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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia

URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

AND

THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN MALAYSIA

Dr. Norlida Mohd Dom

The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia

and The Pacific (HTCKL)

Department of Irrigation and Drainage

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Malaysia

Assessments of Risks, Hazards And Vulnerabilities Associated With

Climate Change Impacts on The Key Sectoral And/Or Cross-Sectoral

Bases

The Workshop for Capacity Building on Climate Change Impact Assessments and Adaptation Planning in

the Asia-Pacific Region: Needs and Challenges for Designing and Implementing Climate Actions ; 27-28

January 2016, Manila, The Philippines

1

Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands and The Climate Change in Malaysia

CONTENT

• Issues & threats associated with Climate Change• What is Urban Heat Islands (UHI)• Urban Heat Islands In Malaysia• Effects of UHI In Malaysia• Managing Climate Change • Concluding remarks

2


MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT (2005):

“Over past 50 years, humans

have changed ecosystems

more extensively than any

comparative period…..……

resulted in a substantial loss

in diversity of life……..

degradation of many

ecosystem services”

3


MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT (2005):

Ecosystem ↔ Climate ?

4


A recent study shows that the capacity of many ecosystems to provide certain services has been declining…

ISSUES & THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Key

(Source: Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems. 2000. WRI, IFPRI)

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Bad

Not Assessed

Food-Fiber Production

Water Quality

Water Quantity

Biodiversity

Carbon StorageIncreasing

Decreasing

Mixed

Condition of

Ecosystem

Changing

Capacity

Ecosystem Type

Services

5


Climate change is already affecting many ecosystems. A recent study shows that the capacity of many ecosystems to provide certain services has been declining…

Key

(Source: Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems. 2000. WRI, IFPRI)

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Bad

Not Assessed

Food-Fiber Production

Water Quality

Water Quantity

Biodiversity

Carbon StorageIncreasing

Decreasing

Mixed

Condition of

Ecosystem

Changing

Capacity

Ecosystem Type

Services

CLIMATE CHANGE & URBAN HEAT ISLANDS IN MALAYSIA

6


WHAT IS URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

(UHI)

7


DEFINITION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI)

“An area of higher temperatures in an urbansetting compared to the temperatures of thesuburban and rural surroundings. It appears as an‘island’ in the pattern of isotherms on a surfacemap.”

Source: Glossary of Weather and Climate, Ira Geer, Ed.

8


“The respiration of humans and animals, above all the fumes of innumerable chimneys, maintain above Paris a rust-colored haze which blocks the sun… it is impossible that (Paris) should not have a notably higher temperature than the surrounding country.”

(source:Emilien Renou, 1855)

“… the temperature difference between the countryside (and the city) is about 1o (C)”

(Source: Emilien Renou, 1868)

9


URBANISATION OF WORLD POPULATION

• 1800 – 3% urban

• 1900 – 14%

• 1950 – 30% (83 cities >1M)

• 2000 – 47% (76% in WDC, 40% in LDC)

• 2030 – estimated 60% urban, most of the growth in Least Development Countries (LDC).

(Source:Janet Barlow, 2008)10


11

MALAYSIA RAPID POPULATION INCREASE

919,

610 1,

262,

000

1,42

3,90

0 1,81

1,00

0 2,19

8,40

0

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020


PROFILE OF UHI

Source:Hendrik Wouters, 2014 12


London!Kuala Lumpur!

Manchester!

San Francisco!

Tokyo! 13


How is an urban surface different to a rural surface?

• random array of obstacles, in horizontal and vertical

• “patchy” – inhomogeneous surface type• rough surface (causes turbulence)• warmer surface (range of building materials)• sources of heat and pollution released at ground

level• reduced surface moisture

14


Reflection of sunlight (shortwave radiation)

• Materials used quite dark (e.g.

tarmac, slate tiles, stone)

Reflect less sunlight

• Define albedo: the fraction of incident shortwave radiation which is reflected

= 0 (no reflection) = 1 (total reflection)

e.g. tarmac ~ 0.05-0.1 grassland ~ 0.1-0.2 snow ~ 0.4-0.7

15


Emission or absorption of heat (longwave radiation)

• Some built materials have high heat capacity, low thermal conductivity

they store heat, release it slowly(e.g. stone, brick, concrete)

• Some materials have low heat capacity, high thermal conductivity

they heat up rapidly to high temperatures, and cool down rapidly(e.g. “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof”!)

• Typically, urban areas store heat, release it slowly

16


Urban Heat Islands In Malaysia

17

Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia Source;MACRES

MALAYSIA

North East Monsoon (Nov-Jan)South West Monsoon

(Apr – May for Peninsular Malaysia)(May-July for East Malaysia)

Temperature: 21oC – 32o CHumidity : 80%Rainfall : 2,420 mm – 3,830 mm

18


SATELLITE IMAGE OF UHI IN KUALA LUMPUR

Source : MACRES

11:00am

The Temperature The Urbanisation19


EFFECTS OF UHI in MALAYSIA

• Large power consumption to cool down buildings

• Increase in ozone and chemical reactions causing smog and air pollution (when air temps rise)

• Hot day time temps in city > can be 10°C above rural temps

• Warm nights in city area – due to large latent heat energy stored during day time

• Increase in intensity and frequency of storm events (statistically proven for UHI KL city)

- resulting in increase of flood events 20


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Nu

mb

er o

f T

ime

s E

xce

ed

ed

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Year

3 HOURLY RAINFALL STATION NO 2818110

EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN VALUE

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Num

ber of T

imes E

xceeded

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Year

3 HOURLY RAINFALL STATION NO 3117070

EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN VALUE

EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN

VALUE STATION NO 3117070

EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN

VALUE STATION NO 2818110

MORE TIMES

EXCEEDED

GREEN AREAURBAN

URBAN AND RURAL RAIN COMPARISON

UNIFORM PATTERN

21

UHI


RAINFALL TREND COMPARISON

Small difference

large

difference

LONG TERM ANNUAL RAINFALL (1965 - 2002)

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Year

Rain

fall

mm

/year

3117070

2818110

FEDERAL TERITORY : URBAN & GREEN AREA

URBAN AND GREEN

AREA

TREND COMPARISON

22

UHI


Small

difference

large

difference

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Rain

fall m

m/year

1538117

1834122

STATE OF JOHORLONG TERM ANNUAL RAINFALL

RAINFALL TREND COMPARISON

URBAN AND

GREEN AREA

23

UHI


LONG TERM ANNUAL RAINFALL

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

19

65

19

67

19

69

19

71

19

73

19

75

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

Year

Rai

nfal

l m

m/y

ear

3117070

2818110

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Rainf

all m

m/ye

ar

1538117

1834122

Urban Heat W.P Kuala Lumpur.

Urban Heat Johor Bahru, Johor

Small

difference

Gap in rainfall trends between urban and green areas

Urban Heat Federal Teritory Kuala Lumpur.

large

difference

24

UHI


+ 0.9 o C

Data source : MMD

25

24 hour Mean Temperature for Petaling Jaya, Selangor

1973-2003

y = 8E-05x + 26.84

20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

34.01

60

6

12

11

18

16

24

21

30

26

36

31

42

36

48

41

54

46

60

51

66

56

72

61

78

66

84

71

90

76

96

81

10

28

6

10

89

1

Daily

Tem

pera

ture

(o

Celc

ius)

UHI


+ 1.09 O C

26

24 hour Mean Temperature for Senai, Johor

1974-2003

y = 1E-04x + 25.477

20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

34.0

1

58

4

11

67

17

50

23

33

29

16

34

99

40

82

46

65

52

48

58

31

64

14

69

97

75

80

81

63

87

46

93

29

99

12

10

49

5

Daily

Tem

per

atu

re (

Deg

ree

Cel

ciu

s)UHI


27

Urban Heat Islands (Climate Change in Malaysia)

The medium of the long term rain andtemperature are able to forecast for the yearup to 2050.

Study Conclusion:


MANAGING CLIMATE CHANGE

28


KEY STRATEGY

• Catchment and zonation in National Structure Plan

• Requires Multi-agency management attention

• Proposed as stated in National Physical Plan

• Management planning to synchronize with Local Areas Planning.

• Endorsement by policy makers & state authority

29


30

POLICIES

• Every Sector• Promote• Ensure• Control• Conserve• Ensure provision of

adequacy• Infrastructure


HOW TO MANAGE AND WHAT TO MITIGATE FOR UHI?

Malaysia ‘National Physical Plan’:

A Five years Strategic Planning. Some of them are as listed below:

• Water Resources: National Water Resources Council (MSAN), NWRP (National Water Resources Policy), IRBM, ,IWRM, MSMA; MWP, GWP, National Land Council (MTAN), National Forestry Council and National Mineral Council; Hydrological Procedure (HP1), etc.

• Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESA)

Guidelines for State Land Logging

Guidelines for Agriculture Development-

Forestry (National Forestry Act of 1984/ 1993 )

National Slope Master Plan 2009-2023 31


HOW TO MANAGE AND WHAT TO MITIGATE FOR UHI?

Malaysia ‘National Physical Plan’: (continue)

• Local Areas Planning: Policy statements in planning and protecting green areas –ex; Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020

• A strategy for integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use.

• Framework for action under CBD

• Endorsement by policy makers & state authority

ETC.

32


HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE NO.1 (DID,revised and updated 2015)

33

Example : Region 4, Mountainous Area CCF


IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH A 5-year Strategic Planning

• Considers the entire range of services andecosystems. (Stakeholders involvement)

• Attempts to optimize the mix of benefits within agiven services and across ecosystems

• Uses adaptive management (SWOT, BOS)

• Ensures inter-sectoral involvement & cooperation

• Follow through34


• Sustainability of the ecosystems:

– balance and integrate conservation vs wise use

– involve all relevant sectors

• Develop & Implement Integrated Mgmt Plan

– Action plans & guidelines

• Progressive awareness raising by public awareness program (POP)

• Participatory process

SUMMARY

35


Concluding Remark

SCIENCE TO POLICY

INTERFACE

36


THE CHALLENGES

• IRBM based on LU planning + MASMA + on-site flood detention is essential. Because of land constraints

– options are running out.

• Biggest issue on land accquisation

– administrative/cost/social/political implications

37


38

THE CHALLENGES (cont’)

• Rapid population increase

• Limited potential land for development

• Privately owned green areas

• Competing demand of land for various uses


39

KLCC Park


40

THANK YOU


Acknowledgement:

41

i. Fund by The Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ)

ii. Organizer by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

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