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THE WORK OF CHRIST

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Page 1: THE WORK OF CHRISTquintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Forsyth/Work_of_Christ...vi pt forsyth: the work of christ vi to avoid repetition. My hope is to be of some use to those ministers

THE WORK OF CHRIST

Page 2: THE WORK OF CHRISTquintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Forsyth/Work_of_Christ...vi pt forsyth: the work of christ vi to avoid repetition. My hope is to be of some use to those ministers
Page 3: THE WORK OF CHRISTquintapress.macmate.me/PDF_Books/Forsyth/Work_of_Christ...vi pt forsyth: the work of christ vi to avoid repetition. My hope is to be of some use to those ministers

THE EXPOSITOR’S LIBRARY

THE WORK OF CHRIST BY

PETER TAYLOR FORSYTH, D.D.

PRINCIPAL OF HACKNEY COLLEGE, HAMPSTEAD

HODDER AND STOUGHTON LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO

Quinta Press

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Quinta Press , Meadow View, Weston Rhyn, Oswestr y, Shropshire, England, SY10 7RN

The format of these volume is copyright© 2016 Quinta Press

For proof-reading purposes the line breaks are in the same place as the original, hence the stretched text

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PREFACE

TH E S E c h a p t e r s n e e d t o h a v e i t s a i d t h a t t h e y w e r e g i v e n a s e x t e m p o r e l e c t u r e s

f r o m r o u g h n o t e s t o a g a t h e r i n g , l a r g e l y o f y o u n g m i n i s t e r s , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h R e v . D r . C a m p b e l l M o r g a n ’ s a n n u a l c o n f e r e n c e a t M u n d e s l e y, N o r f o l k . T h e y w e r e t a k e n d o w n i n s h o r t h a n d a n d t h e n c a r e f u l l y r e v i s e d . T h e y t o o k p l a c e i n J u l y, 1 9 0 9 , i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e d e l i v e r y o f m y C o n g r e g a t i o n a l L e c t u r e o n t h e P e r s o n a n d P l a c e o f C h r i s t , w h i c h t h e y s u p p l e m e n t — e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t a k e n w i t h m y C r u c i a l i t y o f t h e C r o s s a f e w m o n t h s b e f o r e . I t w i l l b e s e e n f r o m t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t t h e b o o k c a n n o t p r e t e n d t o b e m o r e t h a n a h i g h e r k i n d o f p o p u l a r i s a t i o n , t h o u g h t h i s i s l e s s t r u e o f t h e t w o l a s t c h a p t e r s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n m o r e w o r k e d o v e r . T h e s t y l e a p - p r o a c h e s i n p a r t s a c o n v e r s a t i o n a l f a m i l i a r i t y w h i c h wo u l d h ave b e e n o u t o f p l a c e i n a d d r e s s - i n g t h e o l o g i c a l e x p e r t s . A n d a s s o m e o f t h e i d e a s a r e u n f a m i l i a r I h ave n o t b e e n t o o c a r e f u l

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t o a vo i d r e p e t i t i o n . M y h o p e i s t o b e o f s o m e u s e t o t h o s e m i n i s t e r s w h o a r e s t i l l a t a s t a g e w h e n t h e y a r e s e e k i n g m o r e f o o t i n g o n s u c h m a t t e r s t h a n t h e y h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d w i t h i n m e r e B i b l i c a l o r H i s t o r i c a l T h e o l o g y. T h e r e i s n o r e g i o n w h e r e r e l i g i o n b e c o m e s s o q u i c k l y t h e o l o g y a s i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t . N o d o c t r i n e t a k e s u s s o s t r a i g h t t o t h e h e a r t o f t h i n g s , o r s o f o r c e s o n u s a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e m e r i t s o f t h e c a s e , t h e d o g - m a t i c o f i t , a s d i s t i n c t f r o m i t s s c r i p t u r a l o r i t s e c c l e s i a s t i c a l c a r e e r . N o d o c t r i n e d r a w s s o d i r e c t l y o n t h e p e r s o n a l r e l i g i o n o f s i n f u l m e n , a n d n o n e , t h e r e f o r e , i s o p e n t o s o m u c h c h a n g e i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e C h u r c h ’s t h o u g h t u p o n i t s g r ow i n g f a i t h a n d l i f e . T h u s w h e n we c o n s i d e r t h a t h e r e w e a r e a t o n c e w h e r e t h e f o r m m a y c h a n g e m o s t i n t i m e a n d y e t t h e f e e t b e m o s t f i r m l y s e t f o r e t e r n i t y, we r e a l i s e h ow d i f f i c u l t a n d d e l i c a t e o u r t a s k m u s t b e . A n d w e a r e m a d e t o f e e l a s i f t h e d u e b o o k o n s u c h a t h e m e c o u l d o n l y b e w r i t t e n f r o m b e h i n d t h e v e i l w i t h t h e m o s t p r e c i o u s b l o o d t h a t e v e r flowed in human veins.

We a r e i n a t i m e w h e n a s p i r i t u a l i t y w i t h o u t p o s i t i ve c o n t e n t s e e m s a t t r a c t i ve t o m a ny m i n d s . A n d t h e n u m b e r s m a y g r ow o f t h o s e f a vo u r i n g

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a n u n d o g m a t i c C h r i s t i a n i t y w h i c h i s w i t h o u t a p o s t o l i c o r e va n g e l i c a l s u b s t a n c e , bu t c u l t i v a t e s a c e r t a i n e m u l s i o n o f s y m p a t h e t i c m y s t i c i s m , i n t u i t i o n a l b e l i e f , a n d b e n evo l e n t a c t i o n . A m o n g l ay m i n d s o f a d evo u t a n d s o c i a l bu t i m p a t i e n t l y p r a c t i c a l h a b i t , t h i s i s n o t u n l i k e l y t o s p r e a d ; a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y a m o n g t h o s e w h o s e p u b l i c i n - t e r e s t s g e t t h e u p p e r h a n d o f e t h i c a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l i n s i g h t a n d d e n u d e t h e i r r e l i g i o n o f most of the reflection it demands.

U p o n u n d o g m a t i c , u n d e n o m i n a t i o n a l r e l i g i o n n o C h u r c h c a n l i v e . W i t h m e r e s p i r i t u a l i t y t h e C h u r c h h a s n o t m u c h d i r e c t l y t o d o ; i t i s b u t a s u b j e c t i v e t h i n g ; a n d i t s f a v o u r w i t h m a n y m a y b e b u t a n o t h e r p h a s e o f t h e u n c o m p r e - h e n d i n g p o p u l a r r e ve r e n c e ( n o t t o s a y s u p e r s t i - t i o n ) f o r t h e r e c l u s e r e l i g i o n i s t , t h e my s t e r i o u s e c s t a t i c , a n d t h e a s c e t i c p i e t i s t . W h a t C h r i s t i a n f a i t h a n d t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h h ave t o d o w i t h i s h o l y s p i r i t u a l i t y — t h e s p i r i t u a l i t y o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t o f o u r R e d e m p t i o n . T h e C h r i s t i a n r e ve - l a t i o n i s n o t “ G o d i s a s p i r i t ,” n o r i s i t “ G o d i s l o v e .” E a c h o f , t h e s e g r e a t w o r d s i s n o w m u c h u s e d t o d i s c r e d i t t h e m o r e p o s i t i v e f a i t h f r o m w h o s e m i d s t J o h n w r o t e t h e m d o w n . H e r e i n i s l o v e , n o t i n a f f e c t i o n b u t i n p r o - p i t i a t i o n ( 1   J o h n i v . 1 0 ) . Wo u l d P a u l e v e r h ave w r i t t e n 1   C o r . x i i i . i f i t h a d b e e n r e ve a l e d

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t o h i m t h a t i t w a s g o i n g t o b e t u r n e d a g a i n s t R o m . i i i . 2 5 ? A n d w h a t w o u l d h i s l a n g u a g e h a v e b e e n t o t h o s e w h o a b u s e d t h a t c h a p t e r s o ? C h r i s t i a n f a i t h i s n e i t h e r s p i r i t u a l i t y n o r c h a r i t y. I t s r e v e l a t i o n i s t h e h o l i n e s s i n j u d g - m e n t o f t h e s p i r i t u a l a n d l o v i n g G o d . L o v e i f o n l y d i v i n e a s i t i s h o l y ; a n d s p i r i t u a l i t y i s C h r i s t i a n o n l y a s i t m e e t s t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f H o l y L o v e i n t h e w a y t h e C r o s s d i d , a s t h e c r i s i s o f h o l y j u d g m e n t a n d h o l y g r a c e . I f t h e C r o s s i s n o t s i m p l y a m a n n e r o f r e l i g i o n b u t t h e o b j e c t o f o u r r e l i g i o n a n d t h e s i t e o f r e v e l a t i o n , t h e n i t s t a n d s t h e r e a b o v e a l l t o e f f e c t G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , a n d n o t t o c o n c e n - t r a t e m a n ’s s e l f - s a c r i f i c e . A n d e x c e p t i n t h e C r o s s w e h a v e n o g u a r a n t e e f o r t h e s u p r e m e t h i n g , t h e d i v i n e t h i n g , i n G o d , w h i c h i s t h e c h a n g e l e s s r e a l i t y a n d i r r e s i s t i b l e s o v e r e i g n t y of His Holy Love.

I t i s u p o n s u c h f a i t h a l o n e , g i ve n by t h e C ro s s a l o n e , t h a t a C h u r c h c a n l i v e — u p o n t h e f a i t h t h a t f o u n d e d i t — u p o n a p o s i t i v e N e w Te s t a - m e n t G o s p e l . O f t h a t G o s p e l t h e C h u r c h i s t h e t r u s t e e . A n d t h e C h u r c h b e t r a y s i t s t r u s t a n d t h r o w s i t s l i f e a n d i t s L o r d a w a y w h e n i t s a y s , “ B e b e a u t i f u l l y s p i r i t u a l a n d b e l i e v e a s yo u l i ke ,” o r “ D o b l e s s e d g o o d a n d t h i n k a s yo u please.”

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T h e r e i s a t i m e l y s a y i n g o f t h a t s e a r c h i n g C h r i s t i a n g e n i u s K i e r k e g a a r d — t h e g r e a t a n d m e l a n c h o l y D a n e i n w h o m H a m l e t wa s m a s t e r e d by Christ:

“ F o r l o n g t h e t a c t i c s h a v e b e e n : u s e e v e r y m o a n s t o m o v e a s m a n y a s y o u c a n — t o m o v e e v e r y b o d y i f p o s s i b l e — t o e n t e r C h r i s t i a n i t y. D o n o t b e t o o c u r i o u s w h e t h e r w h a t t h e y e n t e r i s C h r i s t i a n i t y . M y t a c t i c s h a v e b e e n , w i t h G o d ’s h e l p, t o u s e e ve r y m e a n s t o m a ke i t c l e a r w h a t t h e d e m a n d o f C h r i s t i a n i t y r e a l l y i s — i f not one entered it.”

T h e s t a t e m e n t i s e x t r e m e ; b u t t h a t w a y l i e s t h e C h u r c h ’s s a l v a t i o n — i n i t s a n t i - N i c e n e r e l a - t i o n t o t h e wo r l d , i t s p r e - C o n s t a n t i n i a n , n o n - e s t a b l i s h e d , r e l a t i o n t o t h e wo r l d , a n d d e vo t i o n t o t h e Wo r d . S o c i e t y i s h o p e l e s s e x c e p t f o r t h e C h u r c h . A n d t h e C h u r c h h a s n o t h i n g t o l i ve o n b u t t h e C r o s s t h a t f a c e s a n d o v e r c o m e s t h e w o r l d . I t c a n n o t l i v e o n a c r o s s w h i c h i s o n e a s y t e r m s w i t h t h e wo r l d a s t h e a p o t h e o s i s o f a l l i t s æ s t h e t i c r e l i g i o n , o r t h e c l a s s i c o f a l l i t s e t h i c a l i n t u i t i o n . T h e w o r k o f C h r i s t , r i g h t l y u n d e r s t o o d , i s t h e f i n a l s p i r i t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f a l l t h e w o r k w e m a y a s p i r e t o d o i n c o n v e r t i n g society to the kingdom of God.

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CONTENTS PAGE

I

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOD’S SACRIFICE AND MAN’S 1

II

THE GREAT SACRIFICIAL WORK IS TO RECONCILE 31

III

RECONCILIATION: PHILOSOPHIC AND CHRISTIAN 63

IV

RECONCILIATION, ATONEMENT, AND JUDGMENT 97

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PAGE

V

THE CROSS THE GREAT CONFESSIONAL 139

VI

THE PRECISE PROBLEM TO-DAY 173

VII

THE THREEFOLD CORD 197 ADDENDUM 237

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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

GOD’S SACRIFICE AND MAN’S

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I

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOD’S SACRIFICE AND MAN’S

WH AT I a m g o i n g t o s ay i s n o t d i r e c t l y u n t o e d i f i c a t i o n , b u t i n d i r e c t l y i t i s s o m o s t

c e r t a i n l y. D i r e c t l y i t i s r a t h e r f o r t h a t i n s t r u c - t i o n w h i c h i s a n e e d i n o u r C h r i s t i a n l i f e a s e s s e n t i a l a s e d i f i c a t i o n . We c a n n o t d o w i t h o u t e i t h e r . O n t h e o n e h a n d i n s t r u c t i o n w i t h n o i d e a o f e d i f i c a t i o n a t a l l b e c o m e s m e r e a c a d e m i c a l d i s c o u r s e . I t m a y b e g i n a n y w h e r e a n d i t m a y e n d a n y w h e r e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , e d i f i c a t i o n w i t h o u t i n s t r u c t i o n ve r y s o o n b e c o m e s a f e e b l e a n d i n e f f e c t i v e t h i n g . I t h i n k a g r e a t m a n y o f u s w o u l d b e a g r e e d t h a t p a r t o f t h e p o v e r t y a n d w e a k n e s s o f t h e C h u r c h a t t h e p r e s e n t m o m e n t i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t e d i f i c a t i o n h a s b e e n p u r s u e d t o t h e n e g l e c t o f i n s t r u c t i o n . We h a ve b e e n a l i t t l e t o o p r o n e t o d we l l u p o n t h e s i m p l e s i d e o f t h e g o s p e l . A l l o u r c a p i t a l i s i n

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s m a l l c i r c u l a t i o n . We h a v e n o t p u t b y a r e - s e r v e , a s i t we r e . A n d t h e r e f o r e t h e s i m p l i c i t y i t s e l f h a s b e c o m e u n s e t t l e d a n d i n e f f e c t u a l , c o n - fused and confusing.

I a s k y o u r a t t e n t i o n t o c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f o u r C h r i s t i a n f a i t h w h i c h p e r h a p s d o n o t l i e i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n t h e s u r f a c e , b u t w h i c h a r e y e t t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e C h u r c h ’ s c o n t i n u e d e n e r g y a n d s u c c e s s i n t h e wo r l d . I s u p p o s e t h e r e i s n o b o d y h e r e w h o d o e s n o t b e l i e v e i n t h e C h u r c h . A t a n y r a t e , w h a t I p r o p o s e t o s a y w i l l b e s a i d e n t i r e l y f r o m t h a t s t a n d p o i n t . We b e l i e ve i n t h e H o l y C a t h o l i c C h u r c h . M y c o n - t e n t i o n wo u l d b e t h a t , a p a r t f r o m s u c h a p o s i - t i o n a s I d e s i r e t o b r i n g t o yo u r n o t i c e — s o m e r e a l a p o s t o l i c b e l i e f i n t h e r e a l w o r k o f J e s u s C h r i s t — a p a r t f ro m t h a t n o C h u r c h c a n c o n t i nu e t o e x i s t . T h a t i s t h e p o i n t o f v i ew w h i c h I t a ke a t t h e o u t s e t . T h e C h u r c h i s p r e c i o u s , n o t i n i t s e l f , b u t b e c a u s e o f G o d ’s p u r p o s e w i t h i t . I t i s t h e r e b e c a u s e o f w h a t G o d h a s d o n e f o r i t . I t i s t h e r e , m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y, b e c a u s e o f w h a t C h r i s t h a s d o n e , a n d d o n e i n h i s t o r y. I t i s there solely to serve the Gospel.

I t i s i m p o s s i b l e n o t t o o b s e r v e a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y t h a t t h e C h u r c h i s u n d e r a c l o u d . Yo u c a n n o t t a k e a n y d i v i s i o n o f i t , i n a n y c o u n t r y o f t h e wo r l d , w i t h o u t f e e l i n g t h a t t h a t

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i s s o . T h e r e f o r e I w i l l b e g i n b y m a k i n g q u i t e a b o l d s t a t e m e n t ; a n d I s h o u l d b e q u i t e p r e p a r e d , g i v e n t i m e a n d o p p o r t u n i t y, t o d e vo t e a w h o l e w e e k t o m a k i n g i t g o o d . T h e s t a t e m e n t i s t h a t t h e C h u r c h o f C h r i s t i s t h e g r e a t e s t a n d f i n e s t p r o d u c t o f h u m a n h i s t o r y . I t i s t h e g r e a t e s t t h i n g i n t h e u n i ve r s e . T h a t i s i n c o m - p l e t e d e f i a n c e o f t h e g e n e r a l v i ew a n d t e n d e n c y o f s o c i e t y a t t h e p r e s e n t m o m e n t . I s a y t h e C h u r c h i s t h e g r e a t e s t a n d f i n e s t p r o d u c t o f h u m a n h i s t o r y ; b e c a u s e i t i s n o t r e a l l y a p r o d u c t o f h u m a n h i s t o r y, b u t t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t w i t h i n h i s t o r y. I t s t a n d s f o r t h e n ew c r e a t i o n , t h e N ew H u m a n i t y, a n d i t h a s t h a t i n t r u s t . T h e m a n w h o h a s a s l i g h t a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h h i s t o r y i s r e a d y t o b r i d l e a t a s t a t e m e n t l i k e t h a t . H e s a y s : “ C o n s i d e r w h a t t h e R o m a n C h u r c h h a s d o n e ; c o n s i d e r h o w o b s c u r a n t i s t m a n y s e c t i o n s o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h a r e ; c o n s i d e r t h e i n e f f e c t u a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e C h u r c h i n m o d e r n c i v i l i s a t i o n — a n d w h a t n o n s e n s e t o t a l k a b o u t t h e C h u r c h a s t h e g r e a t e s t a n d f i n e s t p ro d u c t o f h u m a n h i s t o r y ! ” Tr u e e n o u g h , t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e C h u r c h i s f a i l i n g i n m a n y q u a r t e r s . A n d t h a t d o e s n o t m e a n o n l y t h e e x t e r n a l a u t h o r i t y o f w h a t y o u m i g h t c a l l a s t a t u t o r y C h u r c h , a g r e a t i n s t i t u t i o n a l C h u r c h , a g r e a t o r g a n i s e d C h u r c h l i k e R o m e , f o r e x -

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a m p l e . I t m e a n s m u c h m o r e t h a n t h a t . I t m e a n s t h a t t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e w h o l e C h u rc h i s we a ke n e d i n r e s p e c t o f t h e i n wa r d a n d s p i r i t u a l m a t t e r w h i c h i t c o n t a i n s a n d p r e a c h e s , a n d w h i c h m a k e s i t w h a t i t i s . T h e C h u r c h i s t h e r e a s t h e v e h i c l e o f t h e p owe r o f t h e H o l y G h o s t a n d o f t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e s a v i n g G o d — a G o d , t h a t i s , w h o i s s a v i n g n o t g r o u p s h e r e a n d t h e r e , bu t t h e w h o l e o f h u m a n s o c i e t y. B u t a s p i r i t u a l a u t h o r i t y f o r m a n a l t o g e t h e r i s a t a d i s c o u n t . Pe r h a p s we h a ve b r o u g h t t h a t i n s o m e m e a s u r e u p o n o u r s e l v e s . Pe r h a p s , t o o , i t w a s h i s t o r i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y. B u t , n e c e s s a r y o r n o t , i t i s a m a t t e r o f f a c t t h a t o u r P r o - t e s t a n t i s m h a s d e v e l o p e d o f t e n i n t o a m a s t e r - l e s s i n d iv i d u a l i s m w h i c h i s a s d e a d l y t o C h r i s t i a n l i f e a s a n ove r - o r g a n i s e d i n s t i t u t i o n l i k e R o m e . M a ny s p i r i t u a l p e o p l e t o - d ay f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o m a k e t h e i r c h o i c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o e x t r e m e s . W i t h o u t g o i n g i n t o t h e h i s t o r i c c a u s e s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n , l e t u s r e c o g n i s e t h e s i t u a t i o n . S p i r i t u a l a u t h o r i t y , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t o f t h e C h u r c h , i s f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g a t a g r e a t discount.

§

T h e C h u r c h i s v a l u a b l e a s t h e o r g a n o f C h r i s t i a n g r a c e , a n d t r u t h , a n d p o w e r . B u t w h a t d o w e f i n d o f f e r e d u s i n p l a c e o f t h e

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C h u r c h ? T h o s e w h o a t t a c k t h e C h u r c h m o s t s e r i o u s l y, a n d d i s b e l i e ve i n i t m o s t t h o ro u g h l y, a r e n o t p r o p o s i n g s i m p l y t o l e v e l t h e C h u r c h t o t h e g r o u n d i n t h e s e n s e o f d e s t r o y i n g a n y r e l i g i o u s s o c i e t y. W h a t t h e y w a n t t o d o i s t o p u t s o m e o t h e r k i n d o f s o c i e t y i n t h e p l a c e o f t h e C h u r c h . F o r t h e y s a y, a s we a l l s a y, t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r r e l i g i o n , c e r t a i n l y i m p o s s i b l e f o r C h r i s t i a n i t y, t o e x i s t w i t h o u t a s o c i a l b o d y i n w h i c h i t i s c u l t i v a t e d a n d h a s i t s e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , t h o s e w h o a r e o p p o s e d t o t h e C h u rc h m o s t b i t t e r l y a r e y e t n o t p r e p a r e d t o m a k e a t o t a l d e s e r t . B u t t h e y p u t a l l k i n d s o f o r g a n i s a - t i o n s , f a n c y o r g a n i s a t i o n s a n d f a n c y r e l i g i o n s , i n i t s p l a c e . Ta k e t h e g r e a t m o v e m e n t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f S o c i a l i s m . Ta k e t h e S o c i a l i s t p r o - g r a m m e s t h a t y o u f i n d s o p l e n t i f u l l y e v e r y - w h e r e . W h a t d o t h e s e v a r i o u s o r g a n i s a t i o n s m e a n ? W h a t d o a l l t h e s e o r g a n i s a t i o n s m e a n w h i c h p r o f e s s t o e m b o d y h u m a n b r o t h e r h o o d , a n d a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y Tr a d e s U n i o n s , C o - o p e r a t i o n , F r a t e r n i t i e s , G u i l d s , S o c i a l i s m s ? W h a t i s i t t h e y a l l c o n f e s s ? T h a t s o m e s o c i a l v e h i c l e t h e r e m u s t b e . Yo u c a n n o t p r o m o t e A n a r c h y i t s e l f w i t h o u t a s s o c i a t i o n s f o r t h e p u r p o s e . S o t h a t t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e r i v a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s i s a c o n f e s s i o n o f t h e o n e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e o f t h e C h u r c h , n a m e l y,

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t h a t t h e h u m a n i d e a l , t h a t r e l i g i o n i n t h e t r u e s e n s e o f t h e w o r d , c a n n o t d o w i t h o u t a s o c i a l h a b i t a t i o n . T h e y p u t i n t h e i r o w n w a y w h a t we p u t i n o u r way ( a n d we t h i n k a b e t t e r w a y ) , t h a t t h e r e m u s t b e a C h u r c h b u i l d e d t o g e t h e r f o r a h a b i t a t i o n o f G o d i n t h e S p i r i t . O u r i n d i v i d u a l i s m s h a v e b e e n t r o u b l i n g a n d we a k e n i n g u s s o m u c h t h a t e v e r y b o d y i s l o o k - i n g a w a y t o s o m e f o r m o f h u m a n l i f e w h i c h s h a l l h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f i n d i v i d u a l i s m w i t h o u t i t s p e r i l s . T h e p i e t i s t i c f o r m o f i n d i - v i d u a l i s m d i d i n i t s d a y g r e a t s e r v i c e . B u t i t i s o u t o f d a t e . R a t i o n a l i s t i c i n d i v i d u a l i s m , a g a i n , t a k i n g s h a p e i n p o l i t i c a l r a d i c a l i s m , h a s d o n e g o o d w o r k i n i t s d a y. T h a t a l s o s e e m s g o i n g o u t o f d a t e . T h e v a l u e o f t h e n e w m o v e m e n t i s i t s — s h a l l I s a y — s o l i d a r i t y ; w h i c h i s a c o n - f e s s i o n o f t h a t s o c i a l , f r a t e r n a l p r i n c i p l e w h i c h f i n d s i t s c o n s u m m a t i o n r e a l l y, a n d i t s p o w e r only, in the Church of Christ.

W h e n w e l o o k a t t h e s e r i v a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s ( a n d t h e y a r e m a n y, a n d s o m e w i l l o c c u r t o yo u w h i c h I h a ve n o t n a m e d ) , we c a n , I t h i n k , g a t h e r m o s t o f t h e m u n d e r o n e h e a d . I n c o n - t r a s t w i t h t h e C h u r c h t h e v a r i o u s s o c i a l f o r m s t h a t a r e o f f e r e d t o u s t o - d ay wo u l d bu i l d s o c i e t y u p o n a n a t u r a l b a s i s , t h e b a s i s o f n a t u r a l b r o t h e r h o o d , n a t u r a l h u m a n i t y, n a t u r a l g o o d -

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n e s s — o n h u m a n n a t u r e . A n d t h e i s s u e b e t we e n t h e C h u r c h a n d t h e c h i e f r i v a l s o f t h e C h u r c h i s a n i s s u e b e t w e e n s o c i e t y u p o n t h i s n a t u r a l b a s i s , a n d s o c i e t y u p o n a s u p e r n a t u r a l b a s i s . O u r C h r i s t i a n b e l i e f i s b a s e d u p o n t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t ; a n d we h o l d t h a t h u m a n s o c i e t y c a n o n l y c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t i n f i n a l u n i t y u p o n t h a t s a m e s u p e r n a t u r a l b a s i s . I t i s a n i s s u e , t h e r e - f o r e , b e t we e n h u m a n n a t u r e d e i f i e d a n d h u m a n n a t u r e s a v e d ; b e t w e e n m e r e s y m p a t h y a n d f a i t h — f a i t h t a k e n i n a q u i t e p o s i t i v e a n d d e f i - n i t e s e n s e . We t h i n k t h a t a b r o t h e r h o o d o f m e r e s y m p a t h y, h o w e v e r w a r m i t c a n b e a t a p a r t i c u l a r m o m e n t , h a s n o s t a y i n i t , n o e t e r n a l p r o m i s e . T h e e t e r n a l p r o m i s e i s w i t h s u p e r - n a t u r a l f a i t h . D o y o u e v e r b e l i e v e o t h e r w i s e ? I h o p e y o u h a v e b e e n s o t e m p t e d ; b e c a u s e h av i n g g o t ove r i t yo u w i l l b e ve r y mu c h b e t t e r f o r h a v i n g g o n e t h r o u g h i t . I w i s h m u c h m o r e o f o u r b e l i e f h a d g o n e t h r o u g h t r o u b l e d s c e n e s a n d c o m e t o i t s . r e s t ; w e s h o u l d m a k e f a r g r e a t e r i m p r e s s i o n u p o n m e n i f w e g a v e t h e m t o f e e l we h a d f o u g h t o u r way t o t h e p e a c e a n d p o w e r w e h a v e . We l l , w e r e y o u e v e r t e m p t e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t C h r i s t i a n i t y i s j u s t h u m a n n a t u r e a t i t s b e s t ? T h a t i s t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l a n d d a n g e r o u s p l e a t h a t i s p u t f o r w a r d j u s t n o w i n c h a l l e n g e o f o u r C h r i s t i a n p o s i t i o n

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a n d C h u r c h . I s t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d j u s t o u r n a t u r a l s p i r i t u a l i t y a n d a l t r u i s m d e v e l o p e d ? I s i t j u s t t h e s p i r i t o f r e l i g i o n o r s e l f - s a c r i f i c e , w h i c h y o u o f t e n f i n d i n h u m a n n a t u r e , d e - v e l o p e d t o i t s h i g h e s t ? I s t h a t t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d ? I t r u s t y o u b e l i e v e n o t — t h a t h u m a n n a t u r e i s n o t c a p a b l e , by a l l t h e f i n e s t s a c r i f i c e s i t m i g h t d e ve l o p , o f s a v i n g , o f e n s u r i n g i t s e l f , a n d s e t t i n g u p t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d . Ta k e t h e b e s t s i d e o f h u m a n n a t u r e , t h a t s i d e w h i c h move s men t o un s e l f i s hn e s s a nd s a c r i f i c e , t h e s i d e t h a t c o m e s o u t i n m a n y a h e r o i c b a t t l e , i n t h e s i l e n t b a t t l e s o f o u r c i v i l i s a t i o n , w h e r e t h e v i c t i m s g e t n o a p p l a u s e a n d n o r e p u t a t i o n f o r t h e i r h e r o i s m w h a t e v e r . Ta k e t h e b e s t s i d e o f h u m a n n a t u r e , i l l u s t r a t e d i n e v e r y c o a l p i t a c c i d e n t a n d e v e r y s u c h t h i n g , i n c o u n t l e s s q u i e t h o m e s o f p o v e r t y, w h e r e l i v e s a r e b e i n g wo r k e d d ow n t o t h e b o n e a n d g r o u n d t o d e a t h t o i l i n g a n d s l a v i n g f o r o t h e r s . Ta k e t h e v a s t m a s s o f f a t h e r h o o d a n d m o t h e r h o o d l i v i n g f o r t h e c h i l d r e n o n l y. Ta ke t h a t b e s t s i d e o f h u m a n n a t u r e , m a k e t h e m o s t o f i t , a n d t h e n p u t t h i s q u e s t i o n : “ H ow d o e s m a n ’s n o b l e s t wo r k d i f f e r f r o m C h r i s t ’ s g r e a t w o r k ? ” T h a t i s t h e q u e s t i o n t o w h i c h I d e s i r e t o a t t r a c t y o u r a t t e n t i o n t o - d a y. H o w d o e s m a n ’ s b e s t w o r k differ from Christ’s great work?

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§

L e t m e b e g i n w i t h a s t o r y w h i c h w a s r e - ported in the Belgian papers some years ago.

Two p a s s e n g e r t r a i n s we r e c o m i n g i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s a t f u l l s p e e d . A s t h e y a p p ro a c h e d t h e s t a t i o n , i t wa s f o u n d t h e l e ve r s wo u l d n o t wo r k , ow i n g t o t h e f r o s t , a n d t h e p o i n t s c o u l d n o t b e s e t t o c l e a r t h e t r a i n s o f e a c h o t h e r . A c a t a s - t r o p h e s e e m e d t o b e i n e v i t a b l e ; w h e n a s i g n a l - m a n t h r e w h i m s e l f f l a t b e t w e e n t h e r a i l s , a n d w i t h h i s h a n d s h e l d t h e t i e - r o d i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e p o i n t s we r e p ro p e r l y s e t a n d k e p t ; a n d h e . r e m a i n e d t h u s w h i l e t h e t r a i n t h u n d e r e d o v e r h i m , i n g r e a t d a n g e r o f h a v i n g h i s h e a d c a r r i e d a w a y b y t h e l o w - h u n g g e a r o f t h e We s t i n g h o u s e b r a k e . W h e n t h e t r a i n h a d p a s s e d , h e q u i e t l y r o s e a n d r e t u r n e d t o h i s work.

I o f f e r yo u s o m e r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h i s i n c i d e n t . I t i s t h e k i n d o f i n c i d e n t t h a t m a y b e m u l t i - p l i e d i n d e f i n i t e l y. I o f f e r y o u c e r t a i n r e f l e c - t i on s , f i r s t , on s ome o f i t s a n a l og i e s w i t h Ch r i s t ’s work, and secondly, on some of its differences.

§

1 . T h i s m a n , i n a v e r y t r u e s e n s e , d i e d a n d r o s e a g a i n . H i s s o u l w e n t t h r o u g h w h a t h e wo u l d h a ve g o n e t h r o u g h i f h e h a d n e ve r r i s e n

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f r o m t h e t r a c k . H e g a v e h i m s e l f ; a n d t h a t i s a l l a m a n c a n g i v e a t l a s t . H i s d e e d h a d t h e m o r a l v a l u e w h i c h i t wo u l d h a ve h a d i f h e h a d l o s t h i s l i f e . H e l a i d i t d o w n , b u t i t d i d n o t p l e a s e G o d t o t a k e i t . L i k e A b r a h a m ’s s a c r i f i c e o f I s a a c , i t w a s c o m p l e t e a n d a c c e p t a b l e , e v e n t h o u g h n o t a c c e p t e d . T h e m a n ’ s r i s i n g f r o m t h e g r o u n d — w a s i t n o t r e a l l y a r e s u r r e c t i o n f r o m t h e d e a d ? I t w a s n o t s i m p l y a r e t u r n t o h i s p o s t . H e we n t b a c k a n o t h e r m a n . H e we n t b a c k a h e a ve n l i e r m a n . H e h a d d i e d a n d r i s e n ; j u s t a s i f h e h a d b e e n c a l l e d , a n d h a d g o n e , t o G o d ’ s p r e s e n c e — c o u l d h e b u t r e m a i n t h e r e . T h i s i s a d e a t h a n d r i s i n g a g a i n p o s s i b l e t o u s a l l . I f t h e d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n o f J e s u s C h r i s t d o n o t e n d i n p r o d u c i n g t h a t k i n d o f t h i n g a m o n g s t u s , t h e n i t i s n o t t h e p o w e r o f G o d u n t o s a l v a t i o n . T h e s e m o r a l d e a t h s a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n s a r e w h a t m a k e m e n o f u s . “ I n deaths oft.” That is the first point.

§

2 . T h e s e c o n d p o i n t i s t h i s . N o t o n e o f t h e p a s s e n g e r s i n e i t h e r o f t h o s e t r a i n s k n e w u n t i l t h e y r e a d i t w h a t h a d b e e n d o n e f o r t h e m , n o r t o w h o m t h e y o w e d t h e i r l i v e s . I t i s s o w i t h t h e w h o l e wo r l d . To - d a y i t owe s i t s e x i s t e n c e , i n a w a y i t b u t p o o r l y u n d e r s t a n d s , t o t h e

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d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n o f J e s u s C h r i s t . T h a t i s t h e p e r m a n e n t e l e m e n t i n C h r i s t i a n i t y — t h e C ro s s a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n o f J e s u s C h r i s t . A n d y e t i t i s n o t h i n g t o a l l t h e m t h a t p a s s b y . U n d e r t h e f e e t o f t h o s e t r a v e l l e r s i n B e l g i u m t h e r e h a d t a k e n p l a c e o n e o f t h o s e d e e d s t h a t a r e t h e ve r y s o u l a n d g l o r y o f l i f e , a n d t h ey h a d n o i d e a o f i t . P e r h a p s s o m e o f t h e m w e r e a t t h e v e r y m o m e n t g r u m b l i n g a t t h e s t a f f o f t h e r a i l w a y f o r s o m e s m a l l g r i e v a n c e o r o t h e r . I t i s u s e f u l t o r e m e m b e r , w h e n we a r e i n c l i n e d t o g r u m b l e t h u s , w h a t a n a m o u n t o f d e v o t i o n t o d u t y g o e s t o m a ke i t p o s s i b l e f o r u s t o t r ave l a s s a f e l y a s we d o — f a r m o r e t h a n c a n b e a c k n ow - l e d g e d b y t h e p a y m e n t o f a w a g e . T h e s e p e o p l e we r e p l o u g h i n g a l o n g i n s a f e t y ove r o n e o f t h e r a i l w a y s t a f f l y i n g i n a l i v i n g g r a v e . I s a y i t i s s o w i t h t h e w h o l e c i v i l i s e d wo r l d . I t s p r o g r e s s i s l i k e t h a t o f t h e t r a i n ; i t s e l d o m s t o p s t o t h i n k t h a t i t s s a f e t y i s o w i n g t o a d i v i n e d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n , m u c h m o r e t h a n h e r o i c . T h e s a f e t y o f t h a t t r a i n w a s n o t d u e t o t h e m e c h a n i s m . T h e m e c h a n i s m h a d g o n e w r o n g . I t w a s n o t d u e t o o r g a n i s a t i o n , o r t o w o r k d o n e f r o m f e a r o f p u n i s h m e n t . H e r o i c d u t y r a i s e d t o m a r t y r d o m s a v e d t h e w h o l e t r a i n . A n d t h e wo r l d ’s p r o g r e s s i s s a v e d t o - d a y b e c a u s e o f a d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n o f w h i c h

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i t k n o w s l i t t l e a n d m o s t l y c a r e s t o k n o w l e s s . “ P r o p t e r J e s u m n o n q u œ r i m u s J e s u m . ” T h e s u c c e s s o f C h r i s t h i d e s H i m . I t i s t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t t h a t i s t h e c h i e f c o n d i t i o n o f m o d e r n p r o g r e s s . I t i s n o t c i v i l i s a t i o n t h a t k e e p s c i v i l i s a t i o n s a f e a n d p r o g r e s s i v e . I t i s t h a t p o w e r w h i c h w a s i n J e s u s C h r i s t a n d c u l m i - n a t e d i n H i s d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n . W h e n p e o p l e r e a d t h e B i b l e , a n d g e t b e h i n d t h e B i b l e , a n d t h a t p r i n c i p l e c o m e s h o m e t o t h e m , i t m a y s o m e t i m e s b e l i k e t h e s h o c k t h a t t h o s e t r a v e l l e r s wo u l d r e c e i v e w h e n t h e y r e a d i n t h e newspaper of their r isk and deliverance.

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3 . A n o t h e r p o i n t . A n d I a m n ow c o m i n g o n t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e . T h i s m a n d i e d f o r p e o p l e w h o wo u l d t h r i l l w i t h t h e s e n s e o f w h a t t h e y owe d h im a s s oon a s t h ey re a d a bou t i t . H i s a c t a pp e a l s t o t h e i n s t i n c t w h i c h i s r e a d y t o s p r i n g t o l i f e i n a l m o s t e v e r y b r e a s t . Yo u f e l t t h e r e s p o n s e a t o n c e w h e n I t o l d yo u t h e s t o r y. S o m e o f yo u m a y h a ve e ve n f e l t i t k e e n l y. D o yo u e ve r f e e l a s k e e n l y a b o u t t h e d e v o t e d d e a t h o f C h r i s t ? Pe r h a p s y o u n e v e r h a v e . Yo u h a v e b e l i e v e d i t , o f c o u r s e , b u t i t n e v e r c a m e h o m e t o yo u a n d g r i p p e d yo u a s t h e s t o r i e s o f t h e k i n d I i n s t a n c e d o . Yo u s e e t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n C h r i s t ’ s

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d e a t h a n d e v e r y c a s e o f h u m a n h e r o i s m . I a m m ov i n g t o a n swe r t h a t q u e s t i o n I p u t a m o m e n t a g o a s t o w h e t h e r t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e b e s t i n h u m a n n a t u r e w o u l d e v e r g i v e u s t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t a n d t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d . I h ave b e e n i l l u s t r a t i n g o n e o f t h e f i n e s t t h i n g s i n h u m a n n a t u r e , a n d I a m a s k i n g w h e t h e r , i f t h a t w e r e m u l t i p l i e d i n d e f i n i t e l y, we s h o u l d y e t h a ve t h e e f f e c t w h i c h i s p ro d u c e d by t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t , o r w h i c h i s s t i l l t o b e p r o d u c e d b y i t i n G o d ’s p u r p o s e . N o , t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n C h r i s t ’ s d e a t h a n d e v e r y c a s e o f h e r o i s m . C h r i s t ’s wa s a d e a t h o n b e h a l f o f p e o p l e w i t h i n w h o m t h e p o w e r o f r e s p o n d i n g h a d t o b e c r e a t e d . E v e r y b o d y t h r i l l s t o t h a t s t o r y I t o l d y o u , a n d t o e v e r y s i m i l a r s t o r y. T h e p owe r o f r e s p o n s e i s l y i n g t h e r e i n t h e h u m a n h e a r t r e a d y - i t o n l y n e e d s t o b e t o u c h e d . T h e r e i s i n h u m a n n a t u r e a b a t t e r y c h a r g e d w i t h a d m i r a - t i o n f o r s u c h t h i n g s ; yo u h ave o n l y t o p u t yo u r k n u c k l e t o i t a n d o u t c o m e s t h e s p a r k . B u t w h e n we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t w e a r e i n a n o t h e r p o s i t i o n . C h r i s t ’ s w a s a d e a t h o n b e h a l f o f p e o p l e i n w h o m t h e p owe r o f r e s p o n d i n g h a d t o b e c r e a t e d . We a r e a l l a f r a i d o f d e a t h , a n d r i s e t o t h e m a n w h o d e l i ve r s u s f r o m i t . B u t we a r e n o t a f r a i d o f t h a t wo r s e t h i n g t h a n d e a t h f r o m w h i c h C h r i s t c a m e t o

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d e l i v e r u s . C h r i s t ’ s d e a t h w a s n o t a c a s e o f h e r o i s m s i m p l y, i t w a s a c a s e o f r e d e m p t i o n . I t a c t e d u p o n d u l l a n d d e a d h e a r t s . I t w a s a d e a t h w h i c h h a d t o e v o k e a f e e l i n g n o t o n l y l a t e n t b u t p a r a l y s e d , n o t o n l y a s l e e p b u t d e a d . W h a t d o e s P a u l s a y ? “ W h i l e w e w e r e y e t w i t h o u t s t r e n g t h , C h r i s t d i e d f o r u s ” — w i t h o u t p o w e r , w i t h o u t f e e l i n g , a s t h e f u l l meaning is.

L e t m e i l l u s t r a t e . Ta k e a p o e t l i k e Wo r d s - w o r t h . W h e n h e b e g a n t o p u b l i s h h i s p o e t r y h e wa s r e c e i ve d , j u s t a s B row n i n g wa s r e c e i ve d l a t e r , w i t h r i d i c u l e a n d c o n t e m p t . T h e g r e a t e s t c r i t i c o f t h e t i m e b e g a n a n a r t i c l e i n t h e l e a d i n g c r i t i c a l o r g a n o f t h e d a y b y s a y i n g , “ T h i s w i l l n e ve r d o .” B u t i t h a s d o n e ; a n d i t h a s d o n e f o r J e f f r e y ’s c r i t i c a l r e p u t a t i o n . L o r d J e f f r e y w r o t e h i m s e l f d o w n a s o n e w h o w a s i n c a p a b l e o f g a u g i n g t h e f u t u r e , h o w e v e r m u c h h e m i g h t b e c a p a b l e o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f t h e p a s t . S o m e o f y o u m a y r e m e m b e r — I r e m e m b e r p e r f e c t l y w e l l — t h e s a m e k i n d o f t h i n g i n t h e p e n n y p a p e r s a b o u t B r o w n i n g w h e n h e . w a s f i g h t i n g f o r r e c o g n i t i o n . I r e - m e m b e r , w h e n I wa s a s t u d e n t , r e a d i n g a r t i c l e s i n l u m i n a r i e s l i k e T h e S t a n d a r d w h i c h s n e e r e d a n d j e e r e d a t B row n i n g , j u s t a s s m a l l e r m e n t o - d a y wo u l d s n e e r a t m e n o f l i k e o r i g i n a l i t y. B u t

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Wo r d s w o r t h a n d B r o w n i n g h a v e c o n q u e r e d . I t a k e a n o t h e r c a s e . Tu r n e r w a s a s s a i l e d w i t h e ve n m o r e r i d i c u l e w h e n h e e x p o s e d h i s wo r k s t o t h e B r i t i s h p u b l i c . W h a t w o u l d h a v e h a p - p e n e d t o Tu r n e r i f R u s k i n h a d n o t a r i s e n t o b e h i s p r o p h e t I d o n o t k n ow. H i s p i c t u r e s m i g h t n o t e ve n h ave b e e n m o u l d e r i n g i n t h e c e l l a r s o f t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y. T h e y m i g h t h a v e b e e n s e l l i n g a t l i t t l e s e c o n d - h a n d s h o p s i n b a c k s t r e e t s f o r t e n s h i l l i n g s t o a n yo n e w h o h a d e ye s i n h i s h e a d . Wo r d s wo r t h , B r ow n i n g , a n d Tu r n e r we r e a l l p e o p l e o f s u c h o r i g i n a l a n d u n p r e c e d e n t e d g e n i u s t h a t t h e r e w a s n o t a s t e a n d i n t e r e s t f o r t h e m w h e n t h e y a p p e a r e d ; t h e y h a d t o c r e a t e t h e v e r y p o w e r o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e m s e l v e s . A p o e t o f l e s s o r i g i n a l g e n i u s , a g r e a t g e n i u s bu t î e s s o f a g e n i u s , l i ke Te n ny s o n , c o m e s a l o n g , a n d h e w r i t e s a b o u t t h e “ M a y Q u e e n ” a n d “ T h e N o r t h e r n F a r m e r ,” a n d a l l t h o s e s i m p l e , e l e m e n t a r y t h i n g s w h i c h i m m e d i a t e l y f e t c h t h e h a n d k e r c h i e f s o u t . N o w n o d o u b t t o d o t h a t p r o p e r l y t a k e s a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f g e n i u s . B u t i t t a p s t h e p ro m p t a n d f l u e n t e m o t i o n s ; a n d t h e m i s f o r t u n e i s t h a t k i n d o f wo r k i s e a s i l y c o u n - t e r f e i t e d a n d a b u s e d b y t h o s e w h o w i s h . t o e x p l o i t o u r f e e l i n g s r a t h e r t h a n e x a l t t h e m . I t i s a m o r e e a s y k i n d o f t h i n g t h a n w a s d o n e b y t h o s e g r e a t g e n i u s e s I f i r s t n a m e d . O r i g i n a l

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p o e t s l i k e Wo r d s w o r t h a n d B r o w n i n g h a d t o create the taste for their work.

Now in l i ke manne r Ch r i s t h ad t o make t h e s ou l w h i c h s h o u l d r e s p o n d t o H i m a n d u n d e r s t a n d H i m . H e h a d t o c r e a t e t h e v e r y c a p a c i t y f o r r e s p o n s e . A n d t h a t i s w h e r e we a r e c o m p e l l e d t o r e c og n i s e t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t a s we l l a s t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e S a v i o u r . We a r e a l w a y s t o l d t h a t f a i t h i s t h e g i f t o f G o d a n d t h e wo r k o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t . T h e r e a s o n w hy we a r e t o l d t h a t , a n d m u s t b e t o l d i t , l i e s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n I h a v e i n d i c a t e d . T h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t h a d n o t s i m p l y t o t o u c h l i k e h e r o i s m , b u t i t h a d t o r e d e e m u s i n t o p owe r o f f e e l i n g i t s ow n wo r t h . C h r i s t h a d t o s ave u s f ro m w h a t we we re t o o f a r g o n e t o f e e l . J u s t a s t h e m a n c h o k e d w i t h d a m p i n a m i n e , o r a m a n g o i n g t o s l e e p i n a r c t i c c o l d , d o e s n o t r e a l i s e h i s d a n g e r , a n d t h e s e n s e o f d a n g e r h a s t o b e c r e a t e d w i t h i n h i m , s o t h e v i o l e n t a c t i o n o f t h e S p i r i t t a ke s m e n by f o r c e . T h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t m u s t c a l l u p m o r e t h a n a r e s p o n s i v e f e e l i n g . I t i s n o t s a t i s f i e d w i t h a f f e c t i n g o u r h e a r t . T h a t i s m e r e i m p r e s - s i o n i s m . I t i s ve r y e a s y t o i m p r e s s a n a u d i e n c e . E v e r y p r e a c h e r k n o w s t h a t t h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o r e s i m p l e t h a n t o p r o d u c e t e a r s . Yo u h a v e o n l y t o t e l l a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f s t o r i e s a b o u t d y i n g c h i l d r e n , l i f e b o a t s , f i r e e s c a p e s , a n d s o o n ,

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a n d yo u c a n m a k e p e o p l e t h r i l l . B u t t h e t h r i l l i s n e i t h e r h e r e n o r t h e r e . W h a t i s t h e t h r i l l g o i n g t o e n d i n ? W h a t i s t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e t h r i l l f o r l i f e ? I f i t i s n o t e n d i n g a s i t s h o u l d , a n d n o t e n d i n g f o r l i f e , i t i s d o i n g h a r m , n o t g o o d , b e c a u s e i t i s s e a l i n g t h e s p r i n g s o f f e e l i n g and sear ing the power of the spir itual life.

W h a t t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t r e q u i r e s i s t h e t r i b u t e n o t o f o u r a d m i r a t i o n o r e v e n g r a t i - t u d e , n o t o f o u r i m p r e s s i o n s o r o u r t h r i l l s , b u t o f o u r s e l ve s a n d o u r s h a m e . N ow we a r e c o m i n g t o t h e c r u x o f t h e m a t t e r — t h e t r i b u t e o f o u r s h a m e . T h a t d e a t h h a d t o m a k e n e w m e n o f u s . I t h a d t o t u r n u s n o t f r o m p o t e n t i a l f r i e n d s t o a c t u a l , b u t f r o m e n e m i e s i n t o f r i e n d s . I t h a d n o t m e r e l y t o t o u c h a s p r i n g o f s l u m b e r i n g f r i e n d s h i p . T h e r e w a s a n e w c r e a t i o n . T h e l ove o f G o d — I q u o t e P a u l , w h o d i d u n d e r s t a n d s o m e t h i n g o f t h e s e t h i n g s — t h e l o v e o f G o d i s n o t m e r e l y e vo ke d w i t h i n u s , i t i s “ s h e d a b ro a d i n o u r h e a r t s b y t h e H o l y S p i r i t w h i c h i s g i ve n t o u s .” T h a t i s a v e r y d i f f e r e n t t h i n g f r o m s i m p l y h a v i n g t h e r e s e r v o i r o f n a t u r a l f e e l i n g t a p p e d . T h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t h a d t o d o w i t h o u r s i n a n d n o t w i t h o u r s l u g g i s h n e s s . I t h a d t o d e a l w i t h o u r a c t i ve h o s t i l i t y, a n d n o t s i m p l y w i t h t h e p a s s i v e d u l l n e s s o f o u r h e a r t s . O u r h o s t i l i t y — t h a t i s w h a t t h e e a s y - g o i n g p e o p l e

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c a n n o t b e b r o u g h t t o r e c o g n i s e . T h a t i s w h a t t h e s h a l l o w o p t i m i s t s , w h o t h i n k w e c a n n o w d i s p e n s e w i t h e m p h a s i s o n t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t , f e e l t h e m s e l v e s a b l e t o d o — t o i g n o r e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h u m a n h e a r t i s e n m i t y a g a i n s t G o d , a g a i n s t a G o d w h o m a k e s d e m a n d s u p o n i t ; w h o g o e s s o f a r a s t o m a k e d e m a n d s f o r t h e w h o l e , t h e a b s o l u t e o b e d i e n c e o f s e l f . H u m a n n a t u r e p u t s i t s b a c k u p a g a i n s t t h a t . T h a t i s w h a t P a u l m e a n s w h e n h e s p e a k s a b o u t h u m a n n a t u r e , t h e n a t u r a l m a n — t h e c a r n a l m a n i s a b a d t r a n s l a t i o n — b e i n g e n m i t y a g a i n s t G o d . M a n w i l l c l i n g t o t h e l a s t r a g o f h i s s e l f - r e s p e c t . H e d o e s n o t p a r t w i t h t h a t w h e n h e t h r i l l s , a d m i r e s , s y m p a t h i s e s ; b u t h e d o e s w h e n h e h a s t o g i v e u p h i s w h o l e s e l f i n t h e o b e d i e n c e o f f a i t h . H ow m u c h s e l f - r e s p e c t d o yo u t h i n k Pa u l h a d l e f t i n h i m w h e n h e we n t i n t o D a m a s c u s ? C h r i s t , w i t h t h e d e m a n d f o r s a v i n g o b e d i e n c e , a r o u s e s a n t a g o n i s m i n t h e h u m a n h e a r t . A n d s o w i l l t h e C h u r c h t h a t i s f a i t h f u l t o H i m . Yo u h e a r p e o p l e o f t h e t y p e I h a v e b e e n s p e a k i n g a b o u t s a y i n g , I f o n l y t h e C h u r c h h a d b e e n t r u e t o C h r i s t ’ s m e s s a g e i t w o u l d h a v e d o n e w o n d e r s f o r t h e wo r l d . I f o n l y C h r i s t we r e p r e a c h e d a n d p r a c - t i s e d i n a l l H i s s i m p l i c i t y t o t h e wo r l d , h ow f a s t C h r i s t i a n i t y w o u l d s p r e a d . Wo u l d i t ? D o y o u

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r e a l l y f i n d t h a t t h e d e e p e r yo u g e t i n t o C h r i s t a n d t h e m e a n i n g o f H i s d e m a n d s C h r i s t i a n i t y s p r e a d s f a s t e r i n y o u r h e a r t ? I s i t n o t v e r y m u c h t h e o t h e r w a y ? W h e n i t c o m e s t o c l o s e q u a r t e r s yo u h a ve a c t u a l l y t o b e g o t d ow n a n d b ro ke n , t h a t t h e o l d m a n m ay b e p u l ve r i s e d a n d t h e n e w m a n c r e a t e d f r o m t h e d u s t . T h e r e - f o r e w h e n we h e a r p e o p l e a b u s i n g t h e C h u r c h a n d i t s h i s t o r y t h e f i r s t t h i n g w e h a v e t o s a y i s , Ye s , t h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a l t o o m u c h t r u t h i n w h a t y o u s a y, b u t t h e r e i s a l s o a g r e a t e r t r u t h w h i c h y o u a r e n o t a l l o w i n g f o r , a n d i t i s t h i s . O n e r e a s o n w h y t h e C h u r c h h a s b e e n s o s l o w i n i t s p r o g r e s s i n m a n k i n d a n d i t s e f f e c t o n h u m a n h i s t o r y i s b e c a u s e i t h a s b e e n s o f a i t h f u l t o C h r i s t , s o f a i t h f u l t o H i s C r o s s . Yo u h a v e t o s u b d u e t h e m o s t i n t r a c - t a b l e , d i f f i c u l t , a n d s l o w t h i n g i n t h e w o r l d - m a n ’s s e l f - w i l l . Yo u c a n n o t e x p e c t r a p i d s u c - c e s s e s i f y o u t r u l y p r e a c h t h e C r o s s w h e r e o n C h r i s t d i e d , a n d w h i c h H e s u r m o u n t e d n o t s i m p l y by l e av i n g i t b e h i n d b u t by r i s i n g a g a i n , a n d c o n v e r t i n g t h e v e r y C r o s s i n t o a p o w e r and glory.

C h r i s t a r o u s e s a n t a g o n i s m i n t h e h u m a n h e a r t a n d h e r o i s m d o e s n o t . E v e r y b o d y w e l c o m e s a h e r o . T h e m i n o r i t y w e l c o m e C h r i s t . We d o r e s e n t H i s a b s o l u t e c o m m a n d . We d o r e s e n t

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p a r t i n g c o m p l e t e l y w i t h o u r s e l v e s . We d o resent Christ.

§

4 . I g o b a c k t o t h e w o r d I s p o k e a b o u t t h e t r i b u t e o f o u r s h a m e . T h e d e m a n d i s u n s p a r - i n g , r e m o r s e l e s s . I t i s n o t s i m p l y t h a t y o u a r e c a l l e d o n b y G o d f o r a c e r t a i n d u e , a c h a n g e , a n a m e n d m e n t , b u t f o r t h e t r i b u t e o f y o u r s e l f a n d y o u r s h a m e . W h e n y o u h e a r d a b o u t t h a t h e r o i s m o f m y s t o r y , w h e n y o u t h r i l l e d t o i t , I wo n d e r d i d yo u p a t yo u r s e l f o n t h e b a c k a l i t t l e f o r b e i n g c a p a b l e o f t h r i l l i n g t o t h i n g s s o h i g h , s o f i n e ? W h e n y o u t h r i l l e d t o t h a t s t o r y yo u f e l t a c e r t a i n s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h yo u r s e l f b e c a u s e t h e r e wa s a s m u c h o f t h e G o d i n yo u a s a l l owe d yo u t o b e c a p a b l e o f t h r i l l i n g t o s u c h h e r o i s m s . Yo u f e l t , I f I a m c a p a b l e o f t h r i l l i n g t o s u c h t h i n g s , I c a n n o t b e s u c h a b a d s o r t . B u t w h e n y o u f e l t t h e m e a n i n g o f C h r i s t ’s d e a t h f o r yo u , d i d yo u e v e r p a t yo u r - s e l f o n t h e b a c k ? T h e n e a r e r t h e C ro s s c a m e t o yo u , t h e d e e p e r i t e n t e r e d i n t o yo u , we r e yo u t h e m o r e d i s p o s e d t o a d m i r e yo u r s e l f ? T h e r e i s n o h a r m i n yo u r f e e l i n g p l e a s e d w i t h yo u r s e l f b e c a u s e yo u we r e a b l e t o t h r i l l t o t h e s e h u m a n h e r o i s m s ; b u t i f t h e i m p r e s s i o n C h r i s t m a k e s u p o n y o u i s t o l e a v e y o u m o r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h yo u r s e l f , m o r e p ro u d o f yo u r s e l f f o r b e i n g a b l e

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t o r e s p o n d , H e h a s t o g e t a g r e a t d e a l n e a r e r t o yo u y e t . Yo u n e e d t o b e — I w i l l u s e a S c o t t i s h p h r a s e w h i c h o l d m i n i s t e r s u s e d t o a p p l y t o a y o u n g m i n i s t e r w h e n h e h a d p r e a c h e d a “ t h o u g h t f u l a n d i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c o u r s e ” — y o u n e e d t o b e we l l s h a k e n ov e r t h e m o u t h o f t h e p i t . T h e g r e a t d e e p c l a s s i c c a s e s o f C h r i s t i a n e x p e r i e n c e b e a r t e s t i m o n y t o t h a t . C h r i s t a n d H i s C r o s s c o m e n e a r e r a n d n e a r e r , a n d w e d o n o t r e a l i s e w h a t w e o w e H i m u n t i l w e r e a l i s e t h a t H e h a s p l u c k e d u s f r o m t h e f e a r f u l p i t , a n d t h e m i r y c l a y, a n d s e t u s u p o n a r o c k o f G o d ’s o w n f o u n d i n g . T h e m e a n i n g o f C h r i s t ’s d e a t h r o u s e s o u r s h a m e , s e l f - c o n t e m p t , a n d r e p e n t a n c e . A n d w e r e s e n t b e i n g m a d e t o f e e l a s h a m e d o f o u r s e l v e s , we r e s e n t b e i n g m a d e t o r e p e n t . A g r e a t m a n y p e o p l e a r e a f r a i d t o c o m e t o o n e a r t o a n y t h i n g t h a t d o e s t h a t f o r t h e m . T h a t i s a f r e q u e n t r e a s o n f o r n o t g o i n g to church.

§

5 . A g a i n , c o n t i n u i n g . Yo u wo u l d h a ve g o n e a l o n g w a y t o s e e t h i s B e l g i a n m a n . Yo u w o u l d h a ve g a z e d u p o n h i m w i t h s o m e t h i n g o f r e ve r - e n c e , c e r t a i n l y w i t h a d m i r a t i o n . Yo u w o u l d h a v e r e g a r d e d h i m a s o n e r e c e i v e d b a c k f r o m t h e d e a d . Yo u t h i n k , I f a l l m e n we r e l i k e t h a t , t h e w o r l d w o u l d b e h e a v e n . We l l , t h e r e a r e a

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g r e a t m a n y m o r e l i k e t h a t t h a n we t h i n k , w h o d a i l y i m p e r i l t h e i r l i f e f o r t h e i r d u t y. B u t s u p p o s i n g e v e r y m a n a n d w o m a n i n t h e w o r l d we r e u p t o t h a t p i t c h , a n d s u p p o s i n g yo u a d d e d t h e m a l l t o g e t h e r a n d t o o k t h e t o t a l v a l u e o f t h e i r m o r a l h e r o i s m ( i f m o r a l q u a n t i t i e s w e r e c a p a b l e o f b e i n g s u m m e d l i k e t h a t ) , wo u l d yo u t h e n h ave t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e d e e d a n d d e a t h o f C h r i s t ? N o , i n d e e d ! I f y o u t o o k a l l t h e w o r l d , a n d m a d e h e r o e s o f t h e m a l l , a n d k e p t t h em he ro i c a l l t h e i r l i ve s , i n s t e a d o f on l y i n one a c t , s t i l l you wou ld no t g e t t h e va l u e, t h e equ iva - l e n t , o f Ch r i s t ’s s a c r i f i c e . I t i s no t t h e s um o f a l l h e ro i s m s . I t wo u l d b e m o r e t r u e t o s ay i t i s t h e s o u r c e o f a l l h e r o i s m s , t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e m a l l . I t i s t h e u n d e r g ro u n d s o m e t h i n g t h a t m a ke s h e r o i s m s , n o t s o m e t h i n g t h a t h e r o i s m s m a k e u p . W h e n C h r i s t d i d w h a t H e d i d , i t w a s n o t h u m a n n a t u r e d o i n g i t , i t w a s G o d d o i n g i t . T h a t i s t h e g r e a t , a b s o l u t e l y u n i q u e a n d g l o r i o u s t h i n g . I t i s G o d i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g . I t w a s n o t h u m a n n a t u r e o f f e r i n g i t s v e r y b e s t t o G o d . I t w a s G o d o f f e r i n g H i s v e r y b e s t t o m a n . T h a t i s t h e g r a n d d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n t h e C h u r c h a n d c i v i l i s a t i o n , e ve n w h e n c i v i l i s a t i o n i s r e l i g i o u s . We m u s t a t t e n d m o r e t o t h o s e g r e a t i s s u e s b e t w e e n o u r f a i t h a n d o u r w o r l d . O u r r e l i g i o n h a s b e e n t o o m u c h a t h i n g d o n e

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i n a c o r n e r . We m u s t a d j u s t o u r r e l i g i o n t o t h e g r e a t c u r r e n t s a n d m o v e m e n t s o f t h e w o r l d ’ s h i s t o r y. A n d t h e g r e a t i s s u e o f t h e h o u r i s t h e i s s u e b e t w e e n t h e C h u r c h a n d c i v i l i s a t i o n . T h e i r e s s e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e i s t h i s . C i v i l i s a t i o n a t i t s b e s t r e p r e s e n t s t h e m o s t m a n c a n d o w i t h t h e w o r l d a n d w i t h h u m a n n a t u r e ; b u t t h e C h u r c h , c e n t r e d u p o n C h r i s t , H i s C r o s s , a n d H i s w o r k , r e p r e s e n t s t h e b e s t t h a t G o d c a n d o u p o n t h e m . T h e s a c r i f i c e o f t h e C r o s s w a s n o t m a n i n C h r i s t p l e a s i n g G o d ; i t w a s G o d i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g m a n , a n d i n a c e r t a i n s e n s e , r e c o n c i l i n g H i m s e l f . M y p o i n t a t t h i s m o m e n t i s t h a t t h e C ro s s o f C h r i s t w a s C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g m a n . I t w a s n o t h e r o i c m a n d y i n g f o r a b e l ove d a n d h o n o u r e d G o d ; i t w a s G o d i n s o m e f o r m d y i n g f o r m a n . G o d d y i n g f o r m a n . I a m n o t a f r a i d o f t h a t p h r a s e ; I c a n n o t d o w i t h o u t i t . G o d d y i n g f o r m a n ; a n d f o r s u c h m e n — h o s t i l e , m a l i g n a n t l y h o s t i l e m e n . T h a t i s a p u z z l i n g p h r a s e w h e r e we r e a d i n a g o s p e l : “ G r e a t e r l o v e h a t h n o m a n t h a n t h i s , t h a t a m a n l a y d o w n h i s l i f e f o r h i s f r i e n d s .” T h e r e i s m o r e l o v e i n t h e p h r a s e o f t h e e p i s t l e , t h a t a m a n s h o u l d l a y d o w n h i s l i f e f o r h i s b i t t e r e n e m i e s . I t i s n o t s o h e r o i c , s o v e r y d i v i n e , t o d i e f o r o u r f r i e n d s . K i n d n e s s b e t w e e n t h e n i c e p e o p l e i s n o t s o

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v e r y d i v i n e — f i n e a n d p r e c i o u s a s i t i s . To d i e f o r e n e m i e s — t h a t i s t h e d i v i n e t h i n g . C h r i s t ’s w a s g r a c e t h a t d i e d f o r s u c h — f o r m a l i g n a n t e n e m i e s . T h e r e i s m o r e i n G o d t h a n l o v e . T h e r e i s a l l t h a t w e m e a n b y H i s h o l y g r a c e . Tr u l y, “ G o d i s l ove .” Ye s , b u t t h e k i n d o f l ove w h i c h y o u m u s t i n t e r p r e t b y t h e w h o l e o f t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t . W h e n J o h n s a i d t h a t , d i d h e m e a n t h a t G o d w a s s i m p l y t h e c o n s u m - m a t i o n o f h u m a n a f f e c t i o n ? H e k n e w t h a t h e w a s d e a l i n g w i t h a h o l y, g r a c i o u s G o d , a G o d w h o l o v e d H i s e n e m i e s a n d r e d e e m e d t h e m . Read with extreme care 1 John iv. 10.

§

6 . L e t m e g a t h e r u p t h e p o i n t s o f d i f f e r e n c e which I have been indicating.

F i r s t , t h a t B e l g i a n h e ro d i d n o t a c t f r o m l ove s o m u c h a s f r o m d u t y. S e c o n d l y, h e d i e d o n l y i n o n e a c t , n o t i n h i s w h o l e l i f e , d y i n g d a i l y. T h e r e h a v e b e e n m e n c a p a b l e o f a c t s o f s a c r i - f i c e l i k e t h i s h e ro ; l o o s e - l i v i n g m e n w h o, a f t e r a h e r o i s m , w e r e q u i t e c a p a b l e o f r e t u r n i n g t o t h e i r l o o s e n e s s o f l i f e - h e ro e s o f t h e B r e t H a r t e t y p e . T h e r e h a v e b e e n m a n y v a l i a n t , f e a r l e s s t h i n g s d o n e o n t h e b a t t l e f i e l d b y m e n w h o i n t h e f a c e o f b u l l e t s n e ve r f l i n c h e d , n e ve r t u r n e d a h a i r ; a n d w h e n t h e y c a m e h o m e t h e y c o u l d

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n o t s t a n d a g a i n s t a b r e a t h o f r i d i c u l e , t h e y c o u l d n o t s t a n d a g a i n s t a l i t t l e t e m p t a t i o n , a n d w e r e s o o n w a l l o w i n g i n t h e m i r e . O n e a c t o f s a c r i f i c e i s n o t t h e s a m e t h i n g a s a l i f e g a t h e r e d i n t o o n e c o n s u m m a t e s a c r i f i c e , w h o s e v a l u e i s t h a t i t h a s t h e w h o l e p e r s o n a l i t y p u t i n t o i t for ever.

T h i r d , t h i s m a n c o u l d n o t t a k e t h e f u l l m e a s u r e o f a l l t h a t h e w a s d o i n g , a n d C h r i s t c o u l d . C h r i s t d i d n o t g o t o H i s d e a t h w i t h H i s e y e s s h u t . H e d i e d b e c a u s e H e w i l l e d t o d i e , h a v i n g c o u n t e d t h e c o s t w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t , deepest moral vision in the world.

F o u r t h l y, t h e h e r o i n t h e s t o r y h a d n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h e m o r a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h o s e w h o m h e s a v e d . T h e s c o u n d r e l a n d t h e s a i n t i n t h a t train were both alike to him.

A g a i n , h e h a d n o q u a r r e l w i t h t h o s e w h o m h e s a v e d . H e h a d n o t h i n g t o c o m p l a i n o f . H e h a d n o t h i n g f r o m t h e m t o t r y h i s h e r o i s m . T h e y w e r e n o t h i s b i t t e r e n e m i e s . H i s v a l o u r w a s n o t t h e h e r o i s m o f f o r g i v e n e s s , w h e r e l i e s t h e w o n d r o u s m a j e s t y o f G o d . H i s a c t w a s n o t a n a c t o f g r a c e , w h i c h i s t h e g r a n d g l o r y o f t h e l ove o f C h r i s t . C h r i s t d i e d f o r p e o p l e w h o n o t o n l y d i d n o t k n ow H i m , b u t w h o h a t e d a n d d e s p i s e d H i m . H e d i e d , n o t f o r a t r a i n f u l o f p e o p l e , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e o r g a n i c w o r l d o f

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p e o p l e . I t w a s a n i n f i n i t e d e a t h , t h a t o f H i s , i n i t s r a n g e a n d i n i t s p o w e r . I t w a s d e a t h f o r e n e m i e s m o r e b i t t e r t h a n a n y t h i n g t h a t m a n c a n f e e l a g a i n s t m a n , f o r s u c h h a t e r s a s o n l y h o l i n e s s c a n p ro d u c e . H e r e i s t h e s i n g u l a r t h i n g : t h e g r e a t e r t h e f a v o u r t h a t i s d o n e t o u s , t h e m o r e f i e r c e l y we r e s e n t i t i f i t d o e s n o t b r e a k u s d o w n a n d m a k e u s g r a t e f u l . T h e g r e a t e r t h e f a vo u r , i f we d o n o t r e s p o n d i n i t s o w n s p i r i t , s o m u c h t h e m o r e r e s e n t f u l a n d a n t a g o n i s t i c i t m a k e s u s . I h a v e a l r e a d y s a i d t h a t w e s p e a k t o o o f t e n a s t h o u g h t h e e f f e c t o f C h r i s t ’s d e a t h u p o n h u m a n n a t u r e m u s t b e g r a t i t u d e a s s o o n a s i t i s u n d e r s t o o d . I t i s n o t a l w a y s g r a t i t u d e . U n l e s s i t i s r e c e i v e d i n t h e H o l y G h o s t , t h e e f f e c t m a y j u s t b e t h e o t h e r w a y. I t i s j u d g m e n t . I t i s a d e a t h u n t o death.

§

I c o n c l u d e b y s a y i n g w h a t I h a v e o f t e n s a i d , a n d w h a t o f t e n n e e d s s a y i n g , t h a t i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o h e a r t h e g o s p e l a n d t o g o away j u s t a s y o u c a m e . I w i s h t h a t w e r e m o r e r e a l i s e d . We s h o u l d n o t h a v e s o m a n y s e r m o n - h u n t e r s . I f p e o p l e f e l t t h a t e v e r y t i m e t h e y h e a r d t h e g o s p e l t h e y we r e e i t h e r b e t t e r o r wo r s e f o r i t , t h e y w o u l d b e m o r e c a r e f u l a b o u t h e a r i n g . They wou l d no t go s o o f t en , po s s i b l y ; b e t t e r t h ey

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s h o u l d n o t , p e r h a p s . I a m n o t s p e a k i n g a b o u t h e a r i n g o f s e r m o n s . T h a t i s n e i t h e r h e r e n o r t h e r e . A m a n m ay h e a r s e r m o n s a n d b e n e i t h e r t h e b e t t e r n o r t h e w o r s e . B u t a m a n c a n n o t h e a r t h e g o s p e l w i t h o u t b e i n g e i t h e r b e t t e r o r wo r s e , w h e t h e r h e k n ow s i t o r n o t . W h e n yo u c o m e t o f a c e t h e l a s t i s s u e s , i t i s e i t h e r u n t o s a l v a t i o n o r u n t o c o n d e m n a t i o n . T h e g r e a t c e n t r a l , d e c i s i ve t h i n g , t h e l a s t j u d g m e n t o f t h e wo r l d , i s t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t . T h e r e a s o n w h y s o m a n y s e r m o n s a r e f o u n d u n i n t e r e s t i n g i s n o t a lway s d u e t o t h e d u l l n e s s o f t h e p r e a c h e r . G o d k n ow s h ow o f t e n t h a t i s t h e c a s e , b u t i t i s n o t a lway s . I t i s b e c a u s e t h e s e r m o n s s o o f t e n t u r n , o r o u g h t t o t u r n , u p o n t h e m i r a c l e o f t h e g r a c e o f G o d , w h i c h i s s o g r e a t a m i r a c l e t h a t i t i s s t r a n g e , r e m o t e , a n d a l i e n t o o u r n a t u r a l w a y s o f t h i n k i n g a n d f e e l i n g . I t s e e m s f o r e i g n t o u s . I t i s l i ke r e a d i n g a g u i d e - b o o k i f yo u h ave n eve r b e e n i n t h e c o u n t r y. I t a k e d ow n m y B a e d e k e r i n t h e w i n t e r a n d r e a d i t w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t d e l i g h t , b e c a u s e I k n o w t h e c o u n t r y. I f I h a d no t b e en t h e re I s hou l d f i nd i t t h e d re a r i e s t re ad - i n g . W h y d o n o t p e o p l e r e a d t h e B i b l e m o r e ? B e c a u s e t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n i n t h a t c o u n t r y. The re i s no e xp e r i e n c e f o r i t t o s t i r a nd d eve l op. T h e C ro s s o f C h r i s t , t h e i n f i n i t e wo n d e r o f i t — w e h a v e g o t t o l e a r n t h a t . We h a v e g o t t o

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l e a r n t h e d e e p m e a n i n g o f t h a t b y h a v i n g b e e n t h e r e , b y t h e e v a n g e l i c a l e x p e r i e n c e w h o s e l a c k i s t h e c a u s e o f a l l t h e r e l i g i o u s v a g r a n c y o f t h e h o u r . We h a v e g o t t o l e a r n t h a t i t w a s n o t s i m p l y m a g n i f i c e n t h e ro i s m , bu t t h a t i t wa s G o d i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g t h e w o r l d . I t w a s G o d t h a t d i d t h a t w o r k i n C h r i s t . A n d C h r i s t w a s t h e l i v i n g G o d wo r k i n g u p o n m a n , a n d wo r k i n g out the Kingdom of God.

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THE GREAT SACRIFICIAL WORK IS TO RECONCILE

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II

THE GREAT SACRIFICIAL WORK IS TO RECONCILE

Corinthians v. 14–vi. 2; Romans v. 1–11; Colossians i. 10–29; Ephesians ii. 16.

TH E g r e a t n e e d o f t h e r e l i g i o u s wo r l d t o - d ay i s a r e t u r n t o t h e B i b l e . T h a t i s n e c e s s a r y

f o r t w o r e a s o n s , n e g a t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e . N e g a - t i v e l y, b e c a u s e t h e m o s t s e r i o u s f e a t u r e o f t h e h o u r i n t h e l i f e o f t h e C h u r c h i s t h e n e g l e c t o f t h e B i b l e f o r p e r s o n a l u s e a n d s t u d y by r e l i g i o u s p e o p l e . Po s i t i ve l y, b e c a u s e we h ave t o - d aye n o r - m o u s a d v a n t a g e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h a t r e t u r n t o t h e B i b l e . M o d e r n s c h o l a r s h i p h a s m a d e o f t h e B i b l e a n e w B o o k . I t h a s i n a c e r t a i n s e n s e r e d i s c o v e r e d i t . Yo u m i g h t s a y t h a t t h e s o u l o f t h e R e f o r m a t i o n w a s t h e r e d i s c ove r y o f t h e B i b l e ; a n d i n a w i d e r s e n s e t h a t i s t r u e t o - d a y a l s o . We h a v e , t h r o u g h t h e l a b o u r s o f m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y o f t h e f i n e s t s c h o l a r s h i p i n a l l

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t h e w o r l d , c o m e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e B i b l e , i n i t s o r i g i n a l s e n s e , a s i t w a s n e v e r u n d e r s t o o d b e f o r e . T h e s e i n s t r u c t e d s c r i b e s d r a w f o r t h f r o m t h e i r t r e a s u r y t h i n g s a s n e w a s o l d . I t i s t h e o l d B o o k , a n d i t i s a n e w B o o k . I t r e m a i n s t h e o l d B o o k , a n d t h e p r e c i o u s B o o k , b e c a u s e o f i t s p owe r o f u n c e a s i n g s e l f - r e n ov a - t i o n . T h e s p i r i t t h a t l i v e s w i t h i n t h e B i b l e i s a s p i r i t o f c o n s t a n t s e l f - p r e s e r v a t i o n . O n e w a y o f d e s c r i b i n g t h e R e f o r m a t i o n i s t o s a y t h a t , s i n c e t h e e a r l y G n o s t i c c e n t u r i e s , i t w a s t h e g r e a t e s t e f f o r t t h a t e v e r t o o k p l a c e i n t h e C h u r c h f o r t h e s e l f - p r e s e r v a t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y. R e m e m b e r , t h e C h u r c h w a s n o t r e f o r m e d f r o m t h e o u t s i d e , b u t f r o m t h e i n s i d e . I t w a s t h e C h u r c h r e f o r m i n g t h e C h u r c h . I t w a s t h e C h u r c h ’s f a i t h t h a t a ro s e , u n d e r t h e H o l y S p i r i t , a n d r e f o r m e d t h e C h u r c h . S o i t i s w i t h t h e B i b l e . W h a t e ve r r e n ov a t i o n we f i n d i n c o n n e c - t i o n w i t h t h e B i b l e — I d o n o t h e r e m e a n r e n ova - t i o n o f o u r s e l ve s , b u t r e n ova t i o n o f o u r way o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e B o o k — a r i s e s o u t o f t h e B i b l e i t s e l f . T h i s r e m a i n s t r u e t o - d a y, a s i t w a s t r u e i n t h e R e f o r m a t i o n t i m e , a l t h o u g h i t i s n o w t r u e i n a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t a p p l i c a t i o n . T h e Bible is still the best commentary upon itself.

I h a v e a l w a y s d o n e m u c h i n m y m i n i s t r y i n t h e w a y o f e x p o u n d i n g t h e B i b l e , a n d I wo u l d

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s ay t o t h e yo u n g e r m i n i s t e r s p a r t i c u l a r l y w h o a r e h e re , D o n o t b e a f r a i d o f t h a t m a n n e r o f p r e a c h - i n g . I h a v e k n o w n y o u n g m i n i s t e r s w h o w e r e o v e r - s c r u p u l o u s . I h a v e k n ow n t h e m s a y, “ I f I t a k e a l o n g t e x t p e o p l e w i l l t h i n k i t i s b e c a u s e I a m l a z y a n d d o n o t wa n t t h e l a b o u r o f g e t t i n g a s e r m o n o u t o f a s m a l l o n e .” N e ve r m i n d s u c h f o o l i s h p e o p l e . D o n o t b e a f r a i d o f l o n g t e x t s , l o n g p a s s a g e s . P r e a c h l e s s f r o m v e r s e s a n d m o r e f r o m p a r a g r a p h s . I f I h a d m y t i m e o v e r a g a i n I wo u l d d o a g r e a t d e a l m o r e i n t h a t way t h a n I h ave d o n e . R e a d bu t o n e l e s s o n , a n d r e a d i t w i t h e l u c i d a t o r y c o m m e n t s . O f c o u r s e s o m e p e o p l e c a n d o t h a t b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r s . T h e r e i s a lway s t h e d a n g e r t h a t i f a p e r s o n t r y i t w h o h a s no s o r t o f kn a ck i n t h a t d i re c t i on , t h e p eop l e w i l l f e e l t h e y h ave b e e n l e t i n f o r t wo s e r m o n s i n s t e a d o f o n e ; a n d , e x c e l l e n t a s t h e s e m i g h t b e , p eop l e do no t l i ke t o f e e l t h ey h ave b e en go t t o c h u r c h u p o n f a l s e p r e t e n c e s . I t m i g h t e v e n g i v e a n e x c u s e t o c e r t a i n p e o p l e f o r o m i t t i n g o n e o f t h e s e r v i c e s a l t o g e t h e r , o n t h e p l e a t h e y h a d p u t i n t h e r e q u i s i t e a m o u n t o f a t t e n t i o n a t o n e s e r v i c e . I wo u l d a l s o a d m i t t h a t i f yo u d o t h i s i t w i l l n o t r e d u c e yo u r l a b o u r . I t w i l l r e a l l y a d d w h a t m i g h t a m o u n t t o a n o t h e r s e r m o n t o yo u r we e k l y wo r k . I t i s n o u s e d o i n g i t i f yo u d o i t o n t h e s p u r o f t h e m o m e n t . I f yo u j u s t s ay

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t h i n g s t h a t o c c u r t o y o u r m i n d w h i l e y o u a r e r e a d i n g , yo u m ay s a y s o m e b a n a l , o r s o m e n o n - s e n s i c a l a n d f a n t a s t i c t h i n g s . I t m e a n s c a r e f u l p r e p a r a t i o n . T h e l e s s o n s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d a s t r u l y a s t h e p r a y e r s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d , a n d a s t h e s e r m o n s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d . Yo u h a v e t o w o r k y o u r w a y t h r o u g h t h e c h a p t e r w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e b e s t c o m m e n t a r y t h a t y o u c a n g e t ; a n d yo u h ave t o e xe r c i s e c o n t i n u a l j u d g m e n t i n d o i n g s o l e s t y o u b e d r a g g e d a w a y i n t o l i t t l e m a t t e r s o f d e t a i l i n s t e a d o f k e e p i n g t o t h e l a r g e r l i n e s o f t h o u g h t i n t h e p a s s a g e i n b a n d . T h e n , i f y o u d o a s I s a y, t h e r e i s t h i s o t h e r a d v a n t a g e , t h a t yo u c a n t a k e a p a r t i c u l a r v e r s e o u t o f t h e l o n g p a s s a g e f o r y o u r s e r m o n ; a n d t h u s yo u c o m e t o t h e s e r m o n w i t h a n a u d i e n c e w h i c h y o u y o u r s e l f h a v e p r e p a r e d t o l i s t e n t o y o u . Yo u h a v e c r e a t e d y o u r o w n a t m o s p h e r e , and you have done it on a Bible basis.

N ow I w i l l c o n f e s s a g a i n s t m y s e l f t h a t s o m e - t i m e s , a s I p r e a c h a b o u t h e r e a n d t h e r e , a n d h ave d o n e a s I h ave b e e n r e c o m m e n d i n g yo u t o d o, p e o p l e h ave c o m e t o m e a f t e r wa rd s a n d s a i d , a s n i c e l y a s t h e y c o u l d , t h a t t h e s e r m o n wa s a l l v e r y we l l , b u t i n r e s p e c t o f t h e r e a d i n g o f t h e S c r i p t u r e , t h ey n eve r h e a rd i t a f t e r t h a t f a s h i o n ; t h e y h a d n e v e r r e a l i s e d h o w v i v i d S c r i p t u r e c o u l d b e c o m e . T h a t s i m p l y r e s u l t s f r o m p a y i n g

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a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c h a p t e r w i t h t h e b e s t h e l p . Yo u w i l l f i n d , I a m s u r e , t h a t yo u r c o n g r e g a t i o n will welcome it.

§

S u p p o s i n g , t h e n , w e r e t u r n t o t h e B i b l e . S u p p o s i n g t h a t t h e C h u r c h d i d — a s I t h i n k i t m u s t d o i f i t i s n o t g o i n g t o c o l l a p s e ; c e r t a i n l y t h e F r e e C h u r c h e s m u s t — s u p p o s i n g w e r e t u r n t o t h e B i b l e , t h e r e a r e t h r e e way s o f r e a d i n g t h e B i b l e . T h e f i r s t w a y a s k s , W h a t d i d t h e B i b l e s a y ? T h e s e c o n d w a y a s k s , W h a t c a n I m a k e t h e B i b l e s a y ? T h e t h i r d w a y a s k s , W h a t d o e s God say in the Bible?

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T h e f i r s t way i s , w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e s e m a g n i - f i c e n t s c h o l a r s , t o d i s c o v e r t h e t r u e h i s t o r i c s e n s e o f t h e B i b l e . T h e r e i s n o m o r e s i g n a l i l l u s t r a t i o n o f s u c c e s s h e r e t h a n i n t h e c a s e o f t h e P r o p h e t s . D u r i n g t h e t i m e w h e n t h e o l o g y d o m i n a t e d e v e r y t h i n g a n d w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e C h u r c h ’s o n e g r a n d c o n c e r n , a b o u t o n e h u n d r e d y e a r s a f t e r t h e R e f o r m a t i o n , w h e n i t s g r e a t p r o p h e t s h a d p a s s e d a w a y, a n d t h e C h u r c h h a d f a l l e n i n t o d i f f e r e n t h a n d s , t h e w h o l e o f t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t — t h e P r o p h e t s a m o n g s t t h e r e s t — w a s r e a d f o r p r o o f p a s s a g e s o f t h e o l o g i c a l d o c t r i n e s . N o w f o r b o o k s l i k e

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t h e P r o p h e t s t h a t i s a b s o l u t e l y f a t a l - f a t a l t o t h e b o o k s a n d t o t h e C h u r c h ; a n d f a t a l i n t h e l o n g r u n t o C h r i s t i a n t r u t h . T h e r e i s n o g r e a t e r s e r v i c e t h a t h a s b e e n d o n e t o t h e B i b l e t h a n w h a t h a s b e e n d o n e b y t h e s c h o l a r s I s p e a k o f , i n m a k i n g t h e P r o p h e t s l i v e a g a i n , p u t t i n g t h em i n t h e i r t r u e h i s t o r i c a l s e t t i n g a nd po s i t i on . D r . G e o r g e A d a m S m i t h , f o r e x a m p l e , h a s d o n e i n e s t i m a b l e s e r v i c e i n t h i s w a y . A n d w h a t h a s b e e n d o n e f o r t h e P r o p h e t s h a s a l s o b e e n d o n e f o r t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t . I m m e n s e s t e p s o n w a r d h a v e b e e n t a k e n ; a n d w e a r e c o m i n g t o k n o w w i t h m u c h e x a c t n e s s w h a t t h e w r i t e r a c t u a l l y h a d i n h i s m i n d a t t h e m o m e n t o f w r i t i n g , a n d w h a t h e w a s u n d e r s t o o d t o h a v e h a d i n h i s m i n d b y t h o s e t o w h o m h e f i r s t w r o t e . I n t h i s w a y w e g e t r i d , f o r e x a m p l e , o f t h e i d e a t h a t P a u l w a s t h i n k i n g a b o u t u s w h o l i v e t w o t h o u s a n d y e a r s a f t e r h i m . H e w a s n o t t h i n k i n g o f u s a t a l l . H e d i d n o t e x p e c t t h e wo r l d t o l a s t a c e n t u r y. I t i s q u i t e a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n w h a t t h e H o l y S p i r i t w a s t h i n k i n g a b o u t . P a u l w a s t h i n k i n g i n a n a t u r a l way a b o u t h i s a g e a n d h i s C h u r c h e s , a b o u t t h e i r a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n a n d n e e d s . T h a t i s a n o t h e r i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t i f y o u w a n t t o w o r k f o r i m m o r t a l i t y y o u m u s t w o r k i n t h e m o s t r e l e v a n t a n d f a i t h f u l w a y a m i d t h e

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c i r c u m s t a n c e s r o u n d a b o u t y o u . T h e p r e s e n t d u t y i s t h e p a t h t o i m m o r t a l i t y. A n d s o a l s o I might illustrate in respect to the Gospels.

§

T h e s e c o n d w a y o f r e a d i n g t h e B i b l e i s r e a d - i n g i t u n t o e d i f i c a t i o n . T h a t i s t o s a y, we r e a d a p a s s a g e , a n d w e a l l o w o u r s e l v e s t o r e c e i v e a n y s u g g e s t i o n t h a t m a y c o m e t o u s f r o m i t , a n d we d o n o t s t o p t o a s k w h e t h e r t h a t wa s i n t h e w r i t e r ’ s m i n d , o r w h e t h e r i t w a s i n t h e m i n d o f t h e p e o p l e t o w h o m h e w ro t e . T h a t i s i m m a t e r i a l . We a l l o w t h e S p i r i t o f G o d t o s u g g e s t t o u s w h a t e v e r l e s s o n s o r i d e a s H e t h i n k s f i t o u t o f t h e wo r d s t h a t a r e u n d e r o u r e y e s . We r e a d t h e B i b l e n o t f o r c o r r e c t o r h i s t o r i c k n o w l e d g e , b u t f o r r e l i g i o u s a n d s p i r i t u a l p u r p o s e s , f o r o u r o w n p r i v a t e a n d p e r s o n a l n e e d s . T h a t i s , o f c o u r s e , a p e r f e c t l y l e g i t i m a t e t h i n g — i n d e e d , i t i s q u i t e n e c e s s a r y. I t i s t h e w a y o f r e a d i n g t h e B i b l e w h i c h t h e l a r g e m a s s o f t h e C h u r c h m u s t a l w a y s p r a c t i s e . B u t i t h a s i t s d a n g e r s . Yo u n e e d t h e o t h e r w a y s t o c o r r e c t i t . A l l t h e t h r e e m u s t c o - o p e r a t e f o r t h e t r u e u s e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e B i b l e b y t h e C h u r c h a t l a r g e . B u t I a m s p e a k i n g n o w a b o u t i t s u s e b y i n d i v i d u a l s , a n d t h e d a n g e r I m o a n i s t h a t t h e s u g g e s t i v e -

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n e s s m a y s o m e t i m e s b e c o m e f a n t a s t i c . S o m e p r e a c h e r s f a i l a t t i m e s i n t h a t w a y. T h e y g e t t o t a k i n g w h a t a r e c a l l e d f a n c y t e x t s , t e x t s w h i c h i m p r e s s t h e a u d i e n c e m u c h m o r e w i t h t h e i n g e n u i t y o f t h e p r e a c h e r t h a n w i t h h i s i n s p i r a t i o n . F o r i n s t a n c e , a p r e a c h e r i n t h e N o r t h , n o w d e a d , w a s p r e a c h i n g a g a i n s t t h e H i g h e r C r i t i c i s m a n d i t s s l i c i n g u p o f t h e B i b l e , a n d h e t o o k h i s t e x t f r o m N e h e m i a h , “ H e c u t i t w i t h a p e n k n i f e ” ! T h a t i s a l l v e r y w e l l , p e r h a p s , f o r a m o t t o , b u t f o r a t e x t i t i s r a t h e r a l i b e r t y. I t i s n o t f a i r t o t h e B i b l e t o i n d u l g e i n m u c h o f t h a t a t l e a s t . I f I r e - m e m b e r r i g h t l y, D r . P a r k e r h a d a g r e a t g i f t i n t h i s w a y, a n d m o r e t h a n s o m e t i m e s i t r a n a w a y w i t h h i m . I t i s a t e m p t a t i o n o f e v e r y w i t t y m a n , a n d e v e r y i n g e n i o u s - m i n d e d m a n . B u t t h e r e i s a p e r i l i n i t , t h e a b u s e o f a r i g h t p r i n - c i p l e . We a r e b o u n d , o f c o u r s e , t o v i n d i c a t e f o r o u r s e l ve s a n d f o r o t h e r s t h e r i g h t t o u s e t h e B i b l e i n t h e s u g g e s t i v e w a y, i f w e a r e n o t t o m a k e a p r e s e n t o f i t t o t h e s c h o l a r s . A n d t h a t wo u l d b e j u s t a s b a d a s m a k i n g a p r e s e n t o f i t t o a r a c e o f p r i e s t s . B u t w h e n w e r e a d t o o mu c h i n t h a t way i t i s a p t t o b e c o m e a m i n i s t e r t o o u r s p i r i t u a l e g o t i s m , o r , w h a t i s e q u a l l y b a d , our fanciful subjectivity.

N ow t h e g r a n d v a l u e o f t h e B i b l e i s j u s t t h e

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o t h e r t h i n g — i t s o b j e c t i v i t y. T h e f i r s t t h i n g i s n o t h ow I f e e l , b u t i t i s , H ow d o e s G o d f e e l , a n d w h a t h a s G o d s a i d o r d o n e f o r m y s o u l ? W h e n w e g e t t o r e a l c l o s e q u a r t e r s w i t h t h a t o u r f e e l i n g a n d r e s p o n s e w i l l l o o k a f t e r i t s e l f . D o n o t t e l l p e o p l e h o w t h e y o u g h t t o f e e l t o w a r d s C h r i s t . T h a t i s u s e l e s s . I t i s j u s t w h a t t h e y o u g h t t h a t t h e y c a n n o t d o . P r e a c h a C h r i s t t h a t w i l l m a ke t h e m f e e l a s t h ey o u g h t . T h a t i s o b j e c t i v e p r e a c h i n g . T h e t e n d e n c y a n d f a s h i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t m o m e n t i s a l l i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f s u b j e c t i v i t y . P e o p l e w e l c o m e s e r m o n s o f a m o r e o r l e s s p s y c h o l o g i c a l k i n d , w h i c h g o i n t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s o u l o r o f s o c i e t y. T h e y w i l l l i s t e n g l a d l y t o s e r m o n s o n c h a r a c t e r - b u i l d i n g , f o r i n s t a n c e ; a n d i n t h e r e s u l t t h e y w i l l g e t t o t h i n k o f n o t h i n g e l s e b u t t h e i r o w n c h a r a c t e r . T h e y w i l l b e t h e b u i l d e r s o f t h e i r o w n c h a r a c t e r ; w h i c h i s a f a t a l t h i n g . L e a r n t o c o m m i t y o u r s o u l a n d t h e b u i l d i n g o f i t t o O n e w h o c a n k e e p i t a n d b u i l d i t a s y o u n e v e r c a n . A t t e n d t h e n t o C h r i s t , t h e H o l y S p i r i t , t h e K i n g d o m , a n d t h e C a u s e , a n d H e w i l l l o o k a f t e r y o u r s o u l . A c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s p a s s i o n f o r s u b j e c t i v e a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s , f o r s e n t i m e n t a l e x - p e r i e n c e a n d p r o b l e m — p r e a c h i n g , i s t h a t w h e n a p r e a c h e r b e g i n s p r e a c h i n g a r e a l , o b j e c t i v e ,

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N e w Te s t a m e n t g o s p e l h e h a s r a i s e d a g a i n s t h i m w h a t i s n o w t h e m o s t f a t a l a c c u s a t i o n — e ve n w i t h i n t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h i t h a s c o m e t o b e v e r y f a t a l — h e i s a c c u s e d o f b e i n g a t h e o l o g i a n . T h a t i s a v e r y f a t a l c h a r g e t o m a k e n o w a g a i n s t a n y p r e a c h e r . I t o u g h t t o h e a c t i o n a b l e i n t h e w a y o f l i b e l . We h a v e c o m e t o t h i s — t h a t i f y o u p e n e t r a t e i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t y o u w i l l b e a c c u s e d o f b e i n g a t h e o l o g i a n ; a n d t h e n i t i s a l l o v e r w i t h y o u r w e l c o m e . B u t t h a t s t a t e o f t h i n g s h a s t o b e t u r n e d u p s i d e d o w n , e l s e t h e C h u r c h d r i e s i n t o t h e s a n d . T h e r e i s n o message in it.

§

T h e t h i r d way o f r e a d i n g t h e B i b l e i s r e a d i n g i t t o d i s c ove r t h e p u r p o s e a n d t h o u g h t o f G o d , w h e t h e r i t i m m e d i a t e l y e d i f y u s o r w h e t h e r i t d o n o t . I f we d i d a c t u a l l y b e c o m e awa r e o f t h e w i l l a n d t h o u g h t o f G o d i t w o u l d e d i f y u s a s n o t h i n g e l s e c o u l d . N o i n n e r p r o c e s s , n o d i s - c i p l i n e t o w h i c h we m i g h t s u b j e c t o u r s e l ve s , n o way o f c u l t i v a t i n g s u b j e c t i ve h o l i n e s s wo u l d d o s o mu c h f o r u s a s i f we c o u l d l o s e o u r s e l ve s , a n d i n s o m e g o d l y s o r t f o r g e t o u r s e l ve s , b e c a u s e we a r e s o p r e o c c u p i e d w i t h t h e m i n d o f C h r i s t . I f y o u w a n t p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s , a n a l y s e t h e w i l l , wo r k , a n d p u r p o s e o f C h r i s t o u r L o r d . I

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r e a d a f i n e s e n t e n c e t h e o t h e r d ay w h i c h p u t s i n a c o n d e n s e d f o r m w h a t I h a v e o f t e n p r e a c h e d about as the symptom of the present age:

“ I n s t e a d o f p l a c i n g t h e m s e l v e s a t t h e s e r v i c e o f G o d m o s t p e o p l e wa n t a G o d w h o i s a t t h e i r s e r v i c e .” T h e s e t wo t e n d e n c i e s r e p r e s e n t i n t h e e n d t w o d i f f e r e n t r e l i g i o n s . T h e m a n w h o i s e x p l o i t i n g G o d f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f h i s ow n s o u l o r f o r t h e r a c e , h a s i n t h e l o n g r u n a d i f f e r e n t r e l i g i o n f r o m t h e m a n w h o i s p u t t i n g h i s ow n s o u l a n d r a c e a b s o l u t e l y a t t h e d i s p o s a l o f t h e will of God in Jesus Christ.

§

A l l t h i s i s b y way o f p r e f a c e t o a n a t t e m p t t o a p p r o a c h t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t a n d e n d e a vo u r t o f i n d w h a t i s r e a l l y t h e w i l l o f G o d c o n c e r n i n g C h r i s t a n d w h a t C h r i s t d i d . D o c t r i n e a n d l i f e a r e r e a l l y t w o s i d e s o f o n e C h r i s t i a n i t y ; a n d t h e y a r e e q u a l l y i n d i s p e n s a b l e , b e c a u s e C h r i s - t i a n i t y i s l i v i n g t r u t h . I t i s n o t m e r e l y t r u t h ; i t i s n o t s i m p l y l i f e . I t i s l i v i n g t r u t h . T h e m o d e r n m a n s a y s t h a t d o c t r i n e w h i c h d o e s n o t p a s s i n t o l i f e i s d e a d ; a n d t h e n t h e m i s t a k e h e m a k e s i s t h a t h e w a n t s t o t u r n i t i n t o l i f e d i r e c t l y , a n d t o p o l i t i c i s e i t , p e r h a p s ; w h e r e a s i t w o r k s i n - d i r e c t l y. T h e e x p e r i e n c e o f m a n y c e n t u r i e s ,

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o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s a y s t h a t C h r i s t i a n l i f e w h i c h d o e s n o t g r ow o u t o f C h r i s t i a n d o c t r i n e b e c o m e s a f a i l u r e . I f n o t i n i n d i v i d u a l s , i t d o e s i n t h e C h u r c h . Yo u c a n n o t k e e p C h r i s t i a n p i e t y a l i v e e x c e p t u p o n C h r i s t i a n t r u t h . Yo u c a n n e v e r g e t a C a t h o l i c C h u r c h e x c e p t b y C a t h o l i c t r u t h . I t h i n k p e r h a p s w e a l l h e r e a g r e e a b o u t t h a t . I t i s o f i m m e n s e i m p o r t a n c e t h a t w e d o n o t t h i n k e n t i r e l y a b o u t o u r i n d i - v i d u a l s o u l s , a n d t h a t w e t h i n k m o r e a b o u t t h e C h u r c h , t h e d i v i n e w i l l , t h e d i v i n e Wo r d , a n d t h e d i v i n e K i n g d o m i n t h e w o r l d . I t i s o f s u p r e m e i m p o r t a n c e t h a t w e s h o u l d k n o w w h a t t h e C h r i s t i a n d o c t r i n e i s o n t h e g r e a t matters.

N o w i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t t h e g r e a t e x p o s i t o r i n t h e B i b l e i s S t . P a u l . A n d P a u l h a s a w o r d o f h i s o w n t o d e s c r i b e C h r i s t ’s w o r k — t h e w o r d “ r e c o n c i l i a t i o n .” B u t h e t h i n k s o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n n o t a s a d o c t r i n e bu t a s a n a c t o f G o d — b e c a u s e h e w a s n o t a t h e o - l o g i a n b u t a n e x p e r i e n c e p r e a c h e r . To v i e w i t s o p r o d u c e s a n i m m e n s e c h a n g e i n yo u r w h o l e w a y o f t h i n k i n g . I t s e c u r e s f o r y o u a l l t h a t i s w o r t h h a v i n g i n t h e o l o g y, a n d i t d e l i v e r s y o u f r o m t h e d a n g e r o f o b s e s s i o n b y t h e o l o g y i n a o n e - s i d e d w a y. R e m e m b e r , t h e n , t h a t t h e t r u t h we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h i s p r e c i o u s n o t a s a

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m e r e t r u t h b u t a s t h e m e a n s o f e x p r e s s i n g t h e e t e r n a l a c t o f G o d . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h i n g i n a l l t h e w o r l d , i n t h e B i b l e o r o u t o f i t , i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t G o d h a s d o n e — f o r e v e r f i n a l l y d o n e . A n d i t i s t h i s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n ; w h i c h i s on l y s e cond a r i l y a do c t r i n e ; i t i s on l y s e cond a r i l y e ve n a m a n n e r o f l i f e . P r i m a r i l y i t i s a n a c t o f G o d . T h a t i s t o s ay, i t i s a s a l v a t i o n b e f o r e i t i s a r e l i g i o n . F o r C h r i s t i a n i t y a s a r e l i g i o n s t a n d s u p o n s a l v a t i o n . R e l i g i o n w h i c h d o e s n o t g r ow o u t o f s a l v a t i o n i s n o t C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n ; i t m ay h e s p i r i t u a l , p o e t i c , my s t i c ; bu t t h e e s s e n c e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i s n o t j u s t t o b e s p i r i t u a l ; i t i s t o a n s w e r G o d ’s m a n n e r o f s p i r i t u a l i t y, w h i c h yo u f i n d i n J e s u s C h r i s t a n d i n H i m c r u c i f i e d . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s s a l v a t i o n b e f o r e i t i s r e l i g i o n . A n d i t i s r e l i g i o n b e f o r e i t i s t h e o l o g y. A l l o u r t h e o l o g y i n t h i s m a t t e r r e s t s u p o n t h e c e r t a i n e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e f a c t o f G o d ’s s a l v a - t i o n . I t i s s a l v a t i o n u p o n d i v i n e p r i n c i p l e s I t i s s a l v a t i o n b y a h o l y G o d . I t i s b o u n d o f c o u r s e , t o b e t h e o l o g i c a l i n i t s v e r y n a t u r e I t s s t a t e m e n t i s a t h e o l o g y . T h e m o m e n t y o u b e g i n t o t a l k a b o u t t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d y o u a r e t h e o l o g i a n s . A n d y o u c a n n o t t a l k a b o u t C h r i s t a n d H i s d e a t h i n a n y t h o r o u g h w a y w i t h o u t t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e h o l i n e s s o f God.

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§

C h r i s t a n d H i m c r u c i f i e d , t h a t i s t h e h i s t o r i c f a c t . B u t w h a t d o I m e a n w h e n I s a y C h r i s t a n d H i m c r u c i f i e d ? D o e s i t m e a n t h a t a c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l i t y l i ve d w h o wa s r e c o g n i s e d i n h i s t o r y a s J e s u s C h r i s t , a n d t h a t H e c a m e b y H i s e n d b y c r u c i f i x i o n ? T h a t i n i t s e l f i s w o r t h l e s s f o r r e l i g i o u s p u r p o s e s . I t i s u s e f u l e n o u g h i f y o u a r e w r i t i n g h i s t o r y ; b u t f o r r e l i g i o n h i s t o r i c a l f a c t m u s t h ave i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , a n d t h e w h o l e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y d e p e n d s u p o n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t i s p u t u p o n s u c h f a c t s . Yo u w i l l f i n d p e o p l e s o m e t i m e s w h o s a y, “ L e t u s h a v e t h e s i m p l e h i s t o r i c f a c t s , t h e C r o s s a n d C h r i s t .” T h a t i s n o t C h r i s t i a n i t y . C h r i s t i a n i t y i s a c e r t a i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h o s e f a c t s . H ow a n d w h y d i d t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t c o m e i n t o b e i n g ? Wa s i t s i m p l y t o c o nv i n c e p o s t e r i t y t h a t t h o s e f a c t s h a d t a k e n p l a c e ? Wa s i t s i m p l y t o c o n - v i n c e t h e wo r l d t h a t C h r i s t h a d r i s e n f r o m t h e d e a d ? I f t h a t w e r e t h e g r a n d o b j e c t o f t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t we s h o u l d h ave a ve r y d i f f e r e n t B i b l e i n o u r h a n d s , o n e a d d r e s s e d t o t h e wo r l d a n d n o t t o t h e C h u r c h , t o c r i t i c a l s c i e n c e a n d n o t t o f a i t h ; a n d t h e r e wo u l d n o t b e s o m u c h a r g u m e n t a m o n g s t s c h o l a r s a s t h e r e i s . T h e B i b l e d i d n o t c o m e i n t o b e i n g i n o r d e r t o p r ov i d e f u t u r e h i s t o r i a n s w i t h a v a l u a b l e d o c u -

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m e n t . I t c a m e f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f i n t e r p r e t a - tion. Here is a sentence I came across once:

“ T h e f a c t w i t h o u t t h e wo rd i s d u m b ; t h e wo rd w i t h o u t t h e f a c t i s e m p t y.” I t i s u s e f u l t o t u r n it over and over in your mind.

P a u l w a s a l m o s t t h e c r e a t o r a n d t h e g r e a t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h a t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . I t w a s c o n t i n u e d o n h i s l i n e s b y A u g u s t i n e , A n s e l m , L u t h e r , a n d m a n y a n o t h e r . B u t w h a t i s i t t h a t w e h e a r a b o u t s o m u c h t o - d a y ? We h e a r a g r e a t d e a l a b o u t a n u n d o g m a t i c C h r i s - t i a n i t y. A n d t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n p l a u s i b i l i t y i n i t . I f y o u h a v e n o t h e o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g , n o t r a i n i n g i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e S c r i p t u r e i n a s e r i o u s w a y, t h a t i s , i f y o u d o n o t k n o w yo u r bu s i n e s s a s m i n i s t e r s o f t h e Wo rd , i t s e e m s n a t u r a l t h a t u n d o g m a t i c C h r i s t i a n i t y s h o u l d b e j u s t t h e t h i n g y o u w a n t . L e a v e t h e d o g m a o f i t , y o u w i l l s a y, t o t h o s e w h o d e v o t e t h e i r l i ve s t o d og m a — j u s t a s t h o u g h t h e o l og i a n s we r e i r r e p r e s s i b l e p e o p l e w h o t a k e u p t h e o l o g y a s a h o b b y a n d b e c o m e t h e b o r e s o f t h e C h u r c h ! I t w a s n o t a h o b b y t o t h e a p o s t l e s . W h y , t h e r e a r e a c t u a l l y p e o p l e o f a s i m i l a r s t a m p w h o l o o k u p o n m i s s i o n s a s a h o b b y o f t h e C h u r c h , i n s t e a d o f t h e i r b e l o n g i n g t o t h e v e r y b e i n g a n d f i d e l i t y o f t h e C h u r c h . S o s o m e p e o p l e t h i n k t h e o l o g y i s a h o b b y, a n d

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t h a t t h e o l o g i a n s a r e p e r s o n s w i t h a n u n c o m - f o r t a b l e p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f i n t e l l e c t , w h o a r e t r y i n g t o d e s t r o y t h e p r i v i l e g e s s e c u r e d b y o u r n a t i o n a l l a c k o f e d u c a t i o n a n d t o s a c r i f i c e C h r i s t i a n i t y t o m i n d . P e o p l e s a y w e d o n o t w a n t s o m u c h i n t e l l e c t i n p r e a c h i n g ; w e w a n t s y m p a t hy a n d u n c t i o n . N ow, I a m a l way s l o o k - i n g a f i e l d , a n d l o o k i n g f o r w a r d , a n d t h i n k i n g a b o u t t h e p r o s p e c t s o f t h e C h u r c h i n t h e g r e a t wo r l d . A n d u n c t i o n d i s s o c i a t e d f r o m C h r i s t i a n t r u t h a n d C h r i s t i a n i n t e l l i g e n c e h a s a t l a s t t h e s e n t e n c e o f t h e C h u r c h ’s d e a t h w i t h i n i t s e l f . Yo u m a y c h e r i s h a n u n d o g m a t i c C h r i s t i a n i t y w i t h a s o r t o f m a g n e t i c c a s i n g , a p u r e l y h u m a n , my s t i c a l , s u b j e c t i v e k i n d o f C h r i s t f o r yo u r s e l f o r a n a u d i e n c e , b u t yo u c o u l d n o t c o n t i n u e t o p r e a c h t h a t i n a C h u r c h f o r t h e a g e s . T h e C h u r c h c o u l d n o t l i v e o n t h a t a n d d o i t s p r e a c h i n g i n s u c h a w o r l d . Yo u c o u l d n o t s p r e a d a g o s p e l l i k e t h a t . S u b j e c t i v e r e l i g i o n i s v a l u a b l e i n i t s p l a c e , b u t i t s p l a c e i s l i m i t e d . T h e o n l y C r o s s y o u c a n p r e a c h t o t h e w h o l e w o r l d i s a t h e o l o g i c a l o n e . I t i s n o t t h e f a c t o f t h e C r o s s , i t i s t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e C r o s s , t h e p r i m e t h e o l o g y o f t h e C r o s s , w h a t G o d m e a n t b y t h e C r o s s , t h a t i s e v e r y t h i n g . T h a t i s w h a t t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t c a m e t o g i v e . T h a t i s t h e o n l y k i n d o f C r o s s t h a t can make or keep a Church.

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Yo u w i l l s a y, p e r h a p s , “ C a n n o t I g o o u t a n d p r e a c h m y i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h e C r o s s ? ” B y a l l m e a n s . Yo u w i l l o n l y d i s c ov e r t h e s o o n e r t h a t yo u c a n n o t p r e a c h a C ro s s t o a ny p u r p o s e i f yo u p r e a c h i t o n l y a s a n e x p e r i e n c e . I f y o u o n l y p r e a c h i t s o yo u wo u l d n o t b e a n a p o s t l e ; a n d yo u c o u l d n o t d o t h e wo r k o f a n a p o s t l e f o r t h e C h u r c h . T h e a p o s t l e s w e r e p a r t i c u l a r a b o u t t h i s , a n d o n e e x p r e s s e d i t q u i t e p o i n t e d l y : “ We p r e a c h n o t o u r s e l v e s [ n o r o u r e x p e r i e n c e s ] b u t C h r i s t c r u c i f i e d .” “ We d o n o t p r e a c h r e l i g i o n ,” s a i d P a u l , “ b u t G o d ’ s r e v e l a t i o n . We d o n o t p r e a c h t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h e C r o s s m a d e u p o n u s , b u t t h e m e s s a g e t h a t G o d by H i s S p i r i t s e n t t h r o u g h a C h r i s t we e x p e r i e n c e .” A n d s o w i t h o u r s e l v e s . We d o n o t p r e a c h o u r i m p r e s s i o n s , o r e v e n o u r e x p e r i e n c e . T h e s e m a k e b u t t h e v e h i c l e , a s i t w e r e . W h a t w e p r e a c h i s s o m e - t h i n g m u c h m o r e s o l i d , m o r e o b j e c t i v e , w i t h m o re s t ay i n i t ; s o m e t h i n g t h a t c a n s u f f i c e w h e n o u r e x p e r i e n c e h a s e bb e d u n t i l i t s e e m s t o b e a s l ow a s C h r i s t ’s w a s i n t h e g r e a t d e s e r t i o n a n d v i c t o r y o n t h e C r o s s . We w a n t s o m e t h i n g t h a t w i l l s t a n d b y u s w h e n we c a n n o t f e e l a n y m o r e ’ ; w e w a n t a C r o s s w e c a n c l i n g t o , n o t s i m p l y a s u b j e c t i v e C r o s s . T h a t i s , t o p u t t h e t h i n g i n a n o t h e r w a y, w h a t w e w a n t t o - d a y i s

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a n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e C ro s s . Yo u s e e I a m m a k i n g a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n i m p r e s s i o n a n d i n s i g h t . I t i s a u s e f u l p a r t o f t h e C h u r c h ’s w o r k , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t i t s h o u l d a c t b y m e a n s o f r e v i v a l s e r v i c e s , w h e r e p e r h a p s t h e d o m i n a n t e l e m e n t m a y b e t e m p o r a r y i m p r e s s i o n . B u t u n l e s s t h a t i s t a ke n u p a n d t u r n e d t o a c c o u n t by s o m e t h i n g m o r e , we a l l k n ow h ow e v a n e s c e n t a t h i n g i t i s a p t t o b e . We n e e d , n o t s i m p l y t o b e i m p r e s s e d b y C h r i s t , b u t t o s e e i n t o C h r i s t a n d i n t o H i s C ro s s . We n e e d t o d e e p e n t h e i m p r e s s i o n u n t i l i t b e c o m e n ew l i f e by s e e i n g i n t o C h r i s t . T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h we m a y b e e n t i t l e d t o d e c l a r e t h a t we d o n o t wa n t s o m a ny p e o p l e w h o g l i b l y s a y t h e y l ove J e s u s ; we wa n t m o r e p e o p l e w h o c a n r e a l l y s e e i n t o C h r i s t . We d o , o f c o u r s e , w a n t m o r e p e o p l e w h o l o v e J e s u s ; b u t we wa n t a m u l t i t u d e o f m o r e p e o p l e w h o a r e n o t s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h a t , b u t w h o s e l ove f i l l s t h e m w i t h h o l y c u r i o s i t y a n d c o m p e l s t h e m h a b i t u a l l y t o c u l t i va t e i n t h e S p i r i t t h e p owe r o f s e e i n g i n t o C h r i s t a n d i n t o H i s C r o s s . M o r e t h a n i m p r e s s i o n , d o we n e e d a s p i r i t o f d i v i n a - t i o n . I n s i g h t i s w h a t w e w a n t f o r p o w e r - l e s s o f m e r e i n t e r e s t a n d m o r e o f r e a l i n s i g h t . T h e r e a r e s o m e p e o p l e w h o t a l k a s t h o u g h , w h e n we s p e a k o f t h e C ro s s a n d t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e C r o s s , w e w e r e s p i n n i n g s o m e t h i n g o u t

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o f t h e C r o s s . P a u l w a s n o t s p i n n i n g a n y t h i n g o u t o f t h e C ro s s . H e wa s g a z i n g i n t o t h e C ro s s , s e e i n g w h a t w a s r e a l l y t h e r e w i t h e y e s t h a t h a d b e e n u n s e a l e d a n d p u r g e d b y t h e H o l y Ghost.

§

T h e d o c t r i n e o f C h r i s t ’s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , o r H i s A t o n e m e n t , i s n o t a p i e c e o f m e d i æ v a l d o g m a l i k e t r a n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n , n o t a p i e c e o f e c c l e - s i a s t i c a l d o g m a o r A r i s t o t e l i a n s u b t l e t y w h i c h i t m i g h t b e t h e B i b l e ’s b u s i n e s s t o d e s t r o y. I f yo u l o o k a t t h e G o s p e l s yo u w i l l s e e t h a t f r o m t h e T r a n s f i g u r a t i o n o n w a r d t h i s m a t t e r o f t h e C r o s s i s t h e g r e a t c e n t r e o f c o n c e r n ; i t i s w h e r e t h e c e n t r e o f g r a v i t y l i e s . I m e t a m a n t h e o t h e r d a y w h o h a d c o m e u n d e r s o m e p o o r a n d m i s c h i e vo u s p u l p i t i n f l u e n c e , a n d h e s a i d , “ I t i s t i m e we g o t r i d o f h e a r i n g s o m u c h a b o u t t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t ; t h e r e s h o u l d b e p r e a c h e d t o t h e w o r l d a h u m a n i t a r i a n C h r i s t , t h e k i n d o f C h r i s t t h a t o c c u p i e s t h e G o s p e l s .” T h e r e w a s n o t h i n g f o r i t b u t t o t e l l t h a t m a n h e w a s t h e v i c t i m o f s m a t t e r e r s , a n d t h a t h e m u s t g o b a c k t o h i s G o s p e l s a n d r e a d a n d s t u d y f o r a ye a r o r t wo. I t i s t h e f l i m s i e s t r e l i g i o s i t y, a n d t h e m o s t s u p e r f i c i a l r e a d i n g o f t h e G o s p e l , t h a t c o u l d t a l k l i k e t h a t . W h a t d o e s i t m e a n t h a t a n e n o r m o u s p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e G o s p e l

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s t o r y i s o c c u p i e d w i t h t h e p a s s i o n o f C h r i s t ? T h e c e n t r e o f g r av i t y, e ve n i n t h e G o s p e l s , f a l l s u p o n t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t a n d w h a t w a s d o n e t h e r e , a n d n o t s i m p l y u p o n a h u m a n i t a r i a n C h r i s t . Yo u c a n n o t s e t t h e G o s p e l s a g a i n s t P a u l . W h y, t h e f i r s t t h r e e G o s p e l s w e r e m u c h l a t e r t h a n P a u l ’ s E p i s t l e s . T h e y w e r e w r i t t e n f o r C h u r c h e s t h a t w e r e m a d e b y t h e a p o s t o l i c p r e a c h i n g . B u t h o w, t h e n , d o t h e f i r s t t h r e e G o s p e l s s e e m s o d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e E p i s t l e s ? O f c o u r s e , t h e r e i s a s u p e r f i c i a l d i f f e r e n c e . C h r i s t w a s a v e r y l i v i n g a n d r e a l c h a r a c t e r f o r t h e p e o p l e o f H i s ow n t i m e , a n d H i s g r a n d b u s i n e s s w a s t o r o u s e h i s a u d i e n c e s ’ f a i t h i n H i s Pe r s o n a n d i n H i s m i s s i o n . B u t i n H i s P e r s o n a n d i n H i s m i s s i o n t h e C r o s s l a y l a t e n t a l l t h e t i m e . I t e m e r g e d o n l y i n t h e f u l l n e s s o f t i m e - t h a t v a l u a b l e p h r a s e — j u s t w h e n t h e h i s t o r i c c r i s i s , t h e o r g a n i c s i t u a t i o n , p r o d u c e d i t . J e s u s w a s n o t a p ro f e s s o r o f t h e o l o g y. H e d i d n o t l e c t u r e t h e p e o p l e . H e d i d n o t c o m e w i t h a t h e o l o g y o f t h e C r o s s . H e d i d n o t c o m e t o f o r c e e ve n t s t o c o m p l y w i t h t h a t t h e o l o g y . H e d i d n o t f o r c e H i s o w n p e o p l e t o w o r k o u t a t h e o - l o g i c a l s c h e m e . H e d i d f o r c e a n i s s u e , b u t i t w a s n o t t o i l l u s t r a t e a t h e o l o g y. I t w a s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d , w h i c h c o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n n o o t h e r w i s e t h a n a s H e

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e s t a b l i s h e d i t — u p o n t h e C r o s s . A n d H e c o u l d o n l y t e a c h t h e C r o s s w h e n i t h a d h a p p e n e d — w h i c h H e d i d t h r o u g h t h e E v a n g e l i s t s w i t h t h e s p a c e t h e y g a v e i t , a n d t h r o u g h t h e A p o s t l e s and the exposition they gave it.

To c o m e b a c k t o t h i s w o r k o f C h r i s t d e - s c r i b e d b y P a u l a s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . O n t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t t h e w h o l e C h u r c h . r e s t s . I f y o u m o v e f a i t h f r o m t h a t c e n t r e yo u h ave d r i ve n t h e n a i l i n t o t h e C h u rc h ’s c o f f i n . T h e C h u r c h i s t h e n d o o m e d t o d e a t h , a n d i t i s o n l y a m a t t e r o f t i m e w h e n s h e s h a l l e x p i r e . T h e A p o s t l e , I s a y, d e s c r i b e d t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t a s a b o v e a l l t h i n g s r e c o n c i l i a - t i o n . A n d P a u l wa s t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e C h u r c h , h i s t o r i c a l l y s p e a k i n g . I d o n o t l i k e t o s p e a k o f C h r i s t a s t h e F o u n d e r o f t h e C h u r c h . I t s e e m s r e m o t e , d e t a c h e d , j o u r n a l i s t i c . I t wo u l d b e f a r m o r e t r u e t o s a y t h a t H e i s t h e f o u n d a - t i o n o f t h e C h u r c h . “ T h e C h u r c h ’s o n e f o u n d a - t i o n i s J e s u s C h r i s t h e r L o r d .” T h e f o u n d e r o f t h e C h u r c h , h i s t o r i c a l l y s p e a k i n g , wa s P a u l . I t w a s f o u n d e d b y a n d t h r o u g h h i m o n t h i s r e c o n c i l i n g p r i n c i p l e — n a y, I g o d e e p e r t h a n t h a t , o n t h i s m i g h t y a c t o f G o d ’s r e c o n c i l i a - t i o n . F o r t h i s g r e a t a c t t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n w a s g i v e n t o P a u l b y t h e H o l y S p i r i t . I n t h i s c o n - n e c t i on re a d t h a t g re a t wo rd i n 1   Co r i n t h i a n s i i . ;

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t h a t i s t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e w o r d i n t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t a b o u t t h e n a t u r e o f a p o s t o l i c i n - spiration.

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W h a t , t h e n , d i d P a u l m e a n b y t h i s r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n w h i c h i s t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h e C h u r c h ? H e m e a n t t h e t o t a l r e s u l t o f C h r i s t ’s l i f e - wo r k i n p e r m a n e n t l y c h a n g i n g t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c o l l e c t i ve m a n a n d G o d . B y r e c o n c i l i a t i o n P a u l m e a n t t h e t o t a l r e s u l t o f C h r i s t ’s l i f e - wo r k i n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l , p e r m a n e n t , f i n a l c h a n g i n g o f t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n m a n a n d G o d , a l t e r i n g i t f r o m a r e l a t i o n o f h o s t i l i t y t o o n e o f c o n - f i d e n c e a n d p e a c e . R e m e m b e r , I a m s p e a k i n g a s P a u l s p o k e , a b o u t m a n , a n d n o t a b o u t individual men or groups of men.

T h e r e a r e t w o p r i n c i p a l G r e e k w o r d s c o n - n e c t e d w i t h t h e i d e a o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , o n e o f t h e m b e i n g a l w a y s t r a n s l a t e d b y i t , t h e o t h e r s o m e t i m e s . T h e y a r e k a t a l l a s s e i n , a n d h i l a s - k e s t h a i — r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d a t o n e m e n t . A t o n e - m e n t i s a n O l d Te s t a m e n t p h r a s e , w h e r e t h e i d e a i s t h a t o f t h e c ov e r i n g o f s i n f r o m G o d ’s s i g h t . B u t b y w h o m ? W h o w a s t h a t g r e a t b e n e f a c t o r o f t h e h u m a n r a c e t h a t s u c c e e d e d i n c o v e r i n g u p o u r s i n f r o m G o d ’ s s i g h t ? W h o w a s s k i l f u l e n o u g h t o h o o d w i n k t h e A l m i g h t y ? W h o c o v e r e d t h e s i n ? T h e a l l - s e e i n g G o d

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a l o n e . T h e r e c a n t h e r e f o r e b e n o t a l k o f h o o d - w i n k i n g . A t o n e m e n t m e a n s t h e c o v e r i n g o f s i n b y s o m e t h i n g w h i c h G o d H i m s e l f h a d p r ov i d e d , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e c ove r i n g o f s i n b y G o d H i m s e l f . I t wa s o f c o u r s e n o t t h e b l i n d i n g o f H i m s e l f t o i t , b u t s o m e t h i n g ve r y d i f f e r e n t . H o w c o u l d t h e J u d g e o f a l l t h e e a r t h m a k e H i s j u d g m e n t b l i n d ? I t w a s t h e c o v e r i n g o f s i n by s o m e t h i n g w h i c h m a ke s i t l o s e t h e p owe r o f d e r a n g i n g t h e c o v e n a n t r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n G o d a n d m a n a n d f o u n d s t h e n e w H u m a n i t y. That is the meaning of it.

I f yo u t h i n k I a m t a l k i n g t h e o l o g y, yo u m u s t b l a m e t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t . I a m s i m p l y e x - p o u n d i n g t o yo u t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t . O f c o u r s e , y o u n e e d n o t t a k e i t u n l e s s y o u p l e a s e . I t i s q u i t e o p e n t o y o u t o t h r o w t h e N e w Te s t a - m e n t o v e r b o a r d ( s o l o n g a s y o u a r e f r a n k a b o u t i t ) , a n d s t a r t w h a t y o u m a y l o o s e l y c a l l C h r i s t i a n i t y o n o t h e r f l o a t i n g l i n e s . B u t i f yo u t a ke t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t yo u a r e b o u n d t o t r y t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t . I f y o u u n d e r - s t a n d t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t y o u a r e b o u n d t o r e c o g n i s e t h a t t h i s i s w h a t t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t s a y s . I t i s a s u b s e q u e n t q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t i s r i g h t i n s a y i n g s o . L e t u s f i r s t f i n d ou t wha t t h e B i b l e r e a l l y s ay s , a nd t h en discuss whether the Bible is r ight or wrong.

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T h e i d e a o f a t o n e m e n t i s t h e c ove r i n g o f s i n b y s o m e t h i n g w h i c h G o d p r ov i d e d , a n d b y t h e u s e o f w h i c h s i n l o o s e s i t s a c c u s i n g p owe r , a n d i t s p o w e r t o d e r a n g e t h a t g r a n d c o v e n a n t a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n m a n a n d G o d w h i c h f o u n d s t h e N ew H u m a n i t y. T h e wo rd k a t a l l a s s e i n ( r e c o n - c i l e ) i s p e c u l i a r t o P a u l . H e u s e s b o t h w o r d s ; bu t t h e o t h e r wo rd , “ a t onemen t ,” you a l s o f i nd i n o t h e r N e w Te s t a m e n t w r i t i n g s . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s P a u l ’s g r e a t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c wo r d a n d t h o u g h t . T h e g r e a t p a s s a g e s a r e t h o s e I h a v e m e n t i o n e d a t t h e h e a d o f t h i s l e c t u r e . I c a n n o t t a k e t i m e t o e x p o u n d t h e m h e r e . T h a t wo u l d m e a n a l o n g c o u r s e . R e a d t h o s e p a s s a g e s c a r e f u l l y a n d c h e c k m e i n a n y t h i n g I s a y — p a r t i c u l a r l y, f o r i n s t a n c e , 2   C o r i n t h i a n s v. 14 – v i . 2 . O u t o f i t we g a t h e r t h i s w h o l e r e s u l t . F i r s t , C h r i s t ’ s w o r k i s s o m e t h i n g d e s c r i b e d a s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . A n d s e c o n d , r e c o n c i l i a t i o n r e s t s u p o n a t o n e m e n t a s i t s g r o u n d . D o n o t s t o p a t “ G o d wa s i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g t h e w o r l d .” Yo u c a n e a s i l y w a t e r t h a t d o w n . Yo u m a y b e g i n t h e p r o c e s s b y s a y i n g t h a t G o d wa s i n C h r i s t j u s t i n t h e s a m e way i n w h i c h H e wa s i n t h e o l d p ro p h e t s . T h a t i s t h e f i r s t d i l u t i o n . T h e n yo u g o o n w i t h t h e h o m œ p a t h i c t r e a t m e n t , a n d y o u s a y, “ O h y e s , a l l H e d i d by C h r i s t wa s t o a f f e c t t h e wo r l d , a n d i m p re s s i t by s h ow i n g i t h ow mu c h H e l ove d i t .”

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N o w, w o u l d t h a t r e c o n c i l e a n y b o d y r e a l l y i n n e e d o f i t ? W h e n y o u r c h i l d h a s f l o w n i n t o a v i o l e n t t e m p e r w i t h yo u , a n d s t i l l wo r s e , a s u l k y t e m p e r , a n d g l o o m s f o r a w h o l e d a y, i s i t a n y u s e y o u r s e n d i n g t o t h a t c h i l d a n d s a y i n g , “ R e a l l y, t h i s c a n n o t g o o n . C o m e b a c k . I l ove y o u v e r y m u c h . S a y y o u a r e s o r r y . ” N o t a b i t o f u s e . F o r G o d s i m p l y t o h a v e t o l d o r s h o w n t h e e v i l w o r l d h o w m u c h H e l o v e d i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n a m o s t i n e f f e c t u a l t h i n g . S o m e t h i n g h a d t o b e d o n e — j u d g i n g o r s a v i n g . R e v e l a t i o n a l o n e i s i n a d e q u a t e . R e c o n c i l i a - t i o n m u s t r e s t o n a t o n e m e n t . F o r , a s I s a y, y o u m u s t n o t s t o p a t “ G o d w a s i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g t h e wo r l d u n t o H i m s e l f ,” b u t g o o n “ n o t r e c k o n i n g u n t o t h e m t h e i r t r e s p a s s e s .” “ H e m a d e C h r i s t t o b e s i n f o r u s , w h o k n e w n o s i n .” T h a t i n v o l v e s a t o n e m e n t . Yo u c a n n o t b l o t o u t t h a t p h r a s e . A n d t h e t h i r d t h i n g i nvo l ve d i n t h e i d e a i s t h a t t h i s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , t h i s a t o n e m e n t , m e a n s c h a n g e o f r e l a t i o n b e - t w e e n G o d a n d m a n — m a n , m i n d y o u , n o t t w o o r t h r e e m e n , n o t s e v e r a l g r o u p s o f m e n , b u t m a n , t h e h u m a n r a c e a s o n e w h o l e . A n d i t i s a c h a n g e o f r e l a t i o n f r o m a l i e n a t i o n t o c o m - mun ion—no t s imp l y t o ou r p e a c e a nd con f i d en c e , b u t t o r e c i p ro c a l c o m m u n i o n . T h e g r a n d e n d o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s c o m m u n i o n . I a m p r e s s i n g

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t h a t h a r d . I a m p r e s s i n g i t h a r d h e r e b y s a y i n g t h a t i t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t w e s h o u l d wo r s h i p G o d . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t we s h o u l d wo r s h i p a p e r s o n a l G o d . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t w e s h o u l d w o r s h i p a n d p a y o u r h o m a g e t o a l o v i n g G o d . T h a t d o e s n o t s a t i s f y t h e l o v e o f G o d . N o t h i n g s h o r t o f l i v i n g , l o v i n g , h o l y, h a b i t u a l c o m m u n i o n b e t we e n H i s h o l y s o u l a n d o u r s c a n r e a l i s e a t l a s t t h e e n d w h i c h G o d achieved in Jesus Christ.

§

I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n l e t m e o f f e r y o u t w o c a u t i o n s . F i r s t , t a k e c a r e t h a t t h e d i r e c t f a c t o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s n o t h i d d e n u p b y t h e i n - d i s p e n s a b l e m e a n s — n a m e l y, a t o n e m e n t . T h e r e h a v e b e e n a g e s i n t h e C h u r c h w h e n t h e a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n s o e x c l u s i v e l y c e n t r e d u p o n a t o n e m e n t t h a t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w a s l o s t s i g h t o f . Yo u f o u n d t h e o l o g i a n s f l y i n g a t e a c h o t h e r ’ s t h r o a t s i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f p a r t i c u l a r t h e o r i e s o f a t o n e m e n t . T h a t i s t o s a y, a t o n e - m e n t h a d o b s c u r e d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . I n t h e s a m e w a y, a f t e r t h e R e f o r m a t i o n p e r i o d , t h e y d we l t u p o n j u s t i f i c a t i o n u n t i l t h e y l o s t s i g h t o f s a n c t i f i c a t i o n a l t o g e t h e r . T h e n t h e g r e a t p i e t i s t i c m o v e m e n t h a d t o a r i s e i n o r d e r t o r e d r e s s t h e b a l a n c e . Ta k e c a r e t h a t t h e e n d ,

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r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , i s n o t h i d d e n u p b y t h e m e a n s , a t o n e m e n t . J u s t i f i c a t i o n , s a n c t i f i c a t i o n , r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n a n d a t o n e m e n t a r e a l l e q u a l l y i n s e p a r - a b l e f r o m t h e o n e c e n t r a l a n d c o m p e n d i o u s w o r k o f C h r i s t . Va r i o u s a g e s n e e d v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f i t t u r n e d o u t w a r d . L e t u s g i v e t h e m a l l t h e i r t r u e v a l u e a n d p e r s p e c t i v e . I f w e d o n o t w e s h a l l m a k e t h a t f a t a l s e v e r a n c e w h i c h o r t h o d o x y h a s s o o f t e n m a d e b e t w e e n doctr ine and life.

T h e s e c o n d c a u t i o n i s t h i s . B e w a r e o f r e a d - i n g a t o n e m e n t o u t o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a l t o g e t h e r . B e wa r e o f c u l t i v a t i n g a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w h i c h i s n o t b a s e d u p o n j u s t i f i c a t i o n . T h e a p o s t l e ’ s p h r a s e s a r e o f t e n t r e a t e d l i k e t h a t . T h e y a r e e m p t i e d o f t h e s p e c i f i c C h r i s t i a n m e a n i n g . T h e r e a r e a g r e a t m a n y C h r i s t i a n p e o p l e , s p i r i t u a l p e o p l e o f a s o r t , t o - d a y, w h o a r e p e r p e t r a t i n g t h a t i n j u s t i c e u p o n t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t . T h e y a r e t a k i n g m i g h t y o l d w o r d s a n d g i v i n g t h e m o n l y a s u b j e c t i v e , a r b i t r a r y m e a n i n g , e m p t y i n g o u t o f t h e m t h e e s s e n t i a l , o b j e c t i v e , p o s i t i v e c o n t e n t . T h e y a r e p r e - o c c u p i e d w i t h w h a t t a k e s p l a c e w i t h i n t h e i r o w n e x p e r i e n c e , o r i m a g i n a t i o n , o r t h o u g h t ; a n d t h e y a r e o b l i v i o u s o f t h a t w h i c h i s d e c l a r e d t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e w i t h i n t h e e x - p e r i e n c e o f G o d a n d o f C h r i s t . T h e y a r e

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o b l i v i o u s a n d n e g l i g e n t o f t h e e s s e n t i a l t h i n g s t h a t C h r i s t d i d , a n d G o d i n C h r i s t . T h a t i s n o t f a i r t r e a t m e n t o f N e w Te s t a m e n t t e r m s - t o e m p t y t h e m o f p o s i t i v e C h r i s t i a n m e a n i n g a n d w a t e r t h e m d o w n t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g t h a t m i g h t s u i t a p h i l o s o p h i c o r m y s t i c o r s u b j e c t i v e o r i n d i v i d u a l i s t s p i r i t u a l i t y. T h e r e i s a w h o l e s y s t e m o f p h i l o s o p h y t h a t h a s a t t e m p t e d t h i s d i l u t i o n a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y. I t i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n a m e t h a t h a s n ow b e c o m e v e r y w e l l k n o w n , t h e n a m e o f t h e g r e a t e s t p h i l o s o p h e r t h e w o r l d e v e r s a w, H e g e l . I a m n o t n o w g o i n g t o e x p o u n d H e g e l i a n i s m . B u t I h a v e t o a l l u d e t o o n e a s p e c t o f i t . I f y o u a r e p a y i n g a n y a t t e n t i o n t o w h a t i s g o i n g o n a r o u n d y o u i n t h e t h i n k i n g w o r l d , y o u a r e b o u n d t o c o m e f a c e t o f a c e w i t h s o m e p h a s e o f i t o r o t h e r . B u t I s e e m y t i m e i s a t a n e n d for to-day.

§

To - m o r r o w I b e g i n w h e r e I n o w l e a v e o f f a n d s h a l l s a y s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h i s v e r s i o n o f S t . P a u l ’ s i d e a o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , w h i c h i s s o a t t r a c t i v e p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y . I r e m e m b e r t h e a p p e a l i t h a d f o r m e w h e n I c a m e i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h i t f i r s t . I d i d f e e l t h a t i t s e e m e d t o g i v e a l a r g e n e s s t o c e r t a i n N e w Te s t a m e n t t e r m s , w h i c h I f i n a l l y f o u n d w a s a l a r g e n e s s o f l a t i -

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t u d e o n l y. I f i t d i d s e e m t o g i v e b r e a d t h i t d i d n o t g i v e d e p t h . A n d I c l o s e h e r e b y r e - m i n d i n g y o u o f t h i s — t h a t w h i l e C h r i s t a n d C h r i s t i a n i t y d i d c o m e t o m a k e u s b r o a d m e n , i t d i d n o t c o m e t o d o t h a t i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e . I t c a m e t o m a k e u s d e e p m e n . T h e l i v i n g i n t e r e s t o f C h r i s t a n d o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t i s n o t b r e a d t h , b u t i t i s d e p t h . C h r i s t s a i d l i t t l e t h a t w a s w i d e c o m p a r e d w i t h w h a t H e s a i d p i e r c i n g a n d s e a r c h i n g . I i l l u s t r a t e b y r e f e r - r i n g yo u t o a n i n t e r e s t t h a t i s v e r y p r o m i n e n t a m o n g s t y o u — t h e i n t e r e s t o f m i s s i o n s . H o w d i d m o d e r n m i s s i o n s a r i s e ? I m e a n t h e l a s t h u n d r e d y e a r s o f t h e m . M o d e r n P r o t e s t a n t m i s s i o n s a r e o n l y o n e h u n d r e d y e a r s o l d . W h e r e d i d t h e y b e g i n ? W h o b e g a n t h e m ? T h e y b e g a n a t t h e c l o s e o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y, t h e c e n t u r y w h o s e c l o s e w a s d o m i - n a t e d b y p h i l o s o p h e r s , b y s c i e n t i s t s , b y a r e a s o n a b l e , m o d e r a t e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r e l i g i o n , b y b r o a d h u m a n i t a r i a n r e l i g i o n . O f c o u r s e , y o u m i g h t e x p e c t i t w a s a m o n g s t t h o s e b r o a d p e o p l e t h a t m i s s i o n s a r o s e . We k n o w b e t t e r . We k n o w t h a t t h e C h r i s t i a n m o v e m e n t w h i c h h a s s p r e a d a r o u n d t h e wo r l d d i d n o t a r i s e o u t o f t h e l i b e r a l t h i n ke r s , t h e h u m a n i t a r i a n p h i l o - s o p h e r s o f t h e d ay, w h o we r e i t s wo r s t e n e m i e s , b u t w i t h a f e w m e n — C a r e y, M a r s h m a n , Wa r d ,

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a n d t h e l i k e — w h o s e C a l v i n i s t i c t h e o l o g y w e s h o u l d n ow c o n s i d e r ve r y n a r r ow. B u t t h e y d i d h a v e t h e r o o t o f t h e u n i v e r s a l m a t t e r i n t h e m . A g o s p e l d e e p e n o u g h h a s a l l t h e b r e a d t h o f t h e wo r l d i n i t s h e a r t . I f we a r e o n l y d e e p e n o u g h t h e b r e a d t h w i l l t a k e c a r e o f i t s e l f . I w o u l d t e n t i m e s r a t h e r h a v e o n e m a n w h o w a s b u r n - i n g d e e p , e v e n t h o u g h h e w a n t e d t o b u r n m e f o r m y m o d e r n t h e o l o g y, t h a n I w o u l d h a v e a b r o a d , h o s p i t a b l e , a n d t h i n t h e o l o g i a n w h o wa s w i l l i n g t o t a k e m e i n a n d a n o n d e s c r i p t c r ow d o f o t h e r s i n a s h e e t l e t d o w n f r o m h e a v e n , b u t w h o h a d n o d e p t h , n o f i r e , n o s k i l l t o s e a r c h , a n d n o p o w e r t o b r e a k . F o r t h e d e e p C h r i s t i a n i t y i s t h a t w h i c h n o t o n l y s e a r c h e s u s , b u t b r e a k s u s . A n d a C h r i s t i a n i t y w h i c h w o u l d e x c l u d e n o n e h a s n o p o w e r t o i n c l u d e the world.

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RECONCILIATION: PHILOSOPHIC AND CHRISTIAN

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III

RECONCILIATION: PHILOSOPHIC AND CHRISTIAN

I P L AC E o n t h e b o a r d b e f o r e yo u f i v e p o i n t s . a s t o C h r i s t ’ s r e c o n c i l i n g w o r k w h i c h I

think vital:— 1. It is between person and person. 2. Therefore it affects both sides. 3. It rests on atonement. 4 . I t i s a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d a s

one whole. 5. It is final in its nature and effect.

§

I w a s s a y i n g y e s t e r d a y t h a t t w o c a u t i o n s o u g h t t o b e o b s e r v e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s m a t t e r o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . F i r s t , w e s h o u l d n o t h i d e u p t h e i d e a o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n by t h e i d e a o f a t o n e m e n t ; we s h o u l d n o t o b s c u r e t h e e n d , o r t h e e f f e c t , by t h e g r e a t a n d i n d i s p e n s a b l e m e a n s t o i t . S e c o n d , a t t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e w e a r e t o

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b ewa r e o f e m p t y i n g r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f a t o n e m e n t a l t o g e t h e r . Tw o v e r y g r e a t t h i n k e r s a r o s e l a s t c e n t u r y i n G e r m a n y — w h e r e m o s t o f t h e t h i n k - i n g o n t h i s s u b j e c t h a s f o r t h e l a s t h u n d re d ye a r s b e e n d o n e . M u c h o f o u r wo r k h a s b e e n t o s t e a l . T h a t d o e s n o t m a t t e r i f i t i s d o n e w i s e l y a n d g r a t e f u l l y . W h e n a m a n g i v e s o u t a g r e a t t h o u g h t , g e t i t , wo r k i t ; i t i s c o m m o n p ro p e r t y. I t b e l ong s t o t h e who l e wo r l d , t o b e c l a i me d a n d a s s i m i l a t e d b y w h o e v e r s h a l l f i n d . We l l , t h e r e we r e t wo ve r y p owe r f u l m e n i n G e r m a n y m u c h o p p o s e d t o e a c h o t h e r , ye t a t a c e r t a i n p o i n t a t o n e — H e g e l a n d R i t s c h l . W h i l e t h e y p r e a c h e d t h e d o c t r i n e o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i n d i f f e r e n t s e n s e s , t h e y b o t h u n i t e d t o o b s c u r e t h e i d e a o f a t o n e - m e n t o r e x p i a t i o n . N o w w e a r e t o b e w a r e o f e m p t y i n g t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i d e a o f t h e i d e a o f a t o n e m e n t , w h e t h e r we d o i t p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y w i t h H e g e l o r t h e o l o g i c a l l y w i t h R i t s c h l . I m e n t i o n t h e s e m e n b e c a u s e t h e i r t h o u g h t h a s v e r y p r o f o u n d l y a f f e c t e d E n g l i s h t h i n k i n g , w h e t h e r p h i l o s o p h i c a l o r t h e o l o g i c a l . I p r o - t e s t e d y e s t e r d a y a g a i n s t t h e p r a c t i c e , s o c o m - m o n , o f t a k i n g N e w Te s t a m e n t w o r d s , a n d w o r d s c o n s e c r a t e d t o C h r i s t i a n e x p e r i e n c e , e m p t y i n g t h e m o f t h e i r e s s e n t i a l c o n t e n t , a n d k e e p i n g t h e m i n a v a p i d u s e . T h a t i s d o n e f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s . I t i s s o m e t i m e s d o n e b e c a u s e

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t h e w o r d s a r e t o o v a l u a b l e t o b e p a r t e d w i t h ; s o m e t i m e s b e c a u s e a p h i l o s o p h i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s e e m s t o r e s c u e t h e m f r o m t h e n a r r o w n e s s o f a n o u t wo r n t h e o l o g y ; a n d i t i s s o m e t i m e s d o n e f o r l owe r mo t ive s i n o rd e r t o p roduc e a f i c t i t i o u s i m p r e s s i o n u p o n p e o p l e t h a t t h e y a r e s t i l l s u b - s t a n t i a l l y h e a r i n g t h e s u b s t a n c e o f t h e o l d t r u t h s when really they are not.

E s p e c i a l l y I b e g a n y e s t e r d a y t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e v i e w w h i c h i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p h i l o - s o p h i c a l p o s i t i o n o f H e g e l . B e i n g a p h i l o s o p h e r h e w a s g r e a t u p o n t h e i d e a . T h e w h o l e wo r l d , h e s a i d , wa s a m ove m e n t o r p ro c e s s o f t h e g r a n d , d i v i n e i d e a ; b u t i t w a s a p r o c e s s . N o w p l e a s e t o p u t d ow n a n d m a ke m u c h u s e o f t h i s f u n d a - m e n t a l d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n a p r o c e s s a n d a n a c t . A p r o c e s s h a s n o t h i n g m o r a l i n i t . We a r e s i m p l y c a r r i e d a l o n g o n t h e c r e s t o f a wave . A n a c t , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , c a n o n l y b e d o n e by a m o r a l p e r s o n a l i t y. T h e a c t i nvo l ve s t h e n o t i o n o f w i l l a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y, a n d , i n d e e d , t h e w h o l e e x i s t e n c e o f a m o r a l w o r l d . T h e p r o c e s s d e - s t roy s t h a t n o t i o n . N ow t h e g e n e r a l t e n d e n c y o f p h i l o s o p h y i s t o d e v o t e i t s e l f t o t h e i d e a a n d t o t h e p r o c e s s . S c i e n c e , f o r e x a m p l e , w h i c h i s t h e g r o u n d f l o o r , n o t t o s a y t h e b a s e m e n t , o f p h i l o s o p h y — s c i e n c e k n ow s n o t h i n g a b o u t a c t s , i t o n l y k n o w s a b o u t p r o c e s s e s . T h e c h e m i s t

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k n o w s o n l y a b o u t p r o c e s s e s . T h e b i o l o g i s t k n o w s o n l y a b o u t p r o c e s s e s . T h e p s y c h o l o g i s t t r e a t s e v e n a c t s a s p r o c e s s e s . B u t t h e t h e o - l o g i a n , a n d , i n d e e d , r e l i g i o n a l t o g e t h e r , s t a n d s o r f a l l s w i t h t h e i d e a o f a n a c t . F o r h i m a n i n f i n i t e p ro c e s s i s a t b o t t o m a n e t e r n a l a c t . T h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l t h i n ke r s a y s t h e wo r l d i s t h e p ro - c e s s o f a n evo l v i n g i d e a , wh i ch may b e t r e a t e d a s p e r s o n a l o r m a y n o t . B u t f o r C h r i s t i a n i t y t h e wo r l d i s t h e a c t i o n o f t h e e t e r n a l , d i v i n e a c t , a moral act, an act of will and of conscience.

L e t u s s e e h o w t h i s a p p l i e s t o o u r t h o u g h t s a b o u t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . I h a v e a l r e a d y i n d i c a t e d t o yo u t h a t t h e g r a n d g o a l o f t h e d i v i n e r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n i s c o m m u n i o n w i t h G o d , n o t s i m p l y t h a t w e s h o u l d b e i n t u n e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t e , a s a n a t t r a c t i v e b u t t h i n b o o k h a s i t . T h e o b j e c t o f t h e d i v i n e a t o n e m e n t i s s o m e t h i n g m u c h m o r e t h a n b r i n g i n g u s i n t o t u n e w i t h G o d . I t i s m o r e t h a n r a i s i n g o u r p i t c h a n d d e f i n i n g o u r n o t e . I t m e a n s t h a t w e a r e b ro u g h t i n t o a c t u a l , r e c i p ro c a l c o m m u n i o n w i t h G o d o u t o f g u i l t . We h ave p e r s o n a l i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h t h e H o l y, we e x c h a n g e t h o u g h t s a n d f e e l - i n g s . B u t t h i s C h r i s t i a n i d e a o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , t h e i d e a o f c o m m u n i o n w i t h t h e l i v i n g a n d h o l y G o d , i s r e p l a c e d i n p h i l o s o p h i c t h e o l og y by a n o t h e r i d e a , t h a t , n a m e l y, o f a d j u s t m e n t t o

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r a t i o n a l G o d h e a d , o u r a d j u s t m e n t t o t h a t m i g h t y i d e a , t h a t m i g h t y r a t i o n a l p r o c e s s , w h i c h i s m o v i n g o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . S o m e t i m e s t h e G o d h e a d i s c o n c e i v e d a s p e r - s o n a l , s o m e t i m e s a s i m p e r s o n a l ; b u t i n a n y c a s e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n wo u l d b e r a t h e r a r e s i g n e d a d j u s t - m e n t t o t h i s g r e a t a n d o v e r w h e l m i n g i d e a , w h i c h , h a v i n g i s s u e d e ve r y t h i n g , i s p e r p e t u a l l y r e c a l l i n g , o r e x a l t i n g , e v e r y t h i n g i n t o f u s i o n w i t h i t s e l f . B u t f u s i o n , h o w e v e r o r g a n i c a n d c o n c r e t e , i s o n e t h i n g , c o m m u n i o n i s a n o t h e r t h i n g . A n i n d i v i d u a l m i g h t b e l o s t i n t h e g r e a t s u m o f b e i n g a s a d r o p o f w a t e r i s l o s t i n t h e o c e a n . T h a t i s f u s i o n . O r i t m i g h t b e t a k e n u p a s a c e l l i n t h e b o d y ’ s o r g a n i c p r o c e s s . T h a t i s a c e r t a i n k i n d o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o r a b s o r p t i o n . B u t m o r a l , s p i r i t u a l r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , w h e r e w e h a v e p e r s o n a l b e i n g s t o d e a l w i t h , i s m u c h m o r e t h a n f u s i o n ; m o r e t h a n a b s o r p - t i o n ; i t i s c o m m u n i o n . I t i s m o r e t h a n p l a c i n g u s i n o u r n i c h e . W h e n we t h i n k i n t h e p h i l o - s o p h i c way i t p r a c t i c a l l y m e a n s t h a t r e c o n c i l i a - t i o n i s u n d e r s t o o d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f r o m m a n ’s s i d e , w i t h o u t r e a l i s i n g t h e d i v i n e i n i t i a t i ve a s a n a c t . B u t s u c h d i v i n e i n i t i a t i v e i s e v e r y t h i n g . I t i s i n t h e m e r c y o f o u r G o d t h a t a l l o u r h o p e s b e g i n . N o t h i n g t h a t c o n f u s e s t h a t g e t s a t t h e r o o t o f o u r C h r i s t i a n r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . O r , s o m e -

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t i m e s , t h o s e p h i l o s o p h i c i d e a s a r e c a r r i e d s o f a r t h a t G o d ’s c o n c e r n f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s i g n o re d . T h e s e g r e a t p ro c e s s e s wo r k a c c o rd i n g t o g e n e r a l l aw s ; a n d g e n e r a l l aw s , l i k e A c t s o f P a r l i a m e n t , Ù e b o u n d t o d o s o m e i n j u s t i c e t o i n d i v i d u a l s . Yo u c a n n o t p o s s i b l y g e t c o m p l e t e j u s t i c e by A c t o f P a r l i a m e n t . I t i s b o u n d t o h i t s o m e b o d y v e r y h a r d . A n d i t h a s o f t e n b e e n d o u b t e d b y e x p o n e n t s o f p h i l o s o p h i c a l t h e o l o g y s u c h a s I d e s c r i b e w h e t h e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l a s a n i n d i v i d u a l w a s r e a l l y p r e s e n t t o G o d ’s m i n d a n d a f f e c t i o n a t a l l . A n d t h e y t h i n k p r a y e r i s u n r e a s o n a b l e e x c e p t f o r i t s r e f l e x e f f e c t o n u s . T h u s t h e w h o l e s t r e s s c o m e s t o b e p u t u p o n o u r a t t i t u d e t o G o d , a n d n o t u p o n a r e c i p ro c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p. T h a t i s t o s a y, r e l i g i o n b e c o m e s , a s I d e s c r i b e d y e s t e r d a y , a s u b j e c t i v i t y , a r e s i g n a t i o n . I n o t h e r s i t b e c o m e s a s e n s e o f d e p e n d e n c e . Pe o p l e a r e i n v i t e d t o b e c o m e p r e o c c u p i e d w i t h t h e i r o w n a t t i t u d e , t h e i r o w n r e l a t i o n , t h e i r o w n f e e l i n g s t o w a r d t h e u n c h a n g e a b l e , b u t a b s o r b - i n g , a n d e v e n u n f e e l i n g G o d . A t t e n t i o n i s d i r e c t e d u p o n t h e h u m a n s i d e i n s t e a d o f i n s i g h t c u l t i v a t e d i n t o t h e d i v i n e s i d e . T h e r e s u l t o f t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y i s t h a t r e l i g i o n c o m e s t o c o n s i s t f a r t o o m u c h i n wo r k i n g u p a c e r t a i n f r a m e o f f e e l i n g i n s t e a d o f d we l l i n g u p o n t h e o b j e c t i v e r e a l i t y o f t h e a c t o f G o d . R e s i g n a t i o n i s ,

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t h e n , m y a c t ; b u t i t i s n o t r e s i g n a t i o n t o a s y m p a t h e t i c a c t o f a p p r o a c h i n G o d , b u t o n l y t o H i s o n w a r d m o v e m e n t . B u t , a s I h a ve s a i d b e f o r e , i f we a r e t o p r o d u c e t h e r e a l C h r i s t i a n f a i t h w e m u s t d w e l l u p o n , w e m u s t p r e a c h a n d p r e s s , t h a t o b j e c t i v e a c t a n d g i f t o f G o d w h i c h i n i t s e l f p r o d u c e s t h a t f a i t h . We c a n n o t p r o d u c e i t . M a n y t r y. T h e r e a r e s o m e p e o p l e w h o a c t u a l l y w o r k a t h o l i n e s s . I t i s a d a n g e r o u s t h i n g t o d o , t o w o r k a t y o u r o w n h o l i n e s s . T h e w a y t o c u l t i v a t e t h e h o l i n e s s o f t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t i s t o c u l t i v a t e t h e N ew Te s - t a m e n t C h r i s t , t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f C h r i s t i n H i s C r o s s , b y H i s S p i r i t , w h i c h c a n n o t b u t p r o d u c e h o l i n e s s , a n d h o l i n e s s o f a f a r p r o - f o u n d e r o r d e r t h a n a n y t h i n g w e m a y m a k e b y t a k i n g o u r s e l v e s t o p i e c e s a n d p u t t i n g o u r s e l v e s t o g e t h e r i n t h e b e s t w a y w e c a n , o r b y a d j u s t i n g o u r s e l v e s w i t h h u g e e f f o r t t o a u n i v e r s a l p r o c e s s . R e l i g i o u s s u b j e c t i v i t y i s t r u l y a m o s t v a l u a b l e p h a s e ; a n d a t s o m e p e r i o d s i n t h e C h u r c h ’s h i s t o r y i t i s u r g e n t l y c a l l e d f o r . I n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y i t w a s s o c a l l e d f o r b e c a u s e P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a d d e - g e n e r a t e d i n t o a m e r e t h e o l o g i c a l o r t h o d o x y, a v e r y h a r d - s h e l l k i n d o f C h r i s t i a n i t y. I t w a s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e g r e a t P i e t i s t i c m o v e m e n t s h o u l d a r i s e a n d c o r r e c t i t . B u t t h i s i s i t s e l f a

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d a n g e r i n t u r n ; a n d we h a v e t o r i s e u p i n t h e n a m e o f t h e g o s p e l , o f t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t , a n d d e m a n d a m o r e o b j e c t i ve r e l i g i o n ; a n d we h ave t o d e c l a r e t h a t i f e v e r d i v i n e h o l i n e s s i s t o b e p r o d u c e d i n m a n i t c a n o n l y b e p r o d u c e d b y God’s act through Christ in the Holy Spir it.

§

T h e p h i l o s o p h i c k i n d o f t h e o l o g y ( w h i c h i s r a t h e r t h e o s o p h y ) o f t e n e n d s , y o u p e r c e i v e , i n t u r n i n g r e a l r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i n t o s o m e t h i n g q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . I t b e c o m e s t u r n e d i n t o t h e m e r e f o r c e d a d j u s t m e n t o f m a n t o h i s f a t e ; a n d n a t u r a l l y t h i s o f t e n e n d s i n a r e s e n t f u l p e s s i m i s m . S u p p o s i n g t h e w h o l e u n i v e r s e t o b e a v a s t r a t i o n a l p r o c e s s u n f o l d i n g i t s e l f l i k e a n i n f i n i t e c o s m i c f l owe r , yo u c a n n o t h ave c o m - m u n i o n o r a n y h e a r t y u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t we e n a l i v i n g , l o v i n g s o u l a n d t h a t e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o - c e s s . A l l y o u c a n d o i s t o a d j u s t y o u r s e l f t o t h a t p r o c e s s , s e t t l e d o w n t o i t a n d m a k e t h e b e s t o f i t , s q u a r e yo u r s e l f t o i t i n t h e way t h a t s e e m s b e s t f o r yo u , a n d t h a t w i l l c a u s e yo u a n d o t h e r s l e a s t d i s c o m f o r t . B u t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n b e - c o m e s d e b a s e d i n d e e d w h e n i t t u r n s t o m e r e r e s i g n a t i o n . O f c o u r s e , w e h a v e t o p r a c t i s e r e s i g n a t i o n . B u t C h r i s t i a n i t y i s n o t t h e p r a c - t i c e o f r e s i g n a t i o n . A t l e a s t , t h a t i s n o t t h e

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m e a n i n g o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . W h e n t w o f r i e n d s f a l l o u t a n d a r e r e c o n c i l e d , i t d o e s n o t s i m p l y m e a n t h a t o n e a d j u s t s h i m s e l f t o t h e o t h e r . T h a t i s a v e r y o n e - s i d e d a r r a n g e m e n t . T h e r e m u s t b e a m u t u a l i t y. T h e o l o g y o f t h e k i n d I h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b i n g h a s a g r e a t d e a l t o s a y a b o u t m e n c h a n g i n g t h e i r w a y o f l o o k i n g a t t h i n g s o r f e e l i n g a b o u t t h e m . I f I w e r e preaching a theology like that I should say:

“Th i s m igh ty p roce s s , o f wh i ch you a re a l l p a r t s , i s u n f o l d i n g i t s e l f t o a g r a n d c l o s i n g r e s u l t . I t i s g o i n g t o b e a g r a n d t h i n g f o r e v e r y b o d y i n t h e l o n g r u n ( p r ov i d e d , t h a t i s , t h a t t h e y c o n - t i n u e t o e x i s t a s i n d i v i d u a l s a n d a r e c a p a b l e o f f e e l i n g a n y t h i n g , w h e t h e r g r a n d o r m e a n ) . I t i s a l l g o i n g t o wo r k o u t t o a g r a n d c o n s u m m a - t i o n . Yo u d o n o t s e e t h a t , b u t yo u m u s t m a k e a n e f f o r t a n d a c c e p t i t a s t h e g e n i u s a n d d r i f t o f t h i n g s ; a n d t h a t i s f a i t h . Yo u m u s t a c c e p t t h e i d e a t h a t t h e w h o l e w o r l d i s w o r k i n g o u t , t h r o u g h m u c h s u f f e r i n g a n d b y m a n y r o u n d - a b o u t w a y s , t o a g r a n d f i n a l c o n s u m m a t i o n w h i c h w i l l b e a b l e s s i n g f o r e v e r y b o d y, e v e n t h o u g h i t m i g h t m e a n t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l e x t i n c - t i o n . W h a t y o u h a v e t o d o i n t h e s e c i r c u m - s t a n c e s i s , b y a g r e a t a c t o f f a i t h , t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s i s s o a n d t o i m m o l a t e y o u r s e l f , i f n e e d b e , f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h i s g r a n d w h o l e ;

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a t a ny r a t e , a c c o m m o d a t e yo u r s e l f t o i t s evo l v i n g movement.”

T h e g o s p e l o f C h r i s t s p e a k s o t h e r w i s e . I t s p e ak s o f a God t o whom we a re t o b e re conc i l e d i n a m u t u a l a c t w h i c h H e b e g i n s ; a n d n o t o f a n o r d e r o r p r o c e s s w i t h w h i c h w e a r e t o b e a d j u s t e d b y o u r l o n e l y a c t , o r t o w h i c h we a r e t o b e r e s i g n e d . I f w e h a v e a n i d e a o f s u c h a G o d h e a d a s I h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b i n g , h o w d o e s i t a f f e c t o u r t h o u g h t o f C h r i s t ? C h r i s t t h e n b e c o m e s b u t o n e o f i t s g r a n d e s t p r o p h e t s , o r o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t i n s t a n c e s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h a t a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e m i g h t y o r d e r . H e f i r s t r e a l i s e d , a n d H e f i r s t d e c l a r e d , t h i s g r e a t c h a n g e i n t h e w a y o f r e a d i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n . W h a t yo u h ave t o d o i f yo u a c c e p t H i m i s t o c h a n g e yo u r w a y o f r e a d i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n , t o a c c e p t H i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f l i f e , a n d a c c e p t i t a s r a t i o n a l l y, s p i r i t u a l l y , a n d r e s i g n e d l y a s y o u b e s t c a n . A c c e p t H i s p r i n c i p l e . D i e t o l i v e . B u t w h a t a p o o r u s e o f C h r i s t — t o a c c e p t H i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f l i f e , a s i f H e we r e a m e r e s p i r i t u a l G o e t h e ! T h a t i s a ve r y a t t e n u a t e d C h r i s t c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e C h r i s t t h a t i s o f f e r e d t o u s i n t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t . T h a t i s n o t t h e e t e r n a l S o n o f G o d i n w h o m G o d w a s r e c o n c i l i n g t h e w o r l d u n t o H i m s e l f . T h a t i s a n o t h e r C h r i s t — f r o m s o m e h a s t y p o i n t s o f v i e w i n d e e d a l a r g e r C h r i s t ;

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f o r t h e p h i l o s o p h e r s h a v e a l a r g e r C h r i s t , a p - p a r e n t l y, o n e m o r e c o s m i c . B u t i t i s a d i l u t e d C h r i s t , a n d o n e t h a t c a n n o t p e n e t r a t e t o t h e c e n t r e a n d d e p t h o f o u r h u m a n n e e d o r o u r h u m a n p e r s o n a l i t y, c a n n o t r e a c h o u r g u i l t a n d h e l l , a n d t h e r e f o r e c a n n o t b e t h e f i n a l C h r i s t of God.

§

W h e t h e r f r o m t h e s i d e o f t h e p h i l o s o p h e r s , a s I h ave b e e n s h ow i n g , o r f ro m t h e s i d e o f c e r t a i n t h e o l o g i a n s l i k e R i t s c h l , w h o w a s s o m u c h o p p o s e d t o H e g e l , y o u w i l l o f t e n h e a r t h i s s a i d : t h a t o n l y m a n n e e d e d t o b e r e c o n c i l e d , t h a t G o d d i d n o t n e e d a n y r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . N o w, I h a v e b e e n a s k i n g y o u t o o b s e r v e t h a t w e a r e d e a l i n g w i t h p e r s o n s . T h a t i s t h e f i r s t p o i n t I p u t u p o n t h e b o a r d . O u r r e c o n c i l i a - t i o n i s b e t w e e n p e r s o n a n d p e r s o n . I t i s n o t b e t we e n a n o r d e r o r a p ro c e s s o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d a p e r s o n o n t h e o t h e r . T h e r e f o r e a r e a l a n d d e e p c h a n g e o f t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o m e a n s a c h a n g e o n b o t h s i d e s . T h a t i s s u r e l y c l e a r i f we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h l i v i n g p e r - s o n s . G o d i s a n e t e r n a l p e r s o n ; I a m a f i n i t e p e r s o n ; y e t we a r e p e r s o n s b o t h . T h e r e i s t h a t p a r i t y. A n y r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w h i c h o n l y m e a n s c h a n g e o n o n e s i d e i s n o t a r e a l r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a t a l l . A r e a l , d e e p c h a n g e o f r e l a t i o n a f f e c t s

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b o t h s i d e s w h e n w e a r e d e a l i n g w i t h p e r s o n s . T h a t i s n o t t h e c a s e w h e n w e a r e d e a l i n g o n t h e o n e s i d e w i t h i d e a s , o r o n e v a s t i d e a o r p r o c e s s , a n d o n t h e o t h e r s i d e a p e r s o n only.

W h e n C h r i s t i a n i t y i s b e i n g w a t e r e d d o w n i n t h e w a y I h a v e d e s c r i b e d , we h a v e t o c o n c e n - t r a t e o u r a t t e n t i o n u p o n t h e c o r e o f i t . A l l r o u n d u s C h r i s t i a n i t y i s b e i n g d i l u t e d e i t h e r b y t h o u g h t o r b y b l a g u e ; we m u s t p r e s s t o t h e c o r e o f t h e m a t t e r . I t i s t r u e t h e t h e o l o g y o f t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h o n t h i s h e a d n e e d s a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f m o d i f i c a t i o n a n d c o r r e c t i o n a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y. T h a t w i l l a p p e a r p r e s e n t l y. B u t I w a n t t o m a k e i t c l e a r t h a t t h e v i e w o f t h e C h u r c h u p o n t h e w h o l e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e g r e a t v i e w a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e R e f o r m a t i o n , p r e s e r v e s t h e c o r e o f t h e m a t t e r , w h i c h w e a r e i n d a n g e r o f l o s i n g e i t h e r o n o n e s i d e o r the other.

L e t m e c a l l y o u r a t t e n t i o n , t h e n , t o t h e s e f i v e p o i n t s , w h i c h y o u w i l l f i n d i m m a n e n t i n what I have subsequently to say.

F i r s t , yo u w i l l n o t e t h a t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s b e t w e e n t w o p e r s o n s w h o h a v e f a l l e n o u t , a n d n o t b e t we e n a f a i l i n g p e r s o n o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d a p e r f e c t , i m p e r t u r b a b l e p r o c e s s o n t h e other.

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T h e s e c o n d t h i n g i s a c o ro l l a r y f ro m t h e f i r s t , a n d i s t h a t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a f f e c t s a n d a l t e r s b o t h p a r t i e s a n d n o t o n l y o n e p a r t y . T h e r e was reconciliation on both sides.

T h i r d l y, i t i s a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w h i c h r e s t s u p o n atonement and redemption.

F o u r t h l y, i t i s a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d a s a c o s m i c w h o l e . T h e w o r l d a s o n e w h o l e ; n o t a p e r s o n h e r e a n d a n o t h e r t h e r e , s n a t c h e d a s b r a n d s f r o m t h e b u r n i n g ; n o t a g r o u p h e r e a n d a g r o u p t h e r e ; b u t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f the whole world.

F i f t h l y, i t i s a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n f i n a l i n J e s u s C h r i s t a n d H i s C r o s s , d o n e o n c e f o r a l l ; r e a l l y e f f e c t e d i n t h e s p i r i t u a l w o r l d i n s u c h a w a y t h a t i n h i s t o r y t h e g r e a t v i c t o r y i s n o t s t i l l t o b e w o n ; i t h a s b e e n w o n i n r e a l i t y, a n d h a s o n l y t o b e f o l l o w e d u p a n d s e c u r e d i n a c t u - a l i t y. I n t h e s p i r i t u a l p l a c e , i n C h r i s t J e s u s , i n t h e d i v i n e n a t u r e , t h e v i c t o r y h a s b e e n w o n . T h a t i s w h a t I m e a n b y u s i n g t h e word “Final” at the close of the list.

§

I w i l l e x p o u n d t h e s e h e a d s a s I g o a l o n g . L e t m e b e g i n a l m o s t a t t h e f o u n d a t i o n a n d s a y t h i s . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n h a s n o m o r a l m e a n i n g a s b e - t we e n f i n i t e a n d i n f i n i t e — n o n e a p a r t f r o m t h e

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s e n s e o f g u i l t . T h e f i n i s h e d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , t h e s e t t i n g u p o f t h e N e w C o v e n a n t b y C h r i s t , m e a n t t h a t h u m a n g u i l t wa s o n c e f o r a l l r o b b e d o f i t s p owe r t o p r eve n t t h e c o n s u m m a t i o n o f t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d . I t i s t h e s e n s e o f g u i l t t h a t we h a v e t o g e t b a c k t o - d a y f o r t h e s o u l ’s s a k e a n d t h e k i n g d o m ’s ; n o t s i m p l y t h e s e n s e o f s i n . T h e r e a r e m a ny w h o r e c og n i s e t h e p owe r o f s i n , t h e m i s f o r t u n e o f i t ; w h a t t h ey d o n o t r e c og n i s e i s t h e t h i n g t h a t m a k e s i t m o s t s i n f u l , w h i c h m a k e s i t w h a t i t i s b e f o r e G o d , n a m e l y, g u i l t ; w h i c h i n t r o d u c e s s o m e t h i n g n o x i o u s a n d n o t m e r e l y d e r a n g e d , m a l i g n a n t a n d n o t m e r e l y h o s t i l e ; t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s t r a n s g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t n o t s i m p l y G o d , n o t s i m p l y a g a i n s t a l o v i n g G o d , b u t a g a i n s t a h o l y G o d . E v e r y t h i n g b e g i n s a n d e n d s i n o u r C h r i s t i a n t h e o l o g y w i t h t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d . T h a t i s t h e i d e a we h a v e t o g e t b a c k i n t o o u r c u r r e n t r e l i g i o u s t h i n k i n g . We h a ve b e e n l i v i n g f o r t h e l a s t t wo o r t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s , o u r m o s t p r o g r e s s i v e s i d e h a s b e en l iv i ng , upon t h e l ove o f God , God ’s l ove t o u s . A n d i t wa s ve r y n e c e s s a r y t h a t i t s h o u l d b e a p p r e c i a t e d . J u s t i c e h a d n o t b e e n d o n e t o i t . B u t we h ave n ow t o t a ke a s t e p f u r t h e r , a n d we h ave t o s a t u r a t e o u r p e o p l e i n t h e ye a r s t h a t a r e t o c o m e a s t h o r o u g h l y w i t h t h e i d e a o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s a s t h e y h a v e b e e n s a t u r a t e d w i t h t h e

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i d e a o f G o d ’s l o v e . I h a v e s o m e t i m e s t h o u g h t w h e n p r e a c h i n g t h a t I s aw a p e r c e p t i b l e c h a n g e c o m e o v e r m y a u d i e n c e w h e n I t u r n e d f r o m s p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e l ove o f G o d t o s p e a k a b o u t t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d . T h e r e w a s a c e r t a i n i n - d e s c r i b a b l e r e l a x i n g o f i n t e r e s t , a s t h o u g h t h e i r f a c e s s h o u l d s a y , “ W h a t , h a v e w e n o t h a d e n o u g h o f t h e s e i n c o r r i g i b l e a n d o b t r u s i v e t h e o l o g i a n s w h o w i l l n o t l e t u s r e s t w i t h t h e l ove o f G o d bu t mu s t g o o n t a l k i n g a b o u t t h i n g s t h a t a r e s o r e m o t e a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l a s H i s h o l i n e s s ! “ A l l t h a t h a s t o b e c h a n g e d . We h a v e t o s t i r t h e i n t e r e s t o f o u r c o n g r e g a - t i o n s a s m u c h w i t h t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d a s t h e C h u r c h w a s s t i r r e d — f i r s t w i t h t h e j u s t i c e a n d t h e n l a t t e r l y w i t h t h e l o v e o f G o d . I t i s t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d w h i c h m a k e s s i n g u i l t . I t i s t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d t h a t n e c e s s i t a t e s t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t , t h a t c a l l s f o r i t , a n d t h a t p r o - v i d e s i t . W h a t i s t h e g r e a t p r o b l e m ? T h e g r e a t p r o b l e m i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a t o n e m e n t i s n o t s i m p l y t o s h o w h o w i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o t h e f a t h e r l y l ove , bu t h ow i t wa s n e c e s s a r y t o a h o l y l ove , h ow a h o l y l ove n o t o n l y mu s t h ave i t b u t m u s t m a k e i t . T h e p r o b l e m i s h o w C h r i s t c a n b e a r e v e l a t i o n n o t o f G o d ’s l o v e s i m p l y, b u t o f G o d ’s h o l y l o v e . W i t h o u t a h o l y G o d t h e r e w o u l d b e n o p r o b l e m o f a t o n e m e n t . I t i s t h e

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h o l i n e s s o f G o d ’ s l o v e t h a t n e c e s s i t a t e s t h e atoning Cross.

I s a y, t h e n , t h a t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n h a s n o m e a n i n g a p a r t f r o m g u i l t w h i c h m u s t s t i r t h e a n g e r o f a h o l y G o d a n d p r o d u c e s e p a r a t i o n f r o m H i m . T h a t i s , t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n r e s t s u p o n a j u s t i f i c a t i o n , u p o n a n a t o n e m e n t . T h o s e w e r e t h e g r e a t P a u l i n e i d e a s w h i c h w e r e r e d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e f i f t e e n t h a n d s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s a n d b e c a m e t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h e R e - f o r m a t i o n . T h e y we r e p r a c t i c a l l y r e d i s c ove r e d . L o o k a t t h e m o v e m e n t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e C h u r c h ’ s t h o u g h t i n t h i s r e s p e c t . Yo u h a v e t h r e e g r e a t p o i n t s : y o u m i g h t n a m e t h e m — t h e f i r s t f r o m A u g u s t i n e , t h e s e c o n d f r o m L u t h e r ; f o r t h e t h i r d , o u r m o d e r n t i m e , w e h a v e a s y e t n o s u c h o u t s t a n d i n g n a m e . T h e f i r s t g r e a t m o v e m e n t t o w a r d s t h e r e d i s c o v e r y o f P a u l w a s b y A u g u s t i n e . D o y o u k n o w t h a t P a u l w e n t u n d e r a f t e r t h e f i r s t c e n t u r y ? H e w e n t u n d e r f o r h i s t o r i c r e a s o n s I c a n n o t s t a y t o e x p l a i n . I t i s a r e m a r k a b l e t h i n g h o w h e w a s k e p t i n t h e c a n o n o f S c r i p t u r e . P a u l w e n t u n d e r , a n d f o r c e n t u r i e s r e m a i n e d u n d e r , a n d h e h a d t o b e r e d i s c o v e r e d . T h a t w a s d o n e b y A u g u s t i n e . A g a i n h e w e n t u n d e r , a n d L u t h e r r e d i s c ove r e d h i m . A n d h e i s b e i n g r e d i s c ove r e d a g a i n t o - d a y. A u g u s t i n e ’s r e d i s c ov e r y w a s t h i s ,

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j u s t i f i c a t i o n by g r a c e a l o n e ; L u t h e r ’s s i d e o f t h e r e d i s c o v e r y w a s j u s t i f i c a t i o n b y f a i t h a l o n e - f a i t h i n t h e C ro s s , t h a t i s t o s ay, f a i t h i n g r a c e . W h a t i s o u r m o d e r n p o i n t o f e m p h a s i s ? J u s t i - f i c a t i o n by h o l i n e s s a n d f o r i t a l o n e . T h a t i s t o s ay, a s I h ave a l r e a d y p o i n t e d o u t , r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t c o m e s f r o m t h e w h o l e h o l y God , and i t cove r s t h e who l e o f l i f e , a nd i t i s no t e x h a u s t e d b y t h e i d e a o f a t o n e m e n t o n l y o r r e d e m p t i o n o n l y. I t i s t h e n e w - c r e a t e d r a c e b e i n g b r o u g h t t o p e r m a n e n t , v i t a l , l i f e - d e e p c o m m u n i o n w i t h t h e h o l y G o d . O n l y h o l i n e s s c a n b e i n c o m m u n i o n w i t h t h e h o l y G o d . We h a v e t o b e s a v e d — n o t i n d e e d f r o m m o r a l i t y, b e c a u s e we c a n o n l y b e s ave d by t h e m o r a l ; t h a t i s t h e g r and s h e e t - ancho r o f ou r mode r n t h eo r i e s . H o w e v e r w e b e s a v e d , w e c a n o n l y b e s a v e d i n a w a y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h G o d ’s m o r a l i t y — t h a t i s t o s a y, w i t h h o l i n e s s . T h e r e s c u e i s n o t f r o m m o r a l i t y ; b u t i t i s f r o m m e r e m o r a l i s m , f r o m a r e l i g i o n t h r e e p a r t s c o n d u c t . We a r e s a v e d t h r o u g h t h e S p i r i t o f a n e w l i f e , a n i n d i s - c e r p t i b l e l i f e i n J e s u s C h r i s t . T h a t i s t h e g r a n d new thing in Christianity (2 Corinthians iii. 6).

§

R e c o n c i l i a t i o n , t h e n , h a s n o m e a n i n g a p a r t f r o m a s e n s e o f g u i l t , t h a t g u i l t w h i c h i s i n -

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vo l ve d i n o u r j u s t i f i c a t i o n . I a m g o i n g t o t r y t o e x p o u n d t h a t b e f o r e I a m d o n e . I wa n t t o n o t e he re t h a t i t mean s no t s o much th a t God i s re con- c i l e d , b u t t h a t G o d i s t h e R e c o n c i l e r . I t i s t h e n eg l e c t o f t h a t t r u t h wh i ch h a s p roduced s o much s c e p t i c i s m i n t h e m a t t e r o f t h e a t o n e m e n t . S o mu c h o f o u r o r t h o d ox r e l i g i o n h a s c o m e t o t a l k a s t h o u g h G o d we r e r e c o n c i l e d by a t h i r d p a r t y. We l o s e s i g h t o f t h i s g r e a t c e n t r a l v e r s e , “ G o d wa s i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g t h e wo r l d u n t o H i m s e l f .” A s w e a r e b o t h l i v i n g p e r s o n s , t h a t m e a n s t h a t t h e r e w a s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o n G o d ’s s i d e a s we l l a s o u r s ; b u t w h e r eve r i t wa s , i t wa s e f f e c t e d b y G o d H i m s e l f i n H i m s e l f . I n w h a t s e n s e w a s G o d r e c o n c i l e d w i t h i n H i m s e l f ? We c o m e t o t h a t s u r e l y a s w e s e e t h a t t h e f i r s t c h a r g e u p o n r e c o n c i l i n g g r a c e i s t o p u t a w a y g u i l t , r e c o n c i l i n g b y n o t i m p u t i n g t r e s p a s s e s . R e t u r n t o o u r c a r d i n a l v e r s e , 2   C o r i n - t h i a n s v. 1 9 . I n r e c o n c i l i a t i o n t h e g r o u n d f o r . G o d ’s w r a t h o r G o d ’s j u d g m e n t w a s p u t a w a y. G u i l t r e s t s o n G o d ’ s c h a r g i n g u p s i n ; r e - c o n c i l i a t i o n r e s t s u p o n G o d ’s n o n - i m p u t a t i o n o f s i n ; G o d ’s n o n - i m p u t a t i o n o f s i n r e s t s u p o n C h r i s t b e i n g m a d e s i n f o r u s . Yo u h a v e t h u s t h r e e s t a g e s i n t h i s m a g n i f i c e n t v e r s e . G o d ’s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n r e s t e d u p o n t h i s , t h a t o n H i s E t e r n a l S on , who kn ew no s i n i n H i s e xp e r i e n c e ,

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( a l t h o u g h H e k n e w m o r e a b o u t s i n t h a n a n y m a n w h o h a s e v e r l i v e d ) , s i n ’s j u d g m e n t f e l l . H i m w h o k n ew n o s i n by e x p e r i e n c e , G o d m a d e s i n . T h a t i s t o s ay, G o d by C h r i s t ’s ow n c o n s e n t i d e n t i f i e d H i m w i t h s i n i n t r e a t m e n t t h o u g h n o t i n f e e l i n g . G o d d i d n o t j u d g e H i m , b u t j u d g e d s i n u p o n H i s h e a d . H e n e v e r o n c e c o u n t e d H i m s i n f u l ; H e w a s a l w a y s w e l l p l e a s e d w i t h H i m ; i t w a s p a r t , i n d e e d , o f H i s ow n h o l y s e l f - c o m p l a c e n c y. C h r i s t wa s m a d e s i n f o r u s , a s H e c o u l d n e ve r h a ve b e e n i f H e h a d b e e n m a d e a s i n n e r . I t w a s s i n t h a t h a d t o b e j u d g e d , m o r e e ve n t h a n t h e s i n n e r , i n a wo r l d - s a l va t i o n ; a n d G o d m a d e C h r i s t s i n i n t h i s s e n s e , t h a t God a s i t we re t ook H im i n t h e p l a c e o f s i n , r a t h e r t h a n o f t h e s i n n e r , a n d j u d g e d t h e s i n u p o n H i m ; a n d i n p u t t i n g H i m t h e r e H e r e a l l y p u t H i m s e l f t h e r e i n o u r p l a c e ( C h r i s t b e i n g w h a t H e w a s ) ; s o t h a t t h e d i v i n e j u d g m e n t o f s i n wa s r e a l a n d e f f e c t u a l . T h a t i s , i t f e l l w h e r e i t wa s p e r f e c t l y u n d e r s t o o d , ow n e d , a n d p r a i s e d , a n d h a d t h e s a n c t i f y i n g e f f e c t o f j u d g m e n t , t h e e f f e c t o f g i v i n g h o l i n e s s a t l a s t i t s o w n . G o d m a d e H i m t o b e s i n i n t r e a t m e n t t h o u g h n o t i n f e e l i n g , s o t h a t h o l i n e s s m i g h t b e p e r f e c t e d i n j u d g m e n t , a n d we m i g h t b e c o m e t h e r i g h t e o u s - n e s s o f G o d i n H i m ; s o t h a t w e m i g h t h a v e i n G o d ’ s s i g h t r i g h t e o u s n e s s b y o u r l i v i n g

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u n i o n w i t h C h r i s t , r i g h t e o u s n e s s w h i c h d i d n o t b e l o n g t o u s a c t u a l l y , n a t u r a l l y , a n d f i n a l l y. O u r r i g h t e o u s n e s s i s a s l i t t l e o u r s i n - d i v i d u a l l y a s t h e s i n o n C h r i s t w a s H i s . T h e t h i e f o n t h e c r o s s , f o r i n s t a n c e — I d o n o t s u p - p o s e h e wo u l d h ave t u r n e d w h a t we c a l l a s a i n t i f h e h a d s u r v i v e d ; t h o u g h s a v e d , h e w o u l d n o t h a v e b e c o m e s i n l e s s a l l a t o n c e . A n d t h e g r e a t s a i n t , P a u l , h a d s i n wo r k i n g i n h i m l o n g a f t e r h i s c o nve r s i o n . Ye t b y u n i o n w i t h C h r i s t t h e y we r e m a d e G o d ’s r i g h t e o u s n e s s , t h e y we r e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e N e w G o o d n e s s ; G o d m a d e t h e m p a r t a k e r s o f H i s e t e r n a l l ove t o t h e e ve r - h o l y C h r i s t . T h a t i s a m o s t w o n d e r f u l t h i n g . M e n l i k e P a u l , a n d f a r w o r s e m e n t h a n P a u l , b y t h e g r a c e o f G o d , a n d b y a l i v i n g f a i t h , b e c o m e p a r t a k e r s o f t h a t s a m e e t e r n a l l o v e w h i c h G o d f r o m e v e r l a s t i n g a n d t o e v e r l a s t i n g b e s t o w e d u p o n H i s o n l y — b e g o t t e n S o n . I t i s beyond words.

I t w a s n o t a c a s e o f w i p i n g a s l a t e . S i n i s g r a v e n i n . Yo u c a n n o t w i p e o f f s i n . I t g o e s i n t o t h e t i s s u e o f t h e s p i r i t u a l b e i n g . A n d i t a l t e r s t h i n g s f o r b o t h p a r t i e s . G u i l t a f f e c t e d b o t h G o d a n d m a n . I t w a s n o t a c a s e o f d e - s t r o y i n g a n u n f o r t u n a t e p r e j u d i c e w e h a d a g a i n s t G o d . I t w a s n o t a c a s e o f p u t t i n g r i g h t a m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g w e h a d o f G o d .

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“ Yo u a r e a f r a i d o f G o d ,” yo u h e a r e a s y p e o p l e s a y ; “ i t i s a g r e a t m i s t a k e t o b e a f r a i d o f G o d . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o b e a f r a i d o f . G o d i s l o v e .” B u t t h e r e i s e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e l o v e o f G o d t o b e a f r a i d o f . L ove i s n o t h o l y w i t h o u t j u d g m e n t . I t i s t h e l o v e o f h o l y G o d t h a t i s t h e c o n s u m i n g f i r e . I t w a s n o t s i m p l y a c a s e o f c h a n g i n g o u r m e t h o d , o r t h o u g h t , o u r p r e j u d i c e s , o r t h e m o r a l d i r e c t i o n o f o u r s o u l . I t wa s n o t a c a s e o f g i v i n g u s c o u r a g e w h e n we w e r e c a s t d o w n , s h o w i n g u s h o w g r o u n d l e s s o u r d e p r e s s i o n w a s . I t w a s n o t t h a t . I f t h a t w e r e a l l i t w o u l d b e a c o m p a r a t i v e l y l i g h t matter.

I f t h a t we r e a l l , P a u l c o u l d o n l y h a ve s p o k e n a b o u t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f s i n g l e s o u l s , n o t a b o u t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e w o r l d a s a u n i t y . H e c o u l d n o t h a v e s p o k e n a b o u t a f i n i s h e d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n t o w h i c h e v e r y a g e o f t h e f u t u r e wa s t o l o o k b a c k a s i t s g l o r i o u s a n d f o n t a l p a s t . I n t h e w o r d s o f t h a t v e r s e w h i c h I a m c o n s t a n t l y p r e s s i n g , “ G o d w a s i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g t h e wo r l d u n t o H i m s e l f .” O b s e r v e , f i r s t , “ t h e wo r l d ” i s t h e u n i t y w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e r e c o n c i l e d u n i t y o f “ H i m s e l f ” ; a n d s e c o n d , t h a t H e wa s n o t t r y i n g , n o t t a k i n g s t e p s t o p rov i d e m e a n s o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , n o t o p e n i n g d o o r s o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i f we wo u l d o n l y wa l k i n

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a t t h e m , n o t l a b o u r i n g t o w a r d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , n o t ( a c c o r d i n g t o t h e u n h a p p y p h r a s e ) w a i t i n g t o b e g r a c i o u s , b u t “ G o d w a s i n C h r i s t r e c o n - c i l i n g ,” a c t u a l l y r e c o n c i l i n g , f i n i s h i n g t h e wo r k . I t w a s n o t a t e n t a t i v e , p r e l i m i n a r y a f f a i r ( R o m a n s x i . 15 ) . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n wa s f i n i s h e d i n C h r i s t ’ s d e a t h . P a u l d i d n o t p r e a c h a g r a d u a l r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . H e p r e a c h e d w h a t t h e o l d d i v i n e s u s e d t o c a l l t h e f i n i s h e d wo r k . H e d i d n o t p r e a c h a g r a d u a l r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w h i c h w a s t o b e c o m e t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f t h e wo r l d o n l y p i e c e m e a l , a s m e n we r e i n d u c e d t o a c c e p t i t , o r we r e a f f e c t e d by t h e g o s p e l . H e p r e a c h e d s o m e - t h i ng done once f o r a l l—a re conc i l i a t i on wh i ch i s t h e b a s e o f e v e r y s o u l ’s r e c o n c i l e m e n t , n o t a n i n v i t a t i o n o n l y. W h a t t h e C h u r c h h a s t o d o i s t o a p p r o p r i a t e t h e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n f i n a l l y a n d u n i v e r s a l l y d o n e . We h a v e t o e n t e r u p o n t h e r e c o n c i l e d p o s i t i o n , o n t h e n e w c r e a t i o n . I n d i v i d u a l m e n h a ve t o e n t e r u p o n t h a t r e c o n - c i l e d p o s i t i o n , t h a t n ew c ove n a n t , t h a t n ew r e l a - t i o n , w h i c h a l r e a d y, i n v i r t u e o f C h r i s t ’s C ro s s , b e l o n g e d t o t h e r a c e a s a w h o l e . I w i l l e v e n u s e f o r c o n v e n i e n c e ’ s a k e t h e w o r d t o t a l i t y. ( Pe o p l e t u r n u p t h e i r n o s e s a t a wo rd l i k e t h a t , a n d t h e y s a y i t s m e l l s o f p h i l o s o p h y. We l l , p h i l o s o p h y h a s n o t a b a d s m e l l ! Yo u c a n n o t h a v e a p r o p e r t h e o l o g y u n l e s s y o u h a v e a

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p h i l o s o p h y . Yo u c a n n o t a c c u r a t e l y e x p r e s s t h e t h i n g s t h a t t h e o l o g y h a n d l e s m o s t d e e p l y. T h e m i s f o r t u n e o f o u r m i n i s t r y i s t h a t i t c o m e s t o t h e o l o g y w i t h o u t t h e p r o p e r p r e l i m i n a r y c u l t u r e — w i t h a p i o u s o r l i t e r a r y c u l t u r e o n l y. ) I a n d g o i n g t o u s e t h i s w o r d t o t a l i t y, a n d s a y t h a t t h e f i r s t b e a r i n g o f C h r i s t ’s wo r k wa s u p o n t h e r a c e a s a t o t a l i t y. T h e f i r s t t h i n g r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n d o e s i s t o c h a n g e m a n ’ s c o r p o r a t e r e l a t i o n t o G o d . T h e n w h e n i t i s t a k e n h o m e i n d i v i d u a l l y i t c h a n g e s o u r p r e s e n t a t t i t u d e . C h r i s t , a s i t w e r e , p u t u s i n t o t h e e t e r n a l C h u r c h ; t h e H o l y S p i r i t t e a c h e s u s h o w t o behave properly in the Church.

§

I g o o n t o s h o w t h a t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n h a s i t s e f f e c t n o t u p o n m a n o n l y, b u t u p o n G o d a l s o . T h a t i s a d i f f i c u l t y t o m a ny p e o p l e . A n d , i n d e e d , we r e q u i r e t o b e s o m e w h a t d i s c r i m i n a t i n g h e r e . I f yo u s a y b l u n t l y t h a t C h r i s t r e c o n c i l e d G o d , i t i s m o r e f a l s e t h a n t r u e . I d o n o t s a y i t i s u n t r u e . I t i s t h e p e o p l e w h o w a n t p l a i n b l a c k a n d w h i t e , f a l s e o r t r u e , t h a t d o s o m u c h m i s c h i e f i n t h e s e m a t t e r s . I t i s t h e t h i n , c o m m o n s e n s e r a t i o n a l i s t s , o r t h o d ox o r h e t e r o - d ox . I t i s t h e p e o p l e w h o p u t a p i s t o l t o yo u r h e a d a n d s a y , “ I a m a p l a i n m a n a n d I

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w a n t a p l a i n y e s o r n o , ” t h a t c a u s e s o m u c h d i f f i c u l t y . C h r i s t a l w a y s r e f u s e d t o a n s w e r w i t h a p i s t o l t o H i s h e a d . I t w a s t h e w h o l e m a n n e r o f H i s m i n i s t r y t o r e f u s e t o g i ve a p l a i n a n s w e r w h e n a s k e d a b l u n t q u e s t i o n . We s e e t h a t i n Pe t e r ’s d i s c ove r y a n d c o n f e s s i o n , “ T h o u a r t t h e C h r i s t ,” a n d i n C h r i s t ’ s j o y f u l a n s w e r , “ B l e s s e d S i m o n .” P e t e r i n h i s c o n - f e s s i o n h a d c r ow n e d w h a t C h r i s t h a d l a b o u r e d t o l i v e i n u p o n t h e m , b u t w h a t H e h a d n e v e r s a i d p l a i n l y i n s o m a n y w o r d s — “ I a m t h e C h r i s t .” H e l i v e d i t i n t o t h e m a n d m a d e t h e m d i s c ove r i t . R e p e a t e d l y H e wa s a s k e d , “ G i ve u s s i g n s ,” “ G i v e u s y e s o r n o ,” a n d H e a l w a y s r e f u s e d . T h a t w o u l d b e s i g h t , n o t f a i t h . A p l a i n y e s o r n o i s s i g h t . B u t f a i t h i s i n s i g h t i n t o C h r i s t . I n t h i s r e g i o n a p l a i n y e s o r n o i s s o m e w h a t o u t o f p l a c e . S o , t h e r e f o r e , w h i l e i t i s n o t f a l s e t o s a y t h a t C h r i s t r e c o n c i l e d G o d , i t i s m o r e f a l s e t h a n t r u e a s i t i s m o s t l y p u t . Yo u d o n o t g e t i t i n t h e B i b l e . I t w o u l d b e a u s e f u l e x e r c i s e t o g o t h r o u g h t h e B i b l e a n d s e e w h a t p r o o f s y o u c a n g e t o f C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g G o d . I f we t a l k a b o u t C h r i s t r e c o n - c i l i n g G o d i n t h e way s o m e d o, we s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e w a s s o m e t h i r d p a r t y c o m i n g b e t we e n u s a n d G o d , r e c o n c i l i n g G o d o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d u s o n t h e o t h e r , l i k e a d a y s m a n . T h a t i s o n e

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g r e a t m i s c h i e f t h a t i s d o n e b y t h e p o p u l a r t h e o r i e s o f a t o n e m e n t . G o d c a n n e v e r b e r e g a r d e d a s t h e o b j e c t o f s o m e t h i r d p a r t y ’ s i n t e r ve n t i o n i n r e c o n c i l i n g . I f i t we r e s o , w h a t w o u l d h a p p e n ? T h e r e w o u l d b e n o g r a c e . I t w o u l d b e a b o u g h t t h i n g , a p r o c u r e d t h i n g , t h e w o r k o f a p a r d o n - b r o k e r ; a n d t h e o n e e s s e n t i a l t h i n g a b o u t g r a c e i s t h a t i t i s u n - b o u g h t a n d u n p u r c h a s a b l e . I t i s t h e f r e e s t t h i n g i n h e a v e n o r e a r t h . I t w o u l d n o t b e f r e e i f p r o c u r e d b y s o m e t h i r d p a r t y . T h e “ d a y s m a n ” m e t a p h o r h a s b e e n m u c h a b u s e d . I t i s a S c r i p t u r a l f i g u r e , b u t w e g e t i t i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t , i n J o b , t h e i d e a b e i n g t h a t o f o n e w h o, i n t h e c a s e o f a d i s p u t e , p u t s o n e h a n d o n o n e h e a d a n d t h e o t h e r o n a n o t h e r a n d b r i n g s t w o p e r s o n s t o g e t h e r . T h a t i s a c r u d e v e r s i o n o f t h e C h r i s t i a n i d e a o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . T h e g r a c e o f G o d wo u l d n o t t h e n b e t h e p r i m e a n d m ov i n g c a u s e . I t wo u l d n o t b e s p o n t a n e o u s a n d c r e a t i ve , i t wo u l d b e n e g o t i a t e d g r a c e ; a n d t h a t i s a c o n t r a d i c t i o n i n t e r m s . M e d i a t i o n c a n n e v e r m e a n t h a t . I n p a g a n i s m t h e g o d s w e r e mo l l i f i ed . God , ou r God , cou ld neve r be mo l l i f i ed . The re i s no mo l l i f i c a t i on o f God , no p l a c a t i on o f G o d . A t o n e m e n t wa s n o t t h e p l a c a t i n g o f G o d ’s a n g e r . E ve n i n t h e o l d e c o n o my we a r e t o l d , “ I h a v e g i v e n yo u t h e b l o o d t o m a k e a t o n e m e n t .”

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G i v e n ! D i d y o u e v e r s e e t h e f o r c e o f i t ? “ I h a v e g i v e n y o u t h e b l o o d t o m a k e a t o n e m e n t . T h i s i s a n i n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h I s e t u p f o r yo u t o c o m p l y w i t h , s e t i t u p f o r p u r p o s e s o f M y ow n , o n p r i n c i p l e s o f M y ow n , bu t i t i s M y g i f t .” T h e L o r d H i m s e l f p r o v i d e d t h e l a m b f o r t h e b u r n t o f f e r i n g . A t o n e m e n t i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t w a s n o t t h e p l a c a t i n g o f G o d ’s a n g e r , b u t t h e s a c r a - m e n t o f G o d ’ s g r a c e . I t w a s t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f G o d ’s a n g e r o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d t h e e x p re s s - i n g a n d p u t t i n g i n a c t i o n o f G o d ’s g r a c e o n t h e o t h e r h a n d . T h e e f f e c t o f a t o n e m e n t w a s t o c ove r s i n f r o m G o d ’s e ye s , s o t h a t i t s h o u l d n o l o n g e r m a k e a v i s i b l e b r e a c h b e t we e n G o d a n d H i s p e o p l e . T h e a c t u a l o r d i n a n c e w a s e s t a b - l i s h e d , t h e y h e l d , b y G o d H i m s e l f . H e c ove r e d t h e s i n . S a c r i f i c e s we re n o t d e s p e r a t e e f f o r t s a n d s u r r e n d e r s m a d e by t e r r i f i e d p e o p l e i n t h e h o p e o f p r o p i t i a t i n g a n a n g r y d e i t y. T h e s a c r i f i c e s w e r e i n t h e m s e l v e s p r i m e a c t s o f o b e d i e n c e t o G o d ’s m e a n s o f g r a c e a n d H i s e x p r e s s e d w i l l . I f yo u wa n t t o f o l l ow t h a t o u t f u r t h e r , p e r h a p s I m a y b e f o r g i v e n i f I w e r e t o a l l u d e t o t h e l a s t c h a p t e r i n m y b o o k , “ T h e C r u c i a l i t y o f t h e C r o s s ” ( 1 9 0 9 ) , i n w h i c h t h e r e i s a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t , a n d e s p e c i a l l y o f w h a t i s m o r a l l y m e a n t b y t h e b l o o d o f Christ.

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B u t s o m e o n e i m m e d i a t e l y a s k s , I s t h e r e t h e n n o o b j e c t i v e a t o n e m e n t ? I t i s a q u e s t i o n wo r t h d e e p a t t e n t i o n . A g r e a t m a n y p e o p l e s a y C h r i s t i a n i t y w r e c k s c h i e f l y o n t h e i d e a o f o b - j e c t i v e a t o n e m e n t . H ow c h e a p t h e o b j e c t i o n i s i n m a n y c a s e s , h o w e a s y a n d c o m m o n i t i s ! I f yo u f i n d s o m e b o d y w h o i s m a k i n g i t h i s m i s s i o n i n l i f e t o pu l l t o p i e c e s t h e vene r a b l e t h eo l ogy o f t h e C a t h o l i c C h u rc h , a n d s h ow h ow p o o r a t h i n g i t i s i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e t h i r t y ye a r s i n w h i c h h e h a s l i ve d , yo u w i l l h e a r i t p u t l i k e l y e n o u g h i n s u c h t e r m s a s t h e s e : t h a t o b j e c t i ve a t o n e m e n t i s s h e e r p a g a n i s m . T h e C h r i s t i a n i d e a o f a t o n e - m e n t i s i d e n t i f i e d o f f h a n d w i t h t h e p a g a n i d e a o f a t o n e m e n t , a s a H y d e P a r k l e c t u r e r m i g h t . A n d w h e n yo u h a ve d o n e t h a t a t t h e o u t s e t , i t i s t h e s i m p l e s t t h i n g t o s h o w h o w f a l s e a n d a b s u r d a n d p a g a n s u c h t h e o l o g y i s . I t i s s a i d f u r t h e r , t h a t t h e w h o l e C h u r c h h a s b e c o m e p a g a n i s e d i n t h i s way, a n d h a s s p o ke n a s t h o u g h G o d c o u l d b e m o l l i f i e d by s o m e t h i n g o f f e r e d t o H i m . T h e c r i t i c i s m i s s o m e t i m e s i g n o r a n t , s o m e t i m e s u n g e n e r o u s , s o m e t i m e s c u l p a b l e . I f s u c h l a n g u a g e h a s e v e r b e e n h e l d , i t h a s o n l y b e e n b y s e c t i o n s o f t h e C h u r c h , s e c t i o n s t h a t h ave g o n e w ro n g i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f u n q u a l i f i e d e x t r e m e s . Yo u h a v e e x t r a v a g a n c i e s , r e m e m b e r ,

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e v e n i n r a t i o n a l h e r e s y. H a s t h e C h u r c h o n t h e w h o l e e v e r r e a l l y f o r g o t t e n t h a t i t i s i n t h e m e r c y o f G o d t h a t a l l o u r h o p e s b e g i n a n d e n d ? A n d e ve n i f t h e C h u r c h h a d g o n e f u r t h e r w r o n g t h a n i t h a s d o n e a b o u t t h i s , we d o n o t l i v e u p o n t h e C h u r c h , b u t u p o n t h e g o s p e l a n d u p o n t h e B i b l e . We l i v e i n a n d t h r o u g h t h e C h u r c h . We c a n n o t d o w i t h o u t i t . We m u s t g e t b a c k a g r e a t d e a l m o r e r e s p e c t f o r i t . B u t we d o n o t l i v e o n t h e C h u r c h ; we l i v e o n t h e word of the gospel which is in the Bible.

§

W h a t i s t h e r e a l o b j e c t i v e e l e m e n t i n t h e B i b l e ’ s g o s p e l ? W h a t i s t h e r e a l o b j e c t i v e e l e m e n t i n a t o n e m e n t ? We a r e t e m p t e d , I s a y, t o d e c l a r e t h a t i t wa s t h e o f f e r i n g o f a s a c r i f i c e t o G o d o u t s i d e o f H i m a n d u s , t h e o f f e r i n g o f a s a c r i f i c e t o G o d by s o m e b o d y n o t G o d ye t m o r e t h a n a s i n g l e m a n . T h a t i s t h e n a t u r a l , t h e p a g a n n o t i o n o f o b j e c t i v e a t o n e m e n t . B u t t h e r e a l m e a n i n g o f a l l o b j e c t i v e a t o n e m e n t i s t h a t G o d H i m s e l f m a d e t h e c o m p l e t e s a c r i f i c e . T h e r e a l o b j e c t i v i t y o f t h e a t o n e m e n t i s n o t t h a t i t w a s m a d e t o G o d , b u t b y G o d . I t w a s a t o n e - m e n t m a d e by G o d , n o t by m a n . W h e n I u s e t h e wo rd ob j e c t ive, I do no t mean ob j e c t ive t o you o r t o m e . Yo u a r e o b j e c t i v e t o m e , a n d I t o yo u .

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T h a t i s n o t t h e i d e a . L e t u s l e a r n t o t h i n k o n t h e s c a l e o f t h e w h o l e r a c e . W h a t i s o b j e c t i v e t o t h a t ? T h e d e a d l y k i n d o f s u b j e c t i v i t y i s t h e k i n d t h a t i s e n g r o s s e d w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s , o r w i t h h u m a n i t y, a n d d o e s n o t a l l ow f o r G o d . I t i s t h e e g o t i sm o f t h e r a c e . And t h e r e a l o b j e c - t i v i t y i s t h a t w h i c h i s o b j e c t i v e t o t h e w h o l e h u m a n r a c e , o v e r a g a i n s t i t , a n d n o t m e r e l y f a c i n g yo u o r m e w i t h i n i t . T h e r e a l o b j e c t i v e e l e m e n t i n t h e a t o n e m e n t , t h e r e f o r e , i s t h a t G o d m a d e i t a n d g a v e i t f i n i s h e d t o m a n , n o t t h a t i t w a s m a d e t o G o d b y m a n . A n y a t o n e m e n t m a d e b y m a n w o u l d b e s u b j e c t i v e , h o w e v e r m u c h i t m i g h t b e m a d e f o r m a n by h i s b ro t h e r , or by a representative of entire Humanity.

§

B u t w e h a v e a c e r t a i n f a r t h e r d i f f i c u l t y t o f a c e h e r e . I f i t w a s G o d t h a t m a d e t h e a t o n e - m e n t — w h i c h i t c e r t a i n l y w a s i n C h r i s t i a n i t y - t h e n wa s i t n o t m a d e t o m a n ? C a n G o d r e c o n - c i l e H i m s e l f ? A n d c a n t h e a t o n e m e n t m e a n a n y t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e a t t u n i n g o f m a n t o G o d — t h a t i s t o s a y, o f i n d i v i d u a l m e n i n t h e i r s u b j e c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e ? G o d t h e n s a y s t o e a c h s o u l , “ B e r e c o n c i l e d . S e e , I h a ve p u t M y a n g e r a w a y.” C a n s u c h a t t u n i n g o f H i m s e l f b y G o d h a v e f o r i t s r e s u l t s a n y t h i n g m o r e t h a n i n d i -

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v i d u a l c o n v e r s i o n ? N o w, c o n v e r s i o n m e a n s m u c h , b u t i t d o e s n o t m e a n t h e w h o l e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y. R e c o n c i l i a t i o n m e a n s t h e l i f e - c o m m u n i o n o f t h e r a c e . B u t , i f G o d m a d e t h e a t o n e m e n t , i t m i g h t s e e m t h a t t h e r e s u l t a n d e f f e c t o f t h i s a t o n e m e n t c o u l d o n l y b e r e a c h e d g r a d u a l l y b y t h e a t t u n i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l m e n t o G o d . I t w o u l d s e e m t o d e s t r o y t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e r a c e , o r ( t o e m p l o y a n o t h e r w o r d e v e n m o r e u s e f u l ) t h e s o l i d a r i t y o f t h e r a c e . T h a t w o u l d s e e m t o b e t h e e f f e c t ; a n d i t i s s u c h a s e r i o u s e f f e c t , f o r t h i s r e a s o n : t h a t i t a f f e c t s t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k . W h a t e v e r a f f e c t s t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k c u t s t h e g r o u n d f r o m u n d e r a g g r e s s i v e C h r i s t i a n i t y, f r o m u n d e r m i s s i o n s , w h e t h e r a t h o m e o r a b r o a d . T h e y c a n n o t t h r i v e e x c e p t u p o n a f a i t h w h i c h m e a n s t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y o f C h r i s t ’s w o r k , w h i c h m e a n s a g a i n t h e s o l i d a r i t y, t h e o r g a n i c u n i t y, o f t h e w h o l e h u m a n r a c e . A n d t h e c o nve r s i o n o f a r a c e i s a wo r k t h a t e x c e e d s c o n v e r s i o n a n d i s r e d e m p t i o n . A b o u t t h a t t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t a n d t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t a r e at one.

B u t , y o u s a y, y o u d o n o t h a v e t h e s o l i d a r i t y o f t h e h u m a n r a c e i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t . We l l , yo u d o, a n d yo u d o n o t . W h a t yo u h ave f a c e t o f a c e w i t h G o d i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t i s a c o l -

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l e c t i v e n a t i o n , I s r a e l . We s h a l l n e v e r r e a d t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t w i t h t r u e u n d e r s t a n d i n g u n t i l we r e a l i s e t h a t . T h a t i s o n e o f t h e g r e a t t h i n g s m o d e r n s c h o l a r s h i p h a s b r o u g h t h o m e t o u s — t h a t t h e v i s - à - v i s o f G o d i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t i s I s r a e l a n d n o t t h e i n d i v i d u a l J e w. G r a d u a l l y, a s t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t d e v e l o p s i n s p i r i t u a l i n - t i m a c y, y o u h a v e t h i s c h a n g i n g a n d b e c o m i n g i n t e n s e l y i n d i v i d u a l , a s i n t h e l a t e r P s a l m s . I n J e r e m i a h i t b e c a m e s o e s p e c i a l l y. T h e g r e a t e s t p r e f i g u r a t i o n o f C h r i s t ’s i n d i v i d u a l s o l i t u d e i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t i s J e r e m i a h . B u t b o t h o f t h e m w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r c o l l e c t i v e i n d i - v i d u a l s . T h ey c o n d e n s e d t h e p e o p l e . T h e o b j e c t t h a t f a c e d G o d i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t i n t h e m a i n w a s n o t p r i m a r i l y t h e i n d i v i d u a l s o u l , i t w a s t h e s o u l o f t h e n a t i o n o f I s r a e l , e v e n t h o u g h i t wa s s o m e t i m e s r e d u c e d t o a r e m n a n t . W h a t t o o k p l a c e w h e n I s r a e l m a d e t h e g r e a t r e f u s a l o f C h r i s t ? T h e r e w a s s e t u p a n o t h e r c o l l e c t i ve u n i t y, t h e C h u r c h , t h e n ew I s r a e l , t h e s p i r i t u a l I s r a e l , t h e l a n d l e s s , h o m e l e s s I s r a e l , w h o s e h o m e w a s i n H i m , t h e u n i v e r s a l I s r a e l , t h e n e w H u m a n i t y o f t h e n e w c o v e n a n t . T h e C h u r c h b e c a m e t h e p r o p h e c y a n d p r e f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e u n i t y o f H u m a n i t y. I t i s t h r o u g h t h e C h u r c h a l o n e t h a t t h e u n i t y o f H u m a n i t y c a n b e c o n s u m m a t e d , b e c a u s e i t i s p o s s i b l e o n l y

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t h r o u g h t h e g o s p e l . A n d t h e p r e a c h e r o f t h i s gospel in the world is the collective Church.

We mu s t , t h e r e f o r e , avo i d e ve r y i d e a o f a t o n e - m e n t w h i c h s e e m s t o r e d u c e i t t o G o d ’s d e a l i n g w i t h a m a s s o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n s t e a d o f w i t h t h e r a c e a s a w h o l e - i n s t e a d o f a r a c i a l , a s o c i a l , a c o l l e c t i v e s a l v a t i o n , i n w h i c h a l o n e e a c h i n d i - v i d u a l h a s h i s p l a c e a n d p a r t . O u r P r o t e s t a n t t h e o l o g y h a s b e e n t o o i n d i v i d u a l i s t , t o o l i t t l e c o l l e c t i v i s t . A n d t h a t h a s h a d s e r i o u s s o c i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s a s we l l a s t h e o l o g i c a l . T h e b a s i s o f a s o c i a l s a l v a t i o n i s t h e f i n a l r e d e m p t i o n i n o n e a c t o f t h e t o t a l r a c e . A n d t h a t a c t wa s t h e Cross of Christ.

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RECONCILIATION, ATONEMENT, AND JUDGMENT

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IV

RECONCILIATION, ATONEMENT, AND JUDGMENT

TH E p o i n t a t w h i c h I b r o k e o f f y e s t e r d a y w a s t h i s . I w a s p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t

o b j e c t i v e a t o n e m e n t i s a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y. O f c o u r s e , i t i s q u i t e n e c e s s a r y a l s o t h a t w e s h o u l d k n o w w h a t i s m e a n t b y a n o b j e c t i v e a t o n e m e n t . T h e r e a l o b j e c t i v e e l e m e n t i n a t o n e m e n t i s n o t t h a t s o m e t h i n g w a s o f f e r e d t o G o d , b u t t h a t G o d m a d e t h e o f f e r i n g . A n d i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n I h i n t e d t h a t m y r e m a r k s t o - d a y a n d t o - m o r r o w w o u l d h a v e t o f o l l o w t h e i d e a a l s o , t h a t G o d ’s a t o n e m e n t i n i t i a l l y w a s m a d e o n b e h a l f o f t h e r a c e , a n d o n b e h a l f o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n s o f a r a s t h e y we r e m e m b e r s o f t h e r a c e . T h e f i r s t c h a r g e u p o n C h r i s t a n d H i s C r o s s w a s t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f the race, and of its individuals by implication.

We s t a r t t o - d a y, t h e n , f r o m t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t G o d m a d e t h e a t o n e m e n t . T h i s ( we s aw ) s u g g e s t s

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a n u m b e r o f q u e s t i o n s , n o t t o s a y d i f f i c u l t i e s . I f G o d m a d e t h e a t o n e m e n t , b u t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n m e a n t n o m o r e t h a n s i m p l y t h e m o v i n g a n d a t t u n i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l m e n i n t h e i r s u b j e c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e , i t m i g h t s e e m a s t h o u g h i t d e - s t r o y e d t h e s o l i d a r i t y o f m a n k i n d a n d m a d e i t g r a n u l a r . A n d t h e p e r i l t h e r e i s t h a t w h a t - e v e r d e s t r o y s t h a t , d e s t r o y s t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k . B u t t h a t a t o m i s m i s n o t t h e G o s p e l . To r e d u c e t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n m e r e l y t o t h e a g g r e g a t e o f i n d i v i d u a l c o n v e r s i o n s w o u l d b e a t o t a l m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f N e w Te s t a m e n t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , w h i c h i s b o t h s o l i d a r y and final.

T h e n t h e r e i s a n o t h e r d i f f i c u l t y. I f w e s a y t h a t t h e o n e o b j e c t o f t h e a t o n e m e n t w a s n o t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f G o d , bu t t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f m a n t o G o d , t h e n i t l o o k s a s t h o u g h t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t b e c a m e o n l y t h e g r a n d h e l i o - g r a p h f r o m d i v i n e h e i g h t s , t h e c h i e f w o r d i n w h a t I m i g h t c a l l a l a n g u a g e o f s i g n s ; a s t h o u g h i t w e r e o n l y t h e l e a d i n g e x p r e s s i o n o f G o d ’s w i l l t owa r d s m e n , i n s t e a d o f s o m e t h i n g a c t u a l l y d o n e , a n d n o t m e r e l y s a i d o r s h o w n , b y G o d , s o m e t h i n g r e a l l y d o n e f r o m t h e d e p t h o f G o d W h o i s t h e a c t i o n o f t h e wo r l d , s o m e t h i n g e t e r - n a l l y c h a n g i n g t h e w h o l e s i t u a t i o n , a n d d e s t i n y, a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f o u r r a c e . I f G o d i n C h r i s t

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s i m p l y s a i d t h e m o s t p owe r f u l wo r d a b o u t H i s g o o d w i l l , H i s p l a c a b i l i t y, a n d H i s r e a d i n e s s t o f o r g i v e , t h a t wo u l d d e s t r o y t h e p e r m a n e n c e o f C h r i s t - t h e d e p t h o f H i s w o r k , a n d t h e h e i g h t o f H i s p l a c e . T h u s G o d w o u l d b e s a y i n g m o r e t h a n H e d i d ; a n d we h a ve a n a t u r a l a n d p r o p e r d i f f i c u l t y i n t h o ro u g h l y t r u s t i n g p e o p l e w h o s ay m o r e t h a n t h e y d o . I f C h r i s t w e r e s i m p l y a n e x p r e s s i o n o f G o d ’s l ove , t h e n H i s C ro s s wo u l d s i m p l y b e w h a t i s c a l l e d a n o b j e c t - l e s s o n o f G o d ’ s l o v e ; o r i t w o u l d s i m p l y b e a w i t n e s s t o t h e s e r i o u s w a y i n w h i c h G o d t a k e s m a n ’s s i n ; o r i t m i g h t e v e n b e n o m o r e t h a n t h e e x - p r e s s i o n o f t h e s t r o n g c o n v i c t i o n o f J e s u s a b o u t i t . We a r e e x p o s e d t o t h e d a n g e r t h e r e a l w a y s i s w h e n w e m a k e r e v e l a t i o n a w o r d r a t h e r t h a n a d e e d , s o m e t h i n g s a i d i n s t e a d o f s o m e t h i n g d o n e , w h e n w e m a k e i t m a n i f e s t a - t i o n o n l y a n d n o t r e d e m p t i o n . T h e w o r k o f C h r i s t w o u l d b e o n l y s o m e t h i n g e d u c a t i o n a l , o r a t m o s t i m p r e s s i v e . A n d w h a t h a p p e n s t h e n ? I f t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t i s o n l y i m p r e s - s i v e l y e d u c a t i o n a l , i f t h e n e e d a n d v a l u e o f i t c e a s e s w h e n w e h a v e r e c o g n i s e d i t s m e a n i n g , w h e n w e h a v e t a k e n G o d ’ s w o r d f o r i t i n C h r i s t t h a t H e d o e s r e a l l y l o v e u s , w h a t h a p p e n s t h e n ? W h y, a s s o o n a s t h e l e s s o n h a d b e e n l e a r n t , t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t m i g h t b e

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l e f t b e h i n d . T h e r e a r e a g r e a t m a n y p e o p l e t o - d a y w h o a r e C h r i s t i a n i n a w a y, b u t h a v e ve r y l o o s e i d e a s a s t o w h a t i s i nvo l ve d c e n t r a l l y i n t h e i r C h r i s t i a n i t y. M a n y o f t h e m a r e i n t h i s p o s i t i o n I d e s c r i b e — t h e y t h i n k t h e y c a n i g n o r e C h r i s t a n d t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t s i n c e t h e y h a v e a s s i m i l a t e d t h e l e s s o n t h e s e t a u g h t . I f t h e C ro s s i s a k i n d o f p r a c t i c a l p a r a b l e w h i c h G o d s e t f o r t h o f H i s l o v e a n d H i s w i l l i n g n e s s t o s a v e , t h e n w h e n t h e p a r a b l e h a s d o n e i t s wo r k i t c a n b e f o r g o t t e n . W h e n t h e l e s s o n h a s b e e n t a u g h t , t h e e x a m p l e c a n b e p u t a w a y i n t o t h e s c h o o l s t o r e - r o o m u n t i l w e w a n t i t a g a i n . i t i s e x h a u s t e d f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , u n t i l s o m e b o d y e l s e c o m e s w h o n e e d s t h e s a m e l e s s o n . I n t h a t c a s e t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t s i m p l y s i n k s t o t h e l e v e l o f o t h e r v a l u a b l e e v e n t s i n t h e h i s t o r y o f r e l i g i o n . I t i s n o t f o n t a l b u t e p i s o d i c . I t r e p r e s e n t s t h e t r a n s i t i o n f ro m Ju d a i s m t o a r e l i - g i o n o f H u m a n i t y. I t r e p r e s e n t s a g r e a t m ove - m e n t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f r e l i g i o n , w h e n r e l i g i o n c e a s e d t o b e n a t i o n a l a n d p a r t i c u l a r i s t , a n d b e c ame un ive r s a l , when i t c e a s e d t o b e r i t u a l a nd b e c a m e s p i r i t u a l . T h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t w o u l d t h u s b e a g r e a t m o n u m e n t i n t h e p a s t , w h i c h f a d e s o u t o f s i g h t a s we s u r m o u n t i t a n d l e a v e i t b e h i n d ; a n d i t d o e s n o t r e t a i n a p e r m a n e n t meaning and function at the centre of our faith.

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§

I s a i d t h a t t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t m e a n t n o t o n l y a n a c t i o n o n m a n , i t m e a n t a n a c t i o n o n G o d . Ye t I p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i t w a s m o r e f a l s e t h a n t r u e t o s ay t h a t C h r i s t a n d H i s d e a t h r e c o n c i l e d G o d t o m a n . I s a i d t h a t we m u s t i n s o m e w a y c o n s t r u e t h e m a t t e r a s G o d r e c o n c i l i n g H i m s e l f . I t w a s o u t o f t h e q u e s t i o n t o t h i n k o f a n y r e c o n c i l i a t i o n e f f e c t e d u p o n G o d b y a t h i r d p a r t y s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n G o d a n d m a n . G o d c o u l d n o t b e r e c o n c i l e d b y m a n n o r b y o n e n e i t h e r G o d n o r m a n . T h e o n l y a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e r e f o r e , i s t h a t G o d s h o u l d r e c o n c i l e H i m s e l f . B u t t h e n i s t h e r e n o t s o m e t h i n g i n t h a t w h i c h s e e m s a l i t t l e f o r c e d a n d u n n a t u r a l ? D i d G o d h a v e t o c o m p e l H i m s e l f t o c h a n g e H i s f e e l i n g a b o u t u s ? D i d H e f o r c e H i m s e l f t o b e g r a c i o u s ? T h e r e i s s o m e t h i n g w r o n g h e r e s u r e l y, s o m e - t h i n g t h a t n e e d s a d j u s t m e n t , e x p l a n a t i o n , r e - statement in some way.

A r e w e o b l i g e d t o s u p p o s e t h a t i f G o d d i d r e c o n c i l e H i m s e l f i t wa s i n t h e s e n s e o f c h a n g i n g H i s o w n h e a r t a n d a f f e c t i o n t o w a r d s u s ? I h ave p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e h e a r t o f G o d t owa r d s u s , H i s g r a c i o u s d i s p o s i t i o n t o w a r d s u s , w a s f ro m H i s ow n h o l y e t e r n i t y ; t h a t g r a c e i s o f t h e u n c h a n g e a b l e . G o d i n t h a t r e s p e c t h a d n o t t o b e c h a n g e d . Wa s H e c h a n g e d a t a l l t h e n ? I f

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H i s h e a r t w a s n o t c h a n g e d , w h a t r e m a i n e d i n H i m t o b e c h a n g e d , w h a t w a s c h a n g e d i n connection with the work of Christ?

T h e r e w a s a c h a n g e . A n d I a m g o i n g t o a s k yo u t o r e c o g n i s e h e r e a n o t h e r o f t h o s e v a l u a b l e d i s t i n c t i o n s o f w h i c h t h e m a n w i t h o u t t h e eva n - g e l i c a l e x p e r i e n c e a n d i t s t h e o l o g i c a l d i s c i p l i n e i s s o i m p a t i e n t . A s I w o r k m y w a y t h r o u g h t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d q u e s t i o n s t h a t p r e s e n t t h e m - s e l ve s , ove r a n d ove r a g a i n I p e r c e i ve t h a t m a ny o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t s e e m s o s e r i o u s t o s o m e t u r n e n t i r e l y u p o n s o m e v a l u a b l e d i s t i n c t i o n t h a t h a s b e en i gno red , o f t en f o r l a ck o f d e ep re l i - g i o n o r d u e p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t i o n . O f c o u r s e t h e m a n i n t h e s t r e e t s a y s , a s s o o n a s h e i s a s k e d t o d i s t i n g u i s h , t h a t t h a t i s g e t t i n g i n t o t h e r e g i o n o f s u b t l e t i e s . N e v e r m i n d t h e m a n i n t h e s t r e e t . T h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d p e r s o n f o r h i m i s t h e p e r s o n w i t h t h e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i o n f r o m h i m s e l f , t h e p e r s o n w h o g i v e s h i m m o s t s a t i s - f a c t i o n w i t h l e a s t t ro u b l e , t h e p e r s o n w h o wo r k s i n b l a c k a n d w h i t e w i t h n o s h a d e s . B e s i d e s , t h e man i n t h e s t r e e t i s no t d evo t ed t o h i s B i b l e , no r t o g e t t i n g i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e B i b l e , a s yo u p r e a c h e r s a r e . We m u s t t a k e o u r w a y, G o d ’ s w a y, a n d f o l l ow t h e s u b t l e a n d s e a r c h i n g H o l y S p i r i t a s H e l e a d s a n d s p e a k s i n a n d t h r o u g h t h e q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r i s e t o o u r e a r n e s t t h o u g h t

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c o n c e r n i n g C h r i s t ’s d e a t h . A n d t h e m a n i n t h e s t r e e t mu s t b e l e f t t o t h e g r a c e w h i c h h a s t a ke n us in from the street.

T h e d i s t i n c t i o n I a s k y o u t o o b s e r v e i s b e t w e e n a c h a n g e o f f e e l i n g a n d a c h a n g e o f t r e a t m e n t , b e t w e e n a f f e c t i o n a n d d i s c i p l i n e , b e t we e n f r i e n d l y f e e l i n g a n d f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s . G o d ’ s f e e l i n g t o w a r d u s n e v e r n e e d e d t o b e c h a n g e d . B u t G o d ’ s t r e a t m e n t o f u s , G o d ’ s p r a c t i c a l r e l a t i o n t o u s — t h a t h a d t o c h a n g e . I h ave p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n b e t we e n G o d a n d m a n i n r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s a p e r s o n a l o n e , a n d t h a t , w h e r e y o u h a v e r e a l p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n a n d p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i o n , i f t h e r e i s c h a n g e o n o n e s i d e t h e r e m u s t b e c h a n g e o n t h e o t h e r . T h e q u e s t i o n i s a s t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e c h a n g e . We h ave b a r r e d o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i t s b e i n g a c h a n g e o f a f f e c t i o n , o f h a t r e d i n t o g r a c e . G o d n eve r c e a s e d t o l ove u s e ve n w h e n H e wa s m o s t a n g r y a n d s e v e r e w i t h u s . I t w i l l n o t d o t o a b o l i s h t h e r e a l i t y o f G o d ’ s a n g e r t o w a r d s u s . Tr u e l o v e i s q u i t e c a p a b l e o f b e i n g a n g r y, a n d m u s t b e a n g r y a n d e v e n s h a r p w i t h i t s b e l o v e d c h i l d r e n . L e t u s f i x o u r a t t e n t i o n m o r e c l o s e l y u p o n t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n o f m o o d a n d manner.

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Ta k e t h e p a r a b l e o f t h e p r o d i g a l f o r i l l u s t r a - t i o n . T h e r e a r e t h o s e w h o s a y y o u h a v e t h e w h o l e o f t h e g o s p e l r e a l l y i n t h e p a r a b l e o f t h e p r o d i g a l s o n , t h a t t h a t w a s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f C h r i s t ’s g r a n d r e v e l a t i o n o f G o d . We l l , i f t h a t w e r e s o t h e w o n d e r t o m e i s , f i r s t , t h a t t h e a p o s t l e s n eve r s e e m t o h ave u s e d i t ; a n d , s e c o n d , t h a t h a v i n g d e l i v e r e d t h i s p a r a b l e C h r i s t d i d n o t a t o n c e c o n s i d e r H i s m i s s i o n d i s c h a r g e d a n d r e t u r n t o h e a v e n . O r , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w h y d i d H e n o t c o n t i nu e t o l i ve t o a r i p e a n d u s e f u l a g e , r e i t e r a t i n g i n va r i o u s f o r m s a n d i n d i f f e r e n t s e t t i n g s t h i s w a i t i n g ( b u t i n e r t ) l ove a n d g r a c e o f G o d ? We a r e m ove d s o m e t i m e s t o t h i n k H e m i g h t h a v e d o n e w e l l h a d H e n o t p r o v o k e d d e a t h s o e a r l y, h a d H e r e m a i n e d , l i k e J o h n , t o s e v e n t y o r n i n e t y y e a r s o f a g e c o n t i n u a l l y p u b l i s h i n g , a p p l y i n g , a n d s p r e a d i n g t h e m e s s a g e w h i c h H e g a ve H i s d i s c i p l e s . B u t yo u h a ve n o t t h e w h o l e g o s p e l i n t h e p a r a b l e o f t h e p ro d i g a l s o n . W h a t i s t h e f u n c t i o n o f a p a r a b l e ? I t i s o n e o f t h e g r e a t d i s c ove r i e s a n d l e s s o n s t a u g h t u s b y m o d e r n s c h o l a r s h i p , t h a t p a r a b l e s a r e n o t a l l e g o r i e s , b e c a u s e t h e y e x i s t f o r t h e s a k e o f o n e c e n t r a l i d e a . W h i l e w e m a y a l l o w o u r - s e l ve s , u n d e r t h e s u g g e s t i o n o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t , t o r e c e i v e h i n t s o f e d i f y i n g t r u t h f r o m t h i s o r

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t h e o t h e r p h a s e o r d e t a i l o f t h e p a r a b l e , w e h ave c h i e f l y t o a s k , W h a t wa s i t i n t h e m i n d o f C h r i s t f o r t h e s a k e o f w h i c h H e u t t e r e d t h i s p a r a b l e ? E a c h p a r a b l e p u t s i n a n a m p l e a m b i t o n e c e n t r a l i d e a . N o w t h e o n e r u l i n g i d e a i n t h e p a r a b l e o f t h e p r o d i g a l s o n i s t h e i d e a o f t h e c e n t r a l i t y, t h e c o m p l e t e n e s s , t h e u n d e s e r ve d - n e s s , t h e f r e e n e s s , f u l l n e s s , w h o l e - h e a r t e d n e s s o f G o d ’s g r a c e - t h e a b s o l u t e f u l l n e s s o f i t , r a t h e r t h a n t h e m e t h o d o f i t s a c t i o n . B u t h o w e v e r a p a r a b l e m i g h t p r e a c h t h a t f u l l n e s s , i t t o o k t h e C ro s s a n d a l l i t s t r a i n t o g i ve i t e f f e c t , t o p u t i t i n t o a c t i o n , l i f e , a n d h i s t o r y, t o c h a r g e i t w i t h t h e S p i r i t . T h o s e w h o t e l l u s t h a t t h e w h o l e g o s p e l i s e m b o d i e d i n t h e p a r a b l e s a y, Yo u o b s e r v e n o t h i n g i s s u g g e s t e d i n t h e p a r a b l e a b o u t t h e C r o s s a n d t h e A t o n e m e n t ; t h e r e f o r e t h e C r o s s a n d t h e A t o n e m e n t a r e s u b s e q u e n t a n d g r a t u i t o u s a d d i t i o n s , c o n f u s i n g t h e g o s p e l o f g r a c e . B u t t h a t t u r n s C h r i s t i n t o a m e r e p r e a c h e r , i n s t e a d o f t h e c e n t r e o f t h e w o r l d ’s h i s t o r y. B e a r i n m i n d a l s o t h a t t h i s p a r a b l e wa s s p o ke n b y t h e C h r i s t w h o h a d t h e C ro s s i n t h e v e r y s t r u c t u r e o f H i s p e r s o n a l i t y a s i t s v o c a - t i o n , a nd a t t h e roo t , t h e re f o re , o f a l l H i s wo rd s . Th a t C ro s s wa s d e ep embedded i n t h e ve r y s t r u c - t u r e o f C h r i s t ’s Pe r s o n , b e c a u s e n ow a d a y s y o u c a n n o t s e p a r a t e H i s Pe r s o n f r o m H i s vo c a t i o n ,

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f ro m t h e wo r k H e c a m e t o d o, a n d t h e wo rd s H e c a m e t o s p e a k . T h e C r o s s w a s n o t s i m p l y a f a t e a w a i t i n g C h r i s t i n t h e f u t u r e ; i t p e r v a d e d s u b l i m i n a l l y H i s h o l y Pe r s o n . H e w a s b o r n f o r t h e C r o s s . I t w a s H i s g e n i u s , H i s d e s t i n y. I t w a s q u i t e i n e v i t a b l e t h a t , i n a wo r l d l i k e t h i s , O n e h o l y a s J e s u s wa s h o l y s h o u l d c o m e t o t h e C r o s s . T h e p a r a b l e w a s s p o k e n b y O n e i n w h o m t h e C r o s s a n d a l l i t s t a n d s f o r w e r e l a t e n t i n H i s i d e a o f G o d ; a n d i t b e c a m e p a t e n t , c a m e t o t h e s u r f a c e , b e c a m e a c t u a l , a n d p r a c t i c a l , a n d p o w e r f u l i n t h e s t r e s s o f m a n ’ s c r i s i s a n d t h e f u l l n e s s o f G o d ’ s t i m e . T h a t i s a n i m p o r t a n t p h r a s e . C h r i s t H i m s e l f c a m e i n a f u l l n e s s o f t i m e . T h e C r o s s w h i c h c o n s u m m a t e d a n d c r o w n e d C h r i s t c a m e i n i t s f u l l n e s s o f t i m e . T h e t i m e w a s n o t f u l l d u r i n g C h r i s t ’s l i f e f o r p r e a c h i n g a n a t o n e m e n t t h a t l i f e c o u l d n e v e r m a k e . H e n c e a s t o t h e m e t h o d o f G o d ’s f r e e a n d f l o w i n g g r a c e t h e p a r a b l e h a s n o t h i n g t o s a y . I t d o e s n o t e v e n s a y t h a t t h e f a t h e r w e n t s e e k i n g t h e p r o d i g a l . T h e s e e k i n g g r a c e o f G o d w e f i n d t h e r e a s l i t t l e a s t h e r e d e e m i n g g r a c e . A n d s o a l s o y o u h a v e n o t t h e m o d e o f g r a c e ’ s a c t i o n o n a w o r l d . B u t , s p e a k i n g o f w h a t y o u d o h a v e i n t h e p a r a b l e , t h e f a t h e r k n o w s n o c h a n g e o f f e e l i n g t o w a r d s t h e p r o d i g a l ; y e t c o u l d h e g o

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o n m a k i n g n o d i f f e r e n c e ? C o u l d h e g o o n t r e a t i n g t h e p r o d i g a l a s t h o u g h h e n e v e r h a d b e c o m e a p r o d i g a l ? H e d i d n o t c e r t a i n l y w h e n h e r e t u r n e d ; a n d a s l i t t l e c o u l d h e b e f o r e . H i s h e a r t f o l l o w e d t h e p r o d i g a l , b u t h i s r e - l a t i o n s , h i s c o n f i d e n c e , h i s i n t e r c o u r s e w e r e w i t h h i s b r o t h e r . S o l o n g a s t h e s o n i s p r o - d i g a l h e c a n n o t b e t r e a t e d a s t h o u g h h e w e r e o t h e r w i s e . E v e n r e p e n t a n c e n e e d s s o m e g u a - r a n t e e o f p e r m a n e n c e . T h e f a t h e r ’ s h e a r t i s t h e s a m e , b u t h i s t r e a t m e n t m u s t b e d i f f e r e n t . C a s e s h a v e b e e n k n o w n w h e r e t h e f a t h e r h a d t o e x p e l t h e b l a c k s h e e p f r o m t h e f a m i l y f o r t h e s a k e o f t h e o t h e r s . L o v i n g t h e p o o r c r e a t u r e a l l t h e s a m e , h e y e t f o u n d i t q u i t e i m p o s s i b l e , i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e w h o l e f a m i l y, t o t r e a t h i m a s t h o u g h h e w e r e l i k e t h e r e s t . S o G o d n e e d e d n o p l a c a t i o n , b u t H e c o u l d n o t e xe r c i s e H i s k i n d n e s s t o t h e p ro d i g a l wo r l d , H e c e r t a i n l y c o u l d n o t r e s t o r e c o m m u n i o n w i t h i t s i n d i v i d u a l s , w i t h o u t d o i n g s o m e a c t w h i c h p e r - m a n e n t l y a l t e r e d t h e r e l a t i o n . A n d t h i s i s w h a t s e t u p t h a t wo r l d ’s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h H i m . I t was set up by an act of cr isis, of judgment.

§

R e m e m b e r a l w a y s w e a r e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e wo r l d i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e a n d n o t w i t h i n d i -

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v i d u a l s . I c o n s t a n t l y c o m e b a c k u p o n t h a t , f o r t h e o r t h o d o x a n d t h e i r c r i t i c s f o r g e t i t a l i k e . I s u p p o s e t h e p r o d i g a l w a s a s l a v e , I s u p p o s e h e h a d s o l d h i m s e l f t o t h a t v i l e wo r k o f sw i n e - f e e d i n g . W h e n h e r e t u r n e d I s u p p o s e h e r a n a w a y f r o m h i s m a s t e r . B u t t h e p r o d i g a l wo r l d , o f c o u r s e , c o u l d n o t r u n a w a y f r o m i t s m a s t e r , i t c o u l d n o t r u n a w a y f r o m t h e p o w e r t h a t i t w a s e n s l a v e d t o . “ M y s e l f a m h e l l .” S u p p o s i n g n ow t h e p ro d i g a l h a d n o t b e e n a b l e t o r u n away. S u p p o s i n g h e h a d b e e n g u a r d e d a s a c o n v i c t i s g u a r d e d , t h e n h e c o u l d o n l y c o m e b a c k b y b e i n g b o u g h t o f f . A s s o o n a s y o u g o b e y o n d t h e o n e t h e m e o f t h e p a r a b l e , t h e a b s o l u t e h e a r t i n e s s o f g r a c e , a n d b e g i n t o t h i n k o f g r a c e ’s m e t h o d s w i t h a wo r l d , t h i s p o i n t m u s t b e f a c e d b y a l l w h o a r e m o r e t h a n p o o h - p o o h s e n t i - m e n t a l i s t s i n t h e i r r e l i g i o n . We h a v e t o d e a l w i t h a wo r l d i n a b o n d a g e i t c o u l d n o t b r e a k . I f t h e p r o d i g a l c o u l d n o t h a v e a r i s e n t o g o t o h i s f a t h e r ; i f t h e e l d e r b ro t h e r h a d s o l d u p t h e w h o l e f a r m , r e d u c e d h i m s e l f t o p ove r t y, t a k e n t h e s u m i n h i s h a n d , f o l l o w e d t h e p r o d i g a l i n t o t h e f a r c o u n t r y, a n d t h e r e s p e n t t h e w h o l e a m o u n t i n b u y i n g h i s b r o t h e r ’ s m a n u m i s s i o n f r o m h i s m a s t e r b e f o r e a j u d g e ; a n d i f i t w a s a l l d o n e b y m u t u a l p u r p o s e a n d c o n s e n t o f h i m s e l f a n d h i s f a t h e r ; w o u l d n o t t h a t a c t

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b e a g r e a t a n d e f f e c t i v e t h i n g , n o t s o m u c h i n p ro d u c i n g r e p e n t a n c e b u t i n a h a r d e r m a t t e r — i n d e s t r oy i n g a l i e n a n d m a k i n g a b s o l u t e c e r - t a i n t y o f t h e f a t h e r ’ s f o r g i v e n e s s ? H e i s s u r e b e c a u s e t h e f a t h e r n o t o n l y s a y s b u t p a y s . H i s m e r e r e p e n t a n c e c o u l d n o t m a k e h i m s u r e , c o u l d n o t p l a c e h i m a t h o m e a g a i n , c o u l d n o t p u t h i m w h e r e h e s e t o u t . H i s m e r e r e p e n t a n c e c o u l d t u r n h i s h e a r t t o h i s f a t h e r , b u t i t c o u l d n o t b r e a k t h e b a r a n d f i l l h i m w i t h c e r t a i n t y o f h i s f a t h e r ’s l o v e a n d f o r g i v e n e s s . A n d t h a t i s w h a t t h e s i n n e r w a n t s , a n d w h a t t h e g r e a t a n d c l a s s i c p e n i t e n t s f i n d i t s o h a rd t o b e l i eve . N ow, t h e p a r a b l e t e l l s u s o f t h e f r e e n e s s o f G o d ’s g r a c e , a n d i t s f u l l n e s s , b u t t h e C r o s s e n a c t s i t a n d i n s e r t s i t i n r e a l h i s t o r y. I t s h ow s t o w h a t a l e n g t h t h a t g r a c e c o u l d g o i n d e a l i n g w i t h a d i f f i c u l t y o t h e r w i s e i n s u p e r a b l e w h e n we t u r n f r o m a s i n g l e p r o d i g a l t o a w o r l d . T h e a c t w h i c h I h a v e d e s c r i b e d b y a N e w Te s t a m e n t e x t e n s i o n o f t h e p a r a b l e — t h e a c t o f C h r i s t ’ s C r o s s — i s n o t s i m p l y t o p r o d u c e i n d i v i d u a l r e - p e n t a n c e , b u t i t h a s i t s g r e a t e f f e c t u p o n t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e w o r l d t o G o d . A n d t h e j u d g m e n t , t h e p a y m e n t , w a s o n t h a t s c a l e . I w i l l s h o w y o u l a t e r t h a t i t w a s n o t p a i n t h a t was paid but holy obedience.

W h a t t h e e l d e r b r o t h e r d o e s i n t h e s u p p o s i -

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t i o n I h a v e m a d e i s t w o f o l d . F i r s t , h e s e c u r e s t h e l i b e r a t i on , h e d e a l s w i t h t h e e qu i t a b l e c o n d i - t i o n s o f t h e r e l e a s e . S e c o n d l y, h e a l s o a c t s u p o n t h e p ro d i g a l ’s h e a r t a n d c o n f i d e n c e . I n t h e f i r s t c a s e h e m e e t s c e r t a i n j u d i c i a l c o n d i t i o n s , c e r - t a i n s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s , e t h i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , b o u n d u p w i t h t h e e x i s t i n g o r d e r , t h e l a w o f s o c i e t y i n w h i c h t h e p r o d i g a l w a s l i v i n g . B u t i t i s s a i d s o m e t i m e s t h a t t h e r e t h e a n a l o g y f a i l s , b e c a u s e t h e e l d e r s o n , a c t i n g f o r t h e f a t h e r , i n m y e x t e n s i o n o f t h e s t o r y, h a s t o d e a l w i t h a l a w w h i c h i s o u t s i d e h i s c o n t r o l a n d o u t s i d e t h e f a t h e r ’ s c o n t r o l ; h e h a s t o d e a l w i t h t h e l a w o f s o c i e t y, w i t h t h e l a w o f t h e l a n d w h e r e t h e p r o d i g a l w a s . W h e r e a s , i f y o u c o m e t o t h i n k a b o u t G o d , t h e r e c a n b e n o s o c i a l a n d m o r a l c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h a r e o u t s i d e H i s c o n t ro l . T h e r e , i t i s s a i d , yo u r i l l u s t r a t i o n b r e a k s d ow n . G o d c o u l d i g n o r e a n y s u c h i m p e d i m e n t s a t H i s l o v i n g w i l l . N o w, t h a t i s j u s t t h e c r u c i a l m i s t a k e t h a t y o u m a k e , t h a t e v e n K a n t d o e s n o t a l l o w u s t o m a k e . G o d c o u l d d o n o t h i n g o f t h e k i n d . S o f a r t h e o m n i p o t e n c e o f G o d i s a l i m i t e d o m n i p o t e n c e . H e c o u l d n o t t r i f l e w i t h H i s ow n h o l i n e s s . H e c o u l d w i l l n o t h i n g a g a i n s t H i s h o l y n a t u r e , a n d H e c o u l d n o t a b o l i s h t h e j u d g m e n t b o u n d u p w i t h i t . N o t h i n g i n t h e c o m p a s s o f t h e d i v i n e n a t u r e c o u l d e n a b l e H i m

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t o a b o l i s h a m o r a l l aw, t h e l aw o f h o l i n e s s . T h a t wo u l d b e t a m p e r i n g w i t h H i s ow n s o u l . I t h a d t o b e d e a l t w i t h . I s t h e l aw o f ’ G o d m o r e l o o s e t h a n t h e l aw o f s o c i e t y ? C a n i t b e t a k e n l i b e r - t i e s w i t h , p l a y e d w i t h , a n d p u t a s i d e a t t h e i m p u l s e e v e n o f l o v e ? H o w l i t t l e w e s h o u l d c ome t o t h i nk o f God ’s l ove i f t h a t we re po s s i b l e ! H o w e s s e n t i a l t h e h o l i n e s s o f t h a t l o v e i s t o o u r r e s p e c t f o r i t a n d o u r f a i t h i n i t s u n c h a n g e - a b l e n e s s ! I f G o d ’ s l o v e w e r e n o t e s s e n t i a l l y h o l y l o v e , i n c o u r s e o f t i m e m a n k i n d w o u l d c e a s e t o r e s p e c t i t , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t o t r u s t i t . We n e e d n o t a f o n d l o v e , b u t a l o v e w e c a n t r u s t , a n d f o r e ve r . W h a t l ove wa n t s i s n o t s i m p l y l o v e i n r e s p o n s e , b u t r e s p e c t a n d c o n - f i d e n c e . I n t h e b r i n g i n g u p o f c h i l d r e n t o - d a y o n e o f t e n w i s h e s t h e y h a d m o r e t r a i n i n g i n r e s p e c t , e v e n i f l e s s i n a f f e c t i o n . G o d ’s h o l y l a w i s H i s ow n h o l y n a t u r e . H i s l o v e i s u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n o f e t e r n a l r e s p e c t . I t i s q u i t e u n c h a n g e a b l e . I t i s j u s t a s m u c h o u t s i d e H i s o p e r a t i o n , s o f a r a s a b r o g a t i o n g o e s , a s w a s t h e l a w o f t h e f a r c o u n t r y t o t h e f a t h e r o f the prodigal.

§

W h a t w a s t h e r e i n t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t w h i c h we n t b e yo n d a m e r e i m p r e s s i ve d e c l a r a t i o n o f a G o d w h o c o u l d n o t h e l p b e i n g g r a c i o u s , bu t f e l l

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o n t h e p r o d i g a l ’ s n e c k w i t h o u t m o r e a d o ? I t w a s s o l i d a r y j u d g m e n t . I a m u r g i n g t h a t t h e d i f f i c u l t y w e h a v e i n a n s w e r i n g t h a t q u e s t i o n i s d u e t o o u r m o d e r n i n d i v i d u a l i s m . I n d i v i d u a l - i s m h a s d o n e i t s wo r k f o r C h r i s t i a n i t y f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , a n d w e a r e n o w s u f f e r i n g f r o m i t s a f t e r - e f f e c t s . We d o n o t r e a l i s e t h a t we a r e e a c h o n e o f u s s a v e d i n a r a c i a l s a l v a t i o n . We a r e e a c h o n e o f u s s a ve d i n t h e s a l v a t i o n o f t h e r a c e , i n a c o l l e c t i v i s t r e d e m p t i o n . W h a t C h r i s t s a v e d w a s t h e w h o l e h u m a n r a c e . W h a t H e b o u g h t , i f we m a y p r ov i s i o n a l l y u s e t h e m e t a - p h o r , w a s t h e C h u r c h , a n d n o t a n y a g g r e g a t e o f i s o l a t e d s o u l s . S o g r e a t i s a s o u l , a n d s o g r e a t i s i t s s i n , t h a t e a c h m a n i s o n l y s ave d by a n a c t w h i c h a t t h e s a m e t i m e s a ve s t h e w h o l e wo r l d . I f yo u r e d u c e o r p o s t p o n e C h r i s t ’s e f f e c t u p o n t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e wo r l d , you a re i n t h e l ong r un p r e p a r i n g t h e w a y f o r a p o o r e s t i m a t e o f t h e h u m a n s o u l . T h e m o r e y o u a b o l i s h t h e s i g - n i f i c a n c e o f C h r i s t ’s r e d e e m i n g d e a t h o n c e f o r a l l , t h e m o r e yo u a r e d o i n g t o l owe r H u m a n i t y m o r a l l y, a n d m a ke i t a l e s s p r e c i o u s t h i n g t h a n t h e c o s m i c w o r l d a r o u n d u s . M y p l e a i s t h a t w i t h n o a t o n e m e n t , n o s o l i d a r y j u d g m e n t o f s i n , yo u r e d u c e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n n o t o n l y t o s e n t i m e n t b u t t o a p i e c e m e a l s e r i e s o f i n d i v i d u a l r e p e n t - a n c e s a n d c o n v e r s i o n s , l e a v i n g i t a p r o b l e m

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w h e t h e r t h e r a c e a s a w h o l e w i l l b e s a v e d a t l a s t . F o r t h e u n i v e r s a l i t y o f C h r i s t i a n i t y ( s o d e a r t o B ro a d C h u r c h ) yo u m u s t h ave t h a t f o r e - g o n e f i n a l i t y w h i c h t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t o f f e r s i n the atonement.

I p o i n t e d o u t t o y o u t h a t i n t h e O l d Te s t a - m e n t , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , w h a t f a c e d G o d wa s n o t t h i s p ro p h e t o r t h a t s a i n t , t h i s k i n g o r t h a t p a r - t i c u l a r j u n c t u r e , b u t I s r a e l . I s a i d t h a t i n t h e s u b s e q u e n t p h a s e s o f J e w i s h r e l i g i o n , i n d e e d , t h a t i d e a h a s i t s d e t a i l f i l l e d i n ; a n d i n t h e l a t e r p s a l m s , i n m a ny o f t h o s e p s a l m s w h i c h we k n ow c o u l d o n l y h ave b e e n w r i t t e n a f t e r t h e c a p t i v i t y, yo u h ave p i o u s i n d i v i d u a l i s m s o m e t i m e s e x p r e s s - i n g i t s e l f ve r y s t r o n g l y. B u t t h e r e t h e t wo wa r - r i n g n o t e s we r e — n ew i n d i v i d u a l i s m a n d o l d c o l - l e c t i v i s m ; a n d b e t we e n t h e s e t h e r e n e ve r c a m e c o m p l e t e r e c o n c i l e m e n t u n t i l C h r i s t c a m e a n d C h r i s t ’s wo r k . W h a t h ave we i n t h a t g r e a t t e x t , Jo h n i i i . 16 ? “ G o d s o l ove d t h e w o r l d ” — t h e wo r l d w a s t h e p r i m e o b j e c t o f G o d ’s l o v e — “ G o d s o l ove d t h e wo r l d , t h a t H e g ave H i s o n l y - b e g o t t e n S o n , t h a t w h o s o e v e r b e l i e ve t h o n H i m s h o u l d n o t p e r i s h , b u t h a ve e t e r n a l l i f e .” L ove i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e d i r e c t e d u p o n t h e wo r l d , b u t d i r e c t e d u p o n t h e wo r l d i n s u c h a way t h a t i t s h o u l d b e t a k e n h o m e i n e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r i e n c e . M a r k t h e t w o w o r d s , “ t h e w o r l d ” a n d “ w h o -

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s o e v e r .” D w e l l u p o n t h e c o n t r a s t . G o d l o v e d n o t t h i s o r t h a t i n d i v i d u a l , o r g r o u p o f i n d i - v i d u a l s , o n l y. “ G o d s o l o v e d t h e w o r l d ” t h a t H e d i d s o m e t h i n g t o i t i n s u c h a way t h a t e ve r y i n d i v i d u a l “ w h o s o eve r ” s h o u l d r e c e i ve t h e b e n e - f i t , a n d r e c e i ve i t i n t h e o n l y way w h i c h m a d e a wo r l d o f s a v e d i n d i v i d u a l s p o s s i b l e . Yo u c a n n e v e r c o m p o u n d a s a v e d w o r l d o u t o f a n y n u m b e r o f s a v e d i n d i v i d u a l s . B u t G o d d i d s o s a v e t h e wo r l d a s t o c a r r y i n d i v i d u a l s a l v a t i o n i n t h e s a m e a c t . T h e S o n o f G o d w a s n o t a n i n d i v i d u a l m e r e l y ; H e wa s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i ve o f t h e who l e r a c e , a nd i t s v i s - à - v i s, on i t s own s c a l e . S o t h a t , i n E p h e s i a n s , t h e C h u r c h , i n r i s i n g t o C h r i s t , h a d t o a c q u i r e t h e f u l l n e s s o f a c o m p l e t e a n d c o l o s s a l m a n . N o i n d i v i d u a l p ro p h e t o f s a l - v a t i o n c o u l d s a v e t h e w o r l d . H e c o u l d n o t b e c a p a b l e o f a p i t y g r e a t e n o u g h , o r a l ove . T h e wo r l d c o u l d o n l y b e s ave d by s o m e b o d y a s l a r g e a s t h e w o r l d , a n d i n d e e d l a r g e r . I f h e c o u l d n o t s a v e t h e w o r l d h e c o u l d m a k e n o e t e r n a l s a l v a t i o n o f a n y i n d i v i d u a l . I t i s u n i v e r s a l , e t e r n a l s a l v a t i o n e v e r y w a y — u n i v e r s a l n o t b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f a l l u n i t s , bu t i n a s o l i d a r y s e n s e . W h a t we a r e t e m p t e d t o t h i n k o f i n o u r c o m m o n ve r s i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i s a m a s s o f p e o p l e , g r e a t o r s m a l l , a m a s s o f i n d i v i d u a l s , e a c h o n e o f w h o m m a k e s h i s ow n t e r m s w i t h G o d a n d g e t s

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d i s c h a r g e o f h i s s i n . I t i s s a l v a t i o n b y p r i v a t e b a r g a i n . I n c o n v e r s i o n e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l m a k e s h i s ow n p e a c e w i t h G o d t h r o u g h J e s u s C h r i s t , s o t h a t t h e wo r k o f G o d b e c o m e s a m e r e c h a n g e o f a t t i t ud e, f e e l i n g , o r t empe r on t h e s i d e o f man after man. That is not the New Testament idea.

Ag a i n , i n s p e ak i ng o f t h e ch ange i n God , Ch r i s t h a s b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d a s e n a b l i n g G o d t o f o r g i ve by e n a b l i n g H i m t o a d j u s t H i s t wo a t t r i b u t e s o f j u s t i c e a n d m e r c y w i t h i n H i m s e l f . S o m e t h e o - l og i a n s o f t h e R e f o r m a t i o n — M e l a n c t h o n f o r o n e — s p o ke o f C h r i s t i n t h a t f a s h i o n . B u t we h a ve e n t i r e l y o u t g r o w n t h a t w a y o f t h i n k i n g a n d t a l k i n g a b o u t i t . I t h a s p r o d u c e d m u c h d i f f i - c u l t y a n d s c e p t i c i s m . W h a t d o e s i t p r o c e e d u p o n ? I t p r o c e e d s u p o n a c e r t a i n d e f i n i t i o n o f a n a t t r i b u t e , a s t h o u g h a n a t t r i b u t e w e r e s o m e t h i n g l o o s e w i t h i n G o d w h i c h H e c o u l d m a n i p u l a t e — a s t h o u g h t h e a t t r i b u t e s o f G o d w e r e n o t G o d H i m s e l f , u n c h a n g e a b l e G o d , i n c e r t a i n r e l a t i o n s . T h e a t t r i b u t e s o f G o d a r e n o t t h i n g s w i t h i n H i m s e l f w h i c h H e c o u l d h a n d l e a n d a d j u s t . A n a t t r i b u t e o f G o d i s G o d H i m s e l f b e h av i n g , w i t h a l l H i s u n i t y, i n a p a r - t i c u l a r w a y i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n . G o d i s a t h i n k i n g G o d , l e t u s s a y. H e h a s t h e a t t r i - b u t e o f t h o u g h t . D o e s t h a t m e a n t h a t t h e a t t r i b u t e o f t h o u g h t c o u l d b e t a k e n a w a y ,

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t h a t G o d c o u l d d i v e s t H i m s e l f o f i t ? N o . T h e t h o u g h t o f G o d i s s i m p l y G o d t h i n k i n g . S o a l s o t h e l o v e o f G o d i s n o t a n a t t r i b u t e o f G o d ; i t i s G o d l o v i n g . T h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d i s n o t a n a t t r i b u t e o f G o d ; i t i s t h e w h o l e G o d H i m s e l f a s h o l y. T h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n t h e B i b l e a b o u t t h e s t r i f e o f a t t r i b u t e s . R a t h e r r e m e m b e r 1   J o h n i . 9 , “ H e i s f a i t h f u l a n d j u s t t o f o r g i v e u s o u r s i n s .” I t i s i n t h e e xe r c i s e o f H i s f a i t h f u l n e s s t o H i m s e l f a n d H i s o b s e r v a n c e o f j u s t i c e t h a t H e s h o u l d f o r g i v e . I t l i e s i n t h e v e r y h o l i n e s s t h a t c o n d e m n s . T h e r e i s a s i m i l a r t e x t i n t h e P s a l m s , “ T h o u a r t m e r c i f u l ; T h o u g i v e s t t o e v e r y m a n a c c o r d i n g t o h i s w o r k .” H e i s t h e f a i t h f u l a n d j u s t t o f o r g i v e . T h e r e n e e d e d n o a d j u s t m e n t o f H i s j u s t i c e w i t h H i s f o r g i ve n e s s . S o a l s o i n I s a i a h , “ A j u s t G o d a n d a S av i o u r .” T h e r e c a n t h e r e f o r e b e n o s t r i f e of attr ibutes.

§

W h a t , t h e n , d o e s i t m e a n w h e n we h e a r a b o u t t h e a n g e r o f G o d b e i n g t u r n e d away ? To b e g i n w i t h , t h e a n g e r o f G o d m e a n s a g r e a t d e a l m o r e t h a n H i s p a s s i o n , H i s t e m p e r , H i s m o d e o f f e e l i n g , m o r e t h a n a n g e r a s a n a f f e c t i o n . T h e a n g e r o f G o d i n t h e B i b l e m e a n s m u c h r a t h e r t h e j u d g m e n t o f G o d i n t h e r e a c t i o n o f H i s m o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l o r d e r . T h e j u d g m e n t o f G o d

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i s p e r f e c t l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h H i s c o n t i nu e d l ove , j u s t a s a f a t h e r ’s p u n i s h m e n t i s p e r f e c t l y c o m - p a t i b l e w i t h h i s l o v e f o r h i s c h i l d r e n . T h e f a t h e r h a s t o d i s c i p l i n e h i s c h i l d r e n . H e i n s t i - t u t e s c e r t a i n l a w s , t h e c h i l d r e n d i s o b e y ; t h e y m u s t b e p u n i s h e d , o r , u s i n g t h e m o r e d i g n i f i e d t e r m , j u d g e d . T h e a n g e r o f G o d : w e s h a l l g e t t h e m o s t m e a n i n g o u t o f i t w h e n we t h i n k o f i t a s t h e j u d g m e n t o f G o d , t h e e x a l t e d , i n f l e x i b l e judgment of God.

§

Ta k i n g a s t e p f u r t h e r , i t i s j u d g m e n t o n t h e w o r l d . I t s e e m s a t f i r s t s i g h t a s t h o u g h i t w e r e m e a n i n g l e s s t o s p e a k a s i f G o d c o u l d b e w r o t h w i t h t h e w o r l d a n d y e t g r a c i o u s a n d l ov i n g t o i n d i v i d u a l s . B u t I m ay b e ve r y a n g r y w i t h a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y, ye t I c h e r i s h r e s p e c t a n d l o v e f o r i n d i v i d u a l s b e l o n g i n g t o t h a t p a r t y. We m u s t b e o n o u r g u a r d a g a i n s t n a r r ow, i n d i - v i d u a l v i ew s , a g a i n s t t r e a t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s a c c o rd - i n g t o t h e i r p u b l i c a n d c o l l e c t i ve c o n d e m n a t i o n . We a r e c r e a t e d , r e d e e m e d , j u d g e d a s m e m b e r s o f a r a c e o r o f a C h u r c h . S a l v a t i o n i s p e r s o n a l , b u t i t i s n o t i n d i v i d u a l . ( T h e r e i s a n o t h e r d i s - t i n c t i o n f o r y o u , i f y o u h a v e c o m e i n o f f t h e s t r e e t . ) I t i s p e r s o n a l i n i t s a p p r o p r i a t i o n b u t c o l l e c t i ve i n i t s n a t u r e . W h a t d i d t h e R e f o r m a - t i o n s t a n d f o r ? N o t f o r r e l i g i o u s i n d i v i d u a l i s m .

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B u t I h e a r s o m e o n e a s k i n g i n t h e b a c k o f h i s m i n d , Wa s n o t t h e R e f o r m a t i o n t h e c h a r t e r o f p r i v a t e j u d g m e n t a n d i n d i v i d u a l i n d e p e n d e n c e ? I t w a s n o t h i n g o f t h e k i n d . I t w a s t h e c h a r t e r o f p e r s o n a l d i r e c t f a i t h a n d i t s f r e e d o m . W h a t t h e R e f o r m a t i o n d i d wa s t o t u r n r e l i g i o n f r o m b e i n g a t h i n g m a i n l y i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n t o a t h i n g m a i n l y p e r s o n a l . T h e r e f o r m e r s we r e a s s t r o n g a s t h e i r o p p o n e n t s a b o u t t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t h e C h u r c h f o r t h e s o u l - t h o u g h a s i t s h o m e , n o t i t s m a s t e r . T h e y w e r e n o t i n d i v i d u a l i s t s . I n d i - v i d u a l i s m i s f a t a l t o f a i t h . I t wa s t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h e r a t i o n a l i s m a n d a t h e i s m o f t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n . T h e R e f o r m a t i o n s t a n d s f o r p e r - s o n a l r e l i g i o n a n d s o c i a l r e l i g i o n a n d n o t f o r religious individualism.

T h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g a s a n a b s o l u t e i n d i - v i d u a l . W h a t i s t h e c h a n g e t h a t t a k e s p l a c e w h e n w e a r e c o n v e r t e d ? O u r c h a n g e i s r e a l l y f ro m o n e m e m b e r s h i p t o a n o t h e r , f ro m m e m b e r - s h i p o f t h e wo r l d t o m e m b e r s h i p o f t h e C h u r c h . When we b e come a membe r o f t h e Chu rch we a re n o t r e a l l y c h a n g e d f ro m i n d i v i d u a l i s m , b u t f ro m m e m b e r s h i p o f t h e w o r l d . I t i s m e m b e r s h i p e i t h e r w a y. T h e g r e a t e s t e g o i s t a n d s e l f - s e e k e r i s a m e m b e r o f t h e wo r l d . H e c o u l d n o t i n d u l g e h i s e g o t i s m i f i t we r e n o t f o r t h e s o c i e t y i n t h e m i d s t o f w h i c h h e l i v e s a n d i n t o w h i c h h e i s

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a r t i c u l a t e d . H e i s a m e m b e r o f t h e wo r l d w h o e x p l o i t s h i s m e m b e r s h i p i n s t e a d o f s e r v i n g w i t h i t . W h e n w e a r e c o n v e r t e d w e a r e n o t c o n - v e r t e d f r o m a s h e e r a n d a b s o l u t e i n d i v i d u a l . T h e r e n e v e r w a s s u c h a p e r s o n . C e r t a i n l y R o b i n s o n C r u s o e w a s n o t . We a r e c o n v e r t e d f r o m m e m b e r s h i p o f t h e w o r l d t o m e m b e r s h i p o f C h r i s t . B e f o r e o u r c o n v e r s i o n a n d a f t e r w e b e l o n g . We a r e n o t a b s o l u t e , s o l i t a r y i n d i - v i d u a l s . We a r e i n a s o c i e t y , a n o r g a n i s m . We a r e m a d e b y t h e p a s t . A n d o u r s e l f i s h , g o d l e s s a c t i o n s a n d i n f l u e n c e g o o u t , r a d i a t e , a f f e c t t h e o r g a n i s m a s t h e y c o u l d n o t d o we r e we a b s o l u t e u n i t s . T h e y s p r e a d f a r b e yo n d o u r m e m o r y o r c o n t r o l . I n t h e s a m e w a y w e a r e a c t e d u p o n b y t h e o t h e r p e o p l e . We a r e m e m - b e r s o n e o f a n o t h e r b o t h f o r e v i l a n d f o r g o o d . W h e n yo u a r e t o l d t h a t ev i l i s o n l y s e l f i s h n e s s i t i s wo r t h w h i l e b e a r i n g t h i s i n m i n d . E ve n a s s e l - f i s h m e n , a s e g o i s t s , we b e l o n g — o n l y t o a p a g a n o r d e r i n s t e a d o f t o C h r i s t . T h e s e l f i s h m a n i s a m e m b e r o f a k i n g d o m o f e v i l . T h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g a s a n a b s o l u t e i n d i v i d u a l . H e n c e , t o s a ve u s , t o r e c o n c i l e u s , i nvo l ve s t h e w h o l e r a c e we b e l o n g t o . B e f o r e G o d t h a t r a c e i s a n o r g a n i c u n i t y. I t i s n o t a m e r e m a s s o f a t o m s j o i n e d t o g e t h e r b y v a r i o u s a r b i t r a r y r e l a t i o n s , s y m - p a t h i e s , a n d a f f i n i t i e s . H e n c e , a s t h e r a c e b e f o r e

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G o d i s o n e , a p e r s o n a l G o d i s a b l e t o d o f o r t h e r a c e s o m e o n e t h i n g w h i c h a t t h e s a m e t i m e i s good for every person in it.

§

B u t n ow, i f t h e r a c e i s a u n i t y, w h e r e d o e s i t s un i t y l i e ? Doe s i t l i e i n ou r e l emen t a r y a f f e c t i on s f o r e a c h o t h e r , i n t h e p a l p a b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f n a t u r a l l i f e w i t h o u r p a r e n t s , b r o t h e r s , l o v e r s , a n d f r i e n d s ? O r i s t h e u n i t y o f t h e r a c e s i m p l y i t s c a p a c i t y f o r b e i n g o r g a n i s e d b y s k i l f u l e n g i n e e r s ? I s t h e u n i t y o f t h e r a c e l i k e t h e u n i t y o f m a c h i n e s ? N o . T h e u n i t y o f t h e r a c e i s a m o r a l u n i t y. T h e r e f o r e i t i s a u n i t y o f c o n s c i e n c e . I f y o u w a n t t o f i n d t h e t r u n k o u t o f w h i c h a l l t h e l o v e s a n d p r a c t i c e s o f h u m a n i t y p r o c e e d , y o u m u s t g o t o c o n s c i e n c e a t t h e c e n t r e . T h a t i s w h e r e t h e u n i t y o f H u m a n i t y l i e s . I t i s i n t h e c o n s c i e n c e , w h e r e m a n i s m e m b e r o f a v a s t m o r a l w o r l d . I t i s t h e o n e c h a n g e l e s s o r d e r o f t h e m o r a l w o r l d , e m e r g i n g i n c o n s c i e n c e , t h a t m a k e s m a n u n i - v e r s a l . W h a t h a v e y o u t o p r e a c h i f y o u h a v e n o g o s p e l t h a t g o e s t o t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f h u m a n c o n s c i e n c e ? W h a t g r o u n d h a ve yo u f o r a s o c i a l r e l i g i o n ? T h e m o s t u n i v e r s a l G o d i s o n e t h a t g o e s t h e r e , n o t t o t h e h e a r t i n t h e s e n s e o f a f f e c t i o n s , b u t t o t h e c o n s c i e n c e . T h e g r e a t

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m o t i v e f o r m i s s i o n s o f e v e r y h i g h k i n d i s n o t s e n t i m e n t , b u t s a l v a t i o n . I t i s d a n g e r o u s t o t a k e y o u r t h e o l o g y f r o m p o e t s a n d l i t e r a r y p e o p l e . Yo u q u o t e , “ O n e t o u c h o f n a t u r e m a ke s t h e w h o l e wo r l d k i n .” We l l , i f yo u a r e g o i n g t o bu i l d a r e l i g i on on t h a t , i t w i l l h ave a ve r y s h o r t l i f e . I n t h e l o n g r u n n a t u r e m e a n s a n a r c h y w h e n t a k e n b y a n d f o r i t s e l f . B u t i t w a s n e ve r m e a n t t o b e t a k e n b y i t s e l f . I t w a s m e a n t t o g o i n a l l e t e r n a l c o n t e x t w i t h s u p e r - n a t u r e . I t i s n o t t h e t o u c h o f n a t u r e t h a t m a k e s u s k i n e n o u g h f o r r e l i g i o n , f o r e t e r n i t y, bu t t h e t o u c h , a n d m o r e t h a n a t o u c h , o f t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l - n o t n a t u r e , b u t g r a c e . W h a t m a k e s t h e w o r l d G o d ’s w o r l d i s t h e a c t i o n a n d u n i t y o f G o d ’s moral order of which our conscience speaks.

N ow, i f t h a t o r d e r b e b r o k e n , h ow c a n i t b e h e a l e d ? I f I s l i t t h e c a n v a s o f t h i s t e n t i t c a n b e p a t c h e d . I m a k e a f i s s u r e , b u t i t i s n o t i r - r emed i a b l e . I s imp l y g e t s ome one t o s t i t c h i t up. A t t h e wo r s t I c a n h ave a n ew w i d t h p u t i n . B u t i f t h e mo r a l o rd e r, a nd i t s un ive r s a l s o l i d a r i t y, i t s h o l i n e s s , i s b r o k e n , h o w c a n t h a t b e h e a l e d ? T h a t c a n n o t b e p a t c h e d u p . I t i s n o t m e r e l y a r e n t i n a t i s s u e , a g a p i n a p r o c e s s , w h i c h t h e s a m e p r o c e s s g o e s o n t o h e a l i n t o a s c a r . T h e m o r a l l aw d i f f e r s f r o m a l l n a t u r a l l aw i n h av i n g i n i t a d e m a n d , a c l a i m , a n “ o u g h t ” o f a

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u n ive r s a l k i n d . I t i s a l l o f o n e p i e c e . We u s e t h e w o r d “ l a w ” i n a l o o s e k i n d o f w a y. We a p p l y t h e s a m e wo r d t o g r a v i t a t i o n a n d t o t h e m o r a l l aw o f r e t r i b u t i o n . I t i s t h a t a m b i g u i t y o f t e r m s w h i c h l e a d s u s a s t r a y. T h e m o r a l l a w d i f f e r s f ro m eve r y o t h e r l aw i n h av i n g a d e m a n d , a n d a u n i v e r s a l d e m a n d , a c l a i m u p o n u s f o r e v e r . A n d t h a t h a s t o b e m a d e g o o d a s w e l l a s t h e r e n t s a n d b r u i s e s i n u s f r o m o u r ow n c o l l i s i o n w i t h i t . I t i s n o t a g a p t h a t h a s t o b e m a d e g o o d a n d s o u n d . I t i s a c l a i m , b e c a u s e we a r e h e r e i n a m o r a l a n d n o t a n a t u r a l wo r l d . I t i s o n e t h i n g t o m a ke g o o d a g a p a n d a n o t h e r t h i n g t o m a ke g o o d a c l a i m . T h e c l a i m m u s t b e m e t . I t w i l l n o t d o s i m p l y t o d r aw t h e e d g e s t og e t h e r b y m e r e a m e n d m e n t , t o h ave G o d h e r e a n d m a n t h e r e , a n d g r a d u a l l y b r i n g t h e m t o g e t h e r t i l l t h e y u n i t e . I t i s t w o m o r a l p e r s o n s w i t h m o r a l p a s s i o n s we h a ve t o d o w i t h . I t i s m o r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t i s i n q u e s t i o n , c o m m u n i o n , t r u s t f u l m u t u a l i t y, i s t h e o b j e c t o f t h e d i v i n e r e q u i r e m e n t . I t i s a c a s e o f m o r a l , h o l y r e c o n - c i l e m e n t . I t i s t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f G o d ’ s h o l y p e r s o n a l i t y w h e n e v e r G o d m a k e s H i s c l a i m . I t i s H i m s e l f i n h o l y, c h a n g e l e s s p e r s o n a l i t y t h a t s a y s , “ T h o u s h a l t .” T h e n t h e c l a i m c a n o n l y b e h o n o u r e d b y p e r s o n a l i t y o f a c k n o w - l e d g m e n t . B u t w h a t d o e s t h a t m e a n ? S o m e

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c o n f e s s i o n , s o m e c o m p u n c t i o n — “ I h ave s i n n e d ? ” T h a t i s a p o o r a c k n ow l e d g m e n t o f G o d ’s h o l i - n e s s . I t wa s n e i t h e r i n wo r d n o r i n f e e l i n g t h a t we wo u n d e d t h a t , b u t i n l i f e a n d d e e d . I t m u s t b e a c k n o w l e d g e d i n l i k e f a s h i o n — p r a c t i c a l l y. T h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d i s t h e s u m o f a l l H i s a c t i o n a n d r e l a t i o n t o t h e wo r l d ; a n d t h e a c k n ow l e d g - m e n t o f i t m u s t b e m a d e i n l i k e a c t i o n . D o we a c k n ow l e d g e t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d ’s i n f i n i t e l a w s i m p l y w h e n i t s p e n a l t y w r i n g s f r o m p o o r u s a c o n f e s s i o n o f s i n ? We a c k n o w l e d g e n a t u r a l l a w i n s p i t e o f o u r s e l v e s w h e n w e s u f f e r i t s p e n a l t y a m i d o u r r e b e l l i o n . B u t t h e a c k n o w - l e d g m e n t o f m o r a l , o f h o l y l a w i s s o m e t h i n g d i f f e r e n t . I t m u s t b e a c t i v e l y a c k n o w l e d g e d - a c k n ow l e d g e d n o t i n s p i t e o f o u r s e l v e s b u t b y o u r s e l v e s , w i t h o u r w h o l e h e a r t ; a n d i t c a n n o t b e a c k n ow l e d g e d s i m p l y b y i n d i v i d u a l , o r , i n - d e e d , a n y s u f f e r i n g . F o r d i v i n e j u d g m e n t i t m u s t b e a c k n o w l e d g e d i n k i n d a n d s c a l e , a n d m e t b y a l i k e h o l i n e s s . M e r e s u f f e r i n g i s n o a c k n o w l e d g m e n t r e a l l y ; i t i s a p u r e s e q u e l ; i t i s n o t a c o n f e s s i o n o f t h e m o r a l l a w a n d i t s r i g h t e o u s n e s s , o n l y o f i t s p owe r . M e r e s u f f e r i n g i s n o c o n f e s s i o n o f t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d . G o d , t r u l y, m i g h t a n d d o e s a s s e r t H i s p o w e r u p o n o u r d e f i a n c e b y m a k i n g u s s u f f e r . B u t d o y o u t h i n k a n y h o l i n e s s , a n y l o v i n g h o l i n e s s , c o u l d

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b e s a t i s f i e d w i t h m a k i n g t h e o f f e n d e r s u f f e r ? T h e r e i s o n l y o n e t h i n g t h a t c a n s a t i s f y t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d , a n d t h a t i s h o l i n e s s - a d e q u a t e h o l i n e s s . To j u d g e i s t o s e c u r e t h a t a t c o s t o f a n y p a i n b o t h t o t h e j u d g e a n d t h e c u l p r i t . B u t t h e p a i n i s n o t t h e e n d . N o t h i n g , n o p e n a l t y, n o p a s s i o n a t e r e m o r s e , n o v e r b a l a c k n o w l e d g - m e n t , n o r i t u a l , c a n s a t i s f y t h e c l a i m o f h o l y l aw — n o t h i n g b u t h o l i n e s s , a c t u a l h o l i n e s s , a n d h o l i n e s s u p o n t h e s a m e s c a l e a s t h e o n e h o l y l aw w h i c h wa s b r o k e n . T h e c o n f e s s i o n m u s t b e a d e q u a t e . F i x t h a t w o r d i n y o u r m i n d . A l l yo u r r e p e n t a n c e , a n d a l l t h e wo r l d ’s r e p e n t a n c e , wo u l d n o t b e a d e q u a t e t o s a t i s f y i n g , e s t a b l i s h - i n g t h e b r o k e n l a w o f h o l y G o d . C o n f e s s i o n m u s t b e a d e q u a t e — a s C h r i s t ’s w a s . We d o n o t n o w s p e a k o f C h r i s t ’ s s u f f e r i n g s a s b e i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f w h a t w e d e s e r v e d , b u t w e s p e a k o f H i s c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , h i s a c c e p t - a n c e o f G o d ’s j u d g m e n t , b e i n g a d e q u a t e i n a w a y t h a t s i n f o r b a d e a n y a c k n o w l e d g m e n t f r o m u s t o b e . F o r t h e o n l y a d e q u a t e c o n - f e s s i o n o f a h o l y G o d i s p e r f e c t l y h o l y m a n . Wo u n d e d h o l i n e s s c a n o n l y b e m e t b y a p e r s o n a l h o l i n e s s u p o n t h e s c a l e o f t h e r a c e , u p o n t h e u n i ve r s a l s c a l e o f t h e s i n f u l r a c e , a n d u p o n t h e e t e r n a l s c a l e o f t h e h o l y G o d w h o wa s w o u n d e d . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t t h e e t e r n a l

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v a l i d i t y o f t h e h o l y l a w s h o u l d b e d e c l a r e d a s s o m e p r o p h e t m i g h t a r i s e a n d d e c l a r e i t , w i t h p o w e r t o m a k e t h e w o r l d a d m i r e , a s t h e g r e a t a n d s u b l i m e K a n t d i d . I t m u s t t a k e e f f e c t . P r o p h e t s h a v e a r i s e n w h o h a v e p r o d u c e d t r e m e n d o u s e f f e c t b y i n s i s t i n g u p o n t h e m o r a l u l t i m a c y i n l i f e a n d t h i n g s . T h e g r e a t e s t p r o p h e t s o f t h e l a s t c e n t u r y, l i k e G e o r g e E l i o t , C a r l y l e , R u s k i n , a n d M a u r i c e a m o n g o u r s e l v e s h a d t h a t a s a c h i e f n o t e . B u t i t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t t h e e t e r n a l v a l i d i t y a n d i n f l e x i - b i l i t y o f e t e r n a l l a w s h o u l d b e p o w e r f u l l y , s e a r c h i n g l y d e c l a r e d . I t m u s t t a k e e f f e c t . I t s b r e a c h m u s t b e c l o s e d u p n o t m e r e l y b y r e c o g - n i t i o n , b u t b y j u d g m e n t . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t t h e w h o l e h u m a n r a c e s h o u l d c o m e c o n f e s s i n g , “ We h a v e o f f e n d e d a g a i n s t T h y h o l y l a w.” T h a t wo u l d r e c o g n i s e t h e h o l y l aw a n d c o n f e s s i t s p l a c e , b u t i t w o u l d n o t g i v e i t i t s o w n , i t wo u l d n o t b r i n g t o p a s s t h a t w h i c h i s e s s e n t i a l t o h o l i n e s s , n a m e l y, j u d g m e n t . I t w o u l d n o t a c t u a l l y e s t a b l i s h h o l i n e s s i n a k i n g d o m , i n c o m m a n d o f h i s t o r y. Yo u c a n n o t s e p a r a t e t h e i d e a o f h o l i n e s s a n d i t s k i n g d o m f r o m t h e i d e a o f j u d g m e n t . I n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t t h e f i n a l c o m i n g o f t h e G r e a t S a l v a t i o n w a s a l w a y s c o n - n e c t e d w i t h a g r e a t j u d g m e n t , w h i c h w a s t h e r e f o r e n o t a t e r r o r , a s w e v i e w i t , b u t t h e

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g r a n d e s t h o p e . I f t h e e s s e n c e o f G o d i s t h a t H e s h o u l d b e h o l y, i t i s e q u a l l y e s s e n t i a l t h a t H e s h o u l d j u d g e . I f H e s e t s u p a c t u a l h o l i n e s s i t m u s t b e b y a c t u a l a d j u s t m e n t o f e v e r y t h i n g t o i t . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t h a t w e s h o u l d s a y, “ T h o u a r t o u r J u d g e , we s u b m i t a n d a r e w i l l - i n g t o t a k e t h e p e n a l t y. T h e w a g e s o f s i n i s d e a t h .” A l l t h a t i s b e s t a n d g r e a t e s t i n h u m a n l i f e t u r n s u p o n s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h a t . T h e r e i s a p h r a s e w h i c h I n eve r t i r e o f q u o t i n g , a n d i t i s t h i s : “ T h e d i g n i t y o f m a n i s b e t t e r a s s u r e d i f h e w e r e b r o k e n u p o n t h e m a i n - t e n a n c e o f t h a t h o l i n e s s o f G o d t h a n i f i t we r e p u t a s i d e j u s t t o g i v e h i m a n e x i s t e n c e .” T h e d i g n i t y, t h e v e r y d i g n i t y o f m a n h i m s e l f i s b e t t e r a s s u r e d i f h e w e r e b r o k e n u p o n t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h a t h o l i n e s s o f G o d t h a n i f i t w e r e p u t a s i d e a r b i t r a r i l y, j u s t t o l e t h i m o f f w i t h h i s l i f e . T h i s h o l y o r d e r i s a s e s s e n t i a l t o m a n ’s g r e a t n e s s a s i t i s t o G o d ’s ; a n d t h a t i s w hy t h e h o l y s a t i s f a c t i o n C h r i s t m a d e t o G o d ’s h o l i n e s s i s i n t h e s a m e a c t t h e g l o r i f i e r o f t h e n e w h u m a n i t y. A n y r e l i g i o n w h i c h l e a v e s o u t o f s u p r e m e c o u n t t h e j u d g i n g h o l i n e s s o f G o d i s m a k i n g a g r e a t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f m a n . We n e e d a r e l i g i o n w h i c h d e c i d e s t h e e t e r n a l d e s t i n y o f m a n ; a n d u n l e s s h o l i n e s s we r e p r a c t i c a l l y a n d a d e q u a t e l y e s t a b -

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l i s h e d — n o t m e r e l y r e c o g n i s e d a n d e u l o g i s e d , b u t e s t a b l i s h e d — t h e r e c o u l d b e n o r e a l , d e e p , p e r m a n e n t c h a n g e i n t h e w o r l d o r t h e s i n n e r . T h e c h a n g e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f u s b y e t e r n a l g r a c e m u s t r e s t o n j u d g m e n t t a k i n g e f f e c t . M a n i s n o t f o r g i v e n s i m p l y b y f o r g e t t i n g a n d m e n d i n g , b y a g r e e i n g t h a t n o m o r e i s t o b e s a i d a b o u t i t . To m a k e l i t t l e o f s i n i s t o b e l i t t l e t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d ; a n d f r o m a r e - d u c e d h o l i n e s s n o s a l v a t i o n c o u l d c o m e , n o r could human dignity remain.

§

H e r e , p e r h a p s , y o u w a n t t o a s k m e w h a t I m e a n e x a c t l y b y s a y i n g t h a t t h e j u d g m e n t - d e a t h o f C h r i s t s e t u p a r e a l a n d a c t u a l k i n g d o m o f h o l i n e s s . I t i s a p o i n t w h i c h i t i s e a s i e r f o r f a i t h t o r e a l i s e t h a n f o r t h e o l o g y t o e x p l a i n . B u t t h e a n s we r wo u l d l i e a l o n g t h i s l i n e : W h a t C h r i s t p r e s e n t e d t o G o d f o r H i s c o m p l e t e j o y a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n wa s a p e r f e c t r a c i a l o b e d i e n c e . I t w a s n o t t h e p e r f e c t o b e d i e n c e o f a s a i n t l y u n i t o f t h e r a c e . I t wa s a r a c i a l h o l i n e s s . G o d ’s h o l i n e s s f o u n d i t s e l f a g a i n i n t h e h u m b l e d h o l i - n e s s o f C h r i s t ’s “ p u b l i c p e r s o n .” H e p r e s e n t e d b e f o r e G o d a r a c e H e c r e a t e d f o r h o l i n e s s . R e - m e m b e r t h a t t h e v e r y n a t u r e o f o u r f a i t h i n C h r i s t i s u n i o n w i t h H i m . T h e k i n g d o m i s s e t

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u p by Ch r i s t i a n s b e i n g un i t e d w i t h t h e wo rk , t h e v i c t o r y, t h e o b e d i e n c e , t h e h o l i n e s s o f t h e K i n g . C h r i s t , i n H i s v i c t o r i o u s d e a t h a n d r i s e n l i f e , h a s p o w e r t o u n i t e t h e r a c e t o H i m s e l f , a n d t o w o r k H i s c o m p l e t e h o l i n e s s i n t o i t s a c t u a l e x p e r i e n c e a n d h i s t o r y . H e h a s p o w e r , b y u n i t i n g u s w i t h H i m i n H i s S p i r i t , t o r e d u c e T i m e t o a c k n o w l e d g e i n a c t a n d f a c t H i s c o n c l u s i v e v i c t o r y o f E t e r n i t y . W h e n y o u t h i n k o f w h a t H e d i d f o r t h e r a c e a n d i t s h i s t o r y, y o u m u s t o n n o a c c o u n t d o w h a t t h e C h u r c h a n d i t s t h e o l o g y h a s t o o o f t e n d o n e - yo u m u s t n o t o m i t o u r l i v i n g u n i o n w i t h H i m . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t o b e l i e v e t h a t H e g a i n e d a v i c t o r y a t a h i s t o r i c p o i n t . C h r i s t i s t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n o f h i s t o r y. Yo u m u s t g o o n t o t h i n k o f H i s s u m m a r y r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a s b e i n g wo r k e d o u t t o c ov e r t h e w h o l e o f h i s t o r y a n d e n t e r e a c h s o u l b y t h e S p i r i t . Yo u m u s t t h i n k o f t h e C r o s s a s s e t t i n g u p a n e w c ove n a n t a n d a n e w H u m a n i t y, i n w h i c h C h r i s t d we l l s a s t h e n e w r i g h t e o u s n e s s o f G o d . “ C h r i s t f o r u s ” i s on l y i n t e l l i g i b l e a s “Ch r i s t i n u s ” and we i n H im . B y u n i t i n g u s t o H i m s e l f a n d H i s r e s u r r e c t i o n i n H i s S p i r i t H e b e c o m e s t h e e t e r n a l g u a r a n t e e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l c o n s u m m a t i o n o f a l l t h i n g s some great day. I return to this later.

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§

S o m e t i m e s , w h e n I h a v e b e e n t a l k i n g a b o u t t h i s c l a i m o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , a c r i t i c h a s s a i d : “ Yo u a r e t r e a t i n g t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d a s t h o u g h i t w e r e a p o w e r o u t s i d e G o d , t y i n g H i s h a n d s .” N o t h i n g o f t h e k i n d . W h a t i s m e a n t b y t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d i s t h e h o l y G o d . We t a l k n o n s e n s e i n a l i k e w a y a b o u t t h e d e c r e e s o f G o d . We s a y t h e y s t a n d f o r t h e w r e t c h e d s u r v i v a l o f a n o u t w o r n C a l - v i n i s m , a s t h o u g h t h e y w e r e t h i n g s t h a t G o d c o u l d h a n d l e . D o y o u t h i n k t h a t m i g h t y m e n s u c h a s t h e g r e a t R e f o r m e r s w e r e w o u l d h a v e b e e n l e d i n t o s a y i n g t h e t h i n g s t h e y d i d a b o u t G o d i f t h e y t h o u g h t t h e d e c r e e s w e r e s i m p l y t h i n g s G o d c o u l d h a n d l e , o r t h i n g s l i ke a d o o m , o n G o d ? T h e d e c r e e s o f G o d we r e t o t h e m G o d d e c r e e i n g . T h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d wa s G o d a s h o l y. W h e n t h a t h o l i n e s s i s wo u n d e d o r d e f i e d , c o u l d G o d b e c o n t e n t t o t a k e u s b a c k w i t h a m e r e c e n s u r e o r o t h e r p e n a n c e a n d t h e d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t H e wa s h o l y ? We c o u l d n o t r e s p e c t a G o d l i k e t h a t . S e r v a n t s d e s p i s e i n d u l g e n t m a s t e r s . S i n n e r s wo u l d d e s p i s e a G o d w h o wo u l d t a ke u s b a c k w h e n w e w e p t , a n d s p e a k t h u s : “ L e t u s s a y n o m o r e a b o u t i t . Yo u d i d ve r y w ro n g , a n d yo u h ave s u f f e r e d f o r i t , a n d I ; bu t l e t u s f o r g e t i t n o w y o u h a v e c o m e b a c k .” We s h o u l d n o t

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r e s p e c t t h a t . We s h o u l d g o o n , a s s e r va n t s d o i n t h e c a s e I h a v e n a m e d , t o t a k e m o r e l i b e r t i e s s t i l l . H e wo u l d b e a G o d w h o o n l y t a l k e d H i s h o l i n e s s a n d d i d n o t p u t i t i n t o f o r c e . N ow, i f o u r r e p e n t a n c e w e r e o u r a t o n e m e n t , a n d t h e C r o s s w e r e s i m p l y a n o b j e c t - l e s s o n t o u s o f G o d ’s p a t i e n t a n d t e n d e r m e r c y t o p e n i t e n c e , H e wo u l d b e t a l k i n g , I s a i d , a n d n o t a c t i n g . H e wo u l d m e n t i o n t h e g r a v i t y o f o u r s i n v e r y i m - p r e s s i v e l y, b u t t h a t w o u l d n o t b e e s t a b l i s h i n g g o o d n e s s a c t u a l l y i n t h e h i s t o r y a n d e x p e r i e n c e o f m a n . T h e s i n n e r ’s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n t o a G o d o f h o l y l o v e c o u l d n o t t a k e p l a c e i f g u i l t w e r e n o t d e s t r o y e d , i f j u d g m e n t d i d n o t t a k e p l a c e o n d u e s c a l e , i f t h e w r a t h o f G o d d i d n o t s o m e h o w t a k e r e a l e f f e c t . Yo u s a y, p e r - h a p s , i t d i d t a k e e f f e c t i n t h e u n s e e n w o r l d o f s p i r i t s . B u t t h e m o r a l wo r l d i s n o t a wo r l d o f g h o s t l y s p i r i t s . I t i s t h e u n s e e n s i d e o f t h e w o r l d o f h i s t o r y a n d o f e x p e r i e n c e , i t i s i t s i n n e r r e a l i t y a n d c e n t r e . T h e v i n d i c a t i o n , t h e j u d g m e n t , m u s t t a k e p l a c e w i t h i n h u m a n h i s - t o r y a n d e x p e r i e n c e . I t m u s t t a k e p l a c e i n t h e t e r m s o f h u m a n h i s t o r y, b y h u m a n a c t i o n , i n a p l a c e, a t s ome po in t , on a due s c a l e and w i th ade - q u a t e d e p t h . T h a t w a s w h a t t o o k p l a c e i n t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t . T h e i d e a o f j u d g m e n t i s n o t c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t t h e i d e a o f a c r i s i s , a d a y o f

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j u d g m e n t . N o w t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t w a s t h e wo r l d ’s g r e a t d a y o f j u d g m e n t , t h e c r i s i s o f a l l c r i s e s f o r h i s t o r y. T h e h o l y l ove o f G o d ye a r n - i n g o v e r s o u l s c o u l d n o t d e a l w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s i n n e r s , t h e r e wa s a c l o u d b e t we e n G o d a n d t h e r a c e , t i l l t h e h o l i n e s s w a s ow n e d a n d p e r f e c t l y p r a i s e d b y i t s r a c i a l c o n f e s s i o n , u n t i l h o l i n e s s w a s c o n f e s s e d m u c h m o r e t h a n s i n , u n t i l o n m a n ’ s s i d e t h e r e w a s n o t o n l y c o n f e s s i o n o f s i n b u t c o n f e s s i o n o f h o l i n e s s f r o m s i n ’s s i d e a m i d t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f a j u d g m e n t o n t h e s c a l e o f t h e r a c e , u n t i l t h e c o n f e s s i n g r a c e w a s t h u s p u t i n r i g h t r e l a t i o n t o G o d ’s h o l i - n e s s . T h e n j u d g m e n t h a d d o n e i t s p e r f e c t w o r k . T h e r a c e ’s s i n w a s c o v e r e d a n d a t o n e d b y i t , i . e . , by t h e G o d w h o b o r e i t . I n d i v i d u a l s c o u l d n o t b e r e c o n c i l e d t o a h o l y G o d u n t i l H e t h u s r e c o n c i l e d t h e wo r l d . N o t u n t i l s i n h a d b e e n b r o u g h t t o d o i t s v e r y wo r s t , a n d h a d i n t h a t c u l m i n a t i n g a c t b e e n f o i l e d , j u d g e d , a n d ove r c o m e ; n o t t i l l t h e n c o u l d i n d i v i d u a l s r e c e i ve t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . T h a t wa s t h e u n i t a r y r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n t h ey m u s t r e c e i ve i n d e t a i l . G o d t h e r e , i n a r a c i a l h o l i n e s s a m i d r a c i a l c u r s e , s e t s u p a r a c i a l s a l v a t i o n , w h i c h o u r s o u l s e n t e r u p o n b y f a i t h . I t i s b y H i m s e l f i n H i s c h a n g e - l e s s l ove a n d p i t y t h a t i t i s s e t u p. I t i s n o t t h e Son ’s s u f f e r i n g a nd d e a t h , bu t H i s ho l y ob ed i en c e

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t o b o t h t h a t i s t h e s a t i s f y i n g t h i n g t o G o d , t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d t h e S o n . I n a s e n s e , a g r e a t s o l e m n s e n s e , i t i s a n e xe r c i s e o f G o d ’s a b s o l u t e s e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n , e x h i b i t e d a f t e r a l o n g h i s t o r i c p r o c e s s , a m i d s t t h e d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n o f a wo r l d ’s r u i n . “ I n H i s l ove a n d i n H i s p i t y H e r e d e e m e d t h e m .” H e s e t u p r e c o n c i l i a t i o n b y a n a c t o f j u d g m e n t o n H i s S o n , c u t t i n g o f f H i s ow n r i g h t h a n d t h a t w e m i g h t e n t e r i n t o t h e K i n g d o m o f h e a v e n : “ I n H i s l o v e a n d i n H i s p i t y H e r e d e e m e d t h e m ; a n d H e b a r e t h e m , a n d c a r r i e d t h e m a l l t h e d a y s o f o l d .” T h e r e d e m p t i o n w a s a t h i n g t h a t w a s c o m i n g t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e o f I s r a e l ’s h i s t o r y, a n d i n a r e m o t e r s e n s e t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e h i s t o r y o f t h e wo r l d . T h e c h a n g e l e s s h o l i n e s s m u s t a s s e r t i t s e l f i n s u c h j u d g m e n t a s s u r e l y a s i n t h e k i n g d o m . Yo u a l l b e l i e v e t h a t t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d m u s t a s s e r t i t s e l f i n t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d . B u t h ow c a n t h e r e b e a f i n a l k i n g d o m w i t h o u t f i n a l j u d g m e n t ? I s n o t a l l j u d g m e n t i n t h e n a m e o f t h e k i n g , e ve n i n o u r h u m a n s o c i e t y ? A r e n o t k i n g a n d j u d g e i n - s e p a r a b l e , a s i n s e p a r a b l e a s k i n g a n d f a t h e r ? We s a y t o - d a y t h a t k i n g a n d f a t h e r a r e i n - s e p a r a b l e . B u t k i n g a n d j u d g e a r e e q u a l l y i n s e p a r a b l e , e s p e c i a l l y i f yo u t a ke t h e g r e a t O l d Te s t a m e n t i d e a . C h r i s t s u b m i t t e d w i t h a l l H i s h e a r t t o G o d ’s h o l y f i n a l j u d g m e n t o n t h e r a c e .

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H e d i d n o t v i e w i t a s a n u n f o r t u n a t e i n c i d e n t i n H i s l i f e . H e d i d n o t t r e a t i t a s t h o u g h i t h a p p e n e d t o d r o p u p o n H i m . B u t H e t r e a t e d i t a s t h e g r a n d w i l l o f G o d , a s t h e e f f e c t u a t i o n i n h i s t o r y o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , w h i c h h o l i n e s s m u s t h a v e c o m p l e t e r e s p o n s e a n d p r a c t i c a l c o n f e s s i o n b o t h o n i t s n e g a t i v e s i d e o f j u d g - m e n t a n d i t s p o s i t i ve s i d e o f o b e d i e n c e . C h r i s t ’s d e a t h w a s a t o n i n g n o t s i m p l y b e c a u s e i t w a s s a c r i f i c e e v e n u n t o d e a t h , b u t b e c a u s e i t w a s s a c r i f i c e u n t o h o l y a n d r a d i c a l j u d g m e n t . T h e r e i s s o m e t h i n g m u c h m o r e t h a n b e i n g o b e d i e n t u n t o d e a t h . P l e n t y o f m e n c a n b e o b e d i e n t u n t o d e a t h ; b u t t h e c o r e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i s C h r i s t ’s b e i n g o b e d i e n t u n t o j u d g m e n t , a n d u n t o t h e f i n a l j u d g m e n t o f h o l i n e s s . I t i s b e i n g o b e d i e n t t o a k i n d o f d e a t h p r e s c r i b e d by G o d , i n d i s p e n - s a b l e t o t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d ’s l ove , n e c e s s i t a t e d i n s u ch a wo r l d by t h e l a s t mo r a l c o n d i t i o n s , a n d not simply inflicted by the wickedness of men.

G e t r i d o f t h e i d e a t h a t j u d g m e n t i s c h i e f l y r e t r i b u t i o n , a n d d i r e c t l y i n f l i c t i o n . R e a l i s e t h a t i t i s , p o s i t i ve l y, t h e e s t a b l i s h i n g a n d t h e s e c u r i n g o f e t e r n a l r i g h t e o u s n e s s a n d h o l i n e s s . V i e w p u n i s h m e n t a s a n i n d i r e c t a n d c o l l a t e r a l n e c e s - s i t y, l i k e t h e s u r g i c a l p a i n s t h a t m a ke r o o m f o r n a t u r e ’ s c u r i n g p o w e r . Yo u w i l l t h e n f i n d n o t h i n g m o r a l l y r e p u l s i v e i n t h e i d e a o f j u d g -

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m e n t e f f e c t e d i n a n d o n C h r i s t , a n y m o r e t h a n i n t h e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e k i n g d o m w a s s e t u p in Him.

§

To c o n c l u d e , t h e n , G o d c o u l d o n l y j u s t i f y m a n b e f o r e H i m b y j u s t i f y i n g H i m s e l f a n d H i s h o l y l a w b e f o r e m e n . I f H e h a d n o t v i n d i c a t e d H i s h o l i n e s s t o t h e u t t e r m o s t i n t h a t w a y o f j u d g - m e n t , i t w o u l d n o t b e a k i n d o f h o l i n e s s t h a t m e n c o u l d t r u s t . T h u s a f a i t h w h i c h c o u l d j u s t i f y m a n , w h i c h c o u l d m a ke a f o u n d a t i o n f o r a n e w h u m a n i t y, c o u l d n o t e x i s t . We c a n o n l y b e e t e r n a l l y j u s t i f i e d b y f a i t h i n a G o d w h o j u s t i f i e s H i m s e l f a s s o h o l y t h a t H e m u s t s e t u p H i s h o l i n e s s i n h u m a n h i s t o r y a t a n y p r i c e , e v e n a t t h e p r i c e o f H i s o w n b e l o v e d a n d eternal Son.

I c l o s e , t h e n , u p o n t h a t u n c h a n g e a b l e wo rd o f G o d ’s s e l f - j u s t i f y i n g h o l i n e s s . E v e n t h e s i n n e r c ou l d no t t r u s t a l ove t h a t c ou l d no t j u s t i f y i t s e l f a s h o l y. I t i s t h e h o l i n e s s i n G o d ’s l ove , I u r g e , t h a t a l o n e e n a b l e s u s t o t r u s t H i m . W i t h o u t t h a t w e s h o u l d o n l y l o v e H i m , a n d t h e l o v e wo u l d f l u c t u a t e . F o r we c o u l d n o t b e p e r f e c t l y s u r e t h a t H i s w o u l d n o t . I t i s t h e h o l i n e s s i n G o d ’s l ove t h a t i s t h e e t e r n a l , s t a b l e , u n c h a n g e - a b l e e l e m e n t i n i t — t h e h o l i n e s s s e c u r e d f o r h i s t o r y a n d i t s d e s t i n y i n t h e C r o s s . I t i s o n l y

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t h e u n c h a n g e a b l e t h a t w e c o u l d t r u s t ; a n d t h e r e a l o n e w e f i n d i t . I f w e o n l y l o v e d t h e l ove o f G o d , we s h o u l d h ave n o s t a b l e , e t e r n a l , u n i v e r s a l r e l i g i o n . B u t w e l o v e t h e h o l y l o v e H e e s t a b l i s h e d i n C h r i s t , a n d t h e r e f o r e w e are safe with an everlasting salvation.

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THE CROSS THE GREAT CONFESSIONAL

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V

THE CROSS THE GREAT CONFESSIONAL

IN t h e d a y s o f o u r f a t h e r s C h r i s t i a n b e l i e f w a s m o r e s o l i d w i t h i n t h e C h u r c h t h a n i t

i s n o w ; a n d t h e d e f e n d i n g a n d e x p o u n d i n g o f C h r i s t i a n i t y, m o r e e s p e c i a l l y t h e d e f e n d i n g o f i t , h a d t o c o n c e r n i t s e l f w i t h o u t s i d e r s — o u t s i d e t h e C h u r c h , a n d o u t s i d e C h r i s t i a n i t y ve r y o f t e n . To - d a y o u r d i f f i c u l t i e s h a v e c h a n g e d ; a n d a g r e a t p a r t o f o u r e x p o s i t i o n m u s t k e e p i n v i e w t h e f a c t t h a t s o m e o f t h e m o s t d a n g e ro u s c h a l - l e n g e s o f C h r i s t i a n i t y a r e f o u n d a m o n g s t t h o s e w h o c l a i m t h e C h r i s t i a n n a m e . T h e r e a r e t h o s e w h o h a v e a v e r y r e a l r e v e r e n c e f o r t h e c h a r - a c t e r o f J e s u s C h r i s t , a n d t h e y c a n s p e a k , a n d d o s p e a k , q u i t e s i n c e r e l y, w i t h g r e a t d e v o t i o n a n d w a r m t h a n d b e a u t y , a b o u t C h r i s t , a n d a b o u t m a n y o f t h e i d e a s t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p o s t o l i c C h r i s t i a n i t y. A l l t h e s a m e , t h e y

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a r e s t r o n g l y. a n d s o m e t i m e s e v e n v i o l e n t l y , a n t a g o n i s t i c t o t h a t r e d e m p t i o n w h i c h i s t h e v e r y c e n t r e o f t h e C h r i s t i a n f a i t h ; a n d t h e y m a k e d e n i a l s a n d c h a l l e n g e s w h i c h a r e b o u n d t o t e l l u p o n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h a t f a i t h b e f o r e m a n y g e n e r a t i o n s a r e o v e r . We d o n o t t a k e t h e t r u e m e a s u r e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n u n l e s s w e r e a l i s e t h a t t h e t h i n g w h i c h i s a t s t a k e a t t h i s m o m e n t i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t w i l l n o t a f f e c t t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n , b u t i s s u r e t o a f f e c t t wo o r t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s h e n c e . T h o s e w h o a r e c o n - c e r n e d a b o u t C h r i s t i a n i t y o n t h e l a r g e s t s c a l e t o - d a y a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h w h a t m a y b e i t s p o s i t i o n a n d i t s p r o s p e c t s t h e n . T h e i d e a s a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e C h r i s t i a n f a i t h a r e t o o l a r g e , t o o d e e p a n d s u b t l e , t o s h o w t h e i r e f f e c t s i n o n e a g e ; a n d t h e c h a l l e n g e o f t h e m d o e s n o t s h o w i t s e f f e c t i n o n e g e n e r a t i o n o r e v e n i n t w o . I n d i v i d u a l s , s o c i e t y, a n d t h e C h u r c h , i n d e e d , a r e a b l e t o g o o n , e x t e r n a l l y a l m o s t u n - a f f e c t e d , b y t h e w a y t h a t t h e y h a ve u p o n t h e m f r o m t h e p a s t ; a n d i t i s o n l y w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s t h a t t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t r u t h s w i t h s u c h a c o m p r e h e n s i v e r a n g e a s t h o s e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y t a k e s e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e i t i s p a r t o f t h e d u t y o f t h e C h u r c h , i n c e r t a i n s e c t i o n s a n d o n c e r t a i n o c c a s i o n s , t o b e l e s s c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e G o s p e l u p o n

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t h e i n d i v i d u a l i m m e d i a t e l y, o r o n t h e p r e s e n t a g e , a n d t o l o o k a h e a d t o w h a t m a y b e t h e r e s u l t o f c e r t a i n c h a n g e s i n t h e f u t u r e . G o d s e t s w a t c h m e n i n Z i o n w h o h a ve t o k e e p t h e i r e y e o n t h e h o r i z o n ; a n d i t i s o n l y a d r u n k e n a r m y t h a t c o u l d s c o u t t h e i r w a r n i n g . We a r e n o t o n l y b o u n d t o a t t e n d t o t h e n e e d s a n d i n t e r e s t s o f t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n ; w e a r e t r u s t e e s f o r a l o n g f u t u r e , a s w e l l a s a l o n g p a s t . T h e r e f o r e i t i s q u i t e n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e C h u r c h s h o u l d g i v e v e r y p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s e c e n t r a l a n d f u n d a m e n t a l p o i n t s w h o s e i n f l u e n c e , p e r h a p s , i s n o t s o p r o m p t l y p r i z e d , a n d w h o s e d e s t r u c t i o n wo u l d n o t b e s o m i g h t i l y f e l t a t on c e, bu t wou l d c e r t a i n l y b e come app a ren t in the days and decades ahead.

T h a t i s w h y o n e f e e l s b o u n d t o i n v i t e a t t e n - t i o n , a n d t o p r e s s a t t e n t i o n , u p o n p o i n t s c o n - c e r n i n g w h i c h i t m ay ve r y e a s i l y b e s a i d , “ T h e s e a r e m a t t e r s t h a t d o n o t c o n c e r n m y f a i t h a n d my p i e t y ; I c a n a f f o rd t o l e t t h e s e t h i n g s a l o n e .” Pe r h a p s A , B , a n d C c a n , a n d X , Y, a n d Z c a n ; b u t t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h c a n n o t a f f o r d t o l e t t h e s e t h i n g s a l o n e . T h e C h u r c h c a r r i e s t h e i n d i v i d u a l a m i d m u c h f a i l u r e o f h i s f a i t h ; t h e r e i s a v i c a r i o u s f a i t h ; b u t w h a t i s t o c a r r y t h e C h u r c h i f i t s f a i t h f a i l ? R e m o v e c o n c e r n f r o m t h e s e t h i n g s , a n d t h e e f f e c t o f

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t h e c o l l e c t i v e m e s s a g e o f t h e C h u r c h t o t h e g r e a t w o r l d b e c o m e s u n d e r m i n e d . T h e n t h e w o r l d m u s t l o o k s o m e w h e r e e l s e t h a n . t o t h e C h u r c h f o r t h a t w h i c h i s t o s a v e i t . T h a t i s s o m e a p o l o g y f o r d w e l l i n g u p o n p o i n t s w h i c h m a n y p e o p l e wo u l d s a y we r e s i m p l y t h e o l o g i c a l a n d we r e o u t s i d e t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l C h r i s t i a n . T h e o l o g y s i m p l y m e a n s t h i n k i n g i n c e n t u r i e s . R e l i g i o n t e l l s o n t h e p r e s e n t , b u t t h e o l o g y t e l l s o n t h e r e l i g i o n o f t h e f u t u r e and the race.

M o r e o v e r , t h e r e a r e a l w a y s n a t u r e s a m o n g C h r i s t i a n p e o p l e w h o r e f u s e , a n d p r o p e r l y r e f u s e , t o r e m a i n s a t i s f i e d w i t h s u p e r f i c i a l e x p e r i e n c e s o r c u r r e n t v i e w s o f t h e i r f a i t h . T h e y a r e b o u n d b y t h e s p i r i t t h a t m o v e s w i t h i n t h e m — b y t h e k i n d o f t e m p e r a m e n t G o d h a s g i v e n t h e m t h e y a r e b o u n d t o p e n e t r a t e t o t h e h e a r t , t o t h e d e p t h s o f t h i n g s . T h e i r wo r k d o e s n o t i m m e d i a t e l y p ay ; a n d w h i l e t h e y g r i n d i n t h e i r m i l l t h e P h i l i s t i n e s m o c k a n d t h e l i b e r t i n e s j e e r . B u t i t wo u l d b e a g r e a t m i s f o r - t u n e i f t h e w h o l e o f t h e w o r k o f t h e C h u r c h w e r e m e a s u r e d b y t h e s t a n d a r d w h i c h i s s o n e c e s s a r y i n t h e w o r l d — t h e s t a n d a r d o f w h a t w i l l i m m e d i a t e l y p a y, o r p r o m p t l y t e l l . I t i s , o f c o u r s e , a g r e a t t h i n g t o g o b a c k u p o n t h e h i s t o r y o f C h r i s t i a n i t y, a n d t o p o i n t o u t t o o u r -

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s e l v e s a n d t o o u r p e o p l e t h e g r e a t t h i n g s t h a t C h r i s t i a n i t y h a s d o n e i n t h e c o u r s e o f h i s t o r y. B u t y o u c a n n o t r e s t C h r i s t i a n i t y u p o n t h a t . Yo u c a n o n l y r e s t C h r i s t i a n i t y u p o n C h r i s t H i m s e l f , a n d H i s l i v i n g p r e s e n c e i n t h e N e w H u m a n i t y . Yo u c a n p u t t h e m a t t e r i n t h i s w a y. Yo u c a n a s k , O n w h a t d i d t h e C h r i s - t i a n i t y r e s t o f t h o s e w h o b e l i e v e d i n t h e v e r y f i r s t y e a r s o f t h e C h u r c h ’s l i f e ? T h e y h a d n o r e s u l t s o f C h r i s t i a n i t y b e f o r e t h e m . T h e y h a d n o h i s t o r y o f t h e C h u r c h b e f o r e t h e m . T h e y h a d n o t t h e g l o r i o u s s t o r y o f C h r i s t i a n p h i l a n t h r o p y b e f o r e t h e m , n o r t h e m a g n i f i c e n t e x p a n s i o n o f C h r i s t i a n d o c t r i n e , n o r t h e e n o r - m o u s i n f l u e n c e o f t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h a n d i t s e f f e c t u p o n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o r l d ’s h i s t o r y. O n w h a t d i d t h e y r e s t t h e i r f a i t h ? T h a t u p o n w h i c h t h e y r e s t e d t h e i r f a i t h m u s t b e t h a t u p o n w h i c h w e r e s t o u r f a i t h w h e n w e c o m e t o a r e a l c r i s i s , a n d a r e d r i v e n i n t o a r e a l c o r n e r . I t t h u s b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y t o g o i n t o t h e d e e p t h i n g s o f G o d a s t h e y a r e r e ve a l e d t o u s b y t h e H o l y S p i r i t , t h r o u g h H i s i n s p i r e d a p o s t l e s , i n Christ and His Cross.

§

F r o m w h a t I h a v e s a i d y o u w i l l b e p r e p a r e d t o h e a r m e s t a t e t h a t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s e f f e c t e d b y t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t c r u c i -

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f i e d ; by C h r i s t c r u c i f i e d a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i ve o f G o d o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d o f H u m a n i t y, o r t h e C h u r c h , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d . A l s o i t w a s b y C h r i s t c r u c i f i e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e d i v i n e j u d g m e n t . J u d g m e n t i s a f a r g r e a t e r i d e a t h a n s a c r i f i c e . F o r yo u s e e g r e a t s a c r i f i c e s m a d e f o r s i l l y o r m i s c h i evou s c a u s e s , s a c r i f i c e s wh i ch s how n o i n s i g h t w h a t e ve r i n t o t h e m o r a l o r d e r o r t h e d i v i n e s a n c t i t y. N o w t h i s s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t , w h e n yo u c o n n e c t i t w i t h t h e i d e a o f j u d g m e n t , m u s t i n s o m e f o r m o r o t h e r b e d e s c r i b e d a s a p e n a l s a c r i f i c e . R o u n d t h a t w o r d p e n a l t h e r e r a g e s a g r e a t d e a l o f c o n t r o v e r s y. A n d I a m u s i n g t h e wo rd w i t h s o m e r e s e r ve , b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e f o r m s o f i n t e r p r e t i n g i t w h i c h d o t h e i d e a i n j u s t i c e . T h e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t w a s a p e n a l s a c r i f i c e . I n w h a t s e n s e i s t h a t s o ? We c a n b e g i n b y c l e a r i n g t h e g r o u n d , b y a s k i n g , I n w h a t s e n s e i s i t n o t t r u e t h a t t h e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t w a s p e n a l ? We l l , i t c a n n o t b e t r u e i n t h e s e n s e t h a t G o d p u n i s h e d C h r i s t . T h a t i s a n a b s o l u t e l y u n t h i n k a b l e t h i n g . H o w c o u l d G o d p u n i s h H i m i n w h o m H e w a s a l w a y s w e l l p l e a s e d ? T h e t w o t h i n g s a r e a c o n t r a d i c t i o n i n t e r m s . A n d i t c a n n o t b e t r u e i n t h e s e n s e t h a t C h r i s t w a s i n o u r s t e a d i n s u c h a w a y a s t o e x c l u d e a n d e x e m p t u s . T h e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t , t h e n , wa s p e n a l n o t i n t h e s e n s e o f G o d

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s o p u n i s h i n g C h r i s t t h a t t h e r e i s l e f t u s o n l y r e l i g i o u s e n j oy m e n t , b u t i n t h i s s e n s e . T h e r e i s a p e n a l t y a n d c u r s e f o r s i n ; a n d C h r i s t c o n s e n t e d t o e n t e r t h a t r e g i o n . C h r i s t e n t e r e d vo l u n t a r i l y i n t o t h e p a i n a n d h o r r o r w h i c h i s s i n ’s p e n a l t y f r o m G o d . C h r i s t , b y t h e d e e p i n t i m a c y o f H i s s y m p a t h y w i t h m e n , e n t e r e d d e e p l y i n t o t h e b l i g h t a n d j u d g m e n t w h i c h w a s e n t a i l e d b y m a n ’s s i n , a n d w h i c h m u s t b e e n t a i l e d b y m a n ’s s i n i f G o d i s a h o l y a n d t h e r e f o r e a j u d g i n g G o d . I t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r u s t o s a y t h a t G o d wa s a n g r y w i t h C h r i s t ; b u t s t i l l C h r i s t e n t e r e d t h e w r a t h o f G o d , u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t p h r a s e a s I e n d e a v o u r e d t o e x p l a i n i t y e s t e r d a y. H e e n t e r e d t h e p e n u m b r a o f j u d g m e n t , a n d f r o m i t H e c o n f e s s e d i n f r e e a c t i o n , H e p r a i s e d a n d j u s t i f i e d b y a c t , b e f o r e t h e w o r l d , a n d o n t h e s c a l e o f a l l t h e wo r l d , t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d . Yo u c a n t h e r e f o r e s a y t h a t a l t h o u g h C h r i s t w a s n o t p u n i s h e d b y G o d , H e b o r e G o d ’s p e n a l t y u p o n s i n . T h a t p e n a l t y wa s n o t l i f t e d e ve n w h e n t h e S o n o f G o d p a s s e d t h r o u g h . I s t h e r e n o t a r e a l d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o s t a t e m e n t s ? To s a y t h a t C h r i s t w a s p u n i s h e d b y G o d w h o w a s a l w a y s we l l p l e a s e d w i t h H i m i s a n o u t r a g e o u s t h i n g . C a l v i n h i m s e l f r e p u d i a t e s t h e i d e a . B u t we m ay s ay t h a t C h r i s t d i d , a t t h e d e p t h o f t h a t g r e a t a c t o f s e l f - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h u s w h e n H e

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b e c a m e m a n , H e d i d e n t e r t h e s p h e r e o f s i n ’s p e n a l t y a n d t h e h o r r o r o f s i n ’s c u r s e , i n o r d e r t h a t , f r o m t h e v e r y m i d s t a n d d e p t h o f i t , H i s c o n f e s s i o n a n d p r a i s e o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s m i g h t r i s e l i k e a s p r i n g o f f r e s h w a t e r a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e b i t t e r s e a , a n d s we e t e n a l l . H e j u s t i f i e d G o d i n H i s j u d g m e n t a n d w r a t h . H e j u s t i f i e d God in this thing.

§

S o t h e a c t o f C h r i s t h a d t h i s t wo f o l d a s p e c t . On t h e one h and i t wa s God o f f e r i n g , a nd on t h e o t h e r h a n d i t w a s m a n c o n f e s s i n g . N o w, w h a t wa s i t t h a t C h r i s t c h i e f l y c o n f e s s e d ? I h o p e yo u h ave r e a d M c L e o d C a m p b e l l o n t h e A t o n e m e n t . E v e r y m i n i s t e r o u g h t t o k n o w t h a t b o o k , a n d k n ow i t we l l . B u t t h e r e i s o n e c r i t i c i s m t o b e m a d e u p o n t h e g r e a t , f i n e , h o l y b o o k . A n d i t i s t h i s . I t s p e a k s t o o m u c h , p e r h a p s , a b o u t C h r i s t c o n f e s s i n g h u m a n s i n , a b o u t C h r i s t b e c o m i n g t h e P r i e s t a n d C o n f e s s o r b e f o r e G o d o f h u m a n s i n a n d e x p o s i n g i t t o G o d ’s j u d g m e n t . T h e h o r r o r o f t h e C r o s s e x p r e s s e s t h e r e p e n - t a n c e o f t h e r a c e b e f o r e a h o l y G o d f o r i t s s i n . B u t c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e i n t h a t c o n - n e c t i o n , a n d c r i t i c s we re n o t s l ow t o p o i n t t h e m o u t . H ow c o u l d C h r i s t i n a ny r e a l s e n s e c o n f e s s a s i n , e v e n a r a c i a l s i n , w i t h w h o s e g u i l t H e h a d n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n ? N ow t h a t i s r a t h e r a

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s e r i o u s c r i t i c i s m i f t h e c o n f e s s i o n o f s i n we r e t h e f i r s t c h a r g e u p o n e i t h e r C h r i s t o r u s , i f t h e c o n f e s s i o n o f h u m a n s i n w e r e t h e c h i e f t h i n g t h a t G o d w a n t e d o r C h r i s t d i d . I t h i n k i t i s c e r t a i n l y a d e f e c t i n t h a t g r e a t b o o k t h a t i t f i x e s o u r a t t e n t i o n t o o m u c h u p o n C h r i s t ’s v i c a r i o u s c o n f e s s i o n o f h u m a n s i n . T h e s a m e c r i t i c i s m a p p l i e s t o a n o t h e r v e r y f i n e h o o k , t h a t b y t h e l a t e C a n o n M o b e r l y , o f C h r i s t C h u r c h , “ A t o n e m e n t a n d P e r s o n a l i t y.” I o n c e h a d t h e p r i v i l e g e o f m e e t i n g C a n o n M o b e r l y i n d i s c u s s i o n o n t h i s s u b j e c t , a n d v e n t u r e d t o p o i n t o u t t h a t d e f e c t i n h i s t h e o r y, a n d I w a s r e l i e v e d t o f i n d t h a t o n t h e o c c a s i o n t h e s a m e c r i t i c i s m w a s a l s o m a d e b y B i s h o p G o r e . B u t we g e t ou t o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y, i n p a r t a t l e a s t , i f we r e c o g n i s e t h a t t h e g r e a t wo r k o f C h r i s t , w h i l e c e r t a i n l y i t d i d c o n f e s s h u m a n s i n , wa s ye t n o t t o c o n f e s s t h a t , bu t t o c o n f e s s s o m e t h i n g g re a t e r , n a m e l y, G o d ’s h o l i n e s s i n H i s j u d g m e n t u p o n s i n . H i s c o n f e s s i o n , i n d e e d , wa s n o t i n s o m a ny wo rd s , bu t i n a f a r m o re m i g h t y way, by a c t a n d d e e d o f l i f e a n d d e a t h . T h e g r e a t c o n f e s s i o n i s n o t b y wo r d o f m o u t h — i t i s b y t h e l i f e , i n t h e s e n s e , n o t o f m e r e c o n d u c t , h u t i n t h e g r e a t p e r s o n a l s e n s e i n w h i c h l i f e c o n t a i n s c o n d u c t a n d t r a n s c e n d s d e a t h . C h r i s t c o n f e s s e d n o t m e r e l y h u m a n s i n — w h i c h i n a c e r t a i n s e n s e ,

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i nd e ed , He cou l d no t do—bu t He con f e s s e d God ’s h o l i n e s s i n r e a c t i n g m o r t a l l y a g a i n s t h u m a n s i n , i n c u r s i n g h u m a n s i n , i n j u d g i n g i t t o i t s v e r y d e a t h . H e s t o o d i n t h e m i d s t o f h u m a n s i n f u l l o f l o v e t o m a n , s u c h l o v e a s e n a b l e d H i m t o i d e n t i f y H i m s e l f i n t h e m o s t p ro f o u n d , s y m - p a t h e t i c w a y w i t h t h e e v i l r a c e ; f u l l e r s t i l l o f l ove t o t h e G o d w h o s e n a m e H e wa s h a l l ow i n g ; a n d , a s w i t h o n e m o u t h , a s i f t h e w h o l e r a c e c o n f e s s e d t h r o u g h H i m , a s w i t h o n e s o u l , a s t h o u g h t h e w h o l e r a c e a t l a s t d i d j u s t i c e t o G o d t h r o u g h H i s s o u l , H e l i f t e d u p H i s f a c e u n t o G o d a n d s a i d , “ T h o u a r t h o l y i n a l l T hy j u d g - m e n t s , e v e n i n t h i s j u d g m e n t w h i c h t u r n s n o t a s i d e eve n f ro m M e, bu t s t r i ke s t h e s i n f u l s p o t i f e v e n I s t a n d o n i t .” T h e d e r e l i c t i o n u p o n t h e C ro s s , t h e s e n s e o f l ove ’s d e s e r t i o n by l ove , wa s C h r i s t ’s p r a c t i c a l c o n f e s s i o n o f t h e h o l y G o d ’s r e p u l s i o n o f s i n . H e a c c e p t e d t h e d i v i n e s i t u a - t i o n — t h e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e r a c e b e f o r e G o d . B y G o d ’s w i l l H e d i d s o . B y H i s ow n f r e e c o n s e n t H e d i d s o . R e m e m b e r t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t we e n G o d ’s c h a n g e l e s s l o v e a n d G o d ’s v a r y i n g t r e a t - m e n t o f t h e s o u l . G o d m a d e H i m s i n , t r e a t e d H i m a s i f H e we r e s i n ; H e d i d n o t v i ew H i m a s s i n f u l . T h a t i s q u i t e a n o t h e r m a t t e r . G o d m a d e H im to b e s i n—i t doe s no t s ay He made H im s i n - f u l . G o d l ov i n g l y t r e a t e d H i m a s h u m a n s i n , a n d

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w i t h H i s c o n s e n t j u d g e d h u m a n s i n i n H i m a n d o n H i m . Pe r s o n a l g u i l t C h r i s t c o u l d n e ve r c o n - f e s s . T h e r e i s t h a t i n g u i l t w h i c h c a n o n l y h e c o n f e s s e d b y t h e g u i l t y. “ I d i d i t .” T h a t k i n d o f c o n f e s s i o n C h r i s t c o u l d n e ve r m a ke . T h a t i s t h e p a r t o f t h e c o n f e s s i o n t h a t we m a ke , a n d we c a n n o t m a ke i t e f f e c t u a l l y u n t i l we a r e i n u n i o n w i t h C h r i s t a n d H i s g r e a t l o n e w o r k o f p e r - f e c t l y a n d p r a c t i c a l l y c o n f e s s i n g t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d . T h e r e i s a r a c i a l c o n f e s s i o n t h a t c a n o n l y b e m a d e b y t h e h o l y ; a n d t h e r e i s a p e r - s o n a l c o n f e s s i o n t h a t c a n o n l y b e m a d e b y t h e g u i l t y. T h a t l a t t e r , I s a y, i s a c o n f e s s i o n C h r i s t c o u l d n e v e r m a k e . I n t h a t r e s p e c t C h r i s t d i d n o t d i e , a n d d i d n o t s u f f e r , d i d n o t c o n f e s s , i n o u r s t e a d . We a l o n e , t h e g u i l t y , c a n m a k e t h a t c o n f e s s i o n ; b u t w e c a n n o t m a k e i t w i t h C h r i s t i a n e f f e c t w i t h o u t t h e C r o s s a n d t h e c o n f e s s i o n t h e r e . We s a y t h e n n o t o n l y “ I d i d t h i s ,” b u t “ I a m g u i l t y b e f o r e t h e h o l i n e s s c o n f e s s e d i n t h e C r o s s .” T h e g r a n d s i n i s n o t t o s i n a g a i n s t t h e l a w b u t a g a i n s t t h e C r o s s . T h e s i n o f s i n s i s n o t t r a n s g r e s s i o n , but unfaith.

S o a l s o o f h o l i n e s s , t h e r e i s a c o n f e s s i o n o f h o l i n e s s w h i c h c a n o n l y b e m a d e b y G o d , t h e H o l y. I f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s w a s t o b e f u l l y c o n - f e s s e d , i n a c t a n d d e e d , i n l i f e , a n d d e a t h , a n d

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l ove t r a n s c e n d i n g b o t h , i t c a n o n l y b e d o n e b y Godhead itself.

§

T h e r e f o r e we p r e s s t h e wo r d s t o t h e i r f u l l n e s s o f m e a n i n g : “ G o d w a s i n C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g ,” n o t r e c o n c i l i n g t h r o u g h C h r i s t , b u t a c t u a l l y p r e s e n t a s C h r i s t r e c o n c i l i n g , d o i n g i n C h r i s t H i s ow n wo r k o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . I t wa s d o n e by G o d h e a d i t s e l f , a n d n o t b y t h e S o n a l o n e . T h e o l d t h e o l o g i a n s w e r e r i g h t w h e n t h e y i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e w o r k o f r e d e m p t i o n w a s t h e w o r k o f t h e w h o l e T r i n i t y — F a t h e r , S o n , a n d H o l y S p i r i t ; a s w e e x p r e s s i t w h e n w e b a p t i z e i n t o t h e n e w l i f e o f r e c o n c i l e m e n t i n t h e t h r e e f o l d n a m e . T h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d w a s c o n f e s s e d i n m a n b y C h r i s t , a n d t h i s h o l y c o n f e s s i o n . o f C h r i s t ’s i s t h e s o u r c e o f t h e t r u e s t c o n f e s s i o n o f o u r s i n t h a t w e c a n m a k e . O u r s a v i n g c o n f e s - s i o n i s n o t m e r e l y “ I d i d s o a n d s o ,” b u t “ I d i d i t a g a i n s t a h o l y, s a v i n g G o d .” “ I h a v e s i n n e d a g a i n s t h e a ve n a n d i n t h y s i g h t ,” s i n n e d b e f o r e i n f i n i t e h o l i n e s s a n d f o r g i v i n g g r a c e . G o d c o u l d n o t f o r g i v e u n t i l m a n c o n f e s s e d , a n d c o n f e s s e d n o t o n l y h i s ow n s i n b u t c o n f e s s e d s t i l l m o r e - G o d ’ s h o l i n e s s i n t h e j u d g m e n t o f s i n . T h e con f e s s i on a l s o h ad t o h e made i n l i f e a nd a c t i on , a s t h e s i n wa s d o n e . T h a t i s t o s ay, i t h a d t o b e m a d e r e l i g i o u s l y a n d n o t t h e o l o g i c a l l y, b y a n

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e x p e r i e n c e a n d n o t a n u t t e r a n c e . A v e r b a l c o n f e s s i o n , h oweve r s i n c e r e , c o u l d n o t f u l l y ow n a n a c t u a l s i n . I f w e s i n b y d e e d w e m u s t s o c o n f e s s . I t i s m a d e t h u s r e l i g i o u s l y, s p i r i t u - a l l y, e x p e r i m e n t a l l y, p r a c t i c a l l y by J e s u s C h r i s t ’s l i f e , i t s c r o w n o f d e a t h , a n d H i s l i f e e t e r n a l . T h e m o r e s i n f u l m a n i s , t h e l e s s c a n h e t h u s c o n f e s s e i t h e r h i s o w n s i n o r G o d ’s h o l i n e s s . T h e r e f o r e G o d d i d i t i n m a n b y a l o v e w h i c h wa s a s g r e a t a s i t wa s h o l y, b y a n i n f i n i t e l ove . T h a t i s t o s a y, b y a l o v e w h i c h w a s a s c l o s e l y a n d s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h m a n a s i t was identified with the power of the holy God.

S o w e h a v e a r r i v e d a t t h i s . T h e g r e a t c o n - f e s s i o n wa s m a d e n o t a l o n e i n t h e p r e c i s e h o u r o f C h r i s t ’s d e a t h , a l t h o u g h i t wa s c o n s u m m a t e d t h e r e . I t h a d t o b e m a d e i n l i f e a n d a c t , a n d n o t i n a m e r e f e e l i n g o r s t a t e m e n t ; a n d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e d e a t h m u s t b e o r g a n i c a l l y o n e w i t h t h e w h o l e l i f e . Yo u c a n n o t s e v e r t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t f r o m t h e l i f e o f C h r i s t . W h e n y o u t h i n k o f t h e s e l f - e m p t y i n g w h i c h b r o u g h t C h r i s t t o e a r t h , H i s w h o l e l i f e h e r e wa s a l i v i n g d e a t h . T h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t m u s t b e o r g a n i c w i t h H i s w h o l e p e r s o n a l l i f e a n d a c t i o n . A n d t h a t m e a n s n o t o n l y H i s e a r t h l y l i f e p r e v i o u s t o t h e C ro s s , b u t H i s w h o l e c e l e s t i a l l i f e f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g , a n d t o t h i s h o u r , a n d t o a l l e t e r n i t y.

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T h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t i s t h e c e n t r a l p o i n t o f e t e r n i t y a s w e l l a s o f h u m a n h i s t o r y. H i s o w n e t e r n a l l i f e r e vo l v e s o n i t . A n d we s h a l l n e v e r h e s o g o o d a n d h o l y a t a n y p o i n t , e v e n i n e t e r n i t y, t h a t we s h a l l n o t l o o k i n t o t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t a s t h e c e n t r e o f a l l o u r h o p e i n e a r t h o r h e a ve n . I t i s C h r i s t t h a t wo r k s o u t H i s ow n r e d e m p t i o n a n d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , f r o m G o d ’s r i g h t h a n d , t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f h i s t o r y . I w o u l d g a t h e r t h a t u p i n o n e p h r a s e . C h r i s t i s t h e p e r p e t u a l p r ov i d e n c e o f H i s ow n s a l v a t i o n . C h r i s t , a c t i n g t h ro u g h H i s S p i r i t , i s t h e e t e r n a l p r ov i d e n c e o f H i s ow n s a l v a t i o n . T h e a p o s t l e s n e v e r s e p a r a t e d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i n a n y a g e f r o m t h e C ro s s a n d b l o o d o f J e s u s C h r i s t . I f e ve r we d o t h a t ( a n d m a n y a r e d o i n g i t t o - d a y ) w e t h r ow t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t ove r b o a r d . T h e b a n e o f s o m u c h t h a t c l a i m s t o b e m o r e s p i r i t u a l r e l i g i o n a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y i s t h a t i t s i m p l y j e t t i s o n s t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t , a n d w i t h i t h i s t o r i c C h r i s t i a n i t y. T h e e x t r e m e c r i t i c s , p e o p l e t h a t l i v e u p o n m o n i s m a n d i m m a n e n c e , r a t i o n a l i s t r e l i g i o n a n d s p i r i t u a l i m p r e s s i o n i s m , a r e p e o p l e w h o a r e d e l i b e r a t e l y t h r o w i n g o v e r b o a r d t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t a s a w h o l e , d e e p l y a s t h e y p r i z e i t i n p a r t s . T h e y s a y t h a t t h e a p o s t o l i c v i e w s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f C h r i s t ’s w o r k m a y h a v e b e e n a l l v e r y w e l l f o r p e o p l e w h o k n e w n o

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b e t t e r t h a n m e n d i d a t s o e a r l y a p e r i o d , b u t w e a r e n o w a l o n g w a y b e y o n d t h a t , a n d w e m u s t r e - e d i t t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t t h e o l o g y, e s p e c i a l l y a s t o C h r i s t ’s d e a t h . I k e e p u r g i n g , w h a t eve r we d o l e t u s d o i t f r a n k l y, l e t u s d o i t w i t h o u r e ye s o p e n a n d w i t h e ye s c o m p e t e n t t o t a k e t h e m e a s u r e o f w h a t w e a r e d o i n g . T h e t r y i n g t h i n g i s t h a t t r e m e n d o u s r e n u n c i a t i o n s s h o u l d b e b l a n d l y m a d e , w i t h o u t , a p p a r e n t l y, a n y s e n s e o f t h e i r a p p a l l i n g d i m e n s i o n s , a n d o f t h e h u g e t h i n g t h a t i s b e i n g s o i g n o r a n t l y done. (See note at the end of this lecture.)

§

T h e a p o s t l e s , I s a y, n e v e r s e p a r a t e d r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n f r o m t h e C ro s s a n d t h e b l o o d o f J e s u s C h r i s t . T h e h i s t o r i c C h u r c h h a s n e ve r d o n e s o , w i t h a l l i t s d i v i s i o n s . A n d w h a t t h e C r o s s m e a n t f o r t h e a p o s t l e s a s J e w s , w i t h t h e i r h i s - t o r y a n d e d u c a t i o n , wa s s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h i s . I f y o u g o b a c k t o t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t , y o u f i n d t h a t t h e w h o l e k i n g d o m o f G o d a n d d e s t i n y o f m a n t u r n s o n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f s i n . A n d e i t h e r t h e s i n wa s a t o n e d o r t h e s i n n e r wa s p u n i s h e d . B u t t h e r e w e r e s o m e s i n s t h a t n e v e r c o u l d b e a t o n e d f o r , w h a t a r e d e s c r i b e d a s s i n s w i t h a h i g h h a n d , p r e s u m p t u o u s s i n s , d e l i b e r a t e , d e f i a n t s i n s , a s d i s t i n c t f r o m s i n s o f i g n o r a n c e

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o r we a k n e s s , w h e n a m a n s o i d e n t i f i e d h i m s e l f w i t h h i s s i n t h a t h e b e c a m e i n s e p a r a b l e f r o m i t . T h e m a n g u i l t y o f t h e m w a s p u t o u t s i d e t h e c a m p, h i s c o m m u n i c a t i o n w a s c u t w i t h t h e s a v e d c o m m u n i t y o f I s r a e l . H e w a s c o m m i t t e d t o t h e o u t e r d a r k n e s s . T h e r e r e m a i n e d o n l y p u n i s h m e n t a n d d e a t h . T h e p u n i s h m e n t w a s e x p u l s i o n f r o m t h e c ove n a n t , a n d s o f r o m l i f e . A n d a s t h e r e i s l i t t l e a b o u t i m m o r t a l i t y i n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t , i t w a s d e a t h f o r g o o d a n d a l l . B u t i n t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t t h e r e i s n o s i n e x c l u d e d f r o m a t o n e m e n t . I k n o w o f c o u r s e w h a t y o u a r e t h i n k i n g a b o u t — t h e s i n a g a i n s t t h e H o l y G h o s t . T h a t i s f a r t o o l a r g e a s u b j e c t t o e n t e r o n . I c a n o n l y s a y t h a t I a m n o t k e e p i n g i t o u t o f m y s u r v e y . A n d I r e p e a t , t h e r e i s n o s i n e x c l u d e d f r o m a t o n e m e n t . D e a t h a s p u n i s h m e n t o f s i n w a s a b s o r b e d i n C h r i s t ’ s s a c r i f i c e . S u c h w a s i t s a t o n i n g w o r k t h a t t h e j u d g m e n t d u e t o a l l m a n k i n d w a s a b s o r b e d , a n d t h e s i n o f s i n s n o w w a s f i x e d r e f u s a l o f t h a t G r a c e . T h e Cross bought up all other debts, so to say.

§

To r e t u r n t o m y o l d p o i n t . T h e o b j e c t i o n t o s p e a k i n g o f C h r i s t ’ s d e a t h a s p e n a l t y i s t w o - f o l d . G o d c o u l d n o t p u n i s h O n e w i t h w h o m

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H e w a s a l w a y s w e l l p l e a s e d . C o n s e q u e n t l y C h r i s t c o u l d n o t s u f f e r p u n i s h m e n t i n t h e t r u e s e n s e o f t h e w o r d w i t h o u t h a v i n g a g u i l t y c o n s c i e n c e . I f t h e h e a r i n g o f p u n i s h m e n t we r e t h e w h o l e o f C h r i s t ’s wo r k , t h e r e wa s s o m e t h i n g i n t h a t way w h i c h H e d i d n o t a n d c o u l d n o t d o - H e c o u l d n o t b e a r t h e p e n a l t y o f r e m o r s e . B u t t h e w h o l e o f H i s wo r k , wa s n o t t h e h e a r i n g o f p u n i s h m e n t ; i t wa s n o t t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f s u f f e r - i n g . I t w a s t h e r e c o g n i t i o n a n d j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f i t , t h e “ h o m o l o g a t i o n ” o f G o d ’s j u d g m e n t a n d God’s holiness in it.

T h e d e a t h a n d s u f f e r i n g o f C h r i s t w a s s o m e - t h i n g v e r y m u c h m o r e t h a n s u f f e r i n g — i t w a s a t o n i n g a c t i o n . A t v a r i o u s s t a g e s i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e C h u r c h — n o t t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h o n l y b u t P r o t e s t a n t i s m a l s o — e x a g g e r a t e d s t r e s s h a s b e e n l a i d u p o n t h e s u f f e r i n g s o f C h r i s t . B u t i t i s n o t a c a s e o f w h a t H e s u f f e r e d , b u t w h a t H e d i d ; C h r i s t ’s s u f f e r i n g w a s s o d i v i n e a t h i n g b e c a u s e H e f r e e l y t r a n s m u t e d i t i n t o a g r e a t a c t . I t w a s s u f f e r i n g a c c e p t e d a n d t r a n s - f i g u r e d by h o l y o b e d i e n c e u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f c u r s e a n d b l i g h t w h i c h s i n h a d b ro u g h t u p o n m a n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d . T h e s u f f e r i n g w a s a s a c r i f i c e t o G o d ’s h o l i n e s s . I n s o f a r i t w a s p e n a l t y. B u t t h e a t o n i n g t h i n g w a s n o t i t s a m o u n t o r a c u t e n e s s , b u t i t s obedience, its sanctity.

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T h e s e p a t h e t i c w a y s o f t h i n k i n g a b o u t C h r i s t r e g a r d H i m t o o m u c h a s a m e r e i n d i v i d u a l b e f o r e G o d . T h e y d o n o t s a t i s f y i f C h r i s t ’ s r e l a t i o n w i t h m a n w a s a r a c i a l o n e a n d H e r e p r e s e n t e d H u m a n i t y. E s p e c i a l l y t h e y d o n o t h o l d g o o d i f t h a t r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s n o m e r e h l o o d r e l a t i o n s h i p , n a t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , b u t a s u p e r n a t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p — b l o o d r e l a t i o n s h i p o n l y i n t h e m y s t i c C h r i s t i a n s e n s e . We a r e b l o o d r e l a t i o n s o f C h r i s t , bu t n o t i n t h e n a t u r a l s e n s e o f t h a t t e r m , o n l y i n t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l s e n s e , a s t h o s e w h o a r e r e l a t e d t o H i m i n H i s b l o o d , i n H i s d e a t h , a n d i n H i s S p i r i t . T h e v a l u e o f C h r i s t ’ s u n i t y a n d s y m p a t h y w i t h u s w a s n o t s i m p l y t h a t H e w a s c o n t i n u o u s w i t h t h e r a c e a t i t s h e a d . I t w a s n o t a r e l a t i o n o f i d e n t i t y. T h e r a c e w a s n o t p r o l o n g e d i n t o H i m . T h e v a l u e c o n s i s t s i n t h a t l i f e - a c t o f s e l f - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n by w h i c h C h r i s t t h e e t e r n a l S o n o f G o d b e c a m e m a n . We h e a r m u c h a b o u t C h r i s t ’s e s s e n t i a l i d e n t i t y w i t h t h e h u m a n r a c e . T h a t i s n o t t r u e i n t h e s e n s e i n w h i c h o t h e r g r e a t m e n , l i k e S h a k e s p e a r e , f o r i n s t a n c e , w e r e i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e h u m a n r a c e , g a t h e r i n g u p i n c o n s u m - m a t i o n i t s n a t u r a l g e n i u s . C h r i s t ’s i d e n t i t y wa s n o t n a t u r a l o r c r e a t e d i d e n t i t y, b u t t h e s e l f - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e C r e a t o r . E ve r y t h i n g t u r n s u p o n t h i s — w h e t h e r C h r i s t wa s a c r e a t e d b e i n g ,

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h owe ve r g r a n d , o r w h e t h e r H e w a s o f i n c r e a t e Godhead.

§

A s H e a d o f t h e h u m a n r a c e b y t h i s v o l u n - t a r y s e l f - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h i t , C h r i s t t o o k t h e c u r s e a n d j u d g m e n t , w h i c h d i d n o t b e l o n g t o H i m s e l f a s s i n l e s s . A n d w h a t H e o w n e d w a s no t s o much t h e d ep th o f ou r m i s e r y a s t h e d ep th o f o u r g u i l t ; a n d H e d i d i t s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y, b y t h e m o r a l s y m p a t h y p o s s i b l e o n l y t o t h e h o l y. N o r d i d H e s i m p l y t a k e t h e f u l l m e a s u r e o f o u r g u i l t . H i s o w n i n g i t m e a n s v e r y m u c h m o r e t h a n t h a t H i s m o r a l p e r c e p t i o n s w e r e s o d e e p a n d p i e r c i n g t h a t H e c o u l d m e a s u r e o u r g u i l t a s a b y s t a n d e r o f a c u t e m o r a l p e n e t r a t i o n c o u l d . H e c a r r i e d i t i n H i s o w n m o r a l e x - p e r i e n c e a s o n l y d i v i n e s y m p a t h y c o u l d . A n d i n d u m b a c t i o n H e s p r e a d i t o u t a s i t i s b e f o r e G o d . H e f e l t s i n a n d i t s h o r r o r a s o n l y t h e h o l y c o u l d , a s G o d d i d . We l e a r n i n o u r m e a s u r e t o d o t h a t w h e n w e e s c a p e f r o m t h e i n d i f f e r e n c e o f o u r e g o t i s m a n d c o m e u n d e r H i s C r o s s a n d n e a r H i s h e a r t ; we l e a r n t o d o a s C h r i s t d i d a s we e n t e r i n t o l i v i n g u n i o n w i t h C h r i s t . A n d w e t h e n r i s e a b ove p u r i t y — f o r p u r i t y i s o n l y s h a m e d by s i n - we r i s e t o h o l i n e s s , w h i c h i s b u r d e n e d w i t h s i n a n d a l l i t s l o a d . H o w m u c h m o r e t h a n p u r e

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C h r i s t w a s ! H o w m u c h f u l l e r o f m e a n i n g i s s u c h a wo rd a s “ h o l y ” o r “ h o l i n e s s ” t h a n e i t h e r “ p u r e ” o r “ p u r i t y.” P u r i t y i s s h a m e d b y h u m a n s i n . H o l i n e s s c a r r i e s i t a s a l o a d , a n d c a r r i e s i t t o i t s d e s t r u c t i o n . I n t h e g r e a t d e s e r t i o n C h r i s t c o u l d n o t f e e l H i m s e l f a s i n n e r w h o m G o d r e - j e c t s . F o r t h e s i n n e r c a n n o t c a r r y s i n ; h e c o l l a p s e s u n d e r i t . C h r i s t f e l t H i m s e l f t r e a t e d a s t h e s i n w h i c h G o d r e c o g n i s e s a n d r e p e l s b y H i s ve r y h o l i n e s s . I t c ove r e d a n d h i d H i m f ro m G o d . H e w a s m a d e s i n ( n o t s i n f u l , a s I s a y ) . T h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d b e c o m e s o u r s a l v a t i o n n o t b y s l a c k n e s s o f d e m a n d b u t b y c o m p l e t e n e s s o f j u d g m e n t ; n o t b e c a u s e H e r e l a x e s H i s d e m a n d , n o t b e c a u s e H e s p e n d s l e s s c o n d e m n a - t i o n o n s i n , l e t s u s o f f o r l e t s s i n o f f , o r l e t s C h r i s t o f f ( “ s p a r e d n o t ” ) ; b u t b e c a u s e i n C h r i s t j u d g m e n t b e c o m e s f i n i s h e d a n d f i n a l , b e c a u s e n o n e b u t a h o l y C h r i s t c o u l d s p r e a d s i n o u t i n a l l i t s s i n f u l n e s s f o r t h o r o u g h j u d g m e n t . I h ave a way o f p u t t i n g i t w h i c h s t a r t l e s s o m e o f m y f r i e n d s . T h e l a s t j u d g m e n t i s p a s t . I t t o o k p l a c e o n C h r i s t ’s C ro s s . W h a t we t a l k a b o u t a s t h e l a s t j u d g m e n t i s s i m p l y t h e wo r k i n g o u t o f C h r i s t ’ s C r o s s i n d e t a i l . T h e f i n a l j u d g m e n t , t h e a b s o l u t e j u d g m e n t , t h e c r u c i a l j u d g m e n t f o r t h e r a c e t o o k p l a c e i n p r i n c i p l e o n t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t . S i n h a s b e e n j u d g e d f i n a l l y

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t h e r e . A l l j u d g m e n t i s g i v e n t o t h e S o n i n v i r t u e o f H i s C ro s s . A l l o t h e r d e b t s a r e b o u g h t up there.

§

I t i s n o t s i m p l y t h a t i n t h e C r o s s o f C h r i s t a l l p u n i s h m e n t w a s s h o w n t o b e c o r r e c t i v e . A f a v o u r i t e t h e m e o n t h e p a r t o f m a n y o f t h o s e w h o c h a l l e n g e t h e a p o s t o l i c p o s i t i o n a b o u t t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t i s t h a t i t wa s o n l y t h e c row n i n g e x p o s i t i o n o f t h e g r e a t p r i n c i p l e t h a t a l l p u n i s h - m e n t i s r e a l l y c o r r e c t i v e a n d e d u c a t i v e . We c a n n o t s a y t h a t . T h e r e i s p l e n t y o f p u n i s h m e n t t h a t h a r d e n s a n d h a r d e n s . T h a t i s w h y w e a r e o b l i g e d t o l e a v e s u c h q u e s t i o n s a s u n i v e r s a l r e s t o r a t i o n u n s o l v e d . E v e n w h e n w e r e c o g n i s e t h e a b s o l u t e p owe r o f G o d ’s s a l v a t i o n , we a l s o r e c o g n i s e t h a t i t i s i n t h e p owe r o f t h e h u m a n s o u l t o h a rd e n i t s e l f u n t i l i t b e c o m e s h r u n k i n t o s u c h a t o u g h a n d i r r e d u c i b l e m a s s a s i t s e e m s t h e v e r y g r a c e o f G o d c o u l d d o n o t h i n g w i t h . C e r t a i n l y t h e re a r e p e o p l e h e re , i n t h i s l i f e , w h o b e c o m e s o t o u g h i n t h e i r s i n t h a t t h e g r a c e o f G o d i s i n v a i n . A n d I a m n o t s u r e t h a t a m o n g t h o s e w h o a r e t o u g h e s t a r e n o t s o m e w h o a r e m u c h c o m f o r t e d b y t h e i r r e l i g i o n . Yo u c a n d o s o m e t h i n g w i t h a h a r d e n e d s i n n e r . H e c a n b e b r o k e n t o p i e c e s . B u t I d o n o t k n o w w h a t y o u c a n d o w i t h a v i s c o u s s a i n t , w i t h t h o s e

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w h o a r e w r a p p e d i n t h e w o o l , s o a k e d i n t h e c o m f o r t o f t h e i r r e l i g i o n , a n d t a n n e d t o l e a t h e r , s o f t a n d t o u g h a s a g l ove , b y i t s b i t t e r e s t b a p - t i s m s . I o n c e u s e d a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e s e p e o p l e w h i c h w a s s o m e w h a t c r i t i c i s e d . I c a l l e d t h e m “ m o r a l t a b b i e s .” I s t h e r e a n y t h i n g m o r e c o m - f o r t a b l e , a n d s e l f i s h , a n d h o p e l e s s t h a n a r e a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d t a b b y ? W h e n r e l i g i o n b e c o m e s p e r v e r t e d t o b e a m e a n s o f m e r e c o m f o r t a n d d e n s e s e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n , i t b e c o m e s a n i n t e g u - m e n t s o t o u g h t h a t e v e n t h e g r a c e o f G o d c a n n o t g e t t h ro u g h i t , o r a s u b s t a n c e s o f l a c c i d that it cannot be handled.

§

I f i n d i t c o n v e n i e n t , y o u o b s e r v e , t o d i s - t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n p u n i s h m e n t a n d p e n a l t y. A m a n w h o l o s e s h i s l i f e i n t h e f i r e - d a m p, w h e r e h e i s l o o k i n g f o r t h e v i c t i m s o f a n a c c i d e n t , p a y s t h e p e n a l t y o f s a c r i f i c e , h u t h e d o e s n o t r e c e i v e i t s p u n i s h m e n t . A n d I t h i n k i t u s e f u l t o s p e a k o f C h r i s t a s t a k i n g t h e p e n a l t y o f s i n , w h i l e I r e f u s e t o s p e a k o f H i s t a k i n g i t s p u n i s h m e n t . I w o u l d a v o i d e v e r y w o r d t h a t w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t H e w a s p u n i s h e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h H i s s a l v a t i o n . I t r o b s t h e w h o l e a c t o f e t h i c a l v a l u e t o s a y s o . Pe n a l t y i s m a d e t o h o n o u r G o d i n t h e C ro s s o f

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C h r i s t , a n d t h u s i t b e c o m e s a b l e s s i n g t o u s . N o t t h a t o u r p u n i s h m e n t i s t u r n e d t o g o o d a c c o u n t i n i t s s u b j e c t i v e r e s u l t s u p o n u s , b u t t h a t C h r i s t ’ s j u d g m e n t h a s o b j e c t i v e v a l u e t o t h e h o n o u r o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s . H e t u r n e d t h e p e n a l t y H e e n d u r e d i n t o s a c r i f i c e H e o f f e r e d . A n d t h e s a c r i f i c e H e o f f e r e d wa s t h e j u d g m e n t H e a c c e p t e d . H i s p a s s i v e s u f f e r i n g b e c a m e a c t i ve o b e d i e n c e , a n d o b e d i e n c e t o a h o l y d o o m . H e d i d n o t s t e e l H i s f a c e t o t h e s u f f e r i n g H e h a d t o e n d u r e , a s t h o u g h i t w e r e a f a t e t o w h i c h H e h a d t o s e t H i s t e e t h a n d g o t h r o u g h i t i n a s t o i c w a y. H e n e v e r r e g a r d e d i t a s a m e re i n f l i c t i o n . Fo r H i m , w h o eve r i n f l i c t e d i t , i t w a s t h e h o l i e s t t h i n g i n a l l t h e w o r l d — i t w a s t h e w i l l a n d j u d g m e n t o f G o d . A l l t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t t o l d H i m t h a t t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d c o u l d n e v e r c o m e w i t h o u t t h e p r i o r j u d g m e n t o f G o d ; a n d H e w a s p r e p a r e d t o f o r c e t h a t j u d g m e n t i n H i s i m p a t i e n c e f o r t h e K i n g d o m . * H e a n swe r e d t h e j u d g m e n t o f G o d w i t h a g r a n d a f f i r m a t i ve a c t . T h e w i l l i n g a c c e p t a n c e o f f i n a l j u d g m e n t wa s f o r J e s u s t h e m e a n s p r e s e n t e d b y G o d f o r e f f e c t i n g h u m a n r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a n d t h e

* S e e S c h w e i t z e r ’ s v e r y r e m a r k a b l e “ Q u e s t o f t h e H i s t o r i c a l J e s u s ” ( A . a n d C . B l a c k ) — t h e l a s t t w o c h a p t e r s — w h e r e a d o g m a t i c a n d a t o n i n g m o t i v e i n J e s u s i s d e - c l a r e d b y a n a d v a n c e d c r i t i c t o h a v e b e e n t h e e x p l a n a t i o n of His death.

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D i v i n e K i n g d o m . T h e e s s e n c e o f a l l s a c r i f i c e , w h i c h i s s e l f - s u r r e n d e r t o G o d , wa s l i f t e d o u t o f t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t g a r b o f s y m b o l i s m , a n d w a s m a d e a m o r a l r e a l i t y i n C h r i s t ’s h o l y o b e d i e n c e . I n t h e O l d Te s t a m e n t we h ave t h e l a m b a n d t h e v a r i o u s o t h e r t h i n g s b r o u g h t , f o r o f f e r i n g ; b u t w h e r e d i d t h e i r e s s e n t i a l v a l u e l i e ? I n t h e o b e d i e n c e o f t h e o f f e r e r ; i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h o s e i n s t i t u t i o n s we r e g i v e n a n d p r e s c r i b e d b y h o l y God , howeve r t h e i r d e t a i l s we re du e t o man . And t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e v i c t i m wa s v a l u a b l e , n o t b e c a u s e o f a n y t h i n g i n t h e v i c t i m , b u t b e c a u s e o f t h e o b e d i e n c e a n d s u r r e n d e r o f t h e w i l l w i t h w h i c h t h e o f f e r e r p r e s e n t e d i t . T h i s i s t h e h e a r - i n g o f s i n — t h e h o l y b e a r i n g o f i t s j u d g m e n t . T h i s i s t h e t a k i n g o f s i n away — t h e a c k n ow l e d g - m e n t o f j u d g m e n t a s h o l y, w i s e , a n d g o o d , a n d i t s c o n v e r s i o n i n t o b l e s s i n g ; t h e a b s o r p t i o n a n d c o nve r s i o n o f j u d g m e n t i n t o c o n f e s s i o n a n d p r a i s e , t h e r e m o v a l o f t h a t g u i l t w h i c h s t o o d b e t w e e n G o d a n d m a n ’ s r e c o n c i l i a t i o n — t h e r o b b i n g s i n o f i t s p o w e r t o p r e v e n t c o m - munion with God.

I s h o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , e x p r e s s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e o l d v i e w a n d t h e n e w b y s a y i n g t h a t o n e e m p h a s i s e s s u b s t i t u t i o n a r y e x p i a t i o n a n d t h e o t h e r e m p h a s i s e s s o l i d a r y r e p a r a t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g o f d u e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f G o d ’ s

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h o l i n e s s , a n d t h e h o n o u r i n g o f t h a t a n d n o t o f His honour.

§

N ow l e t m e p a s s a s I c l o s e t o - d a y t o t wo o r three points I want specially to emphasise.

T h e r e i s o n e q u o t a t i o n w h i c h I w a n t e d t o m a k e a t a p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t a n d d i d n o t . T h e R e f o r m e r s a r e s t i l l , o n t h e w h o l e , t h e m a s t e r s o f t h e g r e a t v e r i t i e s o f e x p e r i e n c e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t . T h e y h a d a n a m a z i n g i n s i g h t i n t o t h e m o r b i d p s y c h o l o g y o f t h e c o n - s c i e n c e . T h e y d i d u n d e r s t a n d w h a t s i n m e a n t , a n d t h e y s a i d t h i s — t h e s i n n e r , b e g i n n i n g w i t h i n d i f f e r e n c e , mu s t ke e p f l y i n g f ro m G o d u n t i l h e a c t u a l l y h a t e G o d a s a p e r s e c u t o r , u n l e s s h e g r a s p t h e p u r s u i t a s G o d ’s m e r c y. I n d i f f e r e n c e c o u l d n o t s t o p a t i n d i f f e r e n c e , b u t g o e s o n t h r o u g h a v e r s i o n t o h a t e . E v e n i f a m a n d i e i n d i f f e r e n t i n t h i s l i f e , h e c o m e s i n t o c i r c u m - s t a n c e s w h e r e h e c e a s e s t o b e i n d i f f e r e n t . I f we b e l i eve a bou t a f u t u re a t a l l , i t w i l l b e impo s s i b l e f o r a n i n d i f f e r e n t m a n t o r e m a i n i n d i f f e r e n t w h e n h e h a s p a s s e d o n t h e r e . I n d i f f e r e n c e i s a n u n s t a b l e p o s i t i o n . I t c h a n g e s e i t h e r u p w a r d o r d ow n w a r d — d ow n w a r d i n t o a n t a g o n i s m , i n t o d e a d l y h a t e a g a i n s t G o d , s o m e t h i n g S a t a n i c ; o r u p wa rd s i t p a s s e s i n t o a c c e p t a n c e o f G o d ’s m e rc y b y f a i t h , a n d a l l i t s b l o s s o m a n d f r u i t , i t s j o y

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a n d p e a c e i n t h e H o l y G h o s t . T h e R e f o r m e r s w e r e p e r f e c t l y r i g h t . I t i s o n l y o u r d u l l e x - p e r i e n c e a n d p r e o c c u p i e d v i s i o n w h i c h p r e ve n t us seeing that it is so.

§

T h e n I s h o u l d l i k e t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s v a l u e i n s u c h a c r o s s . I t i s o n l y t h e j u d g m e n t s a c r i f i c e o f t h e S o n o f G o d t h a t a s s u r e s t h e s i n n e r o f t h e d e e p c h a n g e l e s s n e s s o f g r a c e . F o r g i v i n g i s n o t f o r g e t t i n g . P o p u l a r t h e o l o g y t o o o f t e n t e n d s t o p a c i f y u s b y r e d u c i n g t h e o f f e n c e . B u t t h e R e f o r m e r s p u t t h e m a t t e r q u i t e o t h e r w i s e i n s a y i n g t h a t a j u s t i f y i n g f a i t h o n l y g o e s w i t h a f u l l s e n s e o f g u i l t . Yo u c a n n o t g e t a f u l l , j u s t i f y i n g f a i t h w i t h o u t a f u l l s e n s e a n d c o n f e s s i o n o f g u i l t . We a l w a y s h a v e m i s t r u s t i n t h e b a c k g ro u n d o f o u r ow n s e l f - e x t e nu a t i o n s . W h e n c o n s c i e n c e b e g i n s t o wo r k a n d yo u b e g i n t o e x t e n u a t e , w h e n yo u t r y yo u r h a n d e a r n e s t l y a t j u s t i f y i n g yo u r s e l f t o yo u r s e l f , yo u h ave s o m e i d e a o f h o w m u c h m o r e v a s t m u s t b e G o d ’ s j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f y o u b e f o r e H i m s e l f . Yo u c a n - n o t c e a s e t o a s k w h a t c h a r g e c o n s c i e n c e h a s a g a i n s t y o u . T h e n y o u m a g n i f y t h a t t o G o d ’s c h a r g e . I f y o u r h e a r t c o n d e m n y o u , H i s c o n - d e m n a t i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f y o u r c o n - d e m n i n g h e a r t . D o yo u c o n s i d e r H i s c o n s c i e n c e ?

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H i s c o n s c i e n c e h a s t o b e p a c i f i e d a s we l l a s H i s h e a r t i n d u l g e d . A n d i f H i s c o n s c i e n c e h e n o t m e t , o u r s i s n o t s u r e . H a s H i s c o n s c i e n c e b e e n m e t ? C o n s c i e n c e h a s a l w a y s m i s t r u s t i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d i f g r a c e i s m e r e r e m i s s i o n . M e r e r e m i s s i o n o f s i n d o e s n o t s a t i s f y e v e n u s . I f c o n s c i e n c e w i t n e s s e s , a g a i n s t o u r e x t e n u a t i o n s , t o t h e h o l y m a j e s t y o f m o r a l c l a i m , i s i t t o b e l e s s s e v e r e a n d l e s s c h a n g e l e s s t h a n t h e c l a i m o f G o d H i m s e l f ? C o n s c i e n c e h a s i n t r u s t G o d ’s l aw a n d i t s m a j e s t y, w h i c h m u s t b e m a d e g o o d , a s m e r e r e m i s s i o n d o e s n o t m a ke i t . S u p - p o s e I t r a n s g r e s s a n d I h e a r t h e m e s s a g e o f g r a c e , d o e s i t t e l l m e t h e a c c u s i n g , i r r e p r e s s i b l e d e m a n d o f c o n s c i e n c e , t h e h a u n t i n g f e a r o f j u d g m e n t , w a s a n i l l u s i o n ? I t i s d o i n g m e v e r y i l l s e r v i c e i f i t d o e s . Tr u e , t h e r e i s n o w n o c o n d e m n a t i o n f o r f a i t h ; b u t i f t h e m e s s a g e o f g r a c e e v e r t e a c h e s u s t h a t t h e j u d g m e n t o f c o n s c i e n c e i s e x a g g e r a t i o n , i s i l l u s i o n , i t i s n o t t h e t r u e g r a c e o f G o d . I f a m e s s a g e o f g r a c e t e l l u s t h e r e wa s a n d i s n o j u d g m e n t a n y m o r e , a n d t h a t G o d h a s s i m p l y p u t j u d g m e n t o n o n e s i d e a n d h a s n o t e x e r c i s e d i t , t h a t c a n n o t b e t h e t r u e g r a c e o f G o d . S u r e l y t h e g r a c e o f G o d c a n n o t s t u l t i f y o u r h u m a n c o n s c i e n c e l i k e t h a t ! S o w e a r e h a u n t e d b y m i s t r u s t , u n l e s s c o n s c i e n c e b e d r ow n e d i n a h a z e o f h e a r t . We

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h a v e a l w a y s t h e f e e l i n g a n d f e a r t h a t t h e r e i s j u d g m e n t t o f o l l ow. H ow m a y I h e s u r e t h a t I m ay t a ke t h e g r a c e o f G o d s e r i o u s l y a n d f i n a l l y, h ow b e s u r e t h a t I h ave c o m p l e t e s a l v a t i o n , t h a t I m a y e n t i r e l y t r u s t i t t h r o u g h t h e w o r s t m y c o n s c i e n c e m ay s a y ? O n l y t h u s , t h a t G o d i s t h e R e c o n c i l e r , t h a t H e r e c o n c i l e s i n C h r i s t ’s C ro s s t h a t t h e j u d g m e n t o f s i n wa s t h e r e f o r g o o d a n d a l l . We a r e j u d g e d n o w b y t h e C r o s s , a n d b y t h e C ro s s we s t a n d o r f a l l . T h e g r e a t s i n i s n o t s o m e t h i n g we d o, bu t i t i s r e f u s i n g t o m a ke o u r - s e l ve s r i g h t w i t h G o d i n C h r i s t ’s C ro s s . We a r e j u d g ed i n t h e e nd by ou r r e l a t i on t o t h e C ro s s o f C h r i s t . I t i s t h e p r i n c i p l e o f o u r m o r a l wo r l d . A l l j u d g m e n t i s c o m m i t t e d t o t h a t S o n . We s t a n d b e f o r e G o d a t l a s t a c c o r d i n g a s w e a r e o w n e d b y C h r i s t . We a r e c o n f e s s e d b y H i m a c c o r d i n g t o o u r c o n f e s s i o n o f H i m . N e m e s i s o n u s i s h a l l o w e d a s a p a r t o f t h e j u d g m e n t o n H i m t o w h o s e d e a t h we a r e j o i n e d . T h e r e i s n o s u c h t h o ro u g h a s s e r t i o n o f G o d ’s h o l y, l ov i n g l a w a n y w h e r e a s t h e r e , w h e r e i n t h e C r o s s i t w a s g i v e n i t s ow n , a n d w a s p e r f e c t e d i n j u d g - m e n t i n H i m w h o b e c a m e a c u r s e f o r u s . H i s p r aye r f o r H i s m u rd e r e r s , o r t h e c l o s i n g s i g h o f v i c t o r y i n t h e m i d s t o f t h a t j u d g m e n t , vo u c h e s f o r e v e r t o t h i s , t h a t i t i s t h e s a m e h o l y w i l l w h i c h j u d g e s m a n ’s w i c ke d n e s s a n d a l s o l ove s u s

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a n d g i v e s H i s S o n f o r a p r o p i t i a t i o n f o r u s . O n l y t h a t h o l i n e s s w h i c h i s c h a n g e l e s s i n i t s j u d g m e n t c o u l d b e c h a n g e l e s s a l s o i n g r a c e . H i s g r a c e w a s s o l i t t l e t o b e f o i l e d t h a t H e g r a c i o u s l y t o o k H i s o w n j u d g m e n t . T h u s t h e s e ve r i t y o f c o n s c i e n c e b e c o m e s t h e c e r t a i n t y o f salvation.

§

B u t , c h a n g e l e s s i n j u d g m e n t ! D o e s t h a t m e a n e x a c t i n g t h e u t t e r m o s t f a r t h i n g o f p e n a l t y, o f s u f f e r i n g ? D o e s i t m e a n t h a t i n t h e h o u r o f H i s d e a t h C h r i s t s u f f e r e d , c o m p r e s s e d i n t o o n e b r i e f m o m e n t , a l l t h e p a i n s o f h e l l w h i c h t h e h u m a n r a c e d e s e r v e d . We c a n n o t t h i n k a b o u t t h i n g s i n t h a t way. G o d d o e s n o t wo r k b y s u c h e q u i v a l e n t s . W h a t i s r e q u i r e d i s n o t a n e q u i v a - l e n t p e n a l t y, b u t a n a d e q u a t e c o n f e s s i o n o f H i s h o l i n e s s . L e t u s g e t r i d o f t h a t m a t e r i a l i s t i d e a o f e q u i v a l e n t s . W h a t C h r i s t g a v e t o G o d wa s n o t a n e q u i v a l e n t p e n a l t y, b u t a n a d e q u a t e c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , r i s i n g f r o m a m i d e x t r e m e c o n d i t i o n s o f s i n . G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , t h e n , w a s s o l i t t l e t o b e m o c k e d , t h a t H e a c t u a l l y t o o k H i s o w n j u d g m e n t t o s a v e i t . H e s p a r e d n o t H i s o w n S o n — H i s o w n s e l f . H i s s e v e r i t y o f c o n s c i e n c e b e c o m e s a t t h e s a m e m o m e n t o u r s e c u r i t y o f s a l v a t i o n . A n d t h e m o r e c o n s c i e n c e p r e a c h e s t h e c h a n g e l e s s n e s s o f t h e j u d g i n g G o d ,

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t h e m o r e i t p r e a c h e s t h e s a m e c h a n g e l e s s n e s s i n the grace of Christ.

§

T h e r e i s a n o t h e r c o n s e q u e n c e . O n l y t h e e t e r n a l R e c o n c i l e r , t h e H i g h P r i e s t , c a n g u a r a n t e e u s o u r f u l l r e d e m p t i o n . “ Ta k e , m y s o u l , t h y f u l l s a l v a t i o n .” Yo u c a n n o t d o i t e x c e p t y o u d o i t i n s u c h a C r o s s . I t i s n o t e n o u g h t o h a v e i n t h e C r o s s a g r e a t d e m o n - s t r a t i o n o f G o d ’ s l o v e , a f o r g i v e n e s s o f t h e p a s t w h i c h l e a v e s u s t o f e n d f o r o u r s e l v e s i n t h e f u t u r e . I s m y m o r a l p o w e r s o g r e a t a f t e r a l l , t h e n , t h a t , s u p p o s i n g I b e l i e v e p a s t t h i n g s we r e s e t t l e d i n C h r i s t ’s C r o s s , I m a y n ow f e e l I c a n r u n i n m y o w n s t r e n g t h ? C a n I h e p e r f e c t l y c o n f i d e n t a b o u t m e e t i n g t e m p t a t i o n ? N ay, we m u s t d e p e n d d a i l y u p o n t h e c o n t i n u e d e n e r g y o f t h e c r u c i f i e d a n d r i s e n O n e . We m u s t d e p e n d d a i l y u p o n t h e a c t i o n o f t h a t s a m e C h r i s t w h o s e a c t i o n c u l m i n a t e d t h e r e b u t d i d n o t e n d t h e r e . H i s d e a t h i s a s o r g a n i c w i t h H i s h e a v e n l y l i f e a s i t w a s w i t h H i s e a r t h l y. W h a t i s t h e m e a n i n g o f H i s p e r p e t u a l i n t e r c e s s i o n i f i t d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t — t h e e x h a u s t l e s s e n e r g y o f H i s s a v i n g a c t ? I t i s b y H i s w o r k f r o m h e a v e n t h a t w e a p p r o p r i a t e H i s w o r k u p o n e a r t h . H e g u a r a n t e e s o u r p e r - fection as well as our redemption.

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§

T h e l a s t s t e p . I t i s o n l y t h e a t o n i n g r e c o n - c i l i a t i o n o f a w h o l e wo r l d t h a t g u a r a n t e e s t h e f i n a l p e r f e c t i n g o f t h a t w o r l d b y i t s C r e a t o r . H o w d o w e k n o w t h a t c r e a t i o n i s g o i n g t o b e p e r f e c t e d ? H o w d o w e k n o w t h a t i t i s t o b e t o t h e g l o r y o f G o d w h o m a d e i t a n d c a l l e d i t g o o d ? H o w d o w e k n o w t h e w o r l d w i l l n o t b e a f a i l u r e f o r G o d w i t h a l l b u t t h e g r o u p o f p e o p l e s a v e d i n a n a r k o f s o m e k i n d ? We o n l y k n o w b e c a u s e w e b e l i e v e i n t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e w o r l d i n C h r i s t ’ s C r o s s . T h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a l o f p e s s i m i s m t o - d a y, m u c h d o u b t a s t o w h e t h e r p e r f e c t i o n r e a l l y r e m a i n s f o r t h e w h o l e w o r l d ; a n d y o u f i n d p e o p l e i n t h e b u r d e n e d We s t d r a w n t o t h e B u d d h i s t i c i d e a o f t h e h u m a n s o u l ’ s e x - t i n c t i o n . S o m e C h r i s t i a n s c o n t e n t t h e m s e l v e s w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s a l v a t i o n o u t o f a wo r l d w h i c h i s l e f t i n t h e l u r c h , o r t h e y a r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h p e r s o n a l u n i o n w i t h C h r i s t s e c u r i n g t h e i r o w n f u t u r e . B u t t h e g o s p e l d e a l s w i t h t h e w o r l d o f m e n a s a w h o l e . I t a r g u e s t h e r e - s t o r a t i o n o f a l l t h i n g s , a n e w h e a v e n a n d a n e w e a r t h . I t i n t e n d s t h e r e g e n e r a t i o n o f h u m a n s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e . C h r i s t i s t h e S a v i o u r o f t h e w o r l d , w h o w a s a l s o t h e a g e n t o f i t s c r e a t i o n . T h e C r e a t o r h a s n o t l e t H i s

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w o r l d g e t o u t o f h a n d f o r g o o d a n d a l l . T h a t i s t o s a y, o u r f a i t h i s s o c i a l a n d c o m m u n a l i n i t s n a t u r e . We m u s t h a v e a s o c i a l g o s p e l . A n d t h i s y o u c a n n o t g e t u p o n t h e b a s i s o f m e r e i n d i v i d u a l o r s e c t i o n a l s a l v a t i o n . Yo u c a n o n l y h ave a s o c i a l g o s p e l u p o n o n e b a s i s , n a m e l y, t h a t C h r i s t s a v e d , r e c o n c i l e d t h e w h o l e w o r l d a s a u n i t y, t h e w h o l e o f s o c i e t y a n d h i s t o r y. T h e O b j e c t o f o u r f a i t h , J e s u s C h r i s t , i s w h a t o u r f a t h e r s u s e d t o c a l l a f e d e r a l Pe r s o n , a f e d e r a l S a v i o u r , i n a f e d e r a l a c t . A l l h u m a n i t y i s i n H i m a n d i n H i s a c t . I t i s q u i t e t r u e e v e r y m a n m u s t b e l i e v e f o r h i m s e l f , b u t n o m a n c a n b e l i e v e b y h i m s e l f o r u n t o h i m s e l f . T h e C h r i s t i a n f a i t h f a d e s away i f i t i s n o t n o u r i s h e d a n d b u i l t u p i n a c o m m u n i t y, i n a C h u r c h . A n d t h e C h u r c h f a d e s a w a y i f i t d o n o t h o l d t h i s f a i t h i n t r u s t f o r t h e w h o l e w o r l d . E a c h o n e o f u s i s s a v e d o n l y b y t h e a c t a n d b y t h e Person that saved the whole world.

Note to p. 153. I n s o m e c a s e s i t s e e m s d u e t o c o n g e n i t a l d e f e c t . A n

a b l e m e m b e r o f t h e “ N e w T h e o l o g y ” g r o u p w a s c o n - v e r s i n g w i t h m y i n f o r m a n t , w h o s a i d , “ F o r m e a l l Chr i s t i an i t y tu r n s on the un speakab l e mercy o f God to my s o u l i n t h e C ro s s o f C h r i s t .” T h e r e p l y wa s b l a n k l y, “ I do not understand it.”

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THE PRECISE PROBLEM TO-DAY

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VI

THE PRECISE PROBLEM TO-DAY *

TH E R E i s a p o p u l a r i m p r e s s i o n a b o u t b o t h p h i l o s o p h y a n d t h e o l o g y t h a t t h e h i s t o r y

o f t h e i r p r o b l e m s i s v e r y s t e r i l e ; t h a t i t i s n o t a l o n g d eve l o p m e n t , c a r r y i n g t h e d i s c u s s i o n o n w i t h g r o w i n g i n s i g h t f r o m a g e t o a g e , a n d p a s s i n g f r o m t h i n k e r t o t h i n k e r w i t h g r o w i n g d e p t h , b u t r a t h e r a s c e n e i n w h i c h e a c h n e w - c o m e r d e m o l i s h e s t h e w o r k o f h i s p r e d e c e s s o r i n o rd e r t o p u t i n i t s p l a c e s a m e t h e o r y d o o m e d i n t u r n t o t h e s a m e f r u i t l e s s f a t e . Tr u l y, a s H e g e l s a y s , i f t h a t w e r e s o w i t h p h i l o s o p h y, i t s h i s t o r y w o u l d b e c o m e o n e o f t h e s a d d e s t a n d s o r r i e s t t h i n g s , a n d i t w o u l d h a v e n o r i g h t t o g o o n . A n d i f i t we r e s o w i t h t h e o l og y, we s h o u l d n o t o n l y b e d i s t r e s s e d f o r H u m a n i t y, bu t we s h o u l d b e s c e p t i c a l a b o u t t h e H o l y S p i r i t

* T h i s c h a p t e r o w e s m u c h t o K i r n , H e r z o g , x x . , A r t . “Versöhnung.”

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i n t h e C h u r c h . I t c o u l d b e t h e C h u r c h o f n o H o l y S p i r i t i f t h o s e w h o t r a n s l a t e d i t s l i f e i n t o t h o u g h t d i d n o t o f f e r t o p o s t e r i t y a s p e c t a c l e h i g h e r t h a n d r a g o n s t h a t t a r e e a c h o t h e r i n t h e s l i m e , o r l i o n s t h a t b i t a n d devoured one another.

A s a m a t t e r o f t r u t h a n d f a c t , b o t h p h i l o s o p hy a n d t h e o l o g y h a v e n o t o n l y a c h r o n i c l e b u t a h i s t o r y. T h e y r e g i s t e r t h e h i g h e s t s p i r i t u a l e vo l u t i o n o f t h e r a c e . T h e wave b e h i n d ro l l s o n t h e w a ve b e f o r e . T h e p a s t i s n o t d e vo u r e d h u t l i ve s o n , a n d c o m e s t o i t s e l f i n t h e f u t u r e . T h e n ew a r r i v a l s d o n o t c o n s u m e t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s , a n d d o n o t i g n o r e t h e m ; t h e y i n t e r p r e t t h e m a n d c a r r y t h e m f o r w a r d s . T h e y t a k e t h e i r f e r t i l e p l a c e i n t h e g r e a t o r g a n i c m o v e m e n t . T h e y m o d u l a t e w h a t i s b e h i n d u p w a r d s i n t o w h a t i s t o c o m e . T h e y c o r r e c t t h e p a s t a n d e n r i c h i t ; a n d t h ey h a n d o n t h e i r c o r r e c t e d p a s t to be a foundation for the workers yet to be.

T h e a m a t e u r , o r t h e s e l f - t a u g h t , t h e r e f o r e i s a t a g r e a t d i s a d v a n t a g e . H e d o e s n o t t a k e u p t h e p ro b l e m w h e r e t h e s c i e n t i f i c s u c c e s s i o n l a i d i t d ow n . H e d o e s n o t c o m e i n w h e r e h i s g r e a t c o - w o r k e r s l e f t o f f . H e m u s t s t a r t a b o v o . H e m u s t d o ove r a g a i n f o r h i m s e l f w h a t t h e y h a ve c o n s p i r e d t o d o b e t t e r . H e r i s k s “ b e i n g a f o o l a t f i r s t h a n d .” H e w a s t e s h i m s e l f c r i t i c i s i n g

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w h a t h a s l o n g b e e n d r o p p e d , a n d s l a y i n g t h e l o n g - t i m e s l a i n . H e t h r o w s a w a y e f f o r t i n e s t a b l i s h i n g w h a t t h e c o m p e t e n t h a v e a g r e e d t o a c c e p t . A n d h e m i s s e s t h e r i g h t p o i n t s t o a t t a c k o r t o s t r e n g t h e n , b e c a u s e h e h a s n o t s u r - v e y e d t h e g r o u n d . E v e r y n o w a n d t h e n o n e m e e t s t h e c a p a b l e a m a t e u r , w h o s e m i s f o r t u n e i t h a s b e e n t o h ave n o s c h o o l i n g i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c h i s t o r y o r m e t h o d o f t h e s u b j e c t , w h o a p p l i e d t o i t a s h r e w d m o t h e r — w i t o r a n e a r n e s t b u t u n i n s t r u c t e d c o n s c i e n c e , a n d w h o p e r h a p s p u b - l i s h e s a t h e o r y o f I n c a r n a t i o n o r A t o n e m e n t w h i c h , f o r a l l i t s h i n t s a n d g l i m p s e s o f t r u t h , m a ke s n o r e a l c o n t r i bu t i o n e i t h e r t o t h e h i s t o r y o r t h e m e r i t s o f t h e c a s e . T h i s i s t h e m i s - f o r t u n e o f t h e s e l f - t a u g h t w h o g o e s s t r a i g h t t o h i s B i b l e f o r t h e m a t e r i a l s o f h i s t h e o l o g y, a n d i g n o r e s m o s t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t t h e p r o b l e m h a s r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e g r e a t e s t m i n d s i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e C h u r c h o r t h e s o u l . T h e B i b l e i s e n o u g h f o r o u r s a v i n g f a i t h , b u t i t i s n o t enough for our scientific theology.

To m a k e t h e m o s t t h e r e f o r e o f g o d l y a n d a b l e m e n , w h o w o u l d e l s e h e w a s t e d m o r e o r l e s s , i t i s w e l l t h a t w e s h o u l d t e a c h t h e m a t t h e o u t s e t t o t a k e u p t h e q u e s t i o n w h e r e t h e y f i n d i t , t o b e g i n w h e r e t h e i r b e s t p r e d e c e s s o r s l e f t o f f , t o w o r k u p o n r e s u l t s , a n d t o c a r r y

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f o r wa rd t h e s u b j e c t i n t h e t r a i n o f i t s e vo l u t i o n f r o m t h e g r e a t a n d g row i n g p a s t . L e t u s c o u p l e u p w i t h t h e p a s t , a n d r e p ay i t s g i f t s by f r u c t i f y - i n g t h e m f o r t h e f u t u r e . L e t u s c a l l i n o u r t h o u g h t , a n d c o n c e n t r a t e i t u p o n t h e p r e c i s e q u e s t i o n w h i c h p r e v i o u s t h i n k e r s h a v e l e f t u s to solve.

§

T h e r e i s , t h u s , a n o t h e r t h i n g we h a v e t o d o . We have to t r y t o f i nd a due p l a c e f o r t ho s e v i ews w h i c h , h oweve r o n e - s i d e d , ye t d o c o m p e l a t t e n - t i on t o a s p e c t s t h a t t h e Chu rch f rom t ime t o t ime i g n o r e s . We h a v e t o m e e t , s a t i s f y, a n d e x c e e d s u ch v i ew s . Much , f o r i n s t a n c e , h a s b e en do n e i n t h e l i f e t i m e o f m o s t o f u s t o c o r r e c t a n d e x t e n d t h o s e v i e w s o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k w h i c h w e r e s o r i g i d l y o b j e c t i v e t h a t t h e y b e c a m e e x t e r n a l . I t h a s b e e n u r g e d t h a t t h e C h u r c h l o n g t h o u g h t t o o m u c h o f C h r i s t ’ s a c t i o n o n G o d a n d n o t e n o u g h o f H i s a c t i o n o n m a n . A n d w h a t i s c a l l e d t h e m o r a l t h e o r y o f t h e A t o n e m e n t h a s t h e r e f o r e b e e n p r e s s e d u p o n u s , t o r e p l a c e t h e u l t r a - o b j e c t i v e a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n a r y v i e w. A n d t h e p re s s u re h a s o f t en b e en s o h a rd t h a t a n ob j e c - t i ve t h e o r y h a s b e e n e n t i r e l y d e n i e d a s i m m o r a l , a n d d e n i e d s o m e t i m e s w i t h a s c o r n u n j u s t i f i e d b y e i t h e r , t h e m e n t a l a c u m e n o r m o r a l d i g n i t y of the cr itic.

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B u t i n s p i t e o f t h i s o v e r - p r e s s u r e , a n d t h e o c c a s i o n a l i n s o l e n c e t h a t g o e s w i t h i g n o r a n c e , i t r e m a i n s o u r d u t y t o f i n d a p r o p e r p l a c e i n o u r v i e w o f t h e w h o l e g r e a t s u b j e c t f o r t h a t e f f e c t o f C h r i s t u p o n m e n w h i c h h a s m e a n t s o m u c h f o r t h e s a n c t i t y o f t h e C h u r c h . We h a v e t o m e e t , s a t i s f y, a n d t r a n s c e n d t h o s e p l e a s w h i c h h a v e b e e n c a l l e d i n t o e x i s t e n c e t o r e d r e s s t h e b a l a n c e o f t h e o l o g i c a l n e g l e c t , a n d t o f i l l o u t t h a t w h i c h w a s b e h i n d i n o u r g r a s p o f t h e m a n i f o l d w o r k . E s p e c i a l l y w e h a v e t o a d j u s t o u r t h e o l o g y o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k t o t h o s e w h o o b s e r ve t h a t t h e r e p e n t a n c e o f t h e g u i l t y i s a n e s s e n t i a l c o n d i t i o n o f f o r g i v e n e s s , a n d w h o g o o n t o a s k h o w w e c a n s p e a k o f a f i n i s h e d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o r a t o n e m e n t b y a s i n l e s s C h r i s t , w h o c o u l d n o t p o s s i b l y p r e s e n t b e f o r e G o d a repentance of that kind.

§

T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n r e s u l t s w h i c h , i t m a y b e s a i d , w e h a v e d e f i n i t e l y r e a c h e d i n c o r r e c t i o n o f w h a t h a s l o n g h e e n k n o w n a s t h e p o p u l a r v i e w o f C h r i s t ’ s d e a t h a n d w o r k . T h e y a r e m o d e r n , a n d t h e y owe m u c h t o S c h l e i e r m a c h e r , R i t s c h l , M c L e o d C a m p b e l l , M a u r i c e a n d o t h e r s ; b u t t h e y h ave a l s o b e e n s h ow n t o b e s c r i p t u r a l , b y a n e w, o b j e c t i v e a n d s c i e n t i f i c i nve s t i g a t i o n

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o f w h a t t h e B i b l e h a s t o s a y a n t h e s u b j e c t . W h e n w e h a v e b r o u g h t t h e l o n g h i s t o r y o f t h e q u e s t i o n u p t o d a t e , b a l a n c e d t h e b o o k s , a n d t a k e n a c c o u n t o f t h e g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t o n t h e m o d e r n s i d e , we c a n t h e n g o o n t o a s k where exactly the question now stands.

The mod i f i c a t i on s on wh i ch t h e b e s t a u t ho r i t i e s a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y a t o n e w e h a v e s e e n t o b e such as these:—

1 . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s n o t t h e r e s u l t o f a c h a n g e i n G o d f r o m w r a t h t o l o v e . I t f l o w s f r o m t h e c h a n g e l e s s w i l l o f a l ov i n g G o d . N o o t h e r v i ew c o u l d m a k e t h e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n s u r e . I f G o d c h a n g e d t o i t , H e m i g h t c h a n g e f r o m i t . A n d t h e s h e e t - a n c h o r o f t h e s o u l f o r E t e r n i t y wo u l d t h e n h a v e g o n e b y t h e b o a r d . F o r g i v e n e s s a r o s e a t n o p o i n t i n t i m e . G r a c e w a s t h e r e b e f o r e e v e n c r e a t i o n . I t a b o u n d e d b e f o r e s i n d i d . T h e h o l i n e s s w h i c h m a k e s s i n s i n , i s o n e w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y t o d e s t r o y s i n i n g r a c i o u s love.

2 . R e c o n c i l i a t i o n r e s t s o n C h r i s t ’ s p e r s o n , a n d i t i s e f f e c t e d by H i s e n t i r e wo r k , d o i n g , a n d s u f f e r i n g . T h i s w o r k d o e s t h r e e t h i n g s . ( 1 ) I t r e ve a l s a n d p u t s i n t o h i s t o r i c a c t i o n t h e c h a n g e - l e s s g r a c e o f G o d . ( 2 ) I t r e ve a l s a n d e s t a b l i s h e s H i s h o l i n e s s , a n d t h e r e i n a l s o t h e s i n f u l n e s s o f s i n . A n d ( 3 ) i t e x h i b i t s a H u m a n i t y i n p e r f e c t

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t u n e w i t h t h a t w i l l o f G o d . A n d i t d o e s m o r e t h a n e x h i b i t t h e s e t h i n g s — i t s e t s t h e m u p, g r a c e , holiness, and the new Humanity in its Head.

3 . T h i s r e c o n c i l i n g a n d r e d e e m i n g w o r k o f C h r i s t c u l m i n a t e s i n H i s s u f f e r i n g u n t o d e a t h , w h i c h i s i n d e e d m o r e o f a n a c t t h a n a n e x p e r i - e n c e . H e r e , i n t h e C r o s s , i s t h e s u m m i t o f H i s r eve l a t i o n o f g r a c e , o f s i n , a n d o f H u m a n i t y. A n d t h e c e n t r a l f e a t u r e o f t h i s t h r e e f o l d r e v e - l a t i o n i n t h e C ro s s i s t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d ’s l ove . I t i s t h i s h o l i n e s s t h a t d e e p e n s e r r o r i n t o s i n , s i n i n t o g u i l t , a n d g u i l t i n t o r e p e n t a n c e ; w i t h - o u t w h i c h a n y s e n s e o f f o r g i v e n e s s w o u l d b e b u t a n a n o d y n e a n d n o t a g r a c e , a s e l f - f l a t t e r - i n g u n c t i o n t o t h e s o u l a n d n o t t h e p e a c e of God.

4 . I n t h i s r e l a t i o n t o G o d ’s h o l i n e s s a n d i t s s a t i s f a c t i o n , n o b o d y n ow t h i n k s o f t h e t r a n s f e r o f o u r p u n i s h m e n t t o C h r i s t i n i t s e n t i r e t y - i n c l u d i n g t h e w o r s t p a i n s o f h e l l i n a s e n s e o f g u i l t . C h r i s t e x p e r i e n c e d t h e w o r l d ’s h a t e , a n d t h e c u r s e o f t h e L a w i n t h e s e n s e o f t h e s u f f e r i n g e n t a i l e d o n m a n b y s i n ; b u t a d i r e c t i n f l i c t i o n o f m e n ’ s t o t a l d e s e r t s u p o n H i m b y G o d i s u n t h i n k a b l e . H i s p e n a l t y w a s n o t p u n i s h m e n t , b e c a u s e i t w a s d i s s o c i a t e d f r o m t h e s e n s e o f d e s e r t . W h a t e v e r w e m e a n b y a t o n e m e n t m u s t b e i n t e r p r e t e d i n t h a t s e n s e .

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A n d j u d g m e n t i s a m u c h b e t t e r w o r d t h a n either penalty or punishment.

5 . W h a t w e h a v e i n C h r i s t ’ s w o r k i s n o t t h e me re p re - re qu i s i t e o r c ond i t i on o f r e conc i l i a - t i o n , b u t t h e a c t u a l a n d f i n a l e f f e c t i n g o f i t i n p r i n c i p l e . H e w a s n o t m a k i n g i t p o s s i b l e , H e wa s d o i n g i t . We a r e s p i r i t u a l l y i n a r e c o n - c i l e d w o r l d , w e a r e n o t m e r e l y i n a w o r l d i n p ro c e s s o f e m p i r i c a l r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . O u r e x p e r i - e n c e o f r e l i g i o n i s e x p e r i e n c e o f a t h i n g d o n e o n c e f o r a l l , f o r e ve r , a n d f o r t h e wo r l d . T h a t i s , i t i s m o re t h a n eve n e x p e r i e n c e , i t i s a f a i t h . T h e s a m e a c t a s p u t G o d ’ s f o r g i v e n e s s o n a m o r a l f o u n d a t i o n a l s o r e vo l u t i o n i s e d H u m a n i t y. H e n c e w e a r e n o t d i s p o s e d t o s p e a k o f s u b - s t i t u t i o n * s o m u c h a s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . B u t i t i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n by O n e w h o c r e a t e s by H i s a c t t h e H u m a n i t y H e r e p r e s e n t s , a n d d o e s n o t m e r e l y s p o n s o r i t . T h e s a m e a c t a s d i s b u r d e n s u s o f g u i l t c o m m i t s u s t o a n e w l i f e . O u r S a v i o u r i n H i s s a l v a t i o n i s n o t o n l y o u r c o m f o r t b u t o u r p o w e r ; n o t m e r e l y o u r r e s c u e r b u t o u r n e w l i f e . H i s w o r k i s i n t h e s a m e a c t reclamation as well as rescue.

* B e c a u s e s u b s t i t u t i o n d o e s n o t t a k e a c c o u n t o f t h e m o r a l r e s u l t s o n t h e s o u l , a n d f o r a f u l l a c c o u n t o f t h e c a u s e w e m u s t i n c l u d e a l l t h e e f f e c t s . T o d o j u s t i c e t o t h e w h o l e o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k w e m u s t i n c l u d e t h e Church, and in justification include sanctification.

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6 . A n o t h e r t h i n g m a y p e r h a p s h e t a k e n a s r e c o g n i s e d i n s o m e f o r m b y t h e m a i n l i n e o f j u d i c i o u s a d v a n c e i n o u r s u b j e c t . T h e wo r k o f C h r i s t w a s m o r a l a n d n o t o f f i c i a l . I t w a s t h e e n e r g y a n d v i c t o r y o f H i s o w n m o r a l p e r s o n - a l i t y, a nd no t s imp l y t h e f i l l i n g o f a po s i t i on , t h e d i s c h a r g e o f a n o f f i c e H e h e l d . H i s v i c t o r y wa s n o t d u e t o H i s r a n k , b u t t o H i s w i l l a n d c o n s c i e n c e . I t l a y i n H i s f a i t h f u l n e s s t o t h e u t t e r m o s t a m i d t e m p t a t i o n s m o r a l l y r e a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y r e l e v a n t t o w h a t H e w a s . I t wa s a wo r k t h a t d r ew o n H i s w h o l e p e r s o n a l i t y, a n d wa s bu i l t i n t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h a t p e r s o n a l i t y a s a m o r a l n e c e s s i t y o f i t . W h a t H e d i d H e d i d n o t d o s i m p l y i n t h e r o o m a n d s t e a d o f o t h e r s , H e d i d i t a s a n e c e s s i t y o f H i s o w n p e r s o n a l s o — t h o u g h i t s e f f e c t f o r t h e m w a s n o t w h a t i t w a s f o r H i m . H e f u l f i l l e d a n o b l i g a t i o n u n d e r w h i c h H i s o w n p e r s o n a l i t y l a y ; H e d i d n o t s i m p l y p a y t h e d e b t s o f o t h e r people. He fulfilled a personal vocation.

A n d H i s f a i t h f u l n e s s w a s n o t o n l y t o a vo c a - t i o n . I t w a s t o a s p e c i a l v o c a t i o n , t h a t o f a R e d e e m e r , n o t m e r e l y a s a i n t . T h e i m m e d i a t e s o u r c e o f H i s s u f f e r i n g w a s n o t t h e s i g h t o f h u m a n s i n , a n d i t w a s n o t a g e n e r a l h o l i n e s s i n H i m . I t wa s n o t t h e q u i ve r i n g o f t h e s a i n t ’s p u r i t y a t t h e t o u c h o f e v i l . B u t i t w a s t h e

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s u f f e r i n g o f O n e w h o t o u c h e d s i n a s t h e R e - d e e m e r . H e w o u l d n o t h a v e s u f f e r e d f o r s i n a s H e d i d , h a d H e n o t f a c e d i t a s i t s d e s t r oye r . N a t o n l y w a s t h i s H i s v o c a t i o n a s a m o r a l h e r o , b u t H i s s p e c i a l v o c a t i o n a s S a v i o u r . I t w a s t h e w o r k o f a m o r a l p e r s o n a l i t y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e r a c e , o f O n e w h o c o n c e n t r a t e d o n a special yet universal task—that of Redemption.

H i s p e r f e c t i o n wa s n o t t h a t o f a p a r a g o n , o n e w h o c o u l d d o b e t t e r w h a t e ve r y s o u l a n d g e n i u s o f t h e r a c e c o u l d d o we l l . H e w a s n o t a l l t h e p owe r s a n d e x c e l l e n c i e s o f m a n k i n d r o l l e d i n t o o n e s u p e r m a n . B u t H i s p e r f e c t i o n w a s t h a t o f t h e r a c e ’s R e d e e m e r . I t wa s i n t e r i o r t o a l l o t h e r p o w e r s a n d a c h i e v e m e n t s . I t w a s c e n t r a l h a t h f o r G o d a n d m a n . H e m a d e m a n ’s c e n t r e a n d G o d ’s c o i n c i d e . H e t o o k m a n k i n d a t i t s c e n t r e a n d l a i d i t o n t h e c e n t r e o f G o d . H i s i d e n t i f i - c a t i o n w i t h m a n wa s n o t e x t e n s i ve bu t i n t e n s i ve , i t w a s n o t d i s c u r s i v e a n d p a r a l l e l , s o t o s a y. I t w a s m o r a l l y c e n t r a l a n d c r e a t i v e . H e w a s n o t H u m a n i t y o n i t s d i v i n e s i d e ; H e w a s i t s n e w l i f e f r o m t h e i n s i d e . T h e p r o b l e m H e h a d t o s o l v e w a s t h e s u p r e m e a n d c e n t r a l m o r a l p r o b l e m o f g u i l t ; a n d t h e w o r k c o u l d o n l y h e d o n e by t h e n a t i ve a c t i o n o f a p e r s o n a l i t y m o r a l i n i t s n a t u r e a n d m e t h o d s , m o r a l t o t h e p i t c h of the Holy.

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I t i s a n i m m e n s e g a i n t h u s t o c o n s t r u e C h r i s t ’ s w o r k a s t h a t o f a m o r a l p e r s o n a l i t y i n s t e a d o f a h e a v e n l y f u n c t i o n a r y. I t b r i n g s i t i n t o l i n e w i t h t h e m o d e r n m i n d a n d i n t o o r g a n i c u n i o n w i t h t h e m o r a l p r o b l e m o f t h e r a c e . I t e n a b l e s u s t o r e a l i s e t h a t e v e r y s t e p o f t h e m o r a l v i c t o r y i n H i s l i f e wa s a s t e p a l s o i n t h e R e d e m p t i o n o f t h e w h o l e h u m a n c o n s c i e n c e . A n d we g r a s p w i t h n e w p owe r t h e i d e a t h a t H i s c row n i n g v i c t o r y o f t h e C ro s s wa s t h e v i c t o r y i n p r i n c i p l e o f t h e w h o l e r a c e i n H i m — t h a t J u s t i f i c a t i o n i s r e a l l y o n e w i t h R e - c o n c i l i a t i o n , a n d w h a t H e d i d b e f o r e G o d c o n - t a i n e d a l l H e w a s t o d o o n m a n . I t m a k e s p o s s i b l e f o r u s w h a t my l a s t l e c t u r e w i l l a t t e m p t t o i n d i c a t e — a u n i t a r y v i e w o f H i s w h o l e wo r k and person.

§

7. A f t e r t h e s e g r e a t m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d g a i n s , w e h a v e c l e a r e d t h e g r o u n d t o a s k w i t h s o m e e x a c t n e s s j u s t w h e r e t h e q u e s t i o n a t t h e m o m e n t s t a n d s . W h a t wa s t h e d iv i n e s t t h i n g , t h e a t o n i n g , s a t i s f y i n g t h i n g , t h e t h i n g o f f e r e d t o G o d , i n Ch r i s t ; t h e t h i n g , t h e re f o re , f i n a l a nd p re c i ou s i n w h a t H e d i d ? T h e p e r m a n e n t t h i n g i n C h r i s t i - a n i t y m u s t b e t h a t w h i c h g i v e s i t i t s c h i e f v a l u e t o G o d . We a r e n o w b e y o n d t h e c r u d e a l t e r n a t i ve t h a t s o e a s i l y b e s e t s u s , “ D i d C h r i s t ’s

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wo r k b e a r u p o n G o d o r o n m a n ? ” N e i t h e r a l o n e wo u l d b e a t r u e R e c o n c i l i a t i o n . N e i t h e r O r t h o - d ox y n o r S o c i n i a n i s m h a s i t . B u t we h ave t o a s k t h i s : “ C a n we c o m b i n e t h e t r u t h i n e a c h a l t e r - n a t i v e ? C a n w e r e a c h t h e v a l u e o f C h r i s t ’ s s av i n g wo rk t o God ( i . e . , i t s t r u e a nd f i n a l va l u e ) i f w e e x c l u d e i t s e f f e c t w i t h i n m a n ? M u s t w e n o t t a k e t h a t i n ? N i h i l i n e f f e c t u q u o d n o n p r i u s i n c a u s a . M u s t we n o t i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t t o g e t t h e f u l l v a l u e o f t h e c a u s e , a n d g i v e a f u l l account of it?”

N o w, l e t u s o w n a t t h e o u t s e t t h a t t h e f i r s t t h i n g s we m u s t b e s u r e a b o u t a r e t h e o b j e c t i v e r e a l i t y o f o u r r e l i g i o n , i t s f i n a l i t y, a n d i t s i n i - t i a t i ve i n G o d ’s f r e e g r a c e i n d e p e n d e n t o f a c t o r d e s e r t o f o u r s . B u t i f w e s t a r t t h e r e , i t l o o k s a s i f we we r e s h u t u p t o t h e f i r s t o f t h e c r u d e a l t e r n a t i v e s , a s i f t h e i d e a o f C h r i s t ’s wo r k a s a c t i n g o n G o d o n l y g ave t h e b e s t e f f e c t t o t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s . I t l o o k s a s i f t h e o l d t h e o r y a l o n e g u a r a n t e e d a s a l va t i o n f i n i s h e d o n t h e C ro s s , o n e w h o l l y G o d ’s i n H i s g r a c e , o n e t h a t e n s u r e s a f u l l a n d o b j e c t i v e r e l e a s e o f t h e c o n s c i e n c e . T h e s e t h i n g s a r e n o t s e c u re d by w h a t we d o, h u t b y C h r i s t ’s wo r k o n t h e C r o s s . M o r e ove r , t h a t wo r k w a s d o n e f o r t h e w h o l e o f m a n k i n d , a n d wa s c o m p l e t e eve n f o r t h o s e w h o a s ye t m a ke n o r e s p o n s e . A n d , b e s i d e s , t h a t f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e i s

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a v i ew t h a t s e e m s t o h ave t h e l e t t e r o f S c r i p t u r e w i t h i t . I t d o e s l o o k a s i f we c o u l d n o t h ave f u l l s e c u r i t y e x c e p t b y t r u s t o f a n o b j e c t i v e s o m e - t h i n g , d o n e ove r o u r h e a d s , a n d c o m p l e t e w i t h - o u t a n y r e f e r e n c e t o o u r r e s p o n s e o r o u r despite.

B u t t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s b e g i n w h e n w e a s k w h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e s o m e t h i n g w a s . H ow d e s c r i b e i t ? Fo r t h a t p u r p o s e t h e o l d d o c t r i n e u s e d j u r i d i c a l f o r m s . B u t t h e s e a r e n o t l a r g e e n o u g h f o r t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f a m o d e r n w o r l d , o r f o r i t s d e e p e n e d e t h i c a l i n s i g h t . H ow e x a c t l y c o u l d t h e o b e d i e n c e o f C h r i s t s t a n d f o r t h e o b e d i e n c e o f a l l ? I t w a s t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f H i s ow n p e r s o n a l v o c a t i o n ; h ow d o e s i t s t a n d f o r t h e o b e d i e n c e o f e ve r y o t h e r p e r s o n ? O r h ow d o e s t h e s u f f e r - i n g o f C h r i s t r e s t o r e t h e m o r a l o r d e r , e s p e c i a l l y o n e H e n e ve r b r o k e ? I f yo u t r e a t i t a s p u n i s h - m e n t , t h a t p u n i s h m e n t a l o n e d o e s n o t r e s t o r e t h e m o r a l o r d e r . A n d , i f we s a y H e d i d n o t d o t h a t , H e d i d n o t r e s t o r e a m o r a l o r d e r , s o mu c h a s a c k n ow l e d g e a n d c o n f e s s t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d i n H i s j u d g m e n t , i s n o t t h e va l u e o f t h a t r e c og - n i t i o n s t i l l g r e a t l y i m p a i r e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s n o t m a d e by t h e g u i l t y bu t t h e G u i l t l e s s , w h o i s n o t d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e - t w e e n s i n a n d s u f f e r i n g . A f i n i s h e d r e l i g i o n wo u l d t h e n b e s e t u p w i t h o u t t h e m a i n t h i n g —

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t h e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t b y t h e g u i l t y. T h a t a c - k n ow l e d g m e n t , t h a t r e p e n t a n c e , wo u l d t h e n b e o u t s i d e t h e c o m p l e t e a c t , a n d wo u l d b e a t b e s t b u t a s e q u e l o f i t ; w h e r e a s w e o u g h t t o g i v e a r e a l p l a c e i n a c omp l e t e wo rk o f Reconc i l i a t i on t o o u r r e p e n t a n c e ( w h i c h s o m e e x t r e m i s t s s a y i s a l l t h a t i s r e q u i r e d ) , o r t o C h r i s t ’s m o r a l a c t i o n o n u s . D o we n o t n e e d t o i n c l u d e i n s o m e way t h e e f f e c t i n t h e c au s e , i n o rd e r t o g ive t h e c au s e i t s f u l l a n d f i n a l v a l u e , i . e . , i t s v a l u e t o G o d . T h e t h i n g o f p r i c e d o n e by C h r i s t f o r G o d , mu s t i t n o t a l r e a d y i n c l u d e t h e t h i n g d o n e u p o n m e n ? D o e s n o t C h r i s t ’s c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s include man’s confession of his sin?

§

L e t u s r e t u r n t o t h a t i d e a o f t h e m o r a l o r d e r w h i c h i s a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h i s o b j e c t i ve t h e o r y. We a s k w h e t h e r t h e m o r a l o r d e r i s w h a t t h e B i b l e m e a n s b y t h e i d e a o f t h e r i g h t e o u s n e s s o f G o d . T h e r i g h t e o u s n e s s o f G o d i s n o t o n l y h o l y b u t g r a c i o u s , n o t o n l y r e g u l a t i v e a n d r e - t r i b u t o r y, h u t a l s o f o r g i v i n g a n d r e s t o r i n g . I t s e e m s , i n d e e d , i n t h e G o s p e l s t o n e e d n o o t h e r c o n d i t i o n o f f o r g i v e n e s s t h a n r e p e n t a n c e . T h i s i s s o ; a n d i t i s a l l v e r y we l l , we h ave s e e n , f o r i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s . B u t we h ave t o d e a l , a s C h r i s t a t l a s t h a d t o d e a l , w i t h t h e f o r g i v e n e s s o f a

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w o r l d , t h e p a r d o n o f s o l i d a r y s i n . A n d w e n e e d t o b e s u r e , a s C h r i s t a l o n e w i t h H i s i n s i g h t c o u l d b e s u r e , t h a t t h e r e p e n t a n c e i s t r u e a n d d e e p . T h e r e i t i s t h a t w e a r e c a r r i e d i n t o q u e s t i o n s w h i c h t h e C r o s s a l o n e c a n a n s w e r . H ow s h a l l I k n ow h ow m u c h r e p e n t a n c e i s d e e p e n o u g h ? W h e r e f i n d a r e p e n t a n c e w i d e e n o u g h t o c ove r t h e s i n o f a g u i l t y wo r l d ? C o u l d C h r i s t o f f e r t h a t ? N o ; d i r e c t l y , H e c o u l d n o t . H e c o u l d n o t o f f e r i t a s a p a t h o s , a p e r s o n a l e x - p e r i e n c e , f o r H e h a d n o g u i l t . B u t , t h e n , g u i l t i s m u c h m o r e t h a n a s e n s e o f g u i l t . A n d t h e e s s e n c e o f r e p e n t a n c e i s n o t i t s i n t e n s i t y o r p a s s i o n b u t t h e t h i n g c o n f e s s e d . I t i s t h e r e - f o r e t h e h o l i n e s s m o r e e v e n t h a n t h e s i n t h a t h o l i n e s s m a k e s s o s i n f u l . I t i s t h e d u e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g a c k n ow l e d g m e n t o f t h e h o l i n e s s o f f e n d e d . A n d t h i s o n l y a s i n l e s s C h r i s t c o u l d r e a l l y d o , w h o w a s a l s o s y m p a t h e t i c e n o u g h w i t h m e n t o d o i t f r o m t h e i r s i d e . A n d o n l y t h e s i n l e s s c o u l d r e a l i s e w h a t s i n m e a n t f o r God.

F a r t h e r , t h i s a c k n o w l e d g m e n t i s n o t s i m p l y v e r b a l , n o r s i m p l y a m a t t e r o f p r o f o u n d m o r a l c o n v i c t i o n a n d a d m i s s i o n , b u t i t m u s t b e a p r a c t i c a l c o n f e s s i o n , a s p r a c t i c a l a s t h e s i n . I t m u s t p l a c e i t s e l f a s i f i t we r e a c t i v e s i n u n d e r t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e D i v i n e h o l i n e s s ; i t m u s t b e

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m a d e s i n . T h a t i s , i t m u s t a c c e p t j u d g m e n t a s t h e o n l y a d e q u a t e a c k n ow l e d g m e n t o f t h e h o l y G o d i n a s i n f u l wo r l d ; i t m u s t a l l ow H i s h o l y l a w t o a s s e r t i t s e l f i n t h e S a v i o u r ’s p e r s o n i n t h e f o r m f o r c e d o n t h e s i n n e r ’s F r i e n d . H e b o r e t h i s c u r s e a s G o d ’s j u d g m e n t , p r a i s e d i t , h a l - l o w e d i t , a b s o r b e d i t ; a n d H i s r e s u r r e c t i o n showed that He exhausted it.

B u t wo u l d H i s a c c e p t a n c e o f j u d g m e n t f o r u s b e p o s s i b l e , wo u l d i t s t a n d t o o u r g o o d , wo u l d i t b e o f v a l u e i n G o d ’ s s i g h t f o r u s , i f H e w e r e n o t i n m o r a l s o l i d a r i t y w i t h u s ? H o w c o u l d i t ? W h a t G o d s o u g h t w a s n o t h i n g s o p a g a n a s a m e r e v i c t i m o u t s i d e o u r c o n s c i e n c e a n d o v e r o u r h e a d s . I t w a s a C o n f e s s o r , a P r i e s t , o n e t a k e n f r o m a m o n g m e n . B u t t h e n t h i s m o r a l s o l i d a r i t y i s t h e v e r y t h i n g t h a t a l s o g i v e s , a n d m u s t g i v e , H i m H i s m i g h t y a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y p o w e r o n u s . W h a t m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e f o r H i m t o b e a D i v i n e v i c t i m o r a D i v i n e p r i e s t f o r u s a l s o m a k e s H i m a n e w C r e a t o r i n u s . H i s o f f e r i n g o f a h o l y o b e d i e n c e t o G o d ’s j u d g m e n t i s t h e r e f o r e v a l u a b l e t o G o d f o r u s j u s t b e c a u s e o f t h a t m o r a l s o l i d a r i t y w i t h u s w h i c h a l s o m a k e s H i m s u c h a m o r a l p o w e r u p o n u s a n d i n u s . H i s c r e a t i v e r e - g e n e r a t i v e a c t i o n o n u s i s a p a r t o f t h a t s a m e m o r a l s o l i d a r i t y w h i c h a l s o m a k e s H i s a c c e p t -

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a n c e o f j u d g m e n t s t a n d t o o u r g o o d , a n d H i s c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s t o b e t h e g r o u n d o f o u r s . T h e s a m e s t r o k e o n t h e o n e C h r i s t w e n t u p w a r d t o G o d ’ s h e a r t a n d d o w n w a r d to ours.

§

I s t h i s n o t c l e a r ? C h r i s t c o u l d m a k e n o d u e c o n f e s s i o n o f h o l i n e s s f o r u s i n j u d g m e n t i f H e we r e o u t s i d e H u m a n i t y, i f H e we r e a t h i r d p a r t y s a t i s f y i n g G o d o v e r o u r h e a d . T h e a c - k n o w l e d g m e n t w o u l d n o t b e r e a l l y f r o m t h e s i d e o f t h e c u l p r i t , c e r t a i n l y n o t f r o m h i s i n - t e r i o r , h i s c o n s c i e n c e . T h e j u d g m e n t wo u l d n o t r e a l l y b e t h e j u d g m e n t o f o u r s i n , w h i c h wo u l d t h e r e f o r e b e s t i l l d u e . To h e o f f i n a l v a l u e t h e a t o n i n g j u d g m e n t m u s t b e a l s o w i t h i n t h e c o n s c i e n c e o f t h e g u i l t y. B u t h ow i s t h e j u d g - men t , t h e s e l f - condemna t i on , t h e con f e s s i on w i th - i n o u r g u i l t y c o n s c i e n c e t o b e o f f e r e d t o G o d a s a n i n g r e d i e n t o f C h r i s t ’ s r e c o n c i l i n g w o r k a n d n o t i t s m e r e s e q u e l ? I t i s n o t y e t t h e r e . O r e l s e i t i s n o t h i n g wo r t h o f f e r i n g b y way o f a t o n e m e n t w h e n i t i s t h e r e . I s t h e r e a ny way o f o f f e r i n g o u r s e l f - c o n d e m n a t i o n a s a m e r i t o r i o u s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o f o r g i ve n e s s ? C a n i t b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e D i v i n e g r o u n d o f f o r g i ve n e s s i n a g u i l t - l e s s C h r i s t ? R e p e n t a n c e i s c e r t a i n l y a c o n d i t i o n o f f o r g i v e n e s s . B u t C h r i s t c o u l d n o t r e p e n t .

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H ow t h e n c o u l d H e p e r f e c t l y m e e t t h e c o n d i - t i o n s o f s a l v a t i o n ? T h e a n s w e r i s t h a t o u r r e p e n t a n c e w a s l a t e n t i n t h a t h o l i n e s s o f H i s w h i c h a l o n e c o u l d a n d m u s t c r e a t e i t , a s t h e e f f e c t i s r e a l l y p a r t o f t h e c a u s e — t h a t p a r t o f t h e c a u s e w h i c h i s p r o l o n g e d i n a p o l a r u n i t y into the sequential conditions of time.

N o t o n l y, g e n e r a l l y, i s t h e r e a n o r g a n i c m o r a l c o n n e c t i o n a n d a s p i r i t u a l s o l i d a r i t y b e t w e e n C h r i s t a n d u s , b u t a l s o , m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y, t h e r e i s s u c h a m o r a l e f f e c t o n H u m a n i t y i n c l u d e d i n t h e wo rk o f Ch r i s t , who c au s e s i t , t h a t t h a t a n t e - d a t e d a c t i o n o n u s , j u d g i n g , m e l t i n g , c h a n g i n g u s , i s a l s o p a r t o f H i s o f f e r i n g t o God . He come s b r i n g i n g H i s s h e a v e s w i t h H i m . I n p r e s e n t i n g H i m s e l f H e o f f e r s i m p l i c i t l y a n d p r o l e p t i c a l l y t h e n e w H u m a n i t y H i s h o l y wo r k c r e a t e s . T h e j u d g m e n t w e b r o u g h t o n H i m b e c o m e s o u r w o r s t j u d g m e n t w h e n w e a r r a i g n o u r s e l v e s ; a n d i t m a k e s i t s o i m p o s s i b l e f o r u s t o f o r g i v e o u r s e l v e s t h a t we a r e d r i v e n t o a c c e p t f o r g i v e - n e s s f r o m t h e h a n d s o f t h e v e r y l o v e w h i c h our sins doomed to a curse.

§

W h a t C h r i s t o f f e r s t o G o d i s , t h e r e f o r e , n o t s i m p l y a n o b j e c t i v e s a t i s f a c t i o n o u t s i d e H i s r e vo l u t i o n a r y e f f e c t o n t h e s o u l o f m a n i n t h e

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way o f f a i t h , r e p e n t a n c e , a n d o u r w h o l e s a n c t i - f i c a t i o n . A s t h e v e r y j u d g m e n t H e b o r e f o r u s i s r e l e v a n t t o o u r s i n by H i s m o r a l s o l i d a r i t y w i t h u s , s o t h e v a l u e o f H i s w o r k t o G o d i n - c l u d e s a l s o t h a t v a l u e w h i c h i t h a s i n a c t i n g o n u s t h r o u g h t h a t s a m e s o l i d a r i t y, a n d i n p r e - s e n t i n g u s t o G o d a s t h e m e n i t m a ke s u s t o b e . He re p re s e n t s b e f o re God no t a n a t u r a l Hu ma n i t y t h a t p r o d u c e s H i m a s i t s s p i r i t u a l c l a s s i c , b u t t h e n e w p e n i t e n t H u m a n i t y t h a t H i s i n f l u e n c e c r e a t e s . H e c a l l s t h i n g s t h a t a r e n o t y e t a s t h o u g h t h e y w e r e . I n H i m a g o o d n e s s o f o u r s t h a t i s n o t ye t , r i s i n g f r o m i t s a n t e n a t a l s p r i n g , b r i n g s t o n a u g h t t h e s i n t h a t i s . T h e r e w a s p r e s e n t e d t o G o d , i n C h r i s t ’s h o l i n e s s , a l s o t h a t r e p e n t a n c e i n u s w h i c h i t a l o n e h a s p o w e r t o c r e a t e . H e s t r e t c h e s a h a n d t h r o u g h t i m e a n d s e i z e s t h e f a r - o f f i n t e r e s t o f o u r t e a r s . T h e f a i t h w h i c h H e a l o n e h a s p o w e r t o w a k e i s a l r e a d y o f f e r e d t o G o d i n t h e o f f e r i n g o f a l l H i s p o w e r s a n d o f H i s f i n i s h e d w o r k . T h a t o b e d i e n c e o f o u r s w h i c h C h r i s t a l o n e i s a b l e t o c r e a t e , i s a l r e a d y s e t o u t i n H i m b e f o r e G o d , i m p l i c i t i n t h a t m i g h t y a n d s u b - d u i n g h o l i n e s s o f H i s i n w h i c h G o d i s a l w a y s w e l l - p l e a s e d . A l l H i s o b e d i e n c e a n d h o l i n e s s i s n o t o n l y f a i r a n d b e l o v e d o f G o d , b u t i t i s a l s o g r e a t w i t h t h e p e n i t e n t h o l i n e s s o f t h e r a c e

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H e s a n c t i f i e s . O u r f a i t h i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t i n H i s o b l a t i o n . O u r s a n c t i f i c a t i o n i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t e d i n o u r j u s t i f i c a t i o n . O u r r e p e n t a n c e i s a l r e a d y a c t i n g i n H i s c o n f e s s i o n . T h e e f f e c t o f H i s C r o s s i s t o d r a w u s i n t o a r e p e n t a n c e w h i c h i s a d y i n g w i t h H i m , a n d t h e r e f o r e a p a r t o f t h e o f f e r i n g i n H i s d e a t h ; a n d t h e n i t r a i s e s u s i n n e w n e s s o f l i f e t o a f e l l o w s h i p o f H i s resurrection.

§

H e i s t h u s n o t o n l y t h e p l e d g e t o u s o f G o d ’s l ove bu t t h e p l e d g e t o G o d o f o u r s u r e r e s p o n s e t o i t i n a t o t a l c h a n g e o f w i l l a n d l i f e . We s e e n ow h ow o r g a n i c , h ow c e n t r a l t o C h r i s t ’s g o s p e l o f A t o n e m e n t i s P a u l ’s i d e a o f d y i n g a n d r i s i n g w i t h H i m , h ow v i t a l t o H i s wo r k i s t h i s e f f e c t o f i t , t h i s f u n c t i o n o f i t . F o r s u c h a p r o c e s s , s u c h a n e x p e r i e n c e , i s n o t a m e r e m o r a l s e q u e l o r e c h o o f o u r s t o t h e s t o r y o f t h e C ro s s , i t i s n o m e r e i m i t a t i o n o r r e p e t i t i o n o f i t s m o r a l g r e a t n e s s ; n o r i s i t a s e n s i t i v e i m p r e s s i o n o f i t s t o u c h i n g s p l e n d o u r . Ta d i e a n d r i s e w i t h C h r i s t d o e s n o t b e l o n g t o C h r i s t i a n e t h i c , t o t h e m e t h o d o f J e s u s , b u t i t h a s a f a r d e e p e r a n d m o r e r e l i g i o u s m e a n i n g . I t i s t o b e t a k e n i n t o H i s s e c r e t l i f e . I t i s a my s t i c i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o C h r i s t ’ s d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n a s t h e s t a n d i n g a c t o f s p i r i t u a l e x i s t e n c e . We a r e

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b a p t i z e d i n t o H i s d e a t h , a n d n o t m e r e l y i n t o d y i n g l i k e H i m . We d o n o t e c h o H i s r e s u r - r e c t i o n , we s h a r e i t . A s H i s t ro p h i e s we b e c o m e p a r t o f C h r i s t ’ s o f f e r i n g t o G o d ; j u s t a s t h e c a p t i v e s i n h i s p r o c e s s i o n w e r e p a r t o f t h e v i c t o r ’ s s e l f - p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e d i v i n i t y o f R o m e . G o d l e a d e t h u s i n t r i u m p h i n C h r i s t ( 2   C o r . i i . 1 4 ) . I t i s , i n d e e d , f o r C h r i s t ’s s a k e w e a r e f o r g i v e n , b u t f o r t h e s a k e o f a C h r i s t w h o i s t h e C r e a t o r o f o u r r e p e n t a n c e a n d n o t o n l y t h e P r o x y o f o u r c u r s e . A n d i t i s t o o u r f a i t h t h e g r a c e i s g i v e n , y e t n o t b e c a u s e o f o u r f a i t h , w h i c h i s n o m o re p e r f e c t t h a n o u r r e p e n t - a n c e . I t i s t o n o t h i n g s o p o o r a s o u r f a i t h o r o u r r e p e n t a n c e t h a t n e w l i f e i s g i ve n , b u t o n l y t o C h r i s t o n H i s C ro s s , a n d t o u s f o r H i s s a k e w h o i s t h e C r e a t o r a n d F a s h i o n e r o f b o t h . O u r j u s t i f i c a t i o n r e s t s o n t h i s a t o n i n g c r e a t i ve C h r i s t a l o n e . A n d w h e n t h e m a t t e r i s s o v i e w e d , t h e o b j e c t i o n s o m e h ave t o t h e p h r a s e “ f o r C h r i s t ’s sake” should disappear.

N o m a r t y r d o m c o u l d d o w h a t t h e d e a t h o f C h r i s t d o e s f o r f a i t h . N o m a r t y r d o m c o u l d o f f e r G o d i n a d v a n c e t h e s o u l s o f a c h a n g e d r a c e . F o r n o m a r t y r a s s u c h i s s u r e o f t h e f u t u r e . I t i s e a s i e r t o f o r g e t a l l t h e m a r t y r s t h a n t h e S a v i o u r ; a n d t h e i r p o w e r f a d e s w i t h t i m e , w h i l e H i s g r ow s w i t h t h e a g e s . W i t h t h e

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m a r t y r ’ s d e a t h w e c a n l i n k m a n y a d m i r a b l e r e f l e c t i o n s , e x h o r t a t i o n s , a n d e ve n i n s p i r a t i o n s . W h a t i t d o e s n o t g i ve u s i s t h e n ew a n d E t e r n a l L i f e . I t i s n o t t h e c o n s u m m a t i o n o f G o d ’s s av i n g purpose for the world.

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THE THREEFOLD CORD

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VII

THE THREEFOLD CORD

TH E R E a r e t h r e e g r e a t a s p e c t s o f t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t w h i c h h a v e i n t u r n h e l d t h e

a t t e n t i o n o f t h e C h u r c h , a n d c o m e h o m e w i t h s p e c i a l f o r c e t o i t s s p i r i t u a l s i t u a t i o n a t a s p e c i a l time. These are—

1. Its tr iumphant aspect; 2. Its satisfactionary aspect; 3. Its regenerative aspect.

T h e f i r s t e m p h a s i s e s t h e f i n a l i t y o f o u r L o r d ’s v i c t o r y ove r t h e ev i l p owe r o r d ev i l ; t h e s e c o n d , t h e f i n a l i t y o f H i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , e x p i a t i o n , o r a t o n e m e n t p r e s e n t e d t o t h e h o l y p owe r o f G o d ; a n d t h e t h i r d t h e f i n a l i t y o f H i s s a n c t i f y i n g o r n ew - c r e a t i ve i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s o u l o f m a n . T h e f i r s t m a r k e d t h e E a r l y C h u r c h , t h e s e c o n d t h e M e d i e v a l a n d R e f o r m a t i o n C h u r c h , w h i l e t h e third marks the Modern Church.

A n d i f yo u f a l l b a c k u p o n t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t , w h e r e a l l t h e s u b s e q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C h u rc h i s i n t h e g e r m , a s a p h i l o s o p hy m i g h t b e

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p a c k e d i n a p h r a s e , y o u w i l l f i n d t h o s e t h r e e s t r a n d s wo n d e r f u l l y a n d p r o p h e t i c a l l y e n t w i n e d i n 1   C o r . i . 3 0 , w h e r e i t i s s a i d t h a t C h r i s t i s m a d e u n t o u s ( 2 ) j u s t i f i c a t i o n ; ( 3 ) s a n c t i f i c a t i o n ; a n d ( 1 ) r e d e m p t i o n . T h e w h o l e h i s t o r y o f t h e d o c t r i n e i n t h e C h u r c h m a y h e v i e w e d a s t h e exegesis by time of this great text of the Spir it.

N o w, i t i s n o t m e a n t t h a t i n t h e p e r i o d s p e c i a l l y m a r k e d b y o n e o f t h e s e a s p e c t s t h e o t h e r t w o w e r e a b s e n t . I n v a r i o u s o f t h e m e d i e v a l t h e o l o g i a n s y o u f i n d a l l t h r e e . A n d i t i s a g o o d t e s t o f t h e n a t i v e a p t i t u d e o f a n y t h e o l og i a n , a n d o f h i s e v a n g e l i c a l g r a s p, t h a t h e s h o u l d f i n d t h e m a l l n e c e s s a r y t o e x p r e s s t h e f u l l n e s s o f t h e v a s t w o r k , a n d i t s a d e q u a c y t o a n y t h i n g s o g r e a t a n d m a n i f o l d a s t h e s o u l . B u t w h a t we d o n o t f i n d i n t h e c l a s s i c t h e o l o - g i a n s o f t h e p a s t i s t h e c o - o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e a s p e c t s u n d e r o n e c o m p r e h e n s i v e i d e a , on e o r g an i c p r i n c i p l e , c o r re s pon d i n g t o t h e c o m- p l e t e un i t y o f Ch r i s t ’s p e r s on , who d i d t h e wo rk . We d o n o t f i n d s u c h a u n i t a r y v i e w o f t h e wo r k a s we s h o u l d e x p e c t w h e n we r e f l e c t t h a t i t w a s t h e w o r k o f a p e r s o n a l i t y s o c o m p l e t e a s C h r i s t , a n d s o a b s o l u t e a s t h e G o d w h o a c t e d i n C h r i s t . Ye t w e m u s t s t r i v e a f t e r s u c h a v i e w, b y t h e v e r y n a t u r e o f o u r f a i t h . A m e r e c ompo s i t e o r e c l e c t i c t h eo l og y m e a n s a d i s t r a c t e d

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f a i t h . A c r e e d j u s t n a i l e d t o g e t h e r m e a n s C h u r c h e s t h a t c a n n o t d r a w t o g e t h e r . We c a n - n o t , a t l e a s t t h e C h u r c h c a n n o t , r e s t h e a l t h i l y u p o n m e d l e y a n d m o r t i s e d a s p e c t s o f t h e o n e t h i n g w h i c h c o n n e c t s o u r o n e s o u l w i t h t h e o n e G o d i n o n e m o r a l w o r l d . We c a n n o t r e s t i n u n r e s o l v e d v i e w s o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . A s t h e r e con c i l i a t i on c ome s t o p e r va d e ou r who l e b e i n g , a n d a s w e a n s w e r i t w i t h h e a r t a n d s t r e n g t h a n d m i n d , we b e c o m e m o r e a n d m o r e i m p a t i e n t o f f r a g m e n t a r y w a y s o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g i t . We c r a ve , a n d we m ove , t o s e e t h a t t h e f i r s t a s p e c t i s t h e c ond i t i on o f t h e s e cond , a nd t h e s e cond o f t h e t h i r d , a n d t h a t t h ey a l l c o n d i t i o n e a c h o t h e r in a living interaction.

N ow t h e o b j e c t I h a ve i n v i e w i n t h i s l e c t u r e i s t o p r e s s a f o r m e r p o i n t a s f u r n i s h i n g t h i s u n i t y — t h a t t h e a c t i ve a n d e f f e c t i ve p r i n c i p l e i n t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t w a s t h e p e r f e c t o b e d i e n c e o f h o l y l ove w h i c h H e o f f e r e d a m i d s t t h e c o n - d i t i o n s o f s i n , d e a t h , a n d j u d g m e n t . T h e p o t e n t t h i n g w a s n o t t h e s u f f e r i n g b u t t h e s a n c t i t y, a n d n o t t h e s y m p a t h e t i c c o n f e s s i o n o f o u r s i n s o m u c h a s t h e p r a c t i c a l c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i - n e s s . T h i s p r i n c i p l e ( I h o p e t o s h ow ) c o - o r d i - n a t e s t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s w h i c h h a v e b e e n d i s t o r t e d b y i s o l a t i o n . T h i s o n e a c t i o n o f t h e h o l y S a v i o u r ’s t o t a l p e r s o n w a s , o n i t s v a r i o u s

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s i d e s , t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f e v i l , t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f G o d , a n d t h e s a n c t i f i c a t i o n o f m e n . A n d i t i s i n t h i s m o r a l m e d i u m o f h o l i n e s s ( i f I m ay s o s a y ) t h a t t h e s e t h r e e e f f e c t s p a s s a n d p l a y i n t o e a c h other with a spir itual interpenetration.

T h u s C h r i s t ’s c o m p l e t e v i c t o r y o v e r t h e e v i l p owe r o r p r i n c i p l e . H i s r e d e m p t i o n ( 1 ) , i s t h e o bve r s e o f H i s r e g en e r a t i n g a nd s a n c t i f y i n g e f f e c t on u s ( 3 ) . To de l ive r u s f rom ev i l i s no t s imp l y t o t a ke u s o u t o f h e l l , i t i s t o t a ke u s i n t o h e ave n . C h r i s t d o e s n o t s i m p l y p l u c k u s o u t o f t h e h a n d s o f S a t a n , H e d o e s s o by g i v i n g u s t o G o d . H e d o e s n o t s i m p l y r e l e a s e u s f r o m s l a ve r y, H e c o m m i t s u s i n t h e a c t t o a p o s i t i v e l i b e r t y. H e d o e s n o t s i m p l y c a n c e l t h e c h a r g e a g a i n s t u s i n c o u r t a n d b i d u s wa l k o u t o f j a i l , H e m e e t s u s a t t h e p r i s o n - d o o r a n d p u t s u s i n a n ew way o f l i f e . H i s f o r g i ve n e s s i s n o t s i m p l y r e t ro s p e c t i ve , i t i s , i n t h e s a m e a c t , t h e g i f t o f e t e r n a l l i f e . O u r e v i l i s o v e r c o m e b y g o o d . We a r e w o n f r o m s i n b y a n a c t w h i c h a t t h e s a m e t i m e makes us not simply innocent but holy.

S o a l s o w e m u s t s e e t h a t t h e t h i r d — o u r r e g e n e r a t e s a n c t i f i c a t i o n — i s t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d — t h e c o m p l e t e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f G o d . T h e o n l y c o m p l e t e s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a t c a n b e m a d e t o a h o l y G o d f ro m t h e s i n f u l s i d e i s t h e s i n n e r ’s r e s t o r e d o b e d i e n c e , h i s r e t u r n t o h o l i n e s s . N ow,

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t h e c h e a p a n d s u p e r f i c i a l way o f p u t t i n g t h a t i s t o s a y t h a t p e n i t e n t a m e n d m e n t i s t h e o n l y s a t i s f a c t i o n we c a n g i v e t o a g r i e ve d G o d . B u t f u t u r e a m e n d m e n t d o e s n o m o r e t h a n t h e d u t y o f t h e f u t u r e h o u r . A n d r i v e r s o f w a t e r f r o m o u r eye s w i l l n o t wa s h o u t t h e g u i l t o f t h e p a s t ; n o r w i l l t h e y u n d o t h e e v i l we h a v e s e t a f l o a t i n s o u l s f a r g o n e b e yo n d o u r r e a c h o r c o n t r o l . Ye t i t r e m a i n s t r u e t h a t n o t h i n g c a n a t o n e t o h o l i n e s s h u t h o l i n e s s . A n d i t m u s t b e t h e h o l i n e s s o f t h e s i n n e r . I t m u s t a l s o b e a n o b e d i e n c e o f t h e k i n d r e q u i r e d b y t h e w h o l e s i t u a t i o n , m o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l . I t m u s t b e t h e o h e d i e n c e n o t o f i m p rove m e n t bu t o f r e c o n c i l i a - t i o n , n o t o f l a b o r i o u s a m e n d m e n t b u t o f r e g e n e r a t e d f a i t h . B u t f a i t h i n w h a t ? F a i t h i n O n e w h o a l o n e c o n t a i n s i n H i m s e l f a h o l y o b e d i e n c e s o p e r f e c t a s t o m e e t t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d o n t h e s c a l e o f o u r s i n ; b u t O n e a l s o w h o , b y t h e s a m e o b e d i e n c e , h a s t h e p o w e r t o r e p ro d u c e i n m a n t h e k i n d o f h o l i n e s s w h i c h a l o n e c a n p l e a s e G o d a f t e r a l l t h a t h a s c o m e a n d g o n e . N o s u f f e r i n g c a n a t o n e . N o p a i n c a n s a t i s f y a h o l y G o d ; n o d e a t h , a s d e a t h . Ye t s a t i s f i e d H e m u s t b e ; e l s e t h e f r e e d o m o f g r a c e b e c o m e s b u t a n a r b i t r a r y a n d n o n - h o l y t h i n g , a t h i n g i n s t i n c t i v e t o t h e d i v i n e n a t u r e i n s t e a d o f a v i c t o r y o f t h e d i v i n e w i l l . A l s o c o n s i d e r

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t h i s : mu c h o f yo u r d i f f i c u l t y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s a t i s f a c t i o n w i l l y i e l d i f yo u k e e p i n v i e w t h a t w h a t we a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h i s n o t t h e s a t i s f a c - t i o n o f a d e m a n d bu t o f a Pe r s o n , n o t o f a c l a i m b y G o d b u t o f t h e h e a r t a n d s o u l o f G o d . I k n ow i t i s e a s i e r t o d i s c u s s a n d , a d j u s t s t a t u t o r y c l a i m s t h a n t o g r a s p t h e m a n i f o l d a c t i o n o f a l i v i n g a n d e t e r n a l P e r s o n . S o I a m a f r a i d I m u s t b e v e r y t h e o l o g i c a l f o r a m o m e n t a n d t a x y o u a c c o r d i n g l y. T h e c h i e f r e a s o n w h y s o m a n y h a t e t h e o l o g y i s b e c a u s e i t t a x e s ; a n d t h e r e i s n o t h i n g w e s h r i n k f r o m l i k e s p i r i t u a l t o i l . B u t l e t t h e c h o i c e a n d e a r n e s t s p i r i t consider this.

T h e e s s e n c e o f h o l i n e s s i s G o d ’ s p e r f e c t s a t i s f a c t i o n , H i s p e r f e c t r e p o s e i n e t e r n a l f u l l - n e s s . A n d t h e C h r i s t i a n p l e a i s t h a t t h i s i s S e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n , i n t h e s u b l i m e s t s e n s e o f t h e p h r a s e . F o r u s , m o s t l y, t h e wo r d h a s a n i g n o b l e s e n s e . B u t t h a t i s o n l y b e c a u s e w h a t w e m e e t m o s t i s a n e x c l u s i v e s e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n , a n i n - d i v i d u a l s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y. B u t w h e n w e h a v e a n e n t i r e l y i n c l u s i ve s e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n , a n e t e r n a l a n d c o m p l e t e a d e q u a c y t o H i m s e l f i n t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n , we h ave t h e w h o l e n a t i ve f u l l - n e s s o f G o d b l e s s e d f o r e ve r , w i t h m e n b e n e a t h t h e s h a d ow o f H i s w i n g . T h e p e r p e t u a l a c t o f h o l y G o d i s a p e r p e t u a l s a t i s f a c t i o n o r a c c o r d

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b e t we e n H i s n a t u r e a n d H i s w i l l a t e ve r y j u n c - t u r e , a n d a s a t i s f a c t i o n f r o m H i s o w n i n f i n i t e h o l y r e s o u r c e — a S e l f - s a t i s f a c t i o n . G o d i s a lway s t h e a u t h o r o f H i s ow n s a t i s f a c t i o n : t h a t i s t o s ay, H i s h o l i n e s s i s a l w a y s e q u a l t o i t s ow n a t o n e - m e n t . G o d i n t h e S o n i s t h e p e r f e c t s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d j o y o f G o d i n t h e F a t h e r ; a n d G o d h o l y i n t h e s i n f u l C ro s s i s t h e p e r f e c t s a t i s f a c t i o n o f G o d t h e h o l y i n t h e s i n l e s s h e a v e n s . S a t i s f a c - t i o n t h e r e mu s t b e i n G o d ’s ow n n a t u re , w h e t h e r u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f p e r f e c t o b e d i e n c e i n a h a r m o n i o u s wo r l d , o r u n d e r t h o s e o f o b e d i e n c e j a r r e d a n d a w o r l d d i s t r a u g h t . G o d h a s p o w e r t o s e c u r e t h a t t h e p e r f e c t h o l y o b e d i e n c e o f h e a v e n s h a l l n o t b e e t e r n a l l y d e s t r o y e d b y t h e d i s o b e d i e n c e o f e a r t h . H e h a s p owe r t o s a t i s f y H i m s e l f , a n d m a i n t a i n H i s h o l i n e s s i n f r a n g i b l e , eve n i n f a c e o f a wo r l d i n a r m s . B u t s a t i s f i e d H e m u s t b e . F o r a n u n s a t i s f i e d G o d , a d i s s a t i s f i e d God , wou l d b e no God . He wou l d bu t r e f l e c t t h e distraction of the world, and so succumb to it.

B u t a h o l y G o d c o u l d b e s a t i s f i e d b y n e i t h e r p a i n n o r d e a t h , b u t b y h o l i n e s s a l o n e . T h e a t o n i n g t h i n g i s n o t o b e d i e n t s u f f e r i n g b u t s u f f e r i n g o b e d i e n c e . H e c o u l d b e s a t i s f i e d a n d r e j o i c e d o n l y b y t h e h a l l o w i n g o f H i s n a m e , b y p e r f e c t a n d o b e d i e n t a n s w e r t o H i s h o l y h e a r t f r o m a m i d c o n d i t i o n s o f p a i n , d e a t h , a n d

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j u d g m e n t . H o l y o b e d i e n c e a l o n e , u n t o d e a t h , can satisfy the Holy Lord.

§

N o w a s t o t h i s o b e d i e n c e m a r k t w o t h i n g s . 1 . I t i n c l u d e s ( w e s a w ) t h e i d e a t h a t i n o b e - d i e n c e C h r i s t a c c e p t e d t h e j u d g m e n t h o l i n e s s m u s t p a s s u p o n s i n , a n d d i d s o i n a w a y t h a t c o n f e s s e d i t a s h o l y f r o m a m i d s t t h e d e e p e s t e x p e r i e n c e o f i t , t h e e x p e r i e n c e n o t o f a s p e c - t a t o r b u t a v i c t i m . H i s o b e d i e n c e w a s n o t m e r e l y a f i n e , p e r f e c t , a n d m i g h t y h a r m o n y o f H i s o w n w i t h G o d ’ s b l e s s e d w i l l ; b u t i t w a s t h e a c c e p t a n c e o n m a n ’ s b e h a l f o f t h a t j u d g m e n t w h i c h s i n h a d e n t a i l e d , a n d t h e c o n - f e s s i o n o n m a n ’ s b e h a l f i n a t r e m e n d o u s a c t t h a t t h e j u d g m e n t w a s g o o d a n d h o l y. F o r t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d m a k e s t wo d e m a n d s : f i r s t , f o r a n a n swe r i n g h o l i n e s s i n l ove , a n d s e c o n d , f o r a j u d g m e n t o n t h o s e w h o d o n o t a n swe r b u t d e f y. A n d C h r i s t m e t b o t h , i n o n e a n d t h e s a m e a c t . H e wa s j u d g e d a s o n e w h o, b e i n g m a d e s i n , wa s never sinful, but absolutely well-pleasing to God.

2 . A n d t h e s e c o n d p o i n t i s t h i s : T h e s a t i s f a c - t o r y o b e d i e n c e mu s t b e o b e d i e n c e f ro m t h e r a c e t h a t r e b e l l e d . I t s h o l i n e s s mu s t a t o n e f o r i t s s i n . B u t h ow c a n t h a t p o s s i b l y b e ? C a n i t b e by m e re a m e n d m e n t f r o m u s ? C a n we b r i n g a n y a m e n d -

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m e n t t o a t o n e f o r t h e p a s t a n d s e c u r e i t s r e m i s s i o n ? C o u l d t h e r a c e d o i t ? S o l i d a r y i n i t s s i n by i t s m o r a l u n i t y, c o u l d t h e r a c e e a r n a s o l i d a r y s a l v a t i o n ? C o u l d yo u c o n c e i ve o f m a n - k i n d a s o n e v a s t s i n f u l s o u l r e p e n t i n g w i t h a l i ke un i t y, t u r n i ng l i ke t h e p rod i g a l , a nd d epu t i ng t h e m o s t i l l u s t r i o u s s p i r i t u a l h e ro o f i t s n u m b e r t o o f f e r i t s r e p e n t a n c e t o G o d i n Je s u s C h r i s t ? I f t h e s u p p o s i t i o n we r e p o s s i b l e , t h a t m i g h t i n d e e d b e a c e r t a i n w e l c o m e o f f e r i n g m a d e t o G o d ’s h o l i n e s s ; b u t i t w o u l d n o t b e m a d e b y i t . I t w o u l d b e s o m e t h i n g b e y o n d t h e r e s o u r c e s o f h o l i n e s s , a n d G o d w o u l d n o t b e t h e S a v i o u r . H e w o u l d a c c e p t m o r e s a c r i f i c e t h a n H e h a d p owe r t o m a k e . A n d i t wo u l d m a k e t h e a c t i o n o f C h r i s t a p o w e r c o n f e r r e d o n H i m b y s e l f - s a v e d m a n i n s t e a d o f i n h e r e n t i n H i m f r o m G o d . H i s c o m m i s s i o n wo u l d b e b u t t o G o d , n o t f r o m G o d . A n d h ow s h o u l d a s i n f u l r a c e o f f e r f r o m i t s o w n d a m a g e d r e s o u r c e s w h a t w o u l d s a t i s f y t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d ? O r , i f r e p e n t a n c e c o u l d s a t i s f y h o l i n e s s , h ow a r e we t o k n ow h ow m u c h , h o w d e e p , r e p e n t a n c e w o u l d d o i t , a n d leave us sure it was done?

§

T h e h o l i n e s s t h a t a t o n e s , t h o u g h i t r e t u r n f r o m t h e r a c e t h a t r e b e l l e d , m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e

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t h e g i f t o f t h e h o l i n e s s a t o n e d . F o r i f h o l i n e s s c o u l d b e s a t i s f i e d b y a n y t h i n g o u t s i d e i t s e l f i t wo u l d n o t b e a b s o l u t e l y h o l y. S o i f h o l i n e s s c a n b e s a t i s f i e d w i t h n o t h i n g bu t h o l i n e s s i t c a n o n l y b e w i t h a h o l i n e s s w h i c h i t s e l f c r e a t e s . G o d a l one c an c re a t e i n u s t h e ho l i ne s s t h a t w i l l p l e a s e H i m . A n d t h i s H e h a s d o n e i n J e s u s C h r i s t i n - c a r n a t e . B u t i t i s i n J e s u s C h r i s t a s t h e c r e a t o r o f man ’s ho l i n e s s , no t a s t h e o r g an o f i t , a s man ’s s a n c t i f i e r , a n d n o t m e r e l y m a n ’s d e l e g a t e . C h r i s t i s ou r re conc i l e r b e c au s e on t he Cro s s He wa s ou r r e d e eme r f rom s i n ’s p owe r i n t o n o me re i n d ep en - d enc e o r cou r a g e o r s a f e t y, bu t i n t o re a l ho l i n e s s ; b e c a u s e t h e s a m e a c t t h a t r e d e e m s u s p r o d u c e s h o l i n e s s , a n d p r e s e n t s u s i n t h i s h o l i n e s s t o G o d a n d H i s c o m m u n i o n . T h e h o l i n e s s o f C h r i s t i s t h e s a t i s f y i n g t h i n g t o G o d , ye t n o t b e c a u s e o f t h e b e a u t y o f h o l i n e s s o f f e r e d t o H i s s i g h t i n t h e p e r f e c t c h a r a c t e r o f C h r i s t . We a r e n o t s a v e d e i t h e r b y C h r i s t ’s e t h i c a l c h a r a c t e r o r o u r ow n , b u t by H i s p e r s o n ’s c r e a t i ve p owe r a n d wo r k o n u s . C h r i s t ’ s h o l i n e s s i s t h e s a t i s f y i n g t h i n g t o God , b e c au s e i t i s no t on l y t h e me an s bu t a l s o t h e a n t i c i p a t i o n o f o u r h o l i n e s s , b e c a u s e i t c a r r i e s a l l o u r f u t u r e h o l i n e s s l a t e n t i n i t a n d t o G o d ’s e ye p a t e n t ; b e c a u s e i n H i s s a v i n g a c t H e i s t h e c re a t ive powe r o f wh i ch ou r n ew l i f e i s t h e p r o d u c t . I t i s n o t o n l y t h a t C h r i s t c o n q u e r e d

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f o r H i m s e l f a n d e m e r g e d w i t h H i s s o u l f o r a p r e y, b u t , H e b e i n g w h a t H e w a s , H i s v i c t o r y c o n t a i n e d o u r s . I f H e d i e d a l l d i e d . I t w a s n o t o n l y t h a t a l l t h e s i n o f t h e wo r l d , p o i n t e d t o i t s w o r s t , c o u l d n o t m a k e H i m a s i n n e r . I t w a s t h a t b y a l l t h e h o l i n e s s o f e t e r n i t y H e h a d p o w e r t o m a k e t h e w o r s t s i n n e r s s a i n t s . O f c o u r s e , t h e r e i s n o way t o s a n c t i f i c a - t i o n b u t by d e l i ve r a n c e f ro m s i n , by b e i n g “ u n - s i n n e d .” B u t n o s i n f u l m a n c a n “ u n s i n ” h i m s e l f , however he amend.

I t c a n o n l y b e d o n e b y t h e c r e a t i o n i n h i m o f a n e w l i f e . I t c a n o n l y h e d o n e b y t h e s i n l e s s S o n o f G o d , w h o l i v e d f r o m e t e r n i t y i n G o d ’ s h o l i n e s s , e n t e r e d m a n , l i v e d t h a t h o l i n e s s o u t i n t h e f a c e o f s i n , a n d t h u s n o t o n l y b r o k e t h e e v i l p o w e r b y l i v i n g i t d o w n h u t c r e a t e d t h a t h o l i n e s s i n u s b y l i v i n g i t i n . W h a t i s o u r r e d e m p t i o n i s t h u s a l s o o u r r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . I f t h e a t o n i n g t h i n g i s h o l i n e s s ( w h i c h i t i s ) , a n d n o t s u f f e r i n g ( w h i c h i t i s n o t ) , t h e n C h r i s t a t o n e d b y a n a c t w h i c h c r e a t e d a n e w h o l i n e s s i n u s a n d n o t a n e w s u f f e r i n g . T h e a c t w h i c h o v e r c a m e t h e w o r l d i n t e n - s i v e l y f o r g o o d a n d a l l w a s a l s o t h e a c t w h i c h s l ow l y m a s t e r s t h e wo r l d i n t h e e x t e n s i ve s e n s e . H i s m o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l v i c t o r y w a s s o d e e p a n d t h o r o u g h t h a t i t g i v e s H i m p owe r t o s u b -

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d u e o t h e r c o n s c i e n c e s t o H i s h o l y s e l f , w o r l d without end.

§

T h e r e i s a n o l d w a r d u s e d i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n w h i c h t h e r e i s m u c h d i s p o s i t i o n a t t h e p r e s e n t t o r e c a l l a n d r e c l a i m . I t i s t h e wo r d s u r e t y, o f w h i c h s o m e o f o u r f a t h e r s w e r e s o f o n d . T h e wo r d s u b s t i t u t e h a s u n f o r t u n a t e a n d m i s l e a d i n g s u g g e s t i o n s , a n d i t h a s p r a c t i c a l l y b e e n d ro p p e d i n f avo u r o f a wo rd m o r e e t h i c a l a n d m o r e c o n - s t i t u t i o n a l , l i k e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . B u t e v e n t h a t w o r d m i s l e a d s u s t o t h i n k o f C h r i s t a s t h e s p i r i t u a l p r o t a g o n i s t o f a d e m o c r a c y, d r a w i n g H i s p o w e r f r o m t h o s e H e r e p r e s e n t s ; a n d i t mu f f l e s t h e t r u t h t h a t H i s r e l a t i o n t o u s i s roya l a n d n o t e l e c t i v e , t h a t i t i s c r e a t i v e a n d n o t m e r e l y e x p o s i t o r y. H e d o e s n o t e x p r e s s t h e n a t u r a l r e p e n t a n c e o f t h e o l d h u m a n i t y b u t c r e a t e s t h e p e n i t e n t f a i t h o f t h e n e w — “ t h e n e w m a n c r e a t e d u n t o h o l i n e s s .” I t i s n o t e a s y t o f i n d a w o r d t h a t h a s n o d e f e c t , s i n c e a l l w o r d s , e v e n t h e g r e a t e s t , a r e m a d e f r o m t h e d u s t a n d s p r i n g f r o m o u r s a n d y p a s s i o n s , e a r t h l y n e e d s , a n d f l e e t i n g t h o u g h t s ; a n d t h e y a r e h a r d t o s t r e t c h t o t h e m e a s u r e o f e t e r n a l t h i n g s w i t h o u t b r e a k i n g u n d e r u s s o m e w h e r e . T h e w o r d s u r e t y i t s e l f g i v e s w a y a t a g r e a t s t r a i n — a s d o e s g u a r a n t e e . C h r i s t ’s f u n c t i o n f o r

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u s wa s n o t s i m p l y a n a s s u r a n c e t o G o d , f ro m o n e w h o k n e w u s we l l , t h a t f o r a l l o u r a b e r r a t i o n s we we r e s o u n d a n d c o u l d b e t r u s t e d a t b o t t o m . H i s c o n f e s s i o n o f u s w a s n o t s i m p l y H i s e x p r e s s i o n o f H i s c o n v i c t i o n , a s d e e p a s l i f e , t h a t m a n , t h o u g h t o u g h a n d s l o w, w o u l d i n t h e l o n g - r u n t u r n , o b ey, a n d c o n f e s s i f p ro p e r l y t r e a t e d f ro m a b ove . I t wa s n o t a p l e d g e t o G o d , o r a n e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o m a n , t h a t H u m a n i t y wo u l d c o m e r i g h t w h e n e x p e r i e n c e h a d d o n e i t s w o r k o n h i s n a t i v e g o o d n e s s a n d h i s s p i r i t u a l n a t u r e , s o m u c h d e e p e r t h a n h i s s i n . I t wa s n o t a w a r r a n t y t o G o d t h a t h u m a n n a t u r e w o u l d a t l a s t r e c o v e r i t s s p i r i t u a l b a l a n c e , o f w h i c h r e c ove r y C h r i s t m i g h t p o i n t t o H i m s e l f a s b e i n g a n e a r n e s t , a p r e l u d e , a c l a s s i c i l l u s t r a t i o n . I t wa s n o t t h a t C h r i s t s t a k e d H i s i n s i g h t i n t o t h e d e e p n a t u r e o f t h i s m o s t e x c e l l e n t c r e a t u r e m a n th a t he wou ld one day r i s e f rom h i s sw ine, and re - t u r n f ro m h i s r e b e l l i o n , a n d f a l l i n t o t h e F a t h e r ’s a r m s . S u c h p o o r s u g g e s t i o n s a s t h e s e s p r i n g f ro m o u r c o m m o n a n d c o m m e rc i a l u s e o f a wo rd l i k e s u r e t y o r g u a r a n t e e . A s i f C h r i s t w e r e a t h i rd p a r t y be tween two who d id no t qu i t e be l i eve i n e a c h o t h e r . A s i f G o d b y t h i s a i d m i g h t b e l e d t o f o r e s e e t h a t m a n wo u l d c o m e t o h i m s e l f i n a f a i t h a n d r e p e n t a n c e d i s t a n t h u t c e r t a i n , m i g h t c r e d i t i t t o h i m i n a d v a n c e , a n d m i g h t

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p a r d o n o n t h a t g r o u n d . T h a t w o u l d d e s t r o y g r a c e . A n d i t w o u l d g i v e m a n t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f s a t i s f y i n g G o d i f H e wo u l d bu t g i ve h i m t i m e to collect the wherewithal.

C h r i s t i s n o t h i r d p a r t y, n o a r b i t r a t o r , n o m o r a l b r o k e r . A n d H e i s n o t t h e f i r s t i n s t a l - m e n t o f m a n ’s r e t u r n t o G o d , i t s h a r b i n g e r . I n n o s u c h s e n s e i s H e o u r s u r e t y b e f o r e G o d . B e c a u s e H i s w o r k i s n o t o n e o f i n s i g h t h u t o f r e g e n e r a t i o n . I t d i d n o t t u r n o n H i s g e n i u s f o r r e a d i n g u s , b u t H i s p o w e r t o c r e a t e u s a n e w. H e H i m s e l f i s t h e c r e a t o r i n u s o f w h a t H e p r o m i s e s f o r u s . A n y s u r e t y t h a t C h r i s t g i ve s t o G o d f o r m a n i s r e a l l y G o d swe a r - i n g by H i m s e l f ; i t i s t h e C r e a t o r ’s s e l f - a s s u r a n c e o f H i s o w n r e g e n e r a t i v e p o w e r . C h r i s t , a s t h e E t e r n a l S o n o f H o l y G o d , c a n o f f e r H i m a h o l i - n e s s w h i c h c r e a t e s a n d i n c l u d e s t h a t o f t h e r a c e , and does not simply prophesy it.

§

We m i g h t p u t i t t h u s : C h r i s t a l o n e i n H i s s i n l e s s p e r f e c t i o n c a n f e e l a l l G o d ’s h o l i n e s s i n j u d g i n g s i n ; a n d t h e r e f o r e H e a l o n e c o u l d c o n f e s s a n d h o n o u r i t . N o s i n f u l m a n c o u l d d o t h a t ; a n d t h e r e f o r e n o s i n f u l m a n c o u l d d u l y r e p e n t . T h e v a l u e o f r e p e n t a n c e i s a l w a y s i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e s e n s e o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s . To

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c o n f e s s t h a t h o l i n e s s i s t h e g r e a t p o s t u l a t e i n o r d e r t o c o n f e s s s i n . A n d t h e r a c e c o u l d d u l y c on f e s s i t s s i n a nd re p en t on l y i f t h e re a ro s e i n i t O n e w h o by a p e r f e c t a n d i m p e n i t e n t h o l i n e s s i n H i m s e l f , a n d by H i s o r g a n i c u n i t y w i t h u s , c o u l d c r e a t e s u c h h o l i n e s s i n t h e s i n f u l a s s h o u l d m a ke t h e n ew l i f e o n e l o n g r e p e n t a n c e t r a n s c e n d e d by f a i t h a n d t h a n k f u l j oy. T h i s wa s a n d i s C h r i s t ’s w o r k . A n d t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n t o G o d , a s i t w a s c e r t a i n l y n o t H i s s u f f e r i n g , wa s a l s o m o r e t h a n t h e s p e c t a c l e o f H i s ow n h o l y s o u l p r e s e n t e d t o G o d . . I t w a s t h a t h o l y s o u l ( t h e h o l i e r a s H e f a c e d a n d c o n q u e r e d e v i l e v e r g r o w i n g m o r e b l a c k a n d b i t t e r ) — i t w a s t h a t h o l y s o u l s e e n b y G o d a s t h e c a u s e a n d c r e a t o r o f t h e r a c e ’s c o n f e s s i o n , b o t h o f h o l i n e s s a n d o f s i n , i n a C h u r c h o f t h e r e b o r n . T h e s a t i s f a c t i o n t o G o d w a s C h r i s t , n o t a s a n i s o l a t e d c h a r a c t e r , o r i n a n a c t w h o l l y o u t s i d e u s a n d o u r r e s p o n s i v e u n i o n w i t h H i m ; b u t i t w a s C h r i s t a s t h e a u t h o r o f o u r s a n c t i f i c a t i o n a n d r e p e n t a n c e . O u r r e p e n t a n c e a n d o u r s a n c t i t y a r e o f s a v i n g va l u e b e fo re God on l y a s p roduced by t h e c re a t ive h o l i n e s s o f C h r i s t . C h r i s t c r e a t e s o u r h o l i n e s s b e c a u s e o f H i s ow n s a n c t i f i c a t i o n o f H i m s e l f — J o h n x v i i . 1 9 — a n d H i s c o m p l e t e v i c t o r y o v e r t h e e v i l p o w e r i n a l i f e - e x p e r i e n c e o f m o r a l conflict.

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Yo u w i s h p e r h a p s h e r e t o a s k m e t h i s q u e s t i o n : I s t h e n t h e s a n c t i t y o f a U n i t a r i a n w h o r e j e c t s a ny s a t i s f a c t i o n by C h r i s t , a ny a t o n e m e n t , a s t h e g ro u n d o f m a n ’s h o l i n e s s , i s t h a t s a n c t i t y o f n o a c c o u n t b e f o r e G o d ? I s t h e t r u e r e p e n t a n c e o f t ho s e who do no t know o f an a t on ing Chr i s t i an i t y o f l i t t l e p r i c e w i t h H i m ? F a r f r o m i t . B u t f r o m o u r p o i n t o f v i e w we m u s t r e g a r d t h e m a s i n - c o m p l e t e s t a g e s , w h i c h d r a w t h e i r v a l u e w i t h God f rom a s ub l im in a l un i on w i t h t h a t c omp l e t e d and ho l y o f f e r i ng o f Ch r i s t wh i ch He neve r c e a s e s t o s e e , h oweve r f a r i t b e b e n e a t h o u r c o n s c i o u s light.

§

W h e n t h e r e f o r e w e s p e a k o f C h r i s t a s o u r S u r e t y, w e m e a n m u c h m o r e t h a n w o u l d b e m e a n t b y a m e r e s p o n s o r s h i p . We s u p p o s e a s o l i d a r y u n i o n o f f a i t h c r e a t e d by t h e S av i o u r i n t h e s i n n e r , w h i c h n o t o n l y i m p r e s s e s h i m b u t i n c o r p o r a t e s h i m w i t h C h r i s t . A l l t u r n s u p o n t h a t s p i r i t u a l s o l i d a r i t y. A l l t u r n s u p o n t h e r e a l i t y o f t h a t n e w l i f e f o r w h i c h P a u l h a d t o i nve n t a n ew p h r a s e — “ i n C h r i s t .” A t r e m e n d o u s p h r a s e , l i k e t h a t o t h e r , “ t h e N e w C r e a t i o n ” — a n d h a r d l y i n t e l l i g i b l e t o a yo u t h f u l o r i m p r e s - s i o n i s t C h r i s t i a n i t y. T h e r e a l g ro u n d o f o u r f o r - g ivene s s i s no t ou r con f e s s i on o f s i n , and no t even C h r i s t ’s c o n f e s s i o n o f o u r s i n , b u t H i s a g o n i s e d

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c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , a n d i t s a b s o r b - i n g e f f e c t o n u s . To b e i n g r a c e w e m u s t b e f o u n d i n H i m . O u r n e w p e n i t e n t l i f e i s H i s c r e a t i o n . H e c o n t a i n s t h e p r i n c i p l e a n d p owe r o f o u r f o r g i v e n e s s . A n d i t c o m e s h o m e t o u s o n l y a s w e a b i d e i n H i m . I n H i m , a n d o n l y i n H i m , t h e n o r m a l h o l y m a n , t h e m a n h o l y w i t h a l l t h e h o l i n e s s o f G o d , h a v e w e t h e l i v i n g p owe r o f r e l e a s e f r o m g u i l t , e s c a p e f r o m s i n , r e p e n t a n c e , f a i t h , a n d n e w n e s s o f l i f e . We a r e j u s t i f i e d o n l y a s w e a r e i n c o r p o r a t e ( n o t c l o t h e d ) i n t h e p e r f e c t r i g h t e o u s n e s s o f C h r i s t , o u r R e g e n e r a t o r , a n d n o t i n p r o p o r - t i o n a s t h e r i g h t e o u s n e s s o f C h r i s t h a s m a d e p a l p a b l e w a y i n u s . I t i s n o t a s C h r i s t i s i n u s t h a t we a r e s a v e d , b u t a s we a r e i n C h r i s t . I t i s t h i s b e i n g i n C h r i s t f o r o u r j u s t i f i c a t i o n t h a t m a k e s j u s t i f i c a t i o n n e c e s s a r i l y w o r k o u t t o s a n c t i f i c a t i o n , a n d f o r g i v e n e s s b e o n e w i t h eternal life.

We s h a l l b e m i s l e d eve n by w h a t i s t r u e i n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s p e c t o f C h r i s t u n l e s s we g r a s p h ow m u c h m o r e H e i s , h ow c r e a t i ve H e i s , h ow t h e s o l i d a r i t y i nvo l v e d i n H i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s d u e t o H i s o w n a c t o f s e l f - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d n o t t o n a t u r a l i d e n t i t y w i t h u s . We m u s t t a k e q u i t e s e r i o u s l y t h a t s u p r e m e w o r d o f a “ n e w c r e a t i o n i n J e s u s C h r i s t .” We n e e d n o t g e t

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l o s t i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e m e t a p h y s i c o f i t ; b u t w e m u s t h a v e s o t a s t e d t h e n e w l i f e t h a t n o t h i n g b u t t h e s t r o n g e s t wo r d p o s s i b l e i s j u s t to it.

§

C h r i s t o u r N e w C r e a t o r ! H e w a s n o t s i m p l y a n ew d e p a r t u r e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f e t h i c a l c i v i l i s a - t i o n , by t h e i n t ro d u c t i o n o f a n e x a l t e d m o r a l i t y. I f t h a t wa s wha t He c ame w i t h , He b rough t much l e s s t h a n t h e c o n s c i e n c e n e e d s ; a n d o n c o u n t l e s s p o i n t s H e h a s l e f t u s w i t h o u t g u i d a n c e t o - d a y. N o r wa s He s imp l y a g re a t n ew d e p a r t u re i n t h e h i s t o r y o f r e l i g i o u s i d e a s . H e d i d m u c h m o r e t h a n b r i n g u s a n e w i d e a o f G o d . I f t h a t w a s a l l , a g a i n i t w a s n o t w h a t w e n e e d . F o r w e h a v e m o r e a n d h i g h e r i d e a s o f G o d t h a n w e k n o w w h a t t o d o w i t h , m o r e t h a n w e h a v e p o w e r t o r e a l i s e . B u t H e s t a n d s f o r a n e w d e p a r t u r e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f C r e a t i o n . H i s wo r k i n s o f a r i s c o s m i c . I t i s a n e w s t o r e y a d d e d t o t h e wo r l d . I t i s a n e w d e p a r t u r e i n t h e a c t i o n w h i c h m a d e t h e u n i ve r s e . I t i s a n e n t i r e l y n e w s t a g e i n t h e e l e v a t i o n o f h u m a n n a t u r e , s o i m p e r f e c t i n o u r f i r s t c r e a t i o n , t o i t s d i v i n e h e i g h t i n h o l i n e s s . B y H i s m o r a l t r e a t m e n t o f o u r s i n f u l c a s e , w h i c h i s o u r a c t u a l h i s t o r i c c a s e , w e a r e t a k e n i n t o a s h a r e o f H i s s u p e r h u m a n l i f e . T h a t i s o u r s a l v a t i o n . I t i s l i f e a n d p owe r

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w e n e e d . I t i s t o h e m a d e o v e r a g a i n b y t h e M a k e r ’ s r e d e e m i n g h a n d . We a r e r e d e e m e d f r o m t h e b a n o f s i n ’s m a g i c c i r c l e b y t h e o n l y O n e w h o h a s t h e s e c r e t o f t h e u n s e e n p owe r s ; w e a r e j o i n e d w i t h t h e s i n - d e s t r o y i n g l i f e o f C h r i s t . A n d w e a r e r e d e e m e d , b y t h e v e r y n a t u r e o f t h a t r e d e m p t i o n , i n t o t h e f e l l ow s h i p o f H i s e t e r n a l a n d b l e s s e d p e a c e . A n d t h a t i s o u r R e c o n c i l i a t i o n . T h e a c t t h a t j u s t i f i e d s a n c t i f i e s a n d r e c o n c i l e s . A n d t h a t t o t a l i t y o f C h r i s t i n H i s Chu rch i s wha t God l ook s on and i s s a t i s f i e d . We a r e , a s a b e l i e v i n g r a c e , i n t h e S o n i n w h o m He is always well pleased.

§

N ow w h a t i s i t t h a t h a s c r e a t e d s o mu c h d i f f i - c u l t y f o r t h e o l d P r o t e s t a n t d o c t r i n e ? I m e a n d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e m i n d o f C h r i s t i a n b e l i eve r s , a n d s t i l l m o r e i n t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e . F o r we n e e d n o t t ro u b l e h e re a b o u t d i f f i c u l t y f ro m t h e s i d e o f t h e w o r l d l i n g s o r t h e e t h i c a l s e n t i m e n t a l i s t s . B u t d i f f i c u l t y a r o s e w i t h i n t h e p a l e o f t h e m o s t d e v o u t a n d d e v o t e d e v a n g e l i c a l e x p e r i e n c e . Pe r h a p s i t h a s a r i s e n i n yo u r ow n m i n d s . We l l , t h e o l d P ro t e s t a n t i s m , a s yo u k n ow, wa s g r e a t l y e xe r c i s e d a b o u t t h e t r u e r e l a t i o n b e t we e n f a i t h a n d wo r k s . A n d i t h a d t o i n s i s t s o s t r o n g l y o n t h e s o l e v a l u e o f f a i t h i n o r d e r t o c o p e w i t h

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R o m e t h a t i t s l a t e r y e a r s f e l l i n t o a n e x c e s s i v e d r e a d o f g o o d w o r k s , l e s t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a s c r i b e d t o t h e m s av i n g e f f e c t . A s a r e s u l t f a i t h wa s c r e d i t e d w i t h a m e r e l y r e c e p t i v e p owe r , o r n o m o r e b e y o n d t h a t t h a n a p o w e r o f a s s e n t . M e n l o s t h o l d o f t h e g r e a t L u t h e r a n f a c t t h a t f a i t h i s t h e m o s t m i g h t y a n d a c t i ve t h i n g i n t h e s o u l , t h a t o u r f a i t h i s o u r a l l b e f o r e G o d , t h a t i t i s a n e n e r g y o f t h e w h o l e p e r s o n , t h a t g o o d wo r k s a r e d o n e b y t h i s w h o l e b e l i e v i n g p e r s o n , a nd t h a t f a i t h by i t s ve r y n a t u re , a s t r u s t i n God ’s l o v e , i s b o u n d t o wo r k o u t i n l ove . T h e y m i s - r e a d t h e m o r a l i m p u l s e i n f a i t h , i t s p o w e r t o r e c a s t p e r s o n a l i t y a n d r e f a s h i o n l i f e . T h e y d i d n o t , o f c o u r s e , o v e r l o o k t h e n e c e s s i t y o f s u c h r e n o v a t i o n ; b u t t h e y p u t i t d o w n t o a s u b s e - q u e n t a c t i o n o f t h e S p i r i t ove r a n d a b ove f a i t h - a lmo s t a s i f t h e Sp i r i t a nd H i s s a n c t i f i c a t i on we re a s e c o n d r e ve l a t i o n , a n e w d i s p e n s a t i o n . W h i c h i n d e e d m a ny o f t h e my s t i c s t h o u g h t i t wa s — l i ke m a n y r a t i o n a l i s t m y s t i c s t o - d a y, w h o t h i n k we h a v e o u t g r o w n h i s t o r i c C h r i s t i a n i t y a n d t h e h i s t o r i c C h r i s t t h r o u g h o u r m o d e r n l i g h t . T h e o l d P ro t e s t a n t o r t h o d ox y d i d n o t r e a l i s e t h a t t h e r e a l s ou rc e o f t h e Sp i r i t i s t h e C ro s s . I t t h e re f o re d e t a c h e d f a i t h f r o m l i f e i n a way t h a t h a s p r o - d u c e d t h e m o s t u n f o r t u n a t e r e s u l t s , b o t h i n a n a n t i n o m i a n i s m w i t h i n t h e C h u r c h , a n d i n a

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S o c i n i a n p ro t e s t w i t h o u t , w h i c h wa s i n e v i t a b l e , a n d s o f a r v a l u a b l e , b u t w a s e q u a l l y e x t r e m e . F a i t h wa s t r e a t e d by t h e po s i t i ve s c hoo l t h en a s a m y s t i c p o w e r , o r a n i n t e l l e c t u a l , b u t n o t a s a m o r a l . I t wa s n o t t h e r e n ov a t i n g p owe r i n l i f e , b u t o n l y p r e p a r e d t h e g ro u n d f o r t h e r e n ova t i n g p owe r t o c o m e i n . I t h a d n o t i n i t s e l f t h e t r a n s - f o r m i n g p o w e r e i t h e r i n d i v i d u a l l y o r s o c i a l l y. I t s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h l ove wa s a c c i d e n t a l a n d n o t necessary—as it must be, being faith in love.

§

N o w, i f w e t r a n s l a t e t h i s e x p e r i m e n t a l l a n - g u a g e i n t o t h e o l o g i c a l , i t m e a n s t h a t t h e y d i d n o t c o n n e c t u p j u s t i f i c a t i o n a n d s a n c t i f i c a t i o n . F o r g i v e n e s s o f s i n w a s n o t i d e n t i f i e d c l o s e l y e n o u g h w i t h e t e r n a l l i f e . E t e r n a l l i f e w a s d e - t a c h e d f r o m i d e n t i t y w i t h t h a t w h i c h w a s t h e t r u e e t e r n a l i n l i f e , f r o m f a i t h ’s p r a c t i c a l ( i . e . , e x p e r i m e n t a l ) g o d l i n e s s . F o r g i v e n e s s d i d n o t g o, a s i t s h o u l d , w i t h r e n ewa l o f h e a r t a n d c o n - d u c t i n o n e a c t . I t d e l i ve r e d f r o m a n o l d wo r l d w i t h o u t o p e n i n g a n e w a n d p l a n t i n g u s i n i t s r e v o l u t i o n i s e d p r i n c i p l e s . F a i t h h a d , i n d e e d , t h e p owe r t o d o wo r k s o f l o v e , b u t i t w a s n o t d r i v e n t o t h e m s o t h a t i t c o u l d d o n o o t h e r . A n d t h i s f l a w i n f a i t h c o r r e s p o n d e d t o a l i k e f l a w i n t h e r e a d i n g o f C h r i s t ’s a c t w h i c h w a s

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t h e o b j e c t o f f a i t h . T h e y t r e a t e d t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t i n a way f a r t o o o b j e c t i ve . I t wa s s o m e - t h i n g d o n e w h o l l y o v e r o u r h e a d s . T h e r e w a s n o t a s o l i d a r y c o n n e c t i o n b e t we e n C h r i s t ’s wo r k a n d t h e C h u r c h i t c r e a t e d . A t t e n t i o n w a s c o n - c e n t r a t e d u p o n o n e a s p e c t o f C h r i s t ’s wo r k — i t s a c t i o n o n G o d . T h a t i s q u i t e a n e s s e n t i a l a s p e c t ( p e r h a p s t h e c h i e f ) , b u t i t m u s t n o t b e i s o l a t e d . N o a s p e c t o f t h a t w o r k m u s t b e i s o l a t e d , a s I b e g a n b y s a y i n g . I t i s t h e s e r v i c e a n a c c o m - p l i s h e d t h e o l o g y d o e s f o r t h e C h u r c h t o k e e p a l l a s p e c t s i n o n e p u r v i ew, i n t h e p ro p o r t i o n o f a g r e a t a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e f a i t h . We h a v e t o - d a y g o n e t o a n o t h e r e x t r e m e , a n d i s o l a t e d a n o t h e r a s p e c t — t h e m o r a l e f f e c t o f C h r i s t o n m a n . S o w e n e e d n o t g i v e o u r s e l v e s a n y a i r s o f s u p e r i o r i t y t o t h e o l d o r t h o d o x y i n t h a t r e s p e c t o f o n e s i d e d n e s s . A n d we m u s t a l s o r e - m e m b e r t h a t t h e w h o l e s e c r e t o f t r u t h i n t h i s m a t t e r i s n o t w h a t w e a r e s o m e t i m e s t o l d - a c h a n g e o f e m p h a s i s . We h a v e c h a n g e d t h e e m p h a s i s , a n d y e t w e a r e s h o r t o f t h e t r u t h ; a n d t h e s t a t e o f t h e C h u r c h ’s p i e t y s h o w s i t . We h a v e m o v e d t h e a c c e n t f r o m t h e o b j e c t i v e t o t h e s u b j e c t i v e w o r k o f C h r i s t ; a n d w e f a l l v i c t i m s m o r e a n d m o r e t o a we a k r e l i g i o u s s u b - j e c t i v i s m w h i c h h a s t h e e t h i c a l i n t e r e s t b u t n o t t h e m o r a l n o t e . We f a l l i n t o a s u b j e c t i v i s m

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w h i c h i s r e f l e c t e d i n o n e a s p e c t o f P r a g m a t i s m a n d o v e r w o r k s t h e p r i n c i p l e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e w o r d s , “ B y t h e i r f r u i t s s h a l l y e k n o w t h e m ” ( know t h em , whe th e r t h ey a re t r u e t o t h e Go sp e l , n o t t h e G o s p e l a n d w h e t h e r i t i s t r u e t o G o d a n d r e a l i t y ) . S o t h a t p e o p l e s a y, “ I w i l l b e l i e ve w h a t e v e r I f e e l d o e s m e g o o d . M y s o u l w i l l e a t w h a t I e n j o y, a n d d r i n k w h a t m a k e s m e h a p p y.” T h e y a r e t h e i r o w n t e s t o f t r u t h , a n d “ t h e i r ow n H o l y G h o s t .” T h e s e c r e t , t h e r e f o r e , i s n o t c h a n g e o f a c c e n t b u t b a l a n c e o f a s p e c t s . A n d t h e t r u e a n d c o m p e t e n t t h e o l o g y i s n o t o n l y o n e w h i c h r e g a r d s t h e C h u r c h ’ s w h o l e h i s t o r y a n d o u t l o o k ( t h i n k i n g i n c e n t u r i e s , I c a l l e d i t ) , h u t i t i s o n e d i s c i p l i n e d t o t h i n k i n p r o p o r t i o n , t o t h i n k t o g e t h e r t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h e C r o s s , a n d m a k e t h e m e n r i c h and not exclude one another.

§

T h e d e f e c t o f t h e o l d v i ew wa s , t h e n , a s I h ave s a i d , t h a t i t c o u l d n o t c o u p l e u p j u s t i f i c a t i o n a n d s a n c t i f i c a t i o n . I t c o u l d n o t s h ow h ow t h e s a m e a c t o f C h r i s t w h i c h d e l i v e r e d f r o m t h e g u i l t o f s i n d e l i v e r e d a l s o f r o m i t s p owe r . A n d t h i s w a s b e c a u s e i n t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n t o o m u c h s t r e s s wa s l a i d u p o n t h e s u f f e r i n g ; a n d s u f f e r i n g i n i t s e l f h a s n o s a n c t i f y i n g p owe r . Yo u s e e h ow

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o u r p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e , w h e n i t i s we l l n o t e d , p r o v i d e s o u r t h e o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s . We d o f i n d t h a t s u f f e r i n g b y i t s e l f d e b a s e s , a n d e v e n i m b r u t e s , i n s t e a d o f p u r i f y i n g ; t h a t p a i n i s a n o c c a s i o n r a t h e r t h a n a c a u s e o f p r o f i t . T h a t i s a m o r a l p r i n c i p l e o f s p i r i t u a l e x p e r i e n c e . C o n - s e q u e n t l y w h e n e x c e s s i ve a t t e n t i o n wa s g i ve n t o t h e s u f f e r i n g o f C h r i s t , a n d t h e a t o n i n g v a l u e w a s s u p p o s e d t o r e s i d e t h e r e i n s t e a d o f i n t h e h o l y o b e d i e n c e , t h e wo r k o f C h r i s t l o s t i n p u r i - f y i n g a n d s a n c t i f y i n g e f f e c t , w h a t e v e r i t m a y h a v e d o n e i n p a c i f y i n g o r c o n v e r t i n g . T h e a t o n i n g t h i n g b e i n g t h e h o l y o b e d i e n c e t o t h e H o l y, t h e s a m e h o l i n e s s w h i c h s a t i s f i e d G o d s a n c t i f i e s u s . T h a t i s t h e i d e a t h e R e f o r m e r s d i d n o t g r a s p , t h r o u g h t h e i r p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h C h r i s t ’ s s u f f e r i n g s . B u t i t i s t h e o n l y i d e a w h i c h u n i t e s j u s t i f i c a t i o n a n d s a n c t i f i c a - t i o n a n d b o t h w i t h r e d e m p t i o n . F o r t h e h o l i - n e s s w h i c h s a t i s f i e d G o d a n d s a n c t i f i e s u s a l s o d e s t r o y e d t h e e v i l p o w e r i n t h e w o r l d a n d i t s h o l d o n u s . I t w a s t h e m o r a l c o n q u e s t o f t h e w o r l d ’ s e v i l , a m i d t h e e x t r e m e c o n - d i t i o n s o f s i n a n d s u f f e r i n g , b y a V i c t o r w h o h a d a c a p i t a l s o l i d a r i t y w i t h t h e r a c e , a n d n o t m e r e l y a n i n d i v i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i t a s a m e m b e r . S o t h a t i t h a s b e e n s a i d t h a t w e m u s t e x p l a i n a n d c o r r e c t c u r r e n t i d e a s o f s u b -

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s t i t u t i o n a r y e x p i a t i o n b y t h e i d e a o f s o l i d a r y r e p a r a t i o n . T h e c u r s e o n m a n w a s t h e g u i l t y p owe r o f s i n a n d i t s t r a i n — h i t h e r t o i nv i n c i b l e . T h e r e w a s b u t o n e w a y i n w h i c h t h i s c o u l d b e m a s t e r e d . A m o r a l c u r s e c o u l d b e m a s t e r e d o n l y i n a p u r e l y m o r a l w a y, t h e w o r l d - c u r s e b y t h e wo r l d - c o n s c i e n c e . I t c o u l d b e m a s t e r e d b u t b y O n e w h o s e s i n l e s s n e s s w a s n o t o n l y n e g a t i v e l y p r o o f a g a i n s t a l l t h a t s i n c o u l d d o , b u t p o s i t i v e l y h o l y ; a n d H e wa s t h u s d e a d l y t o s i n , s a t i s f a c t o r y t o G o d ’s l ov i n g j u d g m e n t , a n d c r e a t i v e o f a n e w h u m a n i t y i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e o l d . T h i s w a s a t a s k b e y o n d m e r e s u b s t i t u - t i o n a r y p e n a l s u f f e r i n g a s t h a t p h r a s e i s n ow s o p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d . F o r t h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n j u s t a n d e f f e c t u a l o n l y i f i t h a d f a l l e n o n t h e a r c h - r e b e l , w h o , w i t h t h e n o b i l i t y o f M i l t o n ’s S a t a n i n h i s f i r s t s t a g e , a s s u m e d h i m s e l f a l l t h e w o r s t c o n s e q u e n c e s o f h i s r e v o l t t o s p a r e t h e other souls whom he had misled.

§

T h e t r u t h i s t h a t A n s e l m , i n s p i t e o f t h e u n s p e a k a b l e s e r v i c e h e d i d b o t h t o t h e f a i t h a n d t h o u g h t o f h i s t i m e a n d a l l t i m e , y e t p u t t h e o l o g y o n a f a l s e t r a c k i n t h i s m a t t e r . H e h a d t o o m u c h t o s a y o f a s u p e r e t h i c a l t r i b u t e p a i d t o G o d ’s h o n o u r b y t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a

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v o l u n t a r y s u f f e r i n g . O u r s i n w a s c o m p o u n d e d r a t h e r t h a n r e a l l y a t o n e d . H e d i d n o t g r a s p t h e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t a s m a d e t o G o d ’s h o l i n e s s ; a s o n e t h e r e f o r e w h i c h c o u l d o n l y b e e t h i c a l i n i t s n a t u re , by way o f ho l y ob ed i en c e . Th i s ob ed i en c e w a s t h e H o l y F a t h e r ’s j o y a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n . H e f o u n d H i m s e l f i n i t . A n d i t wa s a l s o t h e f o i l i n g a n d d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e e v i l p owe r . A n d i t w a s f a r t h e r t h e c r e a t i ve s o u r c e o f h o l i n e s s i n a r a c e n o t o n l y i m p r e s s e d by t h e s p e c t a c l e o f i t s t r a g i c h e ro v i c t o r i o u s , bu t r e g e n e r a t e by t h e s o l i d a r i t y o f a n e w l i f e f r o m i t s c r e a t i ve H e a d . T h e wo r k o f C h r i s t w a s t h u s i n t h e s a m e a c t t r i u m p h a n t o n e v i l , s a t i s f y i n g t o t h e h e a r t o f G o d , a n d c r e a t i v e t o t h e c o n s c i e n c e o f m a n b y v i r t u e o f H i s s o l i d a r i t y w i t h G o d o n t h e o n e s i d e , a n d o n t h e o t h e r w i t h t h e r a c e . H e s u b d u e d S a t a n , r e j o i c e d t h e F a t h e r , a n d s e t u p i n H u m a n i t y t h e k i n g d o m — a l l i n o n e s u p r e m e a n d c o n s u m m a t e a c t o f H i s o n e p e r s o n . H e d e s t r oye d t h e k i n g - d o m o f e v i l , n o t b y way o f p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e k i n g d o m o f G o d , b u t b y a c t u a l l y e s t a b l i s h i n g G o d ’s k i n g d o m i n t h e h e a r t o f i t . A n d H e r e - j o i c e d , f i l l e d , a n d s a t i s f i e d t h e h e a r t o f G o d , n o t b y a s t a t u t o r y o b e d i e n c e , o r b y o n e p r i v a t e t o H i m s e l f , w h i c h s p e c t a c l e d i s p o s e d G o d t o b l e s s a n d s a n c t i f y m a n ; b u t b y p r e s e n t i n g i n t h e c o m p e n d i o u s c o m p a s s o f H i s o w n p e r s o n a

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H u m a n i t y p r e s a n c t i f i e d b y t h e i r r e s i s t i b l e power of His own creative and timeless work.

T h e h o l y d e m a n d o f G o d i s a lway s c o u c h e d i n a f a l s e f o r m w h e n i t i s m a d e t o c a l l f o r t h e e x p i a t i o n o f a n e q u i va l e n t s u f f e r i n g i n s t e a d o f a c o n f e s s i o n o f G o d ’s h o l i n e s s , a d e q u a t e l y h o l y, f r o m t h e s i d e o f t h e s i n n e r u n d e r j u d g m e n t . H e ave n a n d i t s h a p p i n e s s a r e w ro n g l y c o n c e i ve d a s i m m u n i t y f r o m j u d g m e n t i n s t e a d o f j o y i n t h e c o n s u m m a t i o n o f j u d g m e n t i n r i g h t e o u s n e s s a n d h o l i n e s s f o r e v e r . I t w a s n o t c l e a r t o t h e o l d v i e w t h a t t h e v e r y n a t u r e o f j u s t i f i c a t i o n wa s s a n c t i f i c a t i o n , t h a t t h e Ju s t i f i e r wa s s o o n l y a s O n e w h o a lway s p e r f e c t l y s a n c t i f i e d H i m s e l f , a n d wa s o r g a n i c , i n t h e a c t , w i t h t h e r a c e i n i t s n ew l i f e . I t a p p e a r e d t o o u r f a t h e r s a s i f s a n c t i - f i c a t i o n we r e o n l y a f a c u l t a t i ve s e q u e l o f j u s t i - fication.

W h a t e ve r we m e a n , t h e r e f o r e , b y s u b s t i t u t i o n , i t i s s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n m e r e l y v i c a r i o u s . I t i s c e r t a i n l y n o t s o m e t h i n g d o n e ove r o u r h e a d s . I t i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . Ye t n o t b y t h e w i l l o f m a n c h o o s i n g C h r i s t , b u t b y t h e w i l l o f C h r i s t c h o o s i n g m a n , a n d f r e e l y i d e n t i f y i n g H i m s e l f w i t h m a n . I t i s a m a t t e r n o t s o m u c h o f s u b s t i t u t i o n a r y e x p i a t i o n ( w h i c h , a s t h e s e wo r d s a r e c o m m o n l y u n d e r s t o o d , l e a v e s u s t o o l i t t l e c o m m i t t e d ) , bu t o f s o l i d a r y c o n f e s s i o n a n d

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p r a i s e f r o m a m i d t h e j u d g m e n t f i r e s , w h e r e t h e S o n o f G o d w a l k s w i t h t h e c r e a t i v e s y m p a t h y o f t h e h o l y a m o n g t h e s i n f u l s o n s o f m e n . I t i s no t a s i f Ch r i s t we re ou r ch ange l i n g , a s i f H i s l o t a n d o u r s we r e t r a n s p o s e d o n t h e C ro s s . B u t H e w a s o u r s e l f - a p p o i n t e d p l e n i p o t e n t i a r y, a n d w h a t H e e n g a g e d f o r we m u s t i m p l e m e n t b y a n o r g a n i c s p i r i t u a l e n t a i l . S o f a r H i s wo r k wa s a s o b j e c t i ve a s o u r c r e a t i o n , a s i n d e p e n d e n t o f o u r l e a v e ; a n d i t c o m m i t t e d u s w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o o u r c o n s e n t b u t t o o u r n e e d . W h e n H e d i e d f o r a l l , a l l i m p l i c i t l y d i e d . T h e g r e a t t r a n s a c t i o n w a s d o n e f o r t h e r a c e . B u t o b j e c t i v e a s i t w a s , g i f t a s i t w a s t o u s f r o m p u r e g r a c e , i t w a s s o i n i t s i n i t i a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n i n i t s m e t h o d . E s s e n t i a l l y i t w a s a n e w c r e a t i o n o f u s , b u t p r a c t i c a l l y t h e n e w c r e a t o r w a s i n u s , a n d t h e wo r d wa s f l e s h . I n s u c h a way t h a t H e a n d H i s a r e o n e b y f a i t h i n a s o l i d a r i t y c o r r e - s p o n d i n g f r o m b e n e a t h , m u t a t i s m u t a n d i s , t o t h e s o l i d a r i t y b e t w e e n F a t h e r a n d S o n f r o m above.

H e a n d H i s f o r m a n o r g a n i c s p i r i t u a l u n i t y — o n e w i l l i n t wo p a r t i e s o r p e r s o n s . M e r e s u b - s t i t u t i on i s me re e x ch ang e o f p a r t s , i n wh i c h o n e i s e x c l u d e d a n d i m m u n e . B u t t h e w o r k o f C h r i s t i s i n c l u s i v e a n d c o m m i t t a l , b y o u r c o n - t i n u i t y o f l i f e w i t h H i m t h ro u g h t h e s p i r i t i n a

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Chu rch . 1 The s u f f e r i n g o f Ch r i s t i s bu t t h e unde r a n d s e a m y s i d e o f t h a t s o l i d a r i t y w h o s e u p p e r s i d e i s t h e b e a u t y o f o u r c o r p o r a t e h o l i n e s s i n H i m . T h e s a m e l a w, t h e s a m e a c t , w h i c h l a i d o u r s i n o n H i m l a y s H i s h o l i n e s s o n u s , a n d a b s o r b s u s i n t o H i s s a t i s f a c t i o n t o G o d . I n t h e s a m e a c t G o d m a d e H i m t o b e s i n f o r u s a n d m a d e u s r i g h t e o u s n e s s i n H i m . I n t h e e m p i r i c a l s e n s e we a r e n o m o r e m a d e r i g h t e o u s t h a n H e w a s m a d e s i n f u l . B u t w e a r e a s c l o s e l y i n c o r - p o r a t e d i n t h e h o l y w o r l d a s H e w a s i n t h e s i n f u l . A n d o u r h o l i n e s s i s n o t o u r s , i n t h e s a m e s e n s e a s o u r s i n w a s n o t H i s — i n t h e s e n s e o f i n i t i a t i v e a n d i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for it.

I t w a s a s o u r s e l f - a p p o i n t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t h a t C h r i s t d i e d . H e d i e d a s t h e r e s u l t , a s t h e f i n a l e , o f t h e a c t by w h i c h H e i d e n t i f i e d H i m s e l f w i t h u s a n d e m p t i e d H i m s e l f f r o m h e a v e n . H e i s ou r Head by d iv ine r i gh t and no t by e l e c t i on o f

1 I n H i s s a v i n g a c t H e s o b e c a m e o n e w i t h t h e r a c e t h a t t h e n e w H u m a n i t y H e s e t u p a r i s e s i n h i s t o r y a s t h e c o m p a n y o f t h o s e w h o a n s w e r a n d s e a l H i s i n c a r n a t e a c t w i t h t h e i r f a i t h . B y h i s i n c a r n a t i o n a n d r e d e m p t i o n C h r i s t d i d n o t s i m p l y d e i f y H u m a n i t y , a s a p a g a n C h r i s t i a n i t y h a d i t i n t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y , n o r m a n i f e s t t h e e s s e n t i a l d e i t y o f H u m a n i t y a s a p a g a n C h r i s - t i a n i t y h a s i t i n t h e t w e n t i e t h . B u t H e s o t o o k a H u m a n i t y p r e d e s t i n e d f o r H i m t h a t t h o s e w h o t a k e H i m s h o u l d b e c o m e the new Humanity in the true Church.

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o u r s . O u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , o u r s u r e t y H e w a s - n o t o u r c h o i c e i l l u s t r a t i o n , n o t o u r m a n d a t o r y c h amp ion , no t ou r mo r a l d epu t y, no t ou r f r i e nd l y s p o n s o r p r o m i s i n g t h a t we s h o u l d o n e d a y p a y o u r d e b t b e c a u s e o f H i s o p t i m i s t i c f a i t h i n u s . I t wa s n o t i n u s t h a t H e h a d f a i t h s o mu c h a s i n H i m s e l f a s t h e p owe r a n d g r a c e o f G o d . H e d i d n o t p ro m i s e t h a t we wo u l d p ay ( i f t h e m e t a p h o r may b e a l l owed ) ; He p a i d f o r u s , k now ing t h a t i n H i m s e l f a l o n e c o u l d we r a i s e t h e v a s t a d v a n c e . W h a t w a s p r e s e n t e d t o G o d w a s n o t o n l y C h r i s t ’s p e r f e c t i o n , n o r wa s i t H i s c o n f i d e n c e i n u s , bu t a l s o H i s a n t e d a t e d a c t i o n o n u s , H i s c o n - f i d e n c e i n H i m s e l f f o r u s . T h a t wa s w h a t s t o o d t o o u r g o o d . T h e r e wa s o f f e r e d t o G o d a r a c i a l o b e d i e n c e w h i c h w a s i m p l i c i t i n t h e c r e a t i v e p owe r o f H i s , a n d n o t m e r e l y p a r a l l e l w i t h H i s , as if He were our firstfruits instead of our Sun.

§

T h e j u r i s t i c a s p e c t i s a r e a l e l e m e n t i n C h r i s t ’s d e a t h . I t h a s a m o r a l c o r e ; a n d w e c a n n o t d i s c a r d i t w i t h o u t d i s c a r d i n g t h e m o r a l o r d e r o f t h e wo r l d a s o n e r e ve l a t i o n o f t h a t i r r e f r a g a b l e h o l i n e s s o f G o d w h i c h m u s t h e e x p r e s s e d i n j u d g m e n t a n d c o n f e s s e d f r o m i t s m i d s t . T h e c h i e f d e f e c t o f t h e g r e a t r e vo l u t i o n w h i c h b e g a n i n S c h l e i e r m a c h e r a n d e n d e d i n R i t s c h l h a s

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b e e n t h a t i t a l l o w e d n o p l a c e t o t h a t s i d e o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k . A n d i t i s a d e f e c t t h a t m u c h i m p ove r i s h e s t h e c u r r e n t t y p e o f r e l i g i o n , b e - c l o u d s i t , a n d ro b s i t o f t h e p owe r o f m o r a l c o n - v i c t i on by re duc i ng t h e i d e a o f s i n a nd d i sm i s s i n g t h e n o t e o f g u i l t . I t m a k e s g r a c e n o t s o m u c h f r e e a s a r b i t r a r y, b e c a u s e i t d o e s n o t r e g a r d i n i t s r eve l a t i on wha t i s d u e t o t h e ho l i n e s s o f Go d . I t b a n i s h e s f r o m o u r C h r i s t i a n f a i t h t h e o n e n o t e w h i c h m o r e t h a n a ny o t h e r we h ave t o - d ay c o m e t o n e e d r e s t o r e d — t h e n o t e o f j u d g m e n t . W h e n p ro p e r l y c o n s t r u e d t h e j u r i s t i c e l e m e n t i s a g r e a t p o w e r t o l i f t f a i t h f r o m t h e m e r e e t h i c i s m t o w h i c h R i t s c h l t e n d s i n t o t h e my s t i c r e g i o n w h i c h i s s o e s s e n t i a l t o m a k e a m o r a l p o w e r a r e l i g i o u s , t o p r o v i d e a h o m e f o r t h e s o u l a s we l l a s a l a m p t o o u r f e e t , a n d t o s e c u r e f o r b e l i e ve r s a h i d d e n c o m m u n i o n w i t h C h r i s t . I t a l s o s a v e s t h e g r a c e o f G o d f r o m b e i n g a m e r e f a v o u r i t i s m t o b e l i e v e r s , o r a m e r e c o n - cession to misery.

T h e r e i s n o d o u b t we a r e i n r e a c t i o n f r o m a t i m e w h e n t h a t s i d e o f t h i n g s w a s o v e r d o n e . T h e j u r i s t i c a s p e c t t a k e n a l o n e , a n d t a k e n i n r e l a t i o n t o l e g a l d e m a n d r a t h e r t h a n p e r s o n a l h o l i n e s s — s u c h s a t i s f a c t i o n , w h e n i s o l a t e d , d o e s n o t d o j u s t i c e t o t h e a s p e c t i n w h i c h C h r i s t wa s t r i u m p h a n t o v e r e v i l ( r e d e m p t i o n ) n o r t o t h e

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a s p e c t i n w h i c h H i s w o r k i s r e g e n e r a t i v e f o r m a n k i n d ( s a n c t i f i c a t i o n ) . A n d i t t e n d e d t o p r o - m o t e t h e f a t a l n o t i o n t h a t h o l i n e s s c o u l d b e s a t i s f i e d w i t h s u f f e r i n g a n d d e a t h , o r w i t h a n y - t h i n g s h o r t o f a n a n s w e r i n g h o l i n e s s e f f e c t e d a n d g u a r a n t e e d . T h e s a t i s f a c t i o n i n i t w a s o f f e r e d t o a d i s t r i b u t i v e j u s t i c e r a t h e r t h a n t o a p e r s o n a l h o l i n e s s , t o a c l a i m r a t h e r t h a n a p e r s o n , t o a r e g u l a t i v e l a w r a t h e r t h a n t o a c o n s t i t u t i v e l i f e . A l l t h a t a n d m o r e i s q u i t e true.

B u t I m u s t a s k y o u t o d e a l s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y w i t h t h o s e j u r i s t i c v i e w s , t o t r e a t t h e m w i t h s p i r i t u a l i n s i g h t . I t wa s t h e v i c e o f S o c i n i a n i s m , a n d i t i s t h e v i c e o f t h e R a t i o n a l i s m w h i c h i s i t s l e g a t e e , t h a t i t c r i t i c i s e d o r t h o d ox y by t h e f i e r c e l i g h t o f t h e n a t u r a l c o n s c i e n c e i n s t e a d o f by t h e i n n e r n a t u r e a n d b e t t e r k n ow l e d g e o f t h e r e ve - l a t i o n o n w h i c h o r t h o d ox y f o u n d e d a l l . I t c r i t i - c i s e d t h e o l o g y by t h e n a t u r a l r e a s o n a n d n o t by t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l G o s p e l . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o r e v u l g a r t h a n s l a s h i n g c r i t i c i s m i n s u c h a m a t t e r . Yo u c a n n o t s l a s h h e r e w i t h o u t c u t t i n g t h e f a c e o f s o m e g r e a t a n d t r u e s a i n t s t o w h o m t h e s e v i e w s a r e d e a r e r t h a n l i f e b e c a u s e h o u n d u p w i t h t h e i r e n t r u s t e d G o s p e l a n d t h e i r l i f e e t e r n a l . O n e o f t h e m o s t d a m n a t o r y f e a t u r e s o f p o p u l a r t h e o l o g i c a l l i b e r a l i s m i s t h e v i o l e n t

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h a n d l i n g o f w h a t i t c a l l s o r t h o d o x y, a n d i t s t o t a l l a c k o f s p i r i t u a l f l e x i b i l i t y a n d i n t e r - p r e t a t i v e s y m p a t hy — c a u s e d l a r g e l y b y t h e p r i o r l a c k o f t h e o l o g i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d c u l t u r e . T h a t s o m e o r t h o d o x y i s a l s o s h a l l o w a n d i n - s o l e n t i s n o j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h o s e w h o s e p l e a i s t h a t t h e y k n o w b e t t e r . I p r a y y o u t o l i s t e n t o t h e o l d t h e o l o g y n o t a s f o o l s b u t a s w i s e , a s e v o l u t i o n i s t s a n d r e f o r m e r s , n o t a s d y n a - m i t a r d s . C o n s i d e r w h a t w a s g a i n e d f o r u s i n i t . Tr u e , i t s o m e t i m e s p r e s e n t e d i t s g a i n i n f a l s e f o r m s , a s w h e n i t s p o ke o f t h e e q u i va l e n c e o f C h r i s t ’s s u f f e r i n g t o w h a t w e a l l d e s e r v e d . Tha t wa s bu t the fo r m, and the Soc in i an s d id good wo r k i n t h e c o r r e c t i o n o f s u c h t h i n g s . B u t t h i s a t l e a s t h a d b e e n g a i n e d — t h e c o nv i c t i o n t h a t i t wa s n o t t h e t o u c hy h o n o u r o f a f e u d a l m o n a r c h t h a t w a s t o b e d e a l t w i t h a t t h e h e a d o f t h e wo r l d , bu t t h e l ove o f a j u s t God . The conv i c t i on b e h i n d a l l w a s t h e g r a n d e s t m o r a l c o n v i c t i o n p o s s i b l e — t h a t a l l t h i n g s a r e b y C h r i s t i n t h e h a n d s o f i n f i n i t e r i g h t e o u s n e s s a n d h o l y l o v e . T h i s v a s t m o r a l s t e p h a d b e e n t a k e n . M e n h a d c o m e t o r e a l i s e t h a t t h e r e s u l t o f C h r i s t ’s wo r k w a s e t e r n a l r i g h t ; a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h a t i t w a s r i g h t , n o t i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c l a i m s o f a n e v i l w i l l , b u t i n r e g a r d t o t h o s e o f a w i l l p e r f e c t l y g o o d . T h e d ay s we r e c e r t a i n l y o u t g row n by t h i s

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j u r i s t i c t h e o l o g y w h e n t h e r e c o u l d b e a n y s u c h t a l k a s f i l l e d t h e e a r l y C h u r c h a b o u t d e a l i n g w i t h t h e r i g h t s S a t a n h a d w o n o v e r m a n . E v i l h a s n o r i g h t s i n t h e s o u l . F r o m t h a t , i n - d e e d , i t w a s a g r e a t a d v a n c e e v e n t o A n s e l m ’s a p o t h e o s i s o f G o d ’ s h o n o u r . A n d i t w a s a f u r t h e r a d v a n c e s t i l l b e y o n d f e u d a l d i g n i t y w h e n t h e g r e a t a n d n o b l e c a t e g o r i e s o f j u r i s - p r u d e n c e w e r e i n v o k e d t o r e p l a c e t h e n o t i o n o f c o u r t l y o r m i l i t a r y h o n o u r w h i c h m a d e G o d a n d m a n d u e l l i s t s r a t h e r t h a n a u g h t e l s e . I t wa s a v a s t s t e p i n t h e m o r a l i s i n g o f t h e o l o g y w h e n i t s g r a n d c o n c e r n c a m e t o b e t h e e s t a b - l i s h m e n t o f m e n b e f o r e a r i g h t e o u s a n d s o c i a l j u d g e . D o n o t s p e a k c o n t e m p t u o u s l y o f t h a t s t e p . I t i s o n e o f o u r o w n s t a g e s . I t g a v e u s r e s t a n d u p l i f t i n g o n o u r j o u r n e y t o w h e r e we n ow s t a n d . We h a v e o n l y h a d t o c a r r y f u r t h e r t h a t m o r a l i s i n g o f t h e n a t u r e o f j u s t i c e . T h e w h o l e i d e a w a s e t h i c a l a n d s o c i a l c o m p a r e d w i t h w h a t we n t b e f o r e i t — a t l e a s t a s m u c h s o a s o u r s n o w m a r k s a f a r t h e r a d v a n c e . I t w a s e t h i c a l a s r e g a r d s c l a i m s by a n ev i l p owe r w h i c h c a n h a v e n o m o r a l r i g h t s . A n d i t w a s s o c i a l i n t h a t i t b r o u g h t C h r i s t i a n b e l i e f i n t o l i n e w i t h t h e r u l i n g p r i n c i p l e s o f s o c i e t y a s i t t h e n w a s . I t i s a v i e w, m o r e o v e r , w h i c h h a s s h o w n i t s e l f c a p a b l e o f i n s p i r i n g s o m e o f t h e d e e p e s t ,

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s w e e t e s t , a n d m o s t b e n e f i c e n t p i e t y t h e w o r l d h a s e v e r s e e n . M o r e o v e r , i t h a d i n i t a c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s o f m o r a l g r o w t h w h i c h b r o k e t h r o u g h t h e p a c k t h r e a d s o f i t s o w n t i m e . We t o - d a y h a v e o n l y h a d t o c a r r y f o r w a r d t h a t p r o c e s s o f m o r a l i s i n g t h e i d e a o f o u r r e - l a t i o n t o G o d w h i c h t h e j u r i s t s b e g a n . T h e i r t h e o l o g y h a d a m o r a l p a s s i o n w h i c h s h e d t h e f e a t u r e s i n i t t h a t we r e e t h i c a l l y d e f e c t i ve , a n d a s s i m i l a t e d t h e m o r a l i d e a o f t h e G o s p e l a s we a r e n ow t a u g h t t o r e a d i t i n a B i b l e r e d i s - c ov e r e d a n d r e c o n s t r u e d b y t h e S p i r i t ’s a c t i o n both in the faith and the cr iticism of the day.

§

A m o n g t h e s e t h r e e a s p e c t s o f C h r i s t ’ s w o r k s o m e m i n d s w i l l b e d r a w n b y p r e f e r e n c e t o o n e , s o m e t o a n o t h e r , j u s t a s d i f f e r e n t a g e s h a v e b e e n . S o m e s o u l s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r e x - p e r i e n c e , w i l l g r av i t a t e t o t h e g r e a t D e l i ve r a n c e , s o m e t o t h e g r e a t A t o n e m e n t , a n d s o m e t o t h e g r e a t R e g e n e r a t i o n . S o m e m i n i s t r i e s w i l l b e m a r k e d b y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f o n e , s o m e o f a n o t h e r . T h a t i s a l l w i t h i n t h e f r e e a f f i n i t i e s o f t h e s p i r i t u a l l i f e , a n d t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l s y m - p a t h i e s o f t h e m o r a l i d i o s y n c r a s y . A n d t h e C h u r c h i s e n r i c h e d b y t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r y a c t i o n o f s u c h d i v e r s i t i e s o f m i n i s t r y . B u t

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w h a t o u g h t n o t t o b e e n c o u r a g e d i s a n y t e n - d e n c y o n t h e p a r t o f t h o s e w h o p r e f e r t h e o n e l i n e t o d e n y t h e e q u a l r i g h t o f t h e o t h e r s . A n d w h a t o u g h t n o t t o b e t o l e r a t e d i s t h e h a b i t o f d e n u n c i a t i o n , b y t h o s e w h o s e e t h e o n e s i d e , o f t h e s i d e s t h e y f i n d n o t h i n g i n ; a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e h a b i t o f a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e s i d e s t h e y a r e b l i n d t o r e p r e s e n t a l o w e r C h r i s t i a n l e v e l . W h e r e t h i s i s p o s s i b l e t h e r e h a s r e a l l y b e e n l i t t l e d o n e f o r t h e c o n s c i e n c e by t h e v i ew t h a t i s a d o p t e d . A n d i t i s b o t h a b s u rd a n d ove r - we e n i n g t o a s k u s t o b e l i e ve t h a t t h o s e s e c t i o n s o f t h e C h u r c h , a n d t h o s e l i g h t s o f p i e t y, w h o h e l d t o v i ew s a t p r e s e n t i n t h e b a c k g ro u n d we r e a l l t h e o l o g i c a l b i g o t s a n d m o r a l i n e p t s ; t h a t r e a l m o r a l a p t i t u d e a n d t h e o l o g i c a l f a c u l t y d i d n o t a r i s e t i l l n ow ; t h a t a l i k e d evo t i o n o b s c u r e s s u c h q u e s t i o n s ; t h a t b a b e s a n d s u c k l i n g s p e r - f e c t t h e o l o g i c a l p r a i s e ; t h a t w i s d o m i s j u s t i f i e d b y c h i l d r e n ; a n d t h a t i t i s n o w t h e m o n o p o l y o f t h o s e w h o d e t a c h t h e o l og y f ro m r e l i g i o n , a n d dismiss it to a historical museum.

I f C h r i s t b e t h e S a v i o u r o f t h e w o r l d i n a n y s e n s e , t h e t h i n g H e d i d m u s t b e a t l e a s t a s g r e a t a s t h e w o r l d . A n d i f a s g r e a t , t h e n n o l e s s m a n i f o l d , a n d n o l e s s t h e o b j e c t f o r f i r s t - r a t e i n t e l l i g e n c e t h a n t h e l o w e r o b j e c t s o f e x p e r i e n c e . F a i t h i n s u c h a S a v i o u r c a n n o t

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c o n t i n u e t o l i v e f o r e i t h e r h e a r t o r c o n s c i e n c e i f i t i s d e t a c h e d f r o m m i n d . N o r c a n m i n d s u b m i t t o h e wa r n e d o f f t h e s u p r e m e o b j e c t o f t h e s o u l ’s c o n c e r n i f t h a t o b j e c t i s l o v e d a n d s o u g h t w i t h a l l o u r h e a r t a n d s o u l a n d s t r e n g t h . T h e v e r y t y p e o f p r a y e r i n t h e n o n - t h e o l og i c a l f o r m s w h i c h c l a i m t o b e C h r i s - t i a n s h o w s t o w h a t w e c a n s i n k w h e n f a i t h i s s t r i p p e d o f m i n d a n d s t r e n g t h . I t i s o n l y a p o o r C h r i s t t h a t c a n h e h o u s e d i n a p o o r c r e e d , a n d a f e e b l e p r o p h e t t h a t i s c a n o n i s e d w h e n a sentimentalised ethic is offered as religion.

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ADDENDUM

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ADDENDUM

NOTE TO LEcTURE IV.

There is a point in pp. 118–9 where, in speaking freely, I have spoken loosely, and I have expressed myself with some want of caution l ikely to cause misunder standing of my ful l meaning. I there say that the wrath of God i s not to be taken a s a pathos or a f fec t ion, but a s the work ing ou t o f H i s j udgmen t i n a mora l o rde r. My i n t en t i on wa s t o d i s cou r a ge t h e i d e a . t h a t i t wa s a mood or temper, and to connect it with the sure change- le s snes s o f God’s mora l na ture. But on rev iewing the passage I f ind I have so put it that I might easily suggest that the anger of God was s imply the automatic recoi l of His mora l order upon the t ransg res sor, the nemesi s which dogs him and makes hard his way, his self-harden- ing; as if there were no personal reaction of a Holy God Himself upon the sin, and no infliction of His displeasure upon the sinner. This is an impression I should be sor ry to leave; for i t i s one that would take much of i ts most holy signif icance and solemn mystery out of the work of Christ.

Was Chr ist ’s bear ing of God’s wrath just His exposure to the ac t ion of the vas t mora l machine? Did He jus t become involved, as our rescuer, in the mechanism which regulates ethical Humanity, using at times man’s anger as its agent? This mechanism might be there possibly with-

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out the ordinance of a God that it should be so, or possibly as the institution of a deist and distant God who calmly watches His world spin with the motion He gave it. But i s God not per sonal ly immanent and act ive in His own moral order? Did Chr ist just incur the automatic penalty of that order a s He s t rove to save i t s v ic t ims? Was He ju s t c aught in the works ? Or was there impl i ed , and f e l t , a l so the e l ement o f pe r sona l d i sp l e a su re a c t ing through that order—the element that would differentiate wrath from mere nemesis, and infliction from mere recoil?

Granting then that there was in Chr ist ’s suffer ing the element of personal displeasure and infliction, was it man’s o r God ’s ? Was Hi s t re a tmen t s imp ly the re ac t ion o f s inful man against hol iness , or was i t the react ion of a ho l y God ag a i n s t s i n ? D id He H imse l f f e e l He wa s y ie ld ing to man’s dark wi l l , or God’s wi l l , darker, but h i ghe r and su re r ? D id He su f f e r, j u s t a s t he ho l i e s t s a in t m igh t i n a w icked wor ld , the ex t reme ha t e o f men ; o r wa s God ’s d i s p l e a s u re a l s o upon H im? We have abundantly seen that this could not be upon Him as His own deser t, not as i t l ies upon a guilty conscience. I f He was made s in He was not made s inful ; i f He was made a cur se He was not accur sed . And have we not also seen that He who acted in our stead could act with no f itness and no precision if He took on Him the mere equivalent of what the guilty would have paid had they never been redeemed (that would have needed a generous arch-rebel), but only if he paid what was appointed as the pr ice of their redemption? The uttermost far thing is not the last mite of their deser t but of God’s ransom pr ice. But the cur se of s in’s sequel i s most real whatever the, amount. And i t was cer ta in ly on Chr i s t , by His f ree ly putting Himself under it beside the men on whom it lay. That curse then—was it an infliction from God, which did not lift, did not cease to be inflicted, even when the Son put Himself in i t s way; or was i t something that struck

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Him on ly f rom men be low and no t f rom God above at all?

Surely as i t f a l l s on man at least i t i s God’s inf l ict ion. We do not only g r ieve God but we provoke His anger. There is nothing we need more to recall into our sense of sin at present than this (though we must extend it, as we mus t ex tend our redempt ion, to a r ac i a l and so l idar y w r a t h o f God i n wh i ch we s h a re ) . I t s a b s e n c e h a s s l a ckened and f l a t t ened the who le tone and l eve l o f Chr i s t ian l i fe. The love of God becomes rea l anger to our sin, and to us as we identify ourselves with the sin, to us while, outside Chr ist, we are no more than members of a s inful race. I s not our sat i s f act ion and increase in well-doing the personal blessing of God? Then surely our misery and infatuation on the other path is His personal anger. I f a t r ue evolut ion car r ie s wi th i t the per sona l and joyfu l ac t ion of God in bles s ing i t s re su l t s , i s the re su l t o f degene r a t ion a mere na tu r a l p roce s s in the moral reg ion, secluded from God’s displeased action and inf l ict ion? Is i t a l l His wil l only as a thing wil led, and not as His action in willing it?

Weigh, a s men of rea l mora l exper ience, what i s in volved in the hardening of the sinner. That is the worst penalty upon sin, i t s cumulative and deadening history. We l l , i s i t s i m p l y s e l f - h a rd e n i n g ? I s i t s i m p l y t h e reflex action of sin upon character, sin going in, settling in, and reproducing i t se l f there? I s i t no par t of God’s positive procedure in judging sin, and br inging it, for sal- va t ion , to a c r i s i s o f judgment g race? When Pharaoh ha rdens h i s hea r t , i s tha t in no sense God harden ing Pharaoh’s hear t ? When a man hardens h imse l f aga ins t God, is there nothing in the action and purpose of God that takes par t in that indurat ion? I s that anger not as rea l as the superabounding g race? Are not both bound up in one complex treatment of the moral world? When a man pi les up hi s s in and re joices in iniqui ty, i s God

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s imply a bys tander and specta tor of the proces s? Does not God’s p re s sure on the man bl ind h im, urge h im, stiffen him, shut him up into sin, if only that he might be shut up to mercy alone? Is i t enough to say that this i s but the action of a process which God simply watches in a per mis s ive way? I s He but pas s ive and not pos i t ive to the situation’? Can the Absolute be passive to anything? If so, where is the inner action of the personal God whose immanence in things is one of His g reat modern revela- t ions? Everything you cal l absolute is in active relat ion to the whole creation. Go into the psychology of sin as i t i s under stood, not indeed to-day, but by those in the long, deep history of the moral soul whose exper ience coincided with a real genius for reading it—true sons of h im of Romans v i i . Ask such exper ient s i f i t i s never thus-that the anger of God promotes a sin, cher ished in the pr ivate imag inat ion, to actual transg ress ion; which then shocks, appals, the dallier into the hor r if ied loss of al l conf idence in the f lesh; that out of the collapse may r i s e a t o t a l l y n ew m a n ? G o d n eve r p u t s i n i n t h e wor ld ; but , s in being in the wor ld , wi th i t s spreading powe r, d o e s God n eve r b r i n g i t t o s u c h a h e a d a s prec ip i t a te s i t s de s t r uc t ion? Does He never dr ive the lunatic over a precipice into water where he can be saved and diver t him from the quar ry edge where he would be dashed to pieces? Did God not so act with Israel ( John xii. 39)? When sin has once begun, is there no such thing morally possible as the provocative action of God’s law? With God’s law sin gains life (Romans vii. 10) and becomes more s inful . Every law deepens the gui l t of defying i t . That i s the cur se of the law. And i s that law detached from God, and cut adr i f t to do it s own mechanic work under His indifference? Is it not His curse and anger still, if God be in His law, as we now do believe Him to pervade His world?

The love of God is not more real than the wrath of God.

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For He can be rea l ly ang r y only with those He loves . And how can Absolute Love love without acting to save?

We l l , i f i t be so, tha t God ’s d i rec t d i sp l e a su re and infliction is the worst thing in sin’s penalty, did the dis- pleasure tota l ly vanish from the inf l ict ion when Chr is t s tood under i t ? Would He have rea l ly bor ne the t r ue judgment on s in i f i t had? Was Chr is t ’s g reat work not the mee t ing o f tha t judgment and ha l lowing i t ? Did the complete obedience and reparat ion not include the complete acceptance of God’s displeasure as an essential f actor in the cur se? A holy God could not look on s in without acting on it; nor could He do either but to abhor and curse it, even when His Son was beneath it. Wherein is guilt different from sin but in this—that it is s in, not cut adr i f t f rom God and le t go i t s own way and go to pieces, but sin placed under the anger of God, under the per sonal react ion of that Absolute Holy God which no creature, no situation, can escape? And could Chr ist bear our guilt and take it away if He did not carry it there, and bear i t there, and ha l low i t s judgment there? Did He just throw it down there, leave it, and r id Himself of it? Does not the best of sons suffer from the angry gloom that sp read s f rom the f a the r ove r the who le house a t the prodigal’s shameless shame? Did God not lay on Him the iniquity of us all, and inflict that veiling of His face which darkened to derel ict ion even the Redeemer’s soul? It i s not desert that is the worst thing in judgment, but deser- tion—the sense of desert forsaken by God. The forsaken- ne s s i s the wor s t judgment . For wi th God’s p re sence my s en s e o f d e s e r t may be my s anc t i f i c a t i on . Wha t Chr i s t bore was not s imply a sense of the connect ion between the sinner and the impersonal consequences of s in, but a sense of the s inner’s re lat ion to the per sonal vis-à-vi s of an ang ry God. God never lef t Him, but He did refuse Him His face. The communion was not broken, but i t s l ight was wi thdrawn. He was for saken but not

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d i s jo ined. He was inso lubly bound to the ver y Father who turned away and could not look on sin but to abhor and cur se i t even when His Son was beneath i t . How could He feel the g r ief of being for saken by God if He was not a t bot tom one wi th Him? Neglec t by one to whom we have no link makes no trouble.

Even a theo log i an so l i t t l e o r thodox a s Weiz s äcker says:—

“The moral exper ience of guilt is too strong to let me say that it can be met by any mere manifestation of grace or of love from God to man—even when that manifestation carr ies in it the sympathetic suffer ing of sin’s curse, borne merely in the way of conf irming the manifestat ion and pressing the object-lesson.” “When repentance helps the believer to peace it is not ex opere operato, because he has repented and may now trust g race; but i t i s because in his repentance he has part and lot in the infinite pain and confession of Christ.”

UNWIN BROTHERS, LTD. THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.