THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A 10 kWp GRID-CONNECTED

PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY SYSTEMCIOSTA CONFERENCE 2011

J 29 J l 1 2011 Vi A t iDepartment of June 29 – July 1, 2011, Vienna, Austria ep e oPhysics and Process

ControlINSTITUTE FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

FACULTY OF MECHANICALENGINEERINGENGINEERING

SZENT ISTVÁNUNIVERSITY

i

UNIVERSITY

Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1. H-2103 Hungary

1/25

D. Rusirawan and Prof. I. FarkasTel: +36 28 522055Fax: +36 28 410804

Fizika.Tanszek@gek.szie.huhttp://fft.szie.hu

ISTVÁN FARKASDANI RUSIRAWAN

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT OF PHYSICS AND PROCESS CONTROLDEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL

BANDUNG – INDONESIA

DEPT. OF PHYSICS AND PROCESS CONTROL

SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY

GÖDÖLLŐ – HUNGARY

2/25

BANDUNG INDONESIA

www.itenas.ac.id

GÖDÖLLŐ HUNGARY

www.szie.hu

AsiaNorth America

Europe

Africa

South America

Australia

Oceania

Antarctica

3/25

INSTALLATION OF A 10 KWP GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AT SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITYPHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AT SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY

4/25LOCATION AT THE ROOF OF C DORMITORY BUILDING

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODELSPHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODELS

TERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

5/25

BACKGROUND I th h t lt i fi ld f t id ti f• In the photovoltaic field, manufacturers provide ratings forPV modules for conditions referred to as standard testconditions (STC) [T = 25OC, S = 1000 W/m2, AM = 1.5]

• Such conditions rarely occur outdoors, so the usefulnessand applicability of the indoors’ characterization in standard

ftest conditions of PV modules are a controversial issue.

• To carry out photovoltaic engineering well, a suitabley p g gcharacterization of PV module electrical behaviour (I–Vcurves) is necessary.

• Testing (conducted to experimental data) and modellingefforts are typically to quantify and then to replicate themeasured phenomenon of interest.p

• Testing and modelling of photovoltaic module/arrayperformance in the outdoor environment is very

6/25

performance in the outdoor environment is verycomplicated and influences by a variety of interactivefactors related to the environment and solar cell physics.

CURRENT RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

h d i l i f d l iThermodynamic evaluation of PV module inview of energetic and exergetic performance.

LONG TERM RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Development of physical model of grid-p p y gconnected PV array system, refer to an existingof PV array system at Szent Istvan Universityof PV array system at Szent Istvan University.

7/25

SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A 10 KWPSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A 10 KWP

GRID-CONNECTED PV ARRAY

8/25

SPECIFICATION OF A 10 kWp PV ARRAY AT SIU

Latitude : 47, 43 o N Azimuth : 5° to East for South facing

Longitude : 19, 35o E Tilt angle : 30°

Country : HungaryCountry : Hungary

Specification Sub-system 1 Sub-system 2

Sub-system 3

N i l [kW ] 3 3 3 1 3 1Nominal power [kWp] 3,3 3,1 3,1

Total system power [kWp] 9,5

PV module supplier RWE Solar Gmbh DunaSolar DunaSolar PV module supplier Rt Rt

Module type ASE-100 GT-FT DS40 DS40

PV cell technology EFG a-Si a-Sigy

Pstc, PV module power at STC, [W] 105 40 40

Total number of modules 32 77 77

N f d l i i ( i ) 16 7 7No. of modules in series (per string) 16 7 7

No. of strings in parallel (per inverter) 2 11 11

Inverter type (Sunpower) SP3100/600 SP2800/500 SP2800/500

9/25

No. of inverters within the Sub-system 1 1 1

Total module area [m2 ] 28 65 65

MODULE TECHNOLOGY IN A 10 KWPGRID-CONNECTED PV ARRAY AT SIU

ASE 100

DS40

ASE 100 : POLYCRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY

DS 40 : AMORPHOUS SILICON

10/25

DS 40 : AMORPHOUS SILICON TECHNOLOGY

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELS

TERMINOLOGY OF PV HIERARCHY AND GENERAL SOLAR CELL CIRCUIT DIAGRAMGENERAL SOLAR CELL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

11/25

MODEL DESCRIPTION OF SOLAR CELL IN DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW

Scheme of the energy streamsmodel of a solar cell (Thermalmodel of a solar cell (Thermalenergy)

General model of solar cell circuit in a single diode model(Electric energy)(Electric energy)

Focus

12/25

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PVCONCEPTS OF ENERGY AND EXERGY

ENERGY, EXERGY AND ENTROPY ILLUSTRATION ENERGY ANDENERGY, EXERGY AND ENTROPY FLOW IN AND FLOW OUT ON A

SYSTEM

ILLUSTRATION ENERGY AND EXERGY FROM THE SUN

13/2513/34

GUIDANCE FOR ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSISANALYSIS

ENERGY EXERGYDependent on the parameters of matter or energy flow only, and Dependent both on the parameters

of matter or energy flow and ongy yindependent of the environment parameters.

of matter or energy flow and on the environment parameters.

Guided by the first law of thermodynamics for all processes

Guided by the first and second law of thermodynamics for all i ibly p irreversible processes

Measure of quantity Measure both quantity and quality

14/2514/34

PV CELL/MODULE MODEL ANALYSIS

sh

ssol R

IRVnkTc

IRVexpIII

+−

⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤

⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡

−⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛

⎟⎞

⎜⎛+

−= 1shR

qnkTc

⎥⎥⎦⎢

⎢⎣

⎟⎟⎠

⎜⎜⎝

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

( )[ ]G

dl III −=

Fi M d l P t f C ll

( )[ ]ref,ccIref,lref

l TTKIG

GI −+=

⎤⎡ ⎞⎛⎞⎛3 Five Model Parameters of Cells

(Il, n, Io, Rs, Rsh) ⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

cfRe,c

G

ref,c

cref,oo TTnk

qEexp

TT

II 11

n = Ideality factor (a number between 1 and 2)

k = The Boltzmann’s constant (= 1.381 x 10-23 J/K)

q = Electron charge (=1.602 x 10-19 C)

Io = Dark saturation current for diode [A]

K Th ll’ h i i ffi i [A/K]

15/25

KI = The cell’s short-circuit current temperature coefficient [A/K]

EG = The band gap energy of the semiconductor used in the cell [eV]

PHOTOVOLTAIC ANALYSIS MODELS FOR ARRAY SYSTEMFOR ARRAY SYSTEM

⎤⎡ ⎞⎛

h

ssol R

IRVnkTc

IRVexpIII

+−

⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤

⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡

−⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛

⎟⎞

⎜⎛+

−= 1shR

qnkTc

⎥⎥⎥

⎦⎢⎢⎢

⎣⎟⎟⎠

⎜⎜⎝

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

ps IRVNIRV

⎟⎟⎞

⎜⎜⎛

+⎥⎤

⎢⎡ +

sh

ss

p

c

p

s

soplp R

IRN

nkTNN

expININI⎟⎟⎠

⎜⎜⎝

+−

⎥⎥⎥⎥

⎢⎢⎢⎢

−

+

−= 1

16/25

q ⎥⎦

⎢⎣

CELL/MODULE CHARACTERISTIC CONCEPTCELL/MODULE CHARACTERISTIC CONCEPTI–V and P–V solar cell characteristics and MPP

IV scocAG

IV scocmax ×

=η

IV

Efficiency Max.

scoc

mpmpIVIV

FF =

IVFF scoc ××IVE mpmpelec ×&

AGIVFF scoc

pc ×××

=ηAGAGpp.elec

pc ×=

×=η

17/2517/34

Efficiency power conversion

EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

thermalelectricalout nEnEnE &&& +==η

( ) QIV +× &

ininen nEnE &&

==η

( )AG

QIV scocen ×

+×=η

EXERGY EFFICIENCY

.destthermalelectricalout xExExExE &&&& ++==η

[ ]T ⎟⎞

⎜⎛

⎟⎞

⎜⎛

solarinex xExE &&

==η

( )( ) ( )[ ]

T

TTAv..TT

IV acc

ampmp

ex

⎟⎞

⎜⎛

⎟⎞

⎜⎛

−×××+×⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−×

=

83751η

AGTT

s

a ××⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

HUNGARY IRRADIATION BASED ON GIS PREDICTION

Yearly global (horizontal) irradiation

[kWh/m2]

19/25

OPTIMUM INCLINATION ANGLE BASED ON GIS PREDICTION FOR HUNGARYFOR HUNGARY

Optimum inclination angle

degreedegree

20/25

ŐANNUAL CLIMATE DATA FOR GÖDÖLLŐ, HUNGARY SITE LOCATION

21/25

Acquired data from MeteoSyn, Meteonorm, PVGIS, NASA SSE, SWERA (Klise et al., 2009)

THE ELECTRICAL AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF ASE-100 AND DS-40

22/25

SIMULATION RESULTSI-V CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE MODULE

23/25ASE - 100 DS - 40

CALCULATED RESULTS OF I-V CHARACTERISTICS

2.503.003.50

A) G = 100

1 001.201.40

) G = 100

0 501.001.50

2.00

Cur

rent

(A G = 200 G = 500 G = 800 G = 1000

0 200.400.60

0.801.00

Cur

rent

(A)

G = 200 G = 500 G = 800 G = 1000

0.000.50

0.50 7.60 14.7021.8028.9036.0043.10Voltage (V)

0.000.20

1.00 11.00 21.00 32.00 42.00 53.00 63.00Voltage (V)

2 503.003.504.00

A) Tc = 0 1.00

1.201.40

(A) Tc = 0

0.501.001.502.002.50

Cur

rent

(A Tc = 25Tc = 50Tc = 75

0.200.400.60

0.80

Cur

rent

( Tc = 25Tc = 50Tc = 75

0.000.50 8.30 16.10 23.80 31.60 39.40 47.20

Voltage (V)

0.001.00 12.00 23.00 34.00 45.00 56.00 67.00

Voltage (V)

24/25

ASE – 100 (POLYCRISTALLINE) DS – 40 (AMORPHOUS SILICON)

CALCULATED RESULTS OF P-V CHARACTERISTICS

100.00

120.00

G = 100 35 0040.0045.00

G = 100

40.00

60.00

80.00

Pow

er (W

) G = 100 G = 200 G = 500 G = 800 G = 1000 10 00

15.0020.0025.0030.0035.00

Pow

er (W

) G = 100 G = 200 G = 500 G = 800 G = 1000

0.00

20.00

0.50 7.60 14.70 21.80 28.90 36.00 43.10Voltage (V)

G = 1000

0.005.00

10.00

1.00 11.0021.00 32.0042.00 53.0063.00Voltage (V) g ( )

120.00

140.00

35 0040.0045.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

Pow

er (W

) Tc = 0Tc = 25Tc = 50Tc = 75

10 0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.00

Pow

er (W

) Tc = 0Tc = 25Tc = 50Tc = 75

0.00

20.0040.00

0.50 8.30 16.10 23.8031.60 39.40 47.20Voltage (V)

0.005.00

10.00

1.00 12.00 23.00 34.00 45.00 56.00 67.00Voltage (V)

25/25

Voltage (V)

ASE – 100 (POLYCRISTALLINE) DS – 40 (AMORPHOUS SILICON)

CHARACTERISTICS INTERPRETATIONSCHARACTERISTICS INTERPRETATIONS

• Increasing of irradiation at constant module temperature, giveIncreasing of irradiation at constant module temperature, give big affect (proportional) on a short circuit current (ISC) value but small effect on the open circuit voltage (VOC) value.

• Increasing of module temperature at constant irradiation will increase a short circuit current (ISC) slightly and decrease the

i i l ( ) i lopen circuit voltage (VOC) proportional. • Increasing of irradiation at constant module temperature, give

i ifi t ff t th t t f PV d l (P)significant affect on the output power of PV module (P). • Increasing of module temperature at constant irradiation will

great affect on decreasing of output power (P) PV modulegreat affect on decreasing of output power (P) PV module.

26/25

CALCULATED RESULTS OF MODULE PERFORMANCE IN SEVERAL EFFICIENCIES (THERMODYNAMICIN SEVERAL EFFICIENCIES (THERMODYNAMIC

TERMINOLOGY)5560 500

303540455055

%) &

Tc

300

400

W/sq

.m)

Tc (Celc.)Eff_exEff_en ASE-100 PV module

51015202530

Eff.

(%

100

200

G (W Eff_pc

Eff_maxG (W/m2)

S 00 V odu e

05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

0

45505560

Tc400

500Tc (Celc.)Eff

15202530354045

Eff.

(%) &

T

200

300

G (W

/sq.m

) Eff_exEff_enEff_pcEff max

05

1015

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

E

0

100Eff_maxG (w/m2)DS-40 PV module

27/25

Month

AVERAGE VALUE OF SEVERAL EFFICIENCIES IN THERMODYNAMIC TERMINOLOGY FOR PV

13 % 4 %13 % 4 %

ASE-100 module efficiency based on exp. DS-40 module efficiency based on exp.

SCREENSHOT OF THE DATA LOGGER PC DURING DATA ACQUISITION PROCESS

29/2529/34

”BRIDGE” EVALUATION MODULE OPERATION PARAMETER

Manufacturer’s module parameters

Isc Pmax Voc NOCT

FF

RSTc Ta

G

FF (G, TC)

Operation parameters

Pmax (G, Tc)Isc(G) Voc(Tc)

30/34

CONCLUSION

• Energetic and exergetic approach to evaluate a PV moduleperformance have been performed, theoretically. Someperformance have been performed, theoretically. Somedefinition of efficiencies (refers to terminology of energyand exergy) are implemented to calculate a performancemodule components viz. polycrystalline technology (ASE-100) and amorphous silicon technology (DS-40), which ispart of a 10 kWp grid connected PV array at Szent Istvánpart of a 10 kWp grid-connected PV array at Szent IstvánUniversity, Gödöllő, Hungary.

• From the I V P characteristics it can be seen that the open• From the I-V-P characteristics, it can be seen that the opencircuit voltage (Voc) is dominated by temperature, andirradiation has strong influence on short circuit current (Isc).g ( sc)Based on this characteristic, it can be concluded that hightemperature and low irradiation conditions will reduce the

i bilipower conversion capability.

31/25

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

• Further parametric studies are needed in order to obtain adeep correlation between climatic, operating and designparameters so that a possibility to increase a real actualparameters so that a possibility to increase a real actualelectrical efficiency can be studied and observed.

• This work is part of our research in order to develop aThis work is part of our research in order to develop adynamic model of a 10 kWp grid-connected PV array and thefinal objective of long term work is to develop an accuratemodel, in order to simulate the electrical behaviour andenergy production of the PV array systems in a grid

t d li ti d t d t id t d PVconnected application, conducted to a grid-connected PVarray installations.

32/25

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IS THE FUTURESOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IS THE FUTURE

33/25

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

KÖSZÖNÖM SZÉPEN TERIMA KASIH

SZENT ISTVAN UNIVERSITY ITENAS

GÖDÖLLŐ - HUNGARY BANDUNG - INDONESIA

34/25