theoryand practice of science,technologyand innovation policy-making… · 2014-10-08 · first,...
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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
POLICY-MAKING: AN OVERVIEW
Mustafa El TayebDirector, Science Policy &Sustainable Develoment
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The Beginning
In 1947 The British Government inaugurated an Advisory Council on Scientific Policy
How best can science help in post-war reconstruction
Innovtion in technology arising from scientific discoveries will contribute to growth of the economy
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The Sputnik Chock!
The British and American delegates at OEEC convinced their colleagues to establish a Science Committee
The work of the committee was useful but not effective
Until 1957 when the Russians’ space programme started
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Sputnik and Gagarin
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From OEEC to OECD
The Organization for European EconomicCoopertaion was then busy with thed e p l o y m e n t o f t h e M a r s h a l l P l a n
Europe was busy with purchasing of equipment Alexander King the then chair of science committee was worried that « absence of scientific and technological considerations….might lead to re-equipment to obscelence »
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The West Responded
OEEC responded by creating an Office of Scientific and Technical Personnel OEEC recomended the establishment
of a Science Policy Group
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During this time UNESCO initiated in 1959-1960, a programme on
General Poblemes of Scientific Research
Fundemantals of natural sciences of the scientific Method, and the shortageof trained scientists and technicians
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OEEC transformed into OECD in 1961 with a Directorate of Scientific Affairs
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Birth of Science Policy
OECD Member States considdd that « Science is inherently an element of educational Policy; it has little to do with economy and hence is more of a matter for UNESCO »
UNESCO elaborated a gobal study « Survey of the Main Trends of Inquiry in the Fied of Natural Sciences
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1963 UNESCO initiative
UNESCO organized the FirstUnited Nations Conference on theApplication of Science andTechnology (UNCAST) for thebenefit of the less developed worldthat was held in Geneva (January1963)
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Both rich and poor countries have been exploring how science and technology could be harnessed to contribute to development .
UNESCO initiated a programme named
Aid to National Scientific and Technological Develomment
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In October the same year, OECD held its first Ministerial meeting on Science and Technology
Only four countries had ministers in charge of science then
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Both UNESCO and OECD then came to the same conclusion
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Policy for Science
Opportunities and challenges, in all cases exceed, the finance and skills available to benifit/solve them, hence the need for mechnaism to priortize and allocate resources
Apex bodies, responsible for priority determination and resources allocations, were born
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Science for Policy
There was also a need for an applied scientific research targeted towards meeting specific needs in agriculture, health and industry
National bodies and/or mechnaisms to advice governments to enable them take informed decsions
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The main objective of governments is to achieve a steady economic growth for sustainable development
In pursuing this objective, the application of science and technology is generally considered as essential in the overall l0ng-term and global perspective
Government also recognized that there is a need for national autonomy in the sphere of science and
technology generally referred to as capacity
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Science & Technology Policy
Principles and methods, together withlegislative provisions required to stimulate,
mobilize and organize the country’s scientificand technological potential so as to implementthe national development plan and/or strategy
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Science Policy
A statement by a Government that expresses a purpose, an agreed upon set of goals &
objectives and desired outcomes that are consonant with the county’s long-terms vision;It is a framework for resources allocation to priority programmes, projects and processes
designed to achieve the national development programme
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Policy Instruments Operational mechanisms
Law or decree, bill, resolution, regulation, organizational Structures, including an agency or a minstry (hardware) as well as procedures, methodologies, programmes (software)
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S&T Governance
Interaction and division of responsibility between knowledge producers, policy-makers and other stakeholders in a transparent way that defines duties, powers and accountability of each actor
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Mission of GovernmentPolicy-making
Determination and selectionof scientific/technologicalobjectives consistent withthe national stratergies
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Mission of GovernmentPolicy-making
Justification of these choices and the evaluation of the consequences
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Mission of GovernmentPolicy-making
Excercise judgement in setting the norms that govern the ways& means in which science & technology are developed, tranferred and applied
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Mission of GovernmentPolicy-making
Gather, organize and deploy the resourcesrequired to pursue the selected objectives
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Mission of GovernmentPolicy-making
Monitorig and evaluationof results obtained in applying the policy
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In general, the budgeting for science and technology (R &D and STS) is part of the overall national planning and budgeting.
The Science budget is either as a first rank funding or budgeting category in the overall national plans and budgets
The Science budget be considered as part of other budgetary categories such as in educational, health, agricultural and industrial fields.
Budgeting for Science
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The 1964 UNESCO initiative
Following the conference in Geneva, UNESCO sponsored the International Conference on the Organisation of Research and Training in Relation to the Study of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources that was held in Lagos, Nigeria –August 6,1964
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CASTAFRICA I
UNSCO then organized the First Conference of Ministers responsible for Science and Technology in Africa (CASTAFRICA I) in 1974 in Dakar, Senegal
As a follow up to the 1963 Geneva Conference, the Second United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) was held in Vienna, Austria in 1979
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Lagos Plan of Action
The Organisation of African Unity adopted“Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic
Development of Africa: 1980-2000”
Formulation of national science and technology policies & theestablishment of national science and technology Systems
Commitment of funding to R&D activities in Science & Technology to a minimum of 1% GDP rising to 3% GDP (by the year 2000)
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African Countries started adopting National policies aimed at
strengthening the human resource base, establishment of universities
and research institutions, improving science education
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Poverty
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HIV/AIDS
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Cholera
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Climate Change
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Transportation
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Maintenance
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Scientific Research
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Where is Africa’s scientificResearch?
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PublicationsThe major bibliographic databases revealthat Africa produces
Agriculture and tropical health
1.5 %
10 –15%.
of world production (all disciplines)
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PATENT APPLICATIONS FILED BY ANDGRANTED TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 1999PATENT APPLICATIONS FILED BY AND GRANTED TO AFRICAN
COUNTRIES (UNESCO Science Report 2005)
Country By Non-Residents
To non-Resident
Botswana 54 26
Lesotho 80315 43
Madagascar 41237 29
Malawi 80430 84
Swaziland 40673 57
Tanzania 14467 0
Zambia 87 66
Zimbabwe 80167 34
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"Creation, mastery and utilizationof modern science is basically what distinguishes the South from the North."
Abdus Salam,1979 Nobel Laureate for Physics
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The first lesson is based on the experience of those Asian economies — such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong — that successfully moved from relative poverty to relative prosperity in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Asian Tigers
Initially they focused on importing technology
This was followed by efforts to master the technology, to copy it (through what is known as 'reverse engineering')
Make incremental improvements through improved design engineering and applied research.
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Asian Tigers
Eventually, several of these countries began to invest heavily in scientific research
Other factors such as heavy government investment in primary, secondary, technical and tertiary education
Industrial policies were also critical, involving managed credit and the protection of nascent industries
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Latin America
These Countries invested heavily in building national scientific research capacity and creating centres of scientific excellence
The result was an increase in the number of research scientists and more scientific papers published in academic journals
Little contribution to the economic development of the countries in the region.
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The experience of the Asian tigers and Latin America countries suggest that, in the early stages of a country's industrial development, there is little direct relationship between the success of efforts to build national scientific research capacities on the one hand, and economic development on the other
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Linear Model versus NIS A change from what was widely assumed that there was
a linear process leading
A much more systemic approach based on Networks linking scientific and technical activities both within and between institutions including new forms of interaction between universities and business enterprises, and both within and between countr
Basic & AppliedResearch
Design &
DevelopmentProduction
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Some aspects of change
First, funding for science and technology would not be generic (i.e. directed at building general science and technology capabilities in developing countries) but focussed on a relatively small number of specific problem areas that require urgent solutions, and that cannot wait until generic research capacity is built in the developing world.
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Second, investments in science, technologyand innovation would be predicated on industrial strategies aimed at economicgrowth, within which international support for science and technology would largely bedemand led.
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Third, the linear knowledge model linking research to production would be explicitly avoided through policy instruments that seek to differentiate, by countries and by regions, the best ways to create, acquire, assimilate, use and diffuse knowled
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Finally, the emphasis in financing research would be on developing research networks in the developing world which include research partners in the developed world, and which can be certain of receiving long-term financial backing.
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Agriculture
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Regional strategies
African Member States, sharing common objectives adopted a Consolidated Plan of Action on Science& Technology
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Policies regarding science and technology operate best
at the national level
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REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS
National Innovation System
A UNESCO Template on Higher Education & Research
SWOT Analysis
Scientific and Technological Activities
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National Policy Reviews
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The study design
we proposed undertaking a four-phased approach: Phase 1: collection of relevant material and mapping of the
available information on the S&T system Phase 2: On the basis of the above, preparation of a first
report on the status of STI and drawing-up an outline of S&T policy
Phase 3:Organization of wide consultation with all stakeholders (this may take the form of a national workshop) to expose the proposal and generate consensus on future orientations.
Finalization of the Policy Document and its validation first, by a national conference and then by Government
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Contextualization of the science system within political, economic, educational and social systems
the political and socio-economic “status” of the country S&T system, highlighting significant strengths, weaknesses and major events and developments.
demographic , social , economic and technological indicators
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The governance of science, technology & innovation System
Existing science policy, research strategy and Higher Education documents as well as formal reviews and commissions into HE and research in the country.
Whether policies are being implemented, suceess and failure, obstacles etc
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Knowledge and R&D performers
Information on public universities, private universities and university centres Internationally funded but locally
based research institutes, if any Government funded research centres Private sector or corporate research
institutes/centres
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Higher Education System
This is the foundation on which the STI system is built
Strength and Weakness of the Higher Education System; its research capabilities (by field)
Niche areas of research in the system and at universities
Nature of knowledge production undertaken in various sectors of the system
Salaries and working conditions
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S&T Human Resources
Number of researchers/ scientists * gender
Number of academics in HE institutions Number of researchers per million of
labour force Nr of academics by scientific field *
gender Nr of academics (gender breakdown) Number of academics in HE institutions
per million of labour force Nr of Masters and Doctoral students
(enrolments) * gender Nr of M and D students by field of study
(6)
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Research Funding (Public or private; National and international; Trends)
R&D intensity (GERD/GDP) Expenditure on R&D per researcher Expenditure by sector Source of funding (incl. overseas agencies) – actual values
and proportions Expenditure by scientific field (6) Role of government and other domestic agencies in
funding research Role of international donor and funding agencies in funding
and steering research in the country
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Scientific co-operation and agreements ( formal agreements; main partners; doctrines, practices and evolution; types and amount of funding
bilateral scientific agreements multilateral and regional agreements international agencies operating in country degree of scientific collaboration as measured through
share of foreign co-authors of papers Main institutional collaborators Main topics and domains of international
collaboration
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Research Output (post-graduates/ publications/ papers/ patents)
Total output in ISI-journals (by scientific field)
Total output in local journals (by field) Nr of Masters and Doctoral graduates Nr of theses/dissertations Nr of patents Description of context and nature of
research output
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Functionning of Natioanl Innovation System
Exclusive Role of Government
1. Policy and Resources Allocation (formulation, monitoring, review of science policy and linkages with other policy domains)
2. Regulatory System of metrology, standardization, safety in health and environment as well as IP functions
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Shared Functions
Financing of Innovation (use of Govt. purchasing power..) Performance Functions Human Resources Development Function Infrastructure Function
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Challenges and Opportunities
HealthIndustryEnergyAgricultureWater Resources
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RRESOURCES ALLOCATION
Priority Determination
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It would be presumptuous to believe that the advance of science and technology can be centrally directed by arbitrary selection of national scientific objectives and the subsequent commitment of national resources
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The impact of science and technology to economic growth and development can be limited in the absence of other socio-economic inputs and determined political drive
It is the motivation for growth and change which prompts scientific and technological innovation and not the reverse
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Research-basedWith Strong linkage to the productive sectors
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Intermediate Agencies
Foster innovation and commercialzation throughScience Parks and IncubatorsVenture capital, incentives etc
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Capacity building
Regional Workshop,Windhoek, May 2007
Nairobi, Kenya,June 2008
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Funding mechnaisms, tax incentives, Banks, Venture Capital etc
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Long-term Support for Science
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Long-term support for Science
1. Promote co-operative networks between Scientist and parliamentarians on issues of legislation
2. Support participatory policy reviews resulting in a view to improving the management of S&T efforts at the national level.
3. Promote public debate on S&T issues and civil society participation on science policy options
4. Raise public awareness, diffuse scientific and technological culture in the society and fill the gaps in public understanding of science
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Public Understanding of Science
Two of the greatest evils that afflict
Asia and keep millions in a state of physical, mental and spiritual poverty are fanaticism and superstitions. Science, in its cultural value as well as technological sense, is the great enemy of both”
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Tan Sri Datuk Dr Oma
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Africa Has a new Plan of Action
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Members of the Mission on Science and Technology Policy for a Democratic South Africa with Nelson R. Mandela
James Mullin, Deanna Ashley, Lydia Makhubu, Thomas Odhiambo, Geoffrey Oldham
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Political ChampionsI remember the advice given to me by one of the
international members of the Mission, Dr Thomas Odhiambo, head of the African Academy of Sciences, about how important our future investments are in the area of S&T and how many African countries are only now realizing that they would have been further along the path of economic development had they recognized, following independence, the importance of investments in this area. This lesson has not escaped our new government and
indeed S&T is recognized as a major pillar of the Reconstruction and Development Programme.
Nelson R. MandelaSeptember 1995
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The way forward
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