Thermal Force

Unit 1.4

Objectives Define thermal energy Name the property of a body that determines its

temperature. Given Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature and the

formula for conversion, find the equivalent temperatures.

Explain the difference between heat and thermal energy

Explain the relationship between heat transferred to an object and the change in the object’s temperature

Use specific heat, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization to solve problems involving heat transfer

Terms(We will study energy in the next unit)

Energy – the ability to do work. Potential energy – the stored or build up of energy;

the capacity/ “potential” to do work. Kinetic energy – energy of motion. Thermal motion – the random motion of vibration

of an object’s atoms and molecules. Thermal energy – the total energy of the thermal

motion of all particles that make up an object

Temperature Temperature is the “hotness” property of a body; it

is the average kinetic energy of the random motion of the atoms and molecules in a body.

Heat flows from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature.

Measured in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. Thermal Energy is measured in Joules, Calories and

BTU’s

Measuring Temperature Thermometer – uses expansion and

contraction of a liquid usually colored alcohol or mercury.

Celsius scale – developed by Anders Celsius and based on the properties of water. (0° = freezing; 100° = boiling)

Fahrenheit scale - used in the US (32° = freezing and 212° = boiling)

Temperature scales

TC =59

(TF – 32)

TF =95

TC + 32

Heat Conduction – thermal energy flows from the hotter

object to the cooler object as kinetic energy is transferred when particles collide.

Heat is the energy that flows from one object to another because of temperature difference.

Heat flow depends on temperature difference. As the temperature difference increases so does the

heat transfer rate. (no temp. diff = no heat transfer) Temperature difference is the prime mover in

thermal systems.

Analogies to Prime Movers Mechanical – Force Fluid – Pressure Electrical – Voltage Thermal – Temperature Difference

Specific Heat The specific heat (C) of a substance is the

amount of energy that must be added to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance one unit of temperature.

Specific heat of water = 1cal

g • C°

energy

massUnit of temp.

Change of State States of matter – Solid, Liquid, Gas, and

Plasma.

Changes of state

Changes in State Freezing Point – Temperature at which a

substance changes from a liquid to a solid. Boiling Point – Temperature at which a

liquid changes to a gas. Heat of Fusion (Hf)– the amount of energy

required to change a melt a solid. Heat of Vaporization (Hv) – the amount of

energy required to vaporize a liquid.

Changes of State The amount of heat (Q) needed to melt a

solid of mass (m) is Q = m Hf

The mount of heat (Q) needed to vaporize a liquid of mass (m) is Q = m Hv

Summary The thermal energy of a body is the total kinetic energy of

motion of all the particles that make up the body. The temperature of a body is determined by the average kinetic

energy of the particles that make up the body. A thermometer measures temperature in degrees Celsius or

degrees Fahrenheit. Heat is the energy that flows from one body to another because

of a temperature difference. Whenever two bodies are brought together, heat flows from the

body with higher temperature to the body with the lower temperature.

The amount of heat transferred to an object varies linearly with the object’s temperature change, as long as there is no change of state: Q=mcT

If heat is transferred to a substance and it changes state, its temperature does not change.

Measurements One calorie is the amount of thermal

energy that must be added to water to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

One Btu is the amount of thermal energy that must be added to water to change the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Heat Transfer

Q = m C T

Heat transferred

Object’s mass

Specific heat

Temperature Change