1.` ` Universita di Messina - Facolta di IngegneriaEmulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio Supervisors Candidate Prof. Salvatore SerranoArturo RinaldiProf. Giuseppe CampobelloMasters Degree in Electronics Engineering - Academic Year 2010/11 Messina, November 10th 2011

2. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 3. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels The simulated channels were :2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 4. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels The simulated channels were : Wired : AWGN2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 5. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels The simulated channels were : Wired : AWGN Wireless : Rayleigh and Rician2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 6. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels The simulated channels were : Wired : AWGN Wireless : Rayleigh and RicianVerify the correspondence between the theoretical and experimental results of the BER (Bit Error Rate)2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 7. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels The simulated channels were : Wired : AWGN Wireless : Rayleigh and RicianVerify the correspondence between the theoretical and experimental results of the BER (Bit Error Rate) Provide complementary tools to show how audio and video les are modied under the eect of the transmission channels2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 8. Goal of the thesis work The making of a learning tool for the analisys of the digital modulations in dierent communication channels The simulated channels were : Wired : AWGN Wireless : Rayleigh and RicianVerify the correspondence between the theoretical and experimental results of the BER (Bit Error Rate) Provide complementary tools to show how audio and video les are modied under the eect of the transmission channels The gr-bertool was built by using the open-source DSP platform GNU Radio2 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 9. GNU Radio GNU Radio is an open-source software toolkit providing a huge library of blocks for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) written in C++ which can be combined together in order to build and develop radio applicationsGnu Radio Companion (GRC), XML Python Flow Graph (Created using the processing blocks) SWIG (Port C++ blocks to Python) GNU Radio Signal Processing Blocks (C++)USB Interface / Gigabit Ethernet Generic RF Front End ( USRP / USRP 2 )3 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 10. GNU Radio GNU Radio is an open-source software toolkit providing a huge library of blocks for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) written in C++ which can be combined together in order to build and develop radio applications It is provided with a graphical interface to ease its learning curve (GRC : GNU Radio Companion)Gnu Radio Companion (GRC), XML Python Flow Graph (Created using the processing blocks) SWIG (Port C++ blocks to Python) GNU Radio Signal Processing Blocks (C++)USB Interface / Gigabit Ethernet Generic RF Front End ( USRP / USRP 2 )3 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 11. Software-Dened Radio : an introduction GNU Radio was developed to be in use of Software-Dened Radio (SDR), a new paradigm of communication systems4 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 12. Software-Dened Radio : an introduction GNU Radio was developed to be in use of Software-Dened Radio (SDR), a new paradigm of communication systems A receiver is an SDR device if its communication functions are made as recongurable software working on ad hoc hardware4 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 13. Software-Dened Radio : an introduction GNU Radio was developed to be in use of Software-Dened Radio (SDR), a new paradigm of communication systems A receiver is an SDR device if its communication functions are made as recongurable software working on ad hoc hardware So its possible to implement dierent software transmission standards by using only one device4 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 14. Software-Dened Radio : an introduction GNU Radio was developed to be in use of Software-Dened Radio (SDR), a new paradigm of communication systems A receiver is an SDR device if its communication functions are made as recongurable software working on ad hoc hardware So its possible to implement dierent software transmission standards by using only one device An SDR sytem is also able to recognize and avoid possible interferences with other transmission channels4 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 15. The developed tool : gr-bertool The tool main GUI5 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 16. The developed tool : gr-bertool BER experimental verication6 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 17. The developed tool : gr-bertool Real-Time BER experimental verication7 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 18. The developed tool : gr-bertool Complementary tools8 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 19. BER experimental verication The Bit Error Rate (BER) of a digital modulation, is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval9 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 20. BER experimental verication The Bit Error Rate (BER) of a digital modulation, is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval Lets verify the BER theoretical values with the experimental ones by varying the signal-to-noise ratio Eb /N09 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 21. BER experimental verication The Bit Error Rate (BER) of a digital modulation, is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval Lets verify the BER theoretical values with the experimental ones by varying the signal-to-noise ratio Eb /N0 From digital communications theory is well known that for a Q-PSK modulation the Bit Error Rate is given by : Pb = Q2Eb N09 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 22. BER experimental verication This set of tools calculates the BER in a range of Eb /N0 values given by min and max with the opportunity to choose the increase step size10 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 23. BER experimental verication This set of tools calculates the BER in a range of Eb /N0 values given by min and max with the opportunity to choose the increase step size We can enable or disable the Gray Coding10 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 24. BER experimental verication This set of tools calculates the BER in a range of Eb /N0 values given by min and max with the opportunity to choose the increase step size We can enable or disable the Gray Coding By clicking on the Plot button the BER curves are showed in a simple BER vs Eb /N0 diagram10 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 25. BER experimental verication We can see a perfect agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental ones :(a) BER AWGN BPSK(b) BER AWGN Q-PSK(c) BER AWGN 8-PSK11 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 26. Real-Time BER and signal constellation evolution This tool allow us to show the real-time BER and signal constellation evolution in the three dierent types of examinated transmission channels12 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 27. Real-Time BER and signal constellation evolution This tool allow us to show the real-time BER and signal constellation evolution in the three dierent types of examinated transmission channels In the following example well show the BER evolution in the Rician Channel in the range of Eb /N0 values going from 15 dB to 0 dB12 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 28. Real-Time BER and signal constellation evolution This tool allow us to show the real-time BER and signal constellation evolution in the three dierent types of examinated transmission channels In the following example well show the BER evolution in the Rician Channel in the range of Eb /N0 values going from 15 dB to 0 dB Once started the BER value settles to the BER value corresponding to Eb /N0 = 0 dB about equal to 0.1112 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 29. Real-Time BER and signal constellation evolution This tool allow us to show the real-time BER and signal constellation evolution in the three dierent types of examinated transmission channels In the following example well show the BER evolution in the Rician Channel in the range of Eb /N0 values going from 15 dB to 0 dB Once started the BER value settles to the BER value corresponding to Eb /N0 = 0 dB about equal to 0.11 Ch1 Experimental Value ; Ch2 Theoretical Value 12 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 30. Real-Time BER and signal constellation evolution This tool allow us to show the real-time BER and signal constellation evolution in the three dierent types of examinated transmission channels In the following example well show the BER evolution in the Rician Channel in the range of Eb /N0 values going from 15 dB to 0 dB Once started the BER value settles to the BER value corresponding to Eb /N0 = 0 dB about equal to 0.11 Ch1 Experimental Value ; Ch2 Theoretical Value Lets see the evolution.... Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio12 of 36 31. Real-Time BER evolution13 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 32. Real-Time BER evolution14 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 33. Real-Time BER evolution15 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 34. Real-Time BER evolution16 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 35. Real-Time BER evolution17 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 36. Real-Time BER evolution18 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 37. The signal constellation Lets consider a generic transmission scheme for a TLC system. m(t) Ss(t) Txr(t) Tx Channeld(t) RxDFigure : Generic block diagram for a TLC system19 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 38. The signal constellation Lets consider a generic transmission scheme for a TLC system. m(t) Ss(t)r(t)Txd(t) RxTx ChannelDFigure : Generic block diagram for a TLC systemIn the absence fo any noise in the channel the generci transmitted symbol si will be correctly received. The plot of the received symbols is knows as Constellation of the digital modulation. s3 (01) s0 (11) s2 (00) s1 (10) Figure : Constellation of a QPSK modulation 19 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 39. The signal constellation The presence of noise in the channel modies phase and amplitude of the transmitted symbols and so the received symbol ri is not one belonging to the constellation showed before s3 (01) s0 (11) The transmitted si symbol is not correctly receivedri s2 (00) s1 (10) 20 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 40. Evolution of the Signal Constellation21 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 41. Evolution of the Signal Constellation22 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 42. Evolution of the Signal Constellation23 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 43. Evolution of the Signal Constellation24 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 44. Evolution of the Signal Constellation25 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 45. Image Transmission This tool allow us to observe how the most common image formats are aected by digital modulations26 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 46. Image Transmission This tool allow us to observe how the most common image formats are aected by digital modulations We studied the eects over the simulated channels (AWGN, Rayleigh e Rician) for a xed value of Eb /N0 = 0 dB and Q-PSK digital modulation for a Jpeg image26 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 47. Image Transmission This tool allow us to observe how the most common image formats are aected by digital modulations We studied the eects over the simulated channels (AWGN, Rayleigh e Rician) for a xed value of Eb /N0 = 0 dB and Q-PSK digital modulation for a Jpeg image Lets see the results......26 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 48. Image Transmission : AWGN Channel(a) Original(b) AWGN 27 of 36Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 49. Image Transmission : Rician Channel(c) Original(d) Rician 28 of 36Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 50. Image Transmission : Rayleigh Channel(e) Original(f) Rayleigh 29 of 36Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 51. Audio Transmission This tool allow us to observe how the most common audio formats are aected by digital modulations30 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 52. Audio Transmission This tool allow us to observe how the most common audio formats are aected by digital modulations We studied the eects over the simulated channels (AWGN, Rayleigh e Rician) for a xed value of Eb /N0 = 10 dB and Q-PSK digital modulation30 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 53. Audio Transmission This tool allow us to observe how the most common audio formats are aected by digital modulations We studied the eects over the simulated channels (AWGN, Rayleigh e Rician) for a xed value of Eb /N0 = 10 dB and Q-PSK digital modulation We took as sample the wav le play it sam.wav with the following specications :30 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 54. Audio Transmission Specications of the sample le play_it_sam.wav : File Size: 1.76M Bit Rate: 1.41M Encoding: Signed PCM Channels: 2 @ 16-bit Samplerate: 44100Hz Replaygain: off Duration: 00:00:10.00 Lets see the results.... 31 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 55. Audio Transmission(g) Originale(h) Canale AWGN32 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 56. Audio Transmission(i) Rician(j) Rayleigh33 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 57. Conclusions Why using gr-bertool ? AdvantagesIts an helpful tool for the teacher to use in TLC courses34 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 58. Conclusions Why using gr-bertool ? AdvantagesIts an helpful tool for the teacher to use in TLC coursesThe student can nd a quick verication with the learnt notions during classes34 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 59. Conclusions Why using gr-bertool ? AdvantagesIts an helpful tool for the teacher to use in TLC coursesThe student can nd a quick verication with the learnt notions during classesIt has an user-friendly GUI34 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 60. Conclusions Why using gr-bertool ? AdvantagesIts an helpful tool for the teacher to use in TLC coursesThe student can nd a quick verication with the learnt notions during classesIt has an user-friendly GUIIts open-source !34 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 61. Conclusions Future Developments Addition of other components for transmission by using the USRP (through USB) and USRP2 (through Gigabit Ethernet) boards to study the real-time signals evolution(k) USRP1(l) USRP235 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 62. Conclusions Future Developments Addition of other components for transmission by using the USRP (through USB) and USRP2 (through Gigabit Ethernet) boards to study the real-time signals evolution(m) USRP1(n) USRP2Implementation of other modules for the network protocols (i.e. 802.11n, Bluetooth) always for learning goal 35 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio 63. Contact Information Arturo Rinaldi Freelance Collaborator @ DIECII Address : Dep. of Electronics Engineering (DIECII) - C.da di Dio, 98166 Messina (Italy) E-mail : arty.net2@gmail.com Fixed : +39-090-3977376 ; Mobile : +39-340-5795584 (Whatsapp) Skype : arty.net ; Facebook : arty.net Twitter : artynet2 ; LinkedIn : Arturo Rinaldi Prof. Giuseppe Campobello, Ph.D. Researcher in Telecommunications Address : Dep. of Electronics Engineering (DIECII) - C.da di Dio, 98166 Messina (Italy) E-mail : gcampobello@unime.it Fixed : +39-090-3977378 Prof. Salvatore Serrano, Ph.D. Researcher in Telecommunications Address : Dep. of Electronics Engineering (DIECII) - C.da di Dio, 98166 Messina (Italy) E-mail : sserrano@unime.it Fixed : +39-090-397752236 of 36 Arturo Rinaldi - Emulation of a Radio Link by means of Software Radio