themes in media theory

8/2/2019 Themes in Media Theory

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7 Political economy ami postcolonlal theoryIntroduction111[5 c1nplN will consider nm dj!iL[nc! bu t rel.Heu ttlellll's [n !lll'Llia theory.olll lmonly idi. 'In. 'u In ;i!o, political economy and postcolonialislll. titllhrtdd:'l oi inquiry iW.' l"l)IKl'rm1-u wilh mCLliii pllwt,,'r and i s ' ' U L ' ~ ut n h . ' d i ~ 1 o \ \ ' n ~ efship ..m u t:onlrnl. T I 1 l . ~ o r h . ' s of political i..'C0I10IllY, it " Ill l ' ll'rrn ~ l I r ; g l ' s b , font .on the pDlitics ami economics of media institutions and the texts. tlit'Y p r n ~ dtlcC'. Some tril{fiLion:-. 01 political economr - such il!-. AJornr.:I's Ull'Ory ofstam.lilrdiz.1liot1 :that we will d i s ; : u ~ s fJr.'>t - also comkler !ww capitaiist p o l i t k ~ ,mu t:conomio eXL'rt ti1en)'iel\'t..'s on Inl.'dill :mdienCl':.. l'olilh:.l! ('conoI11Y isaSSO(iOlteu with c1,:!s.':.i,,,t ~ ' I a r x b t tlwory .m d :rvl.ux's statement tl1LiCK in lH.S911I1.\l s.ocial consciousness is delermin(;'d no t by th e collective wi!l 01 i n d i \ ' i ~ duals bu l by tlie mHIl!; c J < l ~ s e ~ wh o ow n ille llle.:ll1s of c.:IpHalh! productioni s ~ [ ' Eil5thopc- .:Im1 ~ , t c ( ; O \ " ' . : I n 1992: -15-6!- 110\\,(""(;[, it 5110Uld now 11(' clearfJOm discussion of slructuEllism rChLlptcr 4J that poliricil[ (-t"CJnOB1Y b no t th eonly ITailiUon DJ H1l'diii lIUoory intluenccd by ~ , I L l r x i s m . Theories of poJith:iileconomy tend 10 dHfL'r fmm slflK"Ulfa]jst L l p p r o a r h l ' ~ 10 : . \ ~ a r x i ~ m , though, byanalysing the ecnnomic structures that cilLlfJCli-'rlze ml'dia ins\ttLItinm f


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POllTlGAl ECOIlOMY MID POSTCOlOJlIAl TJlEORY 123proJucti';1f1 .. 1i1;:lt represent non white, n O ! 1 \ \ ' l ' ~ t c r n cultures have the pm .. .:::rtL1 f!,l'ncrate !otL'fL'ol},pilJJ collccplio!l?i (If 'the Olher ' titat hecome ltinns hy tJu' \\'l '-'ilern wCorlLl. T h i . ~ Iirs! scmi: of domination isL'xplurlfd hy l h e D r i ~ t s of tllCtlia anti cultural lmp(ri.JILm1. i n c l l l { j i n ~ I!i:rmanilml UWI1l"ky (l o be d h c m ~ t : ; j ) . ises- redundtinl liS prmlilcers" {,\dorno Jn d llorkheimer1973: [50), They cite thL' depL'ncien(c of Ihl.' culture illdustry on Ihl.' 'mo:;,tpnwuilll S ( ' t t o I ~ (If indusuy - stecl, petroleum, electricity. amI ch('mi(ab'(AJornn ilml (Inrl..:tlL'lmer 1973: 1:22., il'o, eyidl'nc(- of the tli\'isivt', dE'l'p.selltedconn'ntration of capital ' ...Hhin the pDlitical economy of HlelHJ..

Laughey, Dan. Key Themes in Media Theory.Buckingham, , GBR: Open University Press, 2008. p 123.http://site.ebrary,coml1ib/mayabfDoc?id= 10229846&ppg= 136Copyright 2008. Open University Press, AJI rights reserved.May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S, or applicablecopyright law.


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m POLITICAL ECONOMY !liD POSTCOLOIIlAL THEORYnIl' main ddininh II',dlHl' Cof till ' l'\.IJture imimtry for Adorno is : ' i t a l l ~

dardizntiun. It is iInIJl.)rlJllt \[} l I n d L ) r ~ l a n J , though, Ihill Adorno\ theory pf5tandurdiz,:!tinn r ( ' h . : r ~ not only to tilL' pfOi.lucls of the (uItUf1.' indmlry but toits consumers ton, SlJili.tanELi:Lit.m b almut pollUc nl" l i s t l ' l l l ' r ~ will) in.\uwu that imitations of the flrs.t hlL:l,ongs r-ecei\"L'd JH.'\\"


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POliTlCItlEtollaMY AlID POSTCOlONIAl TIlEORY 125tile ofiic(', farm or t"JcLnry. fo r Aclnrno. (omlTIL'fciiJl popular mu:\lc is th eullimJh . iIll'dium of " ' t l C i , ~ J control. lndL'l'li, LllL' soli.1! anLl p ~ y c h o ! o g i L l I l f11!1clium of popular music


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126 POllTI&AlE&OIIOMYAlID POmOlONI!lTHEORYIlis r i ! ~ r ( ' s ~ i n : subjugation to the proulIcts of m ~ m cuHUJC': ' l it ' hc:co!TIes till'Jbnn'C[cr oJ j u ~ l liw!ll' industriul [ l r l H . l u c t ~ will;'.."!1 lll' la m 01Thi..' Smiths imd the Ullli!J ll1elJllChoik gUitar fOcK hands t h ~ ! i followed !lll'm't N e g u ~ 1996: Ill. The Smitlls' fans, nn the ct1nlrilry, might (It)\1l11D till' lyric:,>(1;- a mc},: ;mtllem like ;Piinic', ,mu ib im.:cssant calt 10 lian,!:; [ ) . I ~ , is that y o u l 1 ~ [h.'opll' ~ h ( ) l J [ i J lillt IlL on;J,mc>:.' 11001"> to bqjil1 with. 1 he jith'rbub dance dilectly '1Ilude . 10 H . p i l r t t c i ~ p,mts' incurotic :..!upiditr' (A([mno 1991: 411. This rllythmicaUy ohl'lHent tY1R'- typified Ill' jitterlmg ~ m d ji\'l' d J . n c e l ~ - c n ~ ' ; l ~ L ' S in il.n 't'cs; term - churning out ~ l > l n t l a r d i z l ' d pmductron ltilS hi..'CI1cnnfrnntl'd in more [Ct"cnl times by a 'cultural imiuslril'$- appro,\cl]' 15('(' ~ I i L ' t ; e 1 ~ , S 9 ; GJrnhilm 1991l), The ctllturill imlll'ilrks approach rcjel"l50 ti l l ' top-downmode! of l"'Conomic determinism t h ~ t '..In,.i(;rpim "\dmnn's thenry of Si


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POLITICAl. ECDIIO!1YMm PDsrCOLOIII!LTlIEOR! 127;::n.' \";:;:-.t irH.'l]lltlHlil'S in ;Jr.:ces!. to tIle culturJI ! I H . l u ~ t J i L ~ ~ .. . and In:1ny]l\:npll' wh o ~ , t l I 1 L tu (Tl ' a l l ' tL'xts struggle tn carn il lh-ili b.

\ I J e ~ m n n d l l ; : ; l g J l ~ o n 2 : S-6i~ I H l l ' l h l ' I L ' \ ~ an d ',,'i11101l1 ~ l J ; : C l ! J l 1 t l i n ~ 10 AJl)rno\ pL's.':>tmhm, H l ' ~ m o n J h a l g ! t ilrgUl' .. 111


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128 POLITICAl ECOIIOMYAlID POSTCOlONI!lTIlEORYpeoples (and d h C l l ~ S l ' d ];Hi..'r) - b l i l ' ; i . : l ~ to I!m:;tll'n ami c\"cntual.ly toppleimpt'fiaIL"'t p n w e r ~ , , :,uch ;:IS wmmcrLiJi radio nn dtahloid-.'itylC' Tle',\'_\P';jll'iS, [rat] I, ~ l i ~ ( l depCJHJt'IlI OTl other counlric.'s - PJIIicutarly the L'SA - for its supply oi' f n r e i ~ n ;me! n;:Hionai ni.'WS, Wi.'JI a . ~ il reLldysupply of e n t l ' n ~ l [ l 1 m l ' n t content ~ U C l l i'lS comedies an d popular music. Cul-lural (il:pcndcncy !mplii..'_


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POLITICAL ECOIIOMY AlID POSTCOlONI!lTHEORY 129lndcpl.'ndcnt Television \lTVi in \5JitJE[1 in 1 9 S ~ . (1n [ilL' surt:ICt:, nil' glDb;)itDmml.'rLi;Jlizlllion 01 media m ~ y il.ppeJr nu l p;utklll;lrl:. sinhkr. S(l1illL'r\tiH.'nrl'lical poinl prot'!{'s Delo'.\' this surface pero:plinn, IhnugJi, [1'1 , H , ~ l l l ' thatAmeric;m-Icd medIa commercialism H.'!lcCb the a d Y i : ' I l l ~ i n ~ - J J i \ ' t n characterof the Jampa l l t US capitalist economy. l ~ y I'Xlensinn, t ~ . \ l"l'OlH.'!llic values an.'p r o p ~ l g i l l l ' L l "roLlnd th e work! via mcdi,l....,:ullllJil.] L ' X P l 1 J l ~ . ~ l l L h J ) t l 'kyhionr r o b r u l l 1 l l l L ' ~ Utat other I:ollntril'!. rl'uJily ~ d l l ' d l l l l , ' oa tili..'tr j1w'H.h:'lslingnetworks l)ccaus!.' CS l'Xpnrls an: ( h ~ ' a f H . ' T U,.-m lClCllly produ((:d Lt'k'\'isinn.115;-cxpnrled medii! tIt well into the 5cheliuling of IlH:'r:-'l'JS commercialbrnalh:ilslt.'f.'> int1U'2IKl:U, in turn, by US b r l } J . u ( a ; , . t i n ~ Yilli.lL';". \h m . ovcr,Americ.lt1 t dn 'b inn !o.limn ilnd flilm l..'xporteLi around the world help In ~ d l goods produced hy US-DWl1cd rm.!llilliitiona! colllp;lI1in: ~ t ) m t ' llf whom maymanUfLl(lLUl: their ,!.;oods in On'rS(,Ll5 HlLlIkeh will:re H1t.'LIi" impDrt.l!lt as quality Whl'll CS teh.:yhion :!:>h\)ws "tart to looklikt.' Hollywood mlwies. Amt!rican media and cultural tmpl'riutislll is IsoL'\'iclelH wi1L'n norl-Amfrk,Hl products are nom.'tI1L'il'S'i miHlr.: in .llmil'il idl'lltkill WilY'" to Arnerit.:.m o n t . ' ~ . BraziliaJl StUp Opl.'r'i!> atJnul wt.'Jlthr I l l l : ! : > i l 1 L ' _ ~ s -pl.'ople, lo r installce, are locally produced by Urili:!HJIi mi..'l1ia lirrm Inn appearilke the clones of exisUn,s VS soap opi."ras haUl in \i."rms e,1 (('!lIen! amicommercial Inll'nl (SchUlcr 1991.i. Smdy Ihc IllUSt sihl'liiicanl impa(t DfAmerican media JBi.! cultural impefialhm, tllnllgli, has I)Cl'li . ~ l o l ~ J i rerogniHOIl of English


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130 POllTlCALECOIIOllY AlID POSTGOLONI!LTHEnRYcultural recEplion of nfU.IS I : L l ~ d b c u s ~ c d in Chapln /) in relation 10 Ang\work) In' audience!. whom thc\' intl'IyiL-wl'd in "l'''t'Iil! c o u n l r i c ~ in which tlie. \ T 1 h ' r i c ~ n 11'1L'vj:.ion )l'rial huG 'hcl.'Ji i..'xporlcd. Isr r e p r c ~ e n t e d in n-If/((s, fdt 1I1J\Ihey sern.'Ll 'the hl'gcmollic tnLl're!>ts DJ the prudllccr!l or of Am..:ricall :-.ocil'ly'tLiciJl.."s an d l\illZ 1990: 751. OpP,J!>!til}[1il! n . ' i ] L l i l l , ~ ~ lH'this kinLl wt'fe lI1L' norm.;IllU SllJ.it;l':it lilt' Ci.lSt:' \'\'it11 whiLh ,:nldiL'nn..'s illi..'lltify i lnl! fL'sbt irnpL'fiJlislicrnl'di


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POllTlC!l ECONOMY !NO POSTCOlOlIIAlTHEORY 131\"oit:l's. Tlleir (CnL[il) JfhUlnL'nt is UtilI media produce C O J 1 ~ c n t ':lJnnn,t.: 'thi..'public' by f ( ' p l l l " t l n ~ gO\'LTIlIl1L'1H rnnccms .:1 faLl': "a!m? but I1l.'glt'ding toc;o,;ilmim widn ('cnn11I11lc, _ ~ o c j < l l and llbloric hut - iJ,:


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132 POLITICAlECOIIOMYAlIO POSTCOLONIALTHEORY. 1 d \ " t ~ r t j s i n ~ hiJS till' effcct of forcing n l ~ \ S Inei.lia institutions Ln t ~ l i l o r theirm,lteri,l! 10 im all1ucnl ;IUtlil'J1CC -that j; , till' iLka! ;Jutlil'IW .. im . 1 L 1 \ " l ' r t L ~ e r ~ . As.~ l l c h , they arr;uc: 'The idea that the driw In r l ~ r ~ l ' iJuJh.'llcL's m a k ( ' ~ ih e lTI'ISSmcdiL1 "dt'ntoCfiJlic" liltts suffers 1rom th e IniU;3] weakne.ss Ill'l! its politicLlJ:Iliillngul' b ;1 Hlling ..y\tl'rn weighted by iTlco!l1ts be(o!lil' valuable' countL'f-persp'..'clin?s onpiu1 i c u l ~ r 'l'Yl'nls ,me! issUI..'s if nnly m;I"lS \In'dia would pLlY gn..'atl'f ~ I t t < . ' n t i o n tolhL'ITI, Unfortunately, accorlling 10 I (ismilfl i'lnu C!lO!mky., journalists preferlo r ~ l y 011 H.'hUIJr. familiar SOUrci..'S Willl which t l l ~ y I,;]\'c good \\'orkingf L ' l a l i u m h i p ~ . Hmre\cr, thL'.'>e r!.!lJtion.ships ~ r l ' pnml' tn abuse from the new ..::'Ollf1.:e: 'ThL' IllcLHa may fed obligatcd to r J r r ~ ' extremely duhious stories Llndmute criticism in order nol to oflend their . s o t 1 m . ? ~ !:mu tlbturb Ll close relationship' tHt'rlfl.m Llnd C!lom.sky 199-J.: 12L Sources can als-o ctrcu.!llnlllchallL'ngc.


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POLITICAL ECOIIO!1YAIID POSTCOLOHIAL THEORY 133tlnd CorpOfi1tl' .sources can m':lI1ipulat(! >lnd nl


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134 POUTIGAlEGO!IOIlY AlID POSTCOlONI!lTHEORYIlerrn;m and CllomsJ.,y do not s.uf!irh,>nlly comidt:'f OH: (omplt'.\itil'S oJ tile]11)\\,l'JluJ dill':,> thill thl'Y Ix'Hen Gin manage and mallipulate media. Thl'rL' h,H i nVC'fslmpliill..'u assumption th


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P O L l l l ~ I I l E C O I I O M Y AlID PDSlCDLDNIALTlIEORY 135prouuclion IIntl Iht.' !;llmur i"ofCl.' - W j ) ~ l1islinct from hut re[,Hetl to th eSupt'fslnu:lufi.', by .."hich !lL' JIlI.'Jfll tll(' nrhm . :.odaL political and Glltura[frt., is th\:' b'>lil' nf tUUCL'ntr.Jtlol1, whereby ownl'rhip becomes Cl'l1-tr,llizcd ~ n t n tht, 11;mtt.. ()l ,I fl'\\' m,ljor nHllpanie., in


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136 POllTlGAlEGOllOlI1 AlID POSTWlOlllAlTHEORYU ) M P A ~ Y A n l ~ . j I ' : \ S Y (

.-'/ -------...--

CO\lI'AI\V AFigure 7.1 Honzc.n till integra ion

lCOMPANY A J,

Figure 7.2 Vertical ir;legl'i1lion

1("\ \\ ;\1,\ I I,H 1.-\ I. "v[)RODI i( ' l l ( ) ~

tIJIS rl{11l1 I! IU ";,RE ! 'AIL I,XIIIIlITIUi'

J.;ivcn sector of the communications rnom-ay .lrc actin' in both horlzont


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POUTlCAl E t o I I O I . l ~ AlID POSltDlONlAlTHEORY 137gt;neratin,g sulJslantlal p m J i . ( ~ _ TlIe authors note ltlL1t 'as concentration andLllwf:;ificalion aL!vi'l[1n:, :':.0 !l'SS ,mL! !CS\ nJicL',\ ~ l l r l , ' i Y l ' in l ' ~ l c h mediJ s e ( ~ o r ' t:"[urdoc!,; iil1li G ( } l d i n ~ 1977: 37). N('wsPJ.lx'f nwncT'ihip is indiGIti'.:c of lh hS l ~ l \ e 01" affalrs. The m a i t J r i t ~ ' of nc:w5papCrs. makt: no or \'eT)' litlle profit JartiH.'ir OWI1\.'IS., or in .!JO!1ll' CJses. opcr,ltl' al a routinl' financl.fUIdodl's- Nt'wS Corpor'Hion would raLill'[ cope ' ...llh thesl' ! n s . ~ e s tlliH1 dost-'down newspaper presses ami run L11L' rhk uf il.':1Ying J F.!.lp In Hw m ~ I I I . : \ . . ' 1 forcompetitors to explQit br tlc\"I.'lopln,r; new j1n:.'ss titl-cs, wiliLll 5 ~ l b 5 L ' q t H . ' n l l y exprl's.s hllstHity lowarus glolJ;:li cnrpnrilliom anD offer challenginga l t e r n a t i H ' , ~ .

A third .md t"lnill PW(fSS 01 concentration j" i n t i ' m a l i o n a l i z ~ l t i o n . '.\"hkhft'turm us to the ct.'ntra[ (OI1Lern:!> J . ~ s o c i ; : l t L ' d with themii.'s of Hli..'-'Jlil am icultural imp('ri>llism. Processes of internutionalization and di\'CfsifiGHion an:do:,-ely tied bCLame !11t.'diJ conglonll':f.1\t'!'. ofti'D diwfsiiy into dHfert'nt sector:,in differt>nt intt'rnillion;ll TlwrJ\t:.'t.s, :--:L'W." Corpllr>ltion, fnr ('x;iltlpIL'. has television nctworks in Si;'\'(:r;l! d i f f ~ n : n t regiOns of till' world \FOX in 01\:' USA, Skyin Britain, R)XTEL in Australia. STAR in AsIa) as \\"('I! >IS hIm, l1l'wspapt:;r ;muinternel oper.Hion5 in Iht.'s-e relons. Also linl,ed \\ith p r o L e . ~ s L ' : ' > of iU1t.'I-n.ltionaliziltion and divcr:!>Hi.calion is tile notion oJ corporali.' synergy_ :\Iccliaunci culturul proclllction is 'st!Onbly influenced by rommercii.ll stratcr;kslmiltaround " s y n t : : I i t ; ~ " 111


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138 POllTIGAl EGOIIOMY MID POSlCOlONI!lTHEORYrequired for ..:ol!1munication and informalion g o t 1 d ~ Jnd s i . . ' f y i L l ' ~ is lilH.'uriHlkally ~ m d lIlCft-';lsiahly lO'.\",mb mm!.! afJlUl!flt groups' tLiolding JliU ~ l u r -dock 20\)0: H6;. Till' .nllllofs ,1[50 LlrgUl! that media fq m . sentations o! ,\n;;lion's sn;':!J! ~ t r l l c l t 1 f l ! comtllutl' th e maior SOUfC(:? of Infnrm.Hltll1 ilndi !1lJM'fY al:lJut ~ n c i a i rla.'s did:dmn O.. lllnlock .mu Gnkling 1977), Ualurtunah.'ly, givL'n 11l,it 11H:dia produclion i:\ controlled by t h o ~ c Cll the top end ofIlll' C!i1,


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POlfTIGAl EWIID!!! MID POSTCOlONIAlTHEORY 139atHhmpo!ogtc

Figure 7.3 The '.'.'!t ' . e n u ~ thE OriEnt

ORIENT (the Other)Prirnitivc>Emotior,il!NJtl.;r .1F ;mir;ine 'v'u In.; r.,bleCO'DU,;:;OISlili!ledB;!rb,U1C

n l l ! ~ f binary JHfl'H."fKt'S an.' 'rn.m-madc-' l:Said 1995.: 51


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140 POllllGAlEtOlIOMlAIIO POSTCOlONI!lTHEORYin such J way lhJt thejr i d e { ) l o , ~ i c ; : ! t J i i " l ~ e s nli"ltl'ri'1Uzctl inLo oIJje(tj\-e truthsatwtll il ~ r e a l hull dh-iliillf.!, th e l1cciliL'llt Ii./,.'. Ihl: \\'l':\.tt frum th e Oril'nt.

Said h < t ~ sinci.' dcyclored 11is I h t ' ~ ) r ; . ' (11 Oril'nlalhm iil1d ;;ppliL'J it t0I110[l'contempDrary instances of media and cultural imperialism. hl [ imlJIKl', heJf,glll'5 that tw o (urrenl t L ' r m ~ pn."'.:Jli..'lll in \\\:Sll'rrl dh":OUfSl' about nOrl-\ \ - . . . . ' , ~ k J l 1 t : l l i l u r l ! ~ - 'Il'rrnrhrn' ;lJld 'lLmdilllh.'l1lJlbm' - l ' l l l l ' r ~ L ' d in the J 9 ~ n s from Western 5 y ~ t i . ' 1 l l " of POWl'f incim,HIlr; HI:.'\n a g l ' J K j l ' ~ . TiH'5(, t\\U tl'rm"'signify mora! power and appw\'Jl for W!H1(,\'C:-f USt'!" tlH.'m, lI1or;;.j t!lJfmin'm ~ ~ 5 and criminaUza;jnn for 'W]10meYt'T they J L ' ~ j , ~ n J l l " IS:lid 199.J: :175.1.!\.'lorcHn.'l.. glob;ll J I 1 ~ d i a ~ y s t l . ! m s :-:tll:h as Hoily\\Tlnd p{;rfrmn '" \',.:ry l'!lklt.'ntmfillc Hr {Irti;:u/lrlilJli l,nHling t i l l ' \mlld logl ' t lwr ' (Said 1 9 ~ ) - 4 : 37-!,J !Jut Ih bmode of [1onW(?-.slem cultures in often inaccmaie, misll'Jding WLlYS, We J 1 1 i ~ h t I;omillcr,for c)'J.mple, the !>tcrcotypicJl dt.'ph:tion 01


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POllTlCILECONDlAYANDPDSTCOLDlIlJ\LTHEOnY 141

Figure 7.4 Abu HJmza (ill;Z/ Captil in !-Iool,), Islumic x ( r E m j ~ t

Clearly, S'Iohum!1it'Ll KhalamL i1;JS recently reporleli to ti1I.' United Natinns about till' p r l ' ~ s i n b W::'I.'J In hrjdge lhe \Vesl-}.-Imlim diyich.' (BBC Onlinl' 2CHi6). Sen:r;ll critid'>lllSof Said's theory sl10uld he notl'tl, however. First, 'Ni:' might asK: wh - nol in~ H 1 y Arabk form of dbc{)ur!.l: - ilnd prcsenls its niocnce within al1 aGILlemk,ruth.maJ Illl);je of d i ~ ( ' o u r ) L ' th


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142 POUTICIlI.EGOIIOMY MID POSTCOlOlIlAlTHEORYGmpnn i m \ ~ ( : s ~ . i f Iht: prophet :\1uhuggl':,b tl1i11 minOIity ethnic groups in w h i t ~ , Western culture5 ( n n ~ Linw. In ht, mim;opreSenll..'(] 11)' rtlcist It'ndl'nciL's, H ~ r ~ hL' t l . i s L i n b u i s l l l . ' ~ bL'lwl'l'n nVL'rt fJchm imd 1 l ' ~ O ; intenlinl1i:11 forms nf inferEntial racism whidlrely on u m p ~ s l i ( 1 l 1 L ' d Jssumptinl15 that ;hIJcks' or other ethnic minorHies are

Laughey, Dan. Key Themes in Media Theory.Buckingham, , GBR: Open University Press, 200B. p 142.hUp:/ls te.ebrary.comllib/may ablDoc?id= 10229B46&ppg= 155Copyright 200B. Open University Press. All rights reserved.May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicablecopyright law.


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POWICAlECOlIOMYAIIO POSTCOLONIAl THEORY 143tlH: 'n;Hurai' C


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144 POUTICAlECOIIOMlAlID POSTWLONI!lTHEORYthe 51ak Jn d its til's wilh other forms ut domination mc h as till.: h ! ~ a J s ~ ' s k m amI thi.' military. Amlthin..1. bl'Kk ll1U"jt: c l l H u r ( ' " ~ lIa\'t' '; I pJ5!1ionc:tl' l Jdid illIhL' i m p n r t < l n ( \ . ~ of histnry' IC;Uroy ]9>'{7: 199i - including the piJillfuJ ouLsilcred h i s l o r ~ ' of blJd. ~ l < : i : n ' r y - "


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POLITICAL ECOllUM! " ~ O POSTCOlOlII!lTHEORY 145pJrt[clli>1rly Aml'rkani.l'd mediC! commcJClJlbm - ;md o p p o s i n ~ till.'llrks n( (ulluraJ r l . ! ~ b W . n C L ' . Till' j1itlpS media ~ i . : r v e thl! heg(;monic j n i ~ r e s b oJ g L H ' c m n 1 L ' n L ~ and [ji h h U ' ; i J l l . ' ~ S L ' S . I ' w ( ( ' ) ! > e ~ 01 "':ollct;.'ntraLion uno t:onglOllll'fillion - inll.!gratio[1.d i \ ' C r ~ i r l ( i l . I i ( 1 n ,lnd internationaliz;;lion - as L l ! l J l y _ ~ ! . . ' d hy nitk'l1]1nJitic,J! ewnomy tlleory !C.g. thL' work of !\h.mJork ;:mci Goiciing).t " l r i L ' l i t ; i H ~ ! 1 1 lSJid) JnG the postmIoHt11 Jrgument that \\'esternfl.'pn.'sL'I1LaHotL':.ol the Other (e.g. Islam1 an.' m b C t . H K l . ! i n ~ u , imperi-ill!:..t Llml r ~ i ( b L I'm\coionial tlH.'oril'S of fL'prt.'sl'nlaUom of race, partinlbrly in fL'lillion tn IliacI-;. music Jn d l'xpressh'e culturc.

~ u r t h e r readingCUrT>ill, J. and Park, ~ H . l.eds} (20(JO) Dt'-lVl.'s/{'miziIlS ,\kt/i ll 5!1hlks. London:

RtJut1cdge.Debates ,miJ iS511(>!j 10 do with media power and globalization in Juthorilari,H1,dl'Ii1IKfdtk- and I r a n ~ i t i o l l : [ l ~ o c i l ' t i t ! : . 'Hi.' explored in d.cplh. J{c('ommcm.ltxlIm aLiVilI1Ci..'LI llnch.'rgnH.lllJks anti ptl5tgrac.lualt.'s.Dyer, R. 11997) \I'hitr. London: Routlet1ge.T h L ~ bl,lllk wnsh.h..'f:i fl'prl'Sel1talions oi whiteness in rdation Lo UlristianHy,fan . .md (nlnniaiisrn -.\ surprisingly UIH.'xpliHi.'li SUbject ,1ft:L1, Rc-comment-ledf l l ! :lllV'lf1(l..'d umh'rgraduates Jml pmlgradlliiles.H;=.nicy, L (cLLiI2IJOS} L'rt'.lacil!l1, n, !1999,! 7fIL' AuSfo-AI1!l'riclill Media Ctlllll( ' ([il.tH.

OxfnrJ: Oxford Univcrsity Press,The cl"Ollomk


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146 POUTIGAl.EGOIIOMY AlID POSTCOlONI!LTHEORY

'Illis a political l'W!10Il1Y r L ' r ~ p L ' ( l i w nn Ihe glntlill uominance of the USfilm industry. C h ; : p l e r ~ indudt:d on I [ollyw(1nd pIouuclion, dbtribution,t;:\hHJition

themes in media theory

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