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EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY PREPARED AND NATURALLY
PREPARED LAGUNDI AGAINST COUGH
A Research Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements in English 2
BY:
KEN RODLYNE MONOY
ARNEL D. ARADA JR.
CALMAN ASPRER
RALPH ACOSTA
REGINALD PAUL SERRANO
March 6, 2013
1
Acknowledgement
I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my Professor, Gen Cafino, who
introduced to us the making of a thesis. Without her untiring efforts to remind and
correct our mistakes this thesis would not be possible.
In addition I would like to thank our parents, because without them studying in this
prestigious school wouldn’t be possible.
This thesis would have remained a dream had it not for the contribution of ideas of our
friends and families.
2
Table of Contents
o Chapter I---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Statement of the Problem-------------------------------------------------------------------4 Hypothesis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Significance of the Study-------------------------------------------------------------------5
o Chapter II--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Related Literature------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 Related Studies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Research Paradigm -------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Theoretical Framework---------------------------------------------------------------------14 Formal Definition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------14
o Chapter III------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Respondents-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Locale of the Study--------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Instrumentation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 The Study Population and Sample-----------------------------------------------------18 Procedure---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
o Bibliography--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19o Researcher’s Profile---------------------------------------------------------------------------20
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Chapter I
The Problem and its Background
INTRODUCTION
The focus of this study is to determine the difference between natural and
laboratory prepared lagundi medicine against cough. Before the researchers identify the
difference on how it is prepared the knowledge about Lagundi is essential. Lagundi is a
large shrub that grows in the Philippines and has been traditionally used as an herbal
medicine. Lagundi is generally used for the treatment of coughs, asthma symptoms and
other respiratory ailments. It is also known for its analgesic effect that helps alleviate
pain and discomfort.
Lagundi can be prepared naturally by, gathering and mixing its leaves, roots, flowers
and its seeds then boiling them into a container for 10 to 15 minutes and then strain and
gather the juice for drinking. Lagundi can also be purchased in forms of capsule and
syrup to make it easier to handle. It can also be used with other cough remedies and
cough medicines.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. What is the perceive effectiveness of laboratory prepared Lagundi?
2. What is the perceive effectiveness of naturally prepared lagundi?
3. What is the difference in the perceive effectiveness of laboratory prepared and
naturally prepared Lagundi?
4
HYPOTHESIS
Laboratory and Naturally prepared lagundi has no difference in curing cough.
Laboratory prepared lagundi is handy and easy to consume however naturally prepared
lagundi needs to be boiled first before ingestion.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
To the students:
The study of lagundi can help them develop their sense of awareness to prepare them
to a deeper study to discover how the efficiency of lagundi plants can still be developed
and maximized. They can further dig extensively to discover about the plant’s other
advantages and uses together with the other similar herbal plants.
To the future students:
The study of lagundi plants could be an important key for them to open their interest to
focus their studies in the field of alternative medicines.
To the medical practitioners:
The study is most significant for them being the guardians of our health. They can avail
of the medical value of lagundi plants which is cheaper than other synthetic medicines
aside from the fact that they are readily accessible.
5
Chapter II
Review of Related Studies and Literature
RELATED LITERATURE
Lagundi (scientific name: Vitex negundo) is a large native shrub that grows in the
Philippines and has been traditionally used as herbal medicine. The Philippine
Department of Health has conducted research and study for Lagundi and has
suggested that the lagundi plant has a number verifiable therapeutic value [1]. Lagundi is
generally accepted in the Philippines to be useful for coughs, asthma and respiratory
problems. There were no adverse reactions that have been reported for those patients
who have used lagundi. Scientific analysis has shown that lagundi has antihistamine
and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have shown that lagundi can prevent the body’s
production of Leukotriene, which are released during an asthma attack. Also according
to scientific studies conducted for lagundi, the leaves, fruit and root of this plant contains
antihistamine properties that helps in releasing bronchial muscles thus reducing asthma
symptoms. Lagundi is also known for its analgesic effects that help alleviate pain and
discomfort. As an analgesic, lagundi also appears to have some efficacy. It has been
compared to drugs like aspirin in trials that show that it may be useful in treatment of
things like pain after dental extractions. There is a proof that it really helps and improves
lives of people like this, “I have asthma and sinusitis. My results with lagundi were
positive. It saved my life. I do not have to use antibiotics or prednisone anymore”. The
therapeutic effects of lagundi is indeed a testimony that the indigenous medicinal
products developed in the Philippines can very well compete with the more established
preparations coming from imported pharmaceutical companies. Especially good for
respiratory problems.
6
At home, people make lagundi teas from the leaves, often producing a large amount
and bottling the excess to use later. Commercially, lagundi can be purchased in the
form of syrup or capsules to make it easier to handle. It is also blended in with cough
medicines and other herbal remedies. As with other herbal medicines, lagundi should
not be taken without consulting a doctor, as it may potentially conflict with other
medications or it may be contraindicated for a particular condition. If your doctor is
resistant to herbal treatments, you may want to seek out a practitioner who supports
complementary medicine so that you can get sound advice about whether or not lagundi
is safe for you.[ ]
Five-leaved Chaste Tree or Vitex Negundo is a medicinal shrub commonly found in
tropical, subtropical and also warm temperate regions throughout the world, especially
in the Philippines. The use of five-leaved chaste tree for medicinal purposes has been
known for a long time in China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines and other Asian
countries. Today, pharmaceutical companies in Japan are importing wild vitex negundo
from Philippines. The root is reported to be tonic, febrifuge, and expectorant. The root is
also used in a great variety of diseases: dyspepsia, colic, rheumatism, worms, boils,
and leprosy. The flowers are used in diarrhea, cholera, fever, and diseases of the liver,
and are also recommended as a cardiac tonic. The seeds make a cooling medicine for
skin diseases and leprosy, and for inflammation of the mouth. The leaves are used as a
tea for conditions like coughs and asthma.[ ]
7
RELATED STUDIES
Department of Health in the Philippines
Scientific Research on Medicinal Herbs
Lagundi Studies
Scientific name: Vitex Negundo
Lagundi is a shrub that grows in the Philippines. It is one of the ten herbal medicines
endorsed by the Philippine Department of Health as an effective herbal medicine with
proven therapeutic value. Lagundi has been clinically tested to be effective in the
treatment of colds, flu, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and pharyngitis. Studies
have shown that Lagundi can prevent the body’s production of leukotienes which are
released during an asthma attack. Lagundi contains Chrysoplenol D – a substance with
anti-histamine properties and muscle relaxant.
Plant Description: The Lagundi plant can grow up to five meters tall. It has a single
woody stem. Lagundi distinctive feature are the pointed leaves with five leaflets set like
a hand.
Benefits:
• Relief of asthma and pharyngitis
• Relief of rheumatism, dyspepsia, boils diarrhea (roots)
• Treatment of chough, colds, fever and flu and other bronchopulmonary disorders
• Alleviate symptoms of Chicken Pox
• Removal of worms and boils
Hepatoprotective effect of Vitex negundo against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver
damage.
8
Recent Use:
Lagundi has been proven to be an effective analgesic and antitussive (prepared as a
pleasant tasting cough syrup) and has been considered as a replacement for
dextromethorphan in the public health system.
New Application:
Studies have shown benefit through reduction of coughing and relaxation of the
bronchial smooth muscles. Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) for
cough and asthma. One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods
and Drugs (BFAD) as medicines.
Studies:
• Anti-Venom: Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo
and Emblica officinalis) root extracts: A methanolic extract study of VN showed it
possesses potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and suggests further investigation.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Vitex negundo Linn (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to
standard anti-inflammatory drugs: VN significantly potentiated antiinflammatory activity
of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in albino rats.
• Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Anti-inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of Action of
Vitex negundo Linn: Study suggests VN possess anti-inflammatory activity against
acute and sub-acute inflammation probably due to prostaglandin inhibition and
reduction of oxidative stress.
• Antibacterial: Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of Vitex negundo
linn. extracts: : Study showed the essential oils and extracts to have antibacterial
activity. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed prominent antibacterial activity
against all tested strains.
• Antifungal: New antifungal flavonoid glycoside from Vitex negundo: Study found a
new isolated flavone glycoside and a known compound to have significant antifungal
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activity against Tricophyton mentagrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans. (2) Ethanol
extract of fruit seeds showed significant activity against Fusarium solani and moderate
response against Microsporum canis with no effect against C albicans.
• Larvicidal: Differential larvicidal efficacy of four species of Vitex against Culex
quinquefasciatus larvae: The methanolic extracts of all Vitex species showed varying
levels of larvicidal activity.
• Anthelmintic: Study of ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera and Vitex negundo on
anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma showed both to have
dose dependent activity, with Moringa oleifera showing more activity.
Preparation How to make lagundi syrup:
• clean fresh lagundi leaves and chop.
• In 4 glasses of water, boil 4 tablespoons of minced lagundi leaves for 50 minutes.
• Strain the liquid extract and add 1 part honey to 4 parts extracts.
• Boil in an earthen pot or enamel-lined saucepan for 15 minutes until the desired
viscosity is attained.
• Pour the syrup in clear amber colour bottles.
It is one of the ten herbal medicines endorsed by the Philippine Department of Health as
an effective herbal medicine with proven therapeutic value. Studies have shown that
Lagundi can prevent the body’s production of leukotrienes, which are released during
an asthma attack.
Even in Japan, lagundi is becoming recognized as an effective herbal medicine,
especially since researches have shown that it contains properties that make it an
expectorant and it has been reported to function as a tonic as well. More than that, most
of the parts of the lagundi plant have medicinal value
Common names: Dangla (Ilokano); five-leaved chaste tree, horseshoe vitex
Indication: Leaves and flowering tops decoction, syrup, tablets and capsules for
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coughs, colds, fever and asthma.
Found in: in humid places or along watercourses, in waste places and mixed open
forest.
Parts used: Leaves and flowering tops
Special precautions: Make sure to have the five-leaved varieties, as there are
other varieties of lagundi.
Preparation:
Asthma, Cough & Fever
- Decoction (Boil raw fruits or leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes) Dysentery,
Colds & Pain – Decoction ( Boil a handful of leaves & flowers in water to produce a
glass, three times a day)
Skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies, ulcer, eczema)
- Wash & clean the skin/wound with the decoction
Headache
Crush leaves may be applied on the forehead
Rheumatism, sprain, contusions, insect bites
-Pound the leaves and apply on affected area
The growing acceptance of medicinal plants these days can be attributed to the
disappointment of modern man in most synthetic miracle drugs that have caused
unexpected and sometimes terrifying side effects. It is reported that the incidence of
complications in drug therapy in the U.S. is about 10% and that approximately 5% of
patients admitted to the hospitals suffer not from diseases but from serious drug
reactions.
The growing concern over the harmful side-effects of some drugs if improperly taken,
have encouraged people to go back to the use of medicinal plants especially in primary
health care. As an example, it is now acknowledged that the use of antibiotics for viral
infections not only prolongs, but also worsens viral infection.
11
While before it was considered that a possible secondary infection can be prevented by
prophylaxis treatment with antibiotics, this is now considered an obsolete mode of
treatment.
While studies indicate that most viral infections are self-limiting, and there is no drugs
yet that can scientifically prevent colds or reduce their effect, many people still spend a
lot on over-the-counter remedies for cough and colds exposing themselves to the risk of
harmful effects.
Fever is now considered not as an illness itself, but as a protective mechanism of the
body that also serves as a warning symptom of an infection that needs to be properly
treated.
“Lagundi” is effective in lowering fever of viral origin and for coughs and colds. When
you have flu, colds, measles, chicken pox, or mumps, all you have to do is to take one
stem of this plant and boil it in water. Lagundi is safe and effective as any of the
pharmaceutical antipyretic in the market today.
Studies have shown that Lagundi is just as effective as the popular cough syrups in the
drug market. Clinical trials have also indicated that it is effective for bronchial asthma. It
has anti-histamine and bronchial relaxing as well as mild anti-microbial effects. As early
as 1963, it has been discovered that Lagundi has anti-cancer activity since it can control
tumor growth in-vitro and in-vivo clinical studies.
Today, there is a growing worldwide interest in medicinal plants and traditional methods
of healing. It is mainly because the result of research studies has tremendously
influenced a growing reversal of traditional perceptions. It is now the consensus thinking
that both the traditional methods of healing including the use of medicinal plants and the
modern medicines work well, and their integration leads to better treatment. In China
and other countries in Asia, the use of herbs or medicinal plants is common.
12
Lagundi is a fast growing tree and one stem contains at least 5 leaves. It can be planted
anywhere even in the wild since this plant is not a sensitive one. Its leaves can be
harvested 3 months after planting and can be used for aromatic bath or sponge bathing
for wounds and rheumatism. You can also apply the pounded leaves in your forehead
for relief of headaches and fever.
Research Paradigm1. What is the perceive
effectiveness of
laboratory prepared
Lagundi?
2. What is the perceive
effectiveness of
naturally prepared
lagundi?
3. What is the
difference in the
perceive
effectiveness of
laboratory prepared
and naturally
prepared Lagundi?
PROCESS:
*conduct survey and interview
OUTPUT:
*to determine which is much effective, Laboratory prepared or Naturally prepared Lagundi against cough.
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Theoretical framework
The theoretical framework for this paper is based on the survey that we conduct, we begin by developing a model of how individuals choose their cough medicine for example we ask them a couple of questions which is more effective, the laboratory prepared or naturally prepared lagundi; and the result was they prefer laboratory prepared than naturally prepared lagundi and also we had educated them that the natural prepared lagundi is more effective and cheaper than the laboratory prepared lagundi..
Formal definition
Term Genus DiffentiaAdjuvant therapy Treatment Given in addition to the
primary, main or initial treatment
Analgesic Medicine Helps alleviate painAntibiotic Medicine Fights bacterial infectionsAnthelmintic Medicine Helps expel worms from the
bodyAntihistamine Medicine Use to counter act
production of allergic reactions
Aspirin Medicine Relieve pain, reduce fever and inflammation
Asthma Respiratory disease Inflammatory disease of the airways
Bronchitis Respiratory disease Inflammation of the airways leading to the lungs
Cough Act Making sudden noise from expelling air from the lungs
Dyspepsia Disease Disturbed digestionExpectorant Medicine Helps Excrete sputum in
the airwayFerbifuge Medicine Relieves feverHerbal medicine Medicine Made from various plants to
prevent or treat diseasesHepatoprotective Medicine Any drug that prevents
damage to the liverLarvicidal Chemical Used for killing larvaePharyngitis Disease Inflammation of the pharynxPhenylbutazone Medicine Used for treatment of
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arthritis, bursitis and goutPhrophylaxis Act Taken to prevent diseasesPrednisone Medicine Relieve rheumatic and
allergic conditions and to treat leukemia
Rheumatism Disease Inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue
Tonic Medicine Restores or increase body tone
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Chapter III
Research Methodology
Research Design
To undertake a scientific study, all the components should fit together in a meaningful
whole. To achieve this goal, the researcher needs to draw up a design, the strategy for
conducting the study or the plan to obtain answers to the research questions. Burns and
Grove (2001:223) describe the research design as a “blueprint for conducting a study
that maximises control over factors” that could interfere with the validity of the findings.
It spells out the strategy the researcher plans to adopt to develop information that is
accurate and interpretable. The research design guides the researcher in planning and
implementing the study to achieve the intended goal. The control provided by the design
increases the probability that the study results are accurate reflections of the real
situations.
A descriptive survey was selected because it provides an accurate portrayal or account
of the characteristics, for example behaviour, opinion, beliefs, and knowledge of a
particular individual, situation or group. This design was chosen to meet the objectives
of the study, namely to determine the knowledge and views of patients and family
members with regards to the difference of laboratory and naturally prepared Lagundi in
treating cough.
Respondents
The respondents of the study include the patients of Far Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor
Reyes Medical Foundation who are suffering from cough.
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted at Far Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical
Foundation. The hospital caters for the different health needs of people. The majority of
the clients are middle-class to upper class Filipinos.
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Instrumentation
Semantic differential is a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative
meaning of objects, events, and concepts. The connotations are used to derive the
attitude towards the given object, event or concept. Osgood's semantic differential was
designed to measure the connotative meaning of concepts. The respondent is asked to
choose where his or her position lies, on a scale between two bipolar adjectives (for
example: "Adequate-Inadequate", "Good-Evil" or "Valuable-Worthless"). Semantic
differentials can be used to describe not only persons, but also the connotative meaning
of abstract concepts—a capacity used extensively in affect control theory. The Semantic
Differential (SD) measures people's reactions to stimulus words and concepts in terms
of ratings on bipolar scales defined with contrasting adjectives at each end. An example
of an SD scale is:
Usually, the position marked 0 is labelled "neutral," the 1 positions are labelled "slightly,"
the 2 positions "quite," and the 3 positions "extremely." A scale like this one measures
directionality of a reaction (e.g., good versus bad) and also intensity (slight through
extreme). Typically, a person is presented with some concept of interest, e.g., Red
China, and asked to rate it on a number of such scales. Ratings are combined in
various ways to describe and analyze the person's feelings.
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The Study Population and Sample
According to Burns and Grove (1993:779), a population is defined as all elements
(individuals, objects and events) that meet the sample criteria for inclusion in a study.
The study population consisted of all adult cough-suffering patients who utilise the Far
Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation.
A purposive sample of 20 subjects was selected from the institution. Mouton (1996:132)
defines a sample as elements selected with the intention of finding out something about
the total population from which they are taken. A purposive sample consists of subjects
included in the study because they happen to meet the study’s specific requirements,
which consists of patients suffering from cough. The sample size of 20 patients were the
total of subjects who were willing to participate in the research and who met the
sampling criteria during the two weeks period of data collection.
Procedure
On the third week of February, year 2013. 20 sheets was given away to 20 respondents
who are willing to participate. These respondents are patients of Far Eastern University-
Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation who are suffering cough and consider Lagundi
as an alternative medication. Two researchers distributed the survey instruments. It was
estimated that it would take the subjects approximately ten minutes to complete
answering the survey instrument.
18
Bibliography
http://gourmet.com.ph/index.php/blog/articles/105-lagundi-tea-for-stronger-lungs-and-liver
http://medicalhealthguide.com/articles/lagundi.htm
http://neocroixlabs.info/neocase2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68%3Aherbal-rub-with-5-natural-wonder-herbs-extract&catid=30%3Aproducts&Itemid=55&limitstart=1
http://rnspeak.com/community-health-nursing/philippines-herbal-medicine-plants-approved-by-doh/
http://www.stumblerz.com/5-amazing-uses-of-lagundi-that-considers-it-as-a-miracle-medicinal-plant/
www.DOH.com.ph
www.medicalhealthguide.com
www.pinoymed.com
www.wisegeeks.com
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Researcher’s Profile
Name: Ken Rodlyne G. Monoy
Ken Rodlyne G. Monoy was born on November 30, 1993. He is 19 years old currently taking up the course Respiratory Therapy at the Far Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation. He graduated at Pasig Catholic College. He is a hardworking and studious person. He loves reading fictional horror books. He is proficient on using technology specifically computers. He is fond on using Filipino-English language or “taglish”. He hopes one day to become one of the great doctors of the Philippines.
Francisco Legaspi Memorial School- SY 2001-2006
Pasig Catholic College- SY 2006-2010
Far Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation- SY 2010-ongoing
20
Name: Arnel D. Arada Jr.
Arnel D. Arada Jr. is a student of Far Eastern University Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation and currently a 1st. year Irregular Respiratory Therapist. He is the leader of the group. He is a studious person and responsible guy. He is a weight lifter but never loses weight even with vigorous training. He loves to study and watch movies. He is currently living in Marian bldg. dormitory. He loves to play computer games and also basketball as his favourite sport. He dreams to Respiratory Therapy cause he wants to help his parents in the future and repay them for their hard work.
Child Jesus of Prague School – SY 2001-2006
Child Jesus of Prague School – SY 2006-2010
FEU-NRMF – SY 2010- on going
21
Name: Calman Jan M. Asprer
Calman Jan M. Asprer is currently studying at the Far Eastern University. He graduated at School of Saint Anthony and received a loyalty award when he graduated. He is a guy who knows how to balance his studies yet still enjoys him and spends time with his friends, families and loved ones. He loves to watch movies, read books and loves help the people around him.
School Of Saint Anthony- SY 2001-2006
School Of Saint Anthony- SY 2006-2010
Far Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation- SY 2010-ongoing
22
Name: Reginald Paul R. Serrano
Reginald Paul R. Serrano was born on January 5, 1994. He is 19 years old and currently studying at Far Eastern University- Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation. He was the eldest child of three siblings. He lives in Greenview Executive Village, West Fairview, Quezon city. He graduated at Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches, batch 2010.He loves to watch movies and play computer games. He also likes to read educational books to learn new things and to make himself better. He is a healthy guy, exercises regularly. He is a hardworking person and will reach for his dreams. He hopes to finish this Respiratory Therapy course to make his parents feel proud of him.
Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches 2005-2006
Mater Carmeli School of Novaliches 2007-2010
FEU-NRMF – SY 2010 - on going
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Name: Ralph J. Acosta
Ralph J. Acosta was born on May 21, 1992. He is 20 years old and currently studying at Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation. He was the youngest child of five siblings. He lives in Palmera homes Quezon City, Brgy Sta.monica. He graduated at St.Joseph school of Fairview, batch 2009. He likes to read dictionary to enhance his vocabulary also he is a very athletic guy. He is a very loving person and a harworker. He hopes to finish his doctorate to make his parents proud.
St. Joseph School of Fairview - SY 2004-2005
St. Joseph School of Fairview –SY 2008-2009
FEU-NRMF – SY 2009- on going
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