theory (and application) learning: a change in human performance or performance potential that...
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Theory (and Application) Learning: A change in human
performance or performance potential that results from practice or other experience and endures over time.
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Instruction Refers to selection and arrangement of
information, activities, approaches, and media
By an instructional expert To help students Meet predetermined learning goals
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Theory A theory is a set of related principles
explaining a cause and effect relationship among events
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What’s the practical value of theory? Principles can be translated into
guidelines that help teachers select and use practical tools and techniques
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Learning Theory Behaviorial Perspective Information Processing Perspective Constructivist Perspective
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Behavioral Perspective Focuses on behavior Focuses on influence of environment Learning= a change in probability of a
particular behavior occurring in a particular situation
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A->B->C Model The environment presents an
Antecedent that prompts a Behavior that is followed by a Consequence
That then determines whether the behavior will occur again
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Instructional Program Made of a series of frames which
present students with A- information and a question or problem B- which is followed by feedback C- based on the response.
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Practical Applications Teachers should state the objectives of
the instruction Teachers should use cues to guide
students to the desired behavior Teachers should use consequences to
guide students to the desired behavior
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Information Processing Perspective Uses computer model Mind takes info Mind organizes info Mind stores info Mind retrieves info
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Memory’s 2 Characteristics It is organized rather than random It is active rather than passive
Learning= change in knowledge stored in memory
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Memory’s Three Proceses Attention- the process of selectively
receiving info Encoding- the process of translating
info into a meaningful context Retrieval- the process of identifying and
recalling info for a particular purpose
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Practical Application Organize new information Link new info to existing knowledge
Use focusing questions Highlighting Analogies Mnemonics
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The Constructivist Perspective Generative learning Discovery learning Situated Learning Presents a marriage of principles
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Principles Learning= A change in meaning
constructed from experience Learners construct knowledge by
working to solve realistic problems, usually with others
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Constructivist Theory Knowledge= Individual interpretation of
experience Info Theory says knowledge is an
objective representation of our experience
Existing knowledge, social context, and the problem determine learning
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Practical Application Use knowledge to solve problems Require students to make and test a
prediction Focus on problem, not tools Collaborative / group learning Learning activities Model and guide the process
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Communication Theory Messages are subject to distortion
(filters in sender and receiver and environment)
Communication is a dynamic process Communication has many variations
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Practical Application Communicate WITH students, not TO
them Identify filters and reduce them Use multiple channels to communicate
to students
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Systems Theory The world is an inherently ordered place
that allows for rational decision making A system is a set of parts that depend
on one another People build systems to accomplish
their purposes
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Practical Application Identify the goal of the system- in this
case, instruction Identify the system parts and the role
each part plays When changes occur in one part
maintain system balance by making changes in the other parts.
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Summary Learning is the student’s responsibility-
Instruction is the teacher’s Theory should inform your instruction Instructional practice is built on a
diverse theoretical foundation- like different food groups make for good nutrition, different theories contribute to good instruction