technology development firm Foster-Miller. The said robot is called TALON
which is a lot bigger than the proposed robot. It has a length of 34 inches
and a width of 22 inches. The robot costs approximately $60,000 in its
standard form. Foster-Miller was subsequently bought out by QinetiQ, a
United Kingdom military developer. The robot is not easily accessible
especially to third-world countries that do not have enough funds for military
operations. So, the researchers suggested an alternative system, much
smaller and cheaper than the said existing robot.