Five-story Building in the Pacific NW

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© The Wood Products Council 2012

Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this program, participants will be able to:At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

1. Recognize requirements of the Portland, Seattle, and Washington State Building Codes that allow 5-story, Type VA construction.

2. Identify framing and detailing solutions for mitigating shrinkage effects and related details at interface between wood and other building materials such as brick veneer steel concrete and masonryas brick veneer, steel, concrete, and masonry.

3. Recognize solutions that wood can provide as an energy efficient framing solution.

4. Recognize requirements to provide sustainable “green” roof systems and demands this can place on the vertical and lateral structural system and wood solutions to meet these demands.wood solutions to meet these demands.

MID-RISE WEBPAGE

http://www.woodworks.org/woodBenefits/mid-rise-construction.aspx

MID-RISE WEBPAGE

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FIVE-STORY WOOD BUILDINGS IN THE PACIFIC NWPACIFIC NWJONATHAN SIU, PE, SE

(PRINCIPAL ENGINEER/BUILDING OFFICIAL, CITY OF SEATTLE)

JEFF REIBMANN, AIA, LEED® AP(SENIOR ASSOCIATE, WEBER THOMPSON)

CHARLES GRIFFES, JR., PE, SE, , ,(PRINCIPAL, CT ENGINEERING)

PLAYING BY THE PLAYING BY THE RULES (2009)( )

JON SIU, PE, SECity of Seattle, Department of Planning and Development

BASIC CODE ALLOWANCEIBC TABLE 503

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPE III TYPE V

A B A

HEIGHT (feet) 65 55 50HEIGHT (feet) 65 55 50

GROUP STORIES (S)AREA (A)

R 1 S 4 4 3R-1 SA

424,000

416,000

312,000

R-2 S 4 4 3R-2A 24,000 16,000 12,000

R-3 SA

4UL

4UL

3ULA UL UL UL

BASIC SPRINKLER BONUSIBC SECTION 504.2

One extra story plus 20’ of height allowed, provided NFPA 13 sprinkler system throughoutAll R occupancies required to be p qsprinklered => automatic increase from 3 to 4 stories and 50’ to 70’

SEATTLE AMENDMENT SBC TABLE 503

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPE III TYPE V

A B A

HEIGHT (feet) 65 55 50HEIGHT (feet) 65 55 50

GROUP STORIES (S)AREA (A)

R 1 S 4 4 ((3)) 4R-1 SA

424,000

416,000

((3)) 412,000

R-2 S 4 4 ((3)) 4R-2A 24,000 16,000 12,000

R-3 SA

4UL

4UL

((3)) 4ULA UL UL UL

WA STATE AMENDMENTWSBC SECTION 504.3 (ADDED)

One extra story allowed (in addition toOne extra story allowed (in addition to sprinkler bonus), provided:• Group R-1 and R-2 occupanciesGroup R 1 and R 2 occupancies • Type VA construction

NFPA 13 i kl t th h t• NFPA 13 sprinkler system throughout• Interior exit stairways and ramps are

i d i d i h S ipressurized in accordance with Sections 909.20 (smokeproof stair) and 909.11 (standby power)(standby power).

PORTLAND ALTERNATIVEIBC TABLE 503

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPE III TYPE V

A B A

HEIGHT (feet) 65 55 50HEIGHT (feet) 65 55 50

GROUP STORIES (S)AREA (A)

R 1 S 4 4 3R-1 SA

424,000

416,000

312,000

R-2 S 4 4 3R-2A 24,000* 16,000* 12,000

R-3 SA

4UL

4UL

3ULA UL UL UL

* Reduced for special 5-story wood-frame

PORTLAND ALTERNATIVE

M b t d f R 2 ( t

ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL (DRAFT)

• May be granted for R-2 occ (not guaranteed)

2• Table 503 area reduced to 12,000 ft2

• Max 75’ to parapet from FD access + 1 facade meets FD aerial access req’mts

• Exterior walls rated for exposure from pboth sides—fire-retardant treated wood not req’dq

• Other provisions….

PORTLAND & SEATTLE

Special inspection for seismic resistance

CH.17 – INSPECTION & OBSERVATION

• Special inspection for seismic resistance req’d (IBC/SBC 1707.3)

• Structural observation req’d (SBC 1710 2• Structural observation req d (SBC 1710.2, Portland 24.95.080)

SMOKEPROOF STAIR (WA)( )IBC/WSBC SECTION 909.20

• Naturally orNaturally or mechanically ventilated vestibule

• Activated by local smoke detectorssmoke detectors

• Other details….

PRESSURIZATION ALT (WA)( )IBC/WSBC SECTION 909.20.5

0 10” 0 35” t• 0.10” – 0.35” water column relative to buildingbuilding

• Activated by local k d t tsmoke detectors

• Other details….

STAIR PRESSURIZATION (SEA) ( )SBC SECTION 909.21

For low-rise buildings:For low rise buildings:

• Min. 0.15” water column relative to buildingg

• No specified max –meet Ch 10 door opening force

• Activated by fire alarm anywhere in building

• Other details….

PODIUM BUILDINGS (WA & PORTLAND)PORTLAND)IBC/WSBC SECTION 509.2

• Separate buildings for area, # of stories—overall height not increasedg

• Type IIIA, IIIB, VA above, Type IA below (1 story) 3-hour separation between(1 story), 3 hour separation between

• 2-hour rated shafts penetrating 3-hour separationseparation

• Limitations on occupancies above and below 3-hour separation (no R below)

PODIUM BUILDINGS (SEA)( )SBC SECTION 509.2

Si il t IBC/WSBC i i tSimilar to IBC/WSBC provisions except:• Specifically permits wood stairs in exit

enclosures penetrating 3-hour separation• Allows same occupancies above and

below 3-hour separation• Roof decks >10 occupants or occupied

floors not allowed more than 75’ above lowest fire access

AND

PODIUM BUILDINGS (SEA)( )SBC SECTION 509.2

2 stories above grade plane allowed below 3-hour separation provided:• Max. 7 stories above grade plane• NFPA 13 sprinklers above & below 3-hourNFPA 13 sprinklers above & below 3 hour

separation• Exit enclosures to be pressurized per• Exit enclosures to be pressurized per

SBC 909.21k “5 2”• a.k.a “5 over 2”

FIRE WALLSIBC/WSBC/SBC SECTION 706

• Separate buildings for area • Needed for large developmentsg p

• Max. area ≈ 108,000 ft 2(Type VA R-2 occupancy)(Type VA, R-2 occupancy)

FIRE WALLS – ISSUESIBC/WSBC SECTION 706.2Structural independence vsDiaphragm continuityy

SAW CUT OR NOT?

FIRE WALLS - ISSUESIBC/WSBC/SBC SECTION 1025.1

Number of stairs vs Horizontal exitsNumber of stairs vs Horizontal exits

Fire Wall (typ.)

Corridor

Horizontal Exit?Exit?

Required Stair?

ARCHITECT’S ARCHITECT’S PERSPECTIVE

JEFF REIBMAN, AIA, LEED APWeber Thompson

Solara, 2008 Pine + Belmont, 2011

West Seattle Junction, 2012 Mercer View Apartments, 2007Axis, 2010 Sunset Electric, 2012

2-hr wall

3-hr wall

Staggered 3-hour separation stepping with grade

•5 stories Type V over 2 stories Type 1 + 1 Basement •Reuse of a Historic Façade•Courtyard for daylight, circulation, and cooling•Meets 2030 Challenge w/ 40% energy reduction•Metal Clad exterior over Wood Frame Construction

Historic brick façade

3-hr. separations

Sunset Electric Building – Seattle Sunset Electric Building – Seattle

7/17/08 Fire retardant wood7/17/08 Fire retardant wood infill begins to appear in the Type 1 Construction

Infill Framing at Type I construction with Fire Retardant Wood and Light Gauge Steel top trackGauge Steel top track

Large Air Handling Unit atop the Aljoya Project. Equipment Loads

6/16/09 - Approaching Occupancy6/16/09 Approaching Occupancy

The Completed Project

ENGINEER’S ENGINEER’S PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

CHARLIE GRIFFES, SE

CT ENGINEERING

Capitol Hill, Seattle

THE BRAEBURNALLEGRO

University District, Seattle

APARTMENTS

CHIN ALOHA

Queen Anne Hill,

APARTMENTS

Seattle SCHEMATICSCHEMATICDESIGNDESIGN

SCHEMATIC DESIGN SE INPUT

•Stacking unitsStacking units•Minimizing dead load, but get real values before lateral load designvalues before lateral load design•Avoid hard spotsG d di t ib ti d l th f h•Good distribution and length for shear

walls

LATERAL LOAD LATERAL LOAD DESIGNDESIGN

LATERAL LOAD DESIGN• Holdowns are the big deal.Holdowns are the big deal.• MBR System – early 90’s.

C ti d t t i l• Continuous rod system typical for 4 and 5 story wood frame structuresstructures.

TWO STAGE ANALYSIS• Concrete base structure – wood above.Concrete base structure wood above.• Stiffness of Concrete Base to be 10x of

wood.wood.• Period of entire structure less than 1.1x of

upper (wood)upper (wood)• We assume to be all true (unless asked!)

SHEARWALLSELECTION

•Use full height long walls•Use full height, long walls •Avoid plumbing walls•Short exterior walls present challenges

LOAD DISTRIBUTION TO SHEAR WALLS

Fle ible or Rigid Diaphragms?• Flexible or Rigid Diaphragms?• 3-Sided box – 25’ max open side?• Tributary Area Method• Lump into light, medium, heavy wall p g , , y

types

HOLDOWN DESIGNC m lati e forces (OT forces from alls• Cumulative forces (OT forces from walls above included in walls below)D d L d t d• Dead Load to reduce. Be as generous as you can

f f• Max HD force of 25k or so. Get more walls or adjust SW distribution

HOLDOWN SPECEOR to specif loads or rod si e• EOR to specify loads or rod size

• EOR to detail anchorage to concrete per ACI 318 A di DACI 318 - Appendix D.

• Be sure to detail corner and edge anchor conditions.

• EOR to call for shrinkage compensation (or not?) and specify how much per floor (1/4”, 3/8”?)

SHRINKAGESHRINKAGE – THE GRAND

• 4 Story Steel• 4 Story Steel Frame

• Wood• Wood shrinkageR k d• Racked windowsL it• Lawsuit

ROD SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Shrinkage Fastener (typical)Bridge header support at top level

B id T i E h SidBridge Trimmers Each SideBearing Plate – color coded (typical)

Joist Blocking (transfers compression)Joist Blocking (transfers compression)

Compression Members for downloadThreaded Rod (typical)

Standard Rod Coupler (typical)

( yp )

A h B ltRod System Anchor (cast in place shown)

Anchor Bolt

SHRINKAGE EFFECTSWithout shrinkageWithout shrinkage compensation, wood shrinkage will lead to looseness in holdown system.

EARTHBOUND SLACKJACK®

SHRINKAGE DEVICESHRINKAGE DEVICEExpansion Type Device that axially moves with building.Fully color coded for inspectionFully color coded for inspection.Available up to 3 inch travel for six story applications.

SIMPSON CTUD COUPLING DEVICE

SHRINKAGE - HOW MUCH?1/4” to 3/8” per floor T pical Seattle area• 1/4” to 3/8” per floor. Typical Seattle area projectA KD f d TJI t fl• Assumes KD spec for wood, TJI type floor framing, platform framing.

O f• EOR specifies that shrinkage compensation is required and how much is to be accommodatedaccommodated.

“CONSOLIDATION”Looseness in str ct re d e to small gaps• Looseness in structure due to small gaps , not square cuts, warped membersSt t lid t ith li ti f• Structure consolidates with application of dead load

/ ff• Adds 1/8” or so to shrinkage effect• Apply dead load before applying sensitive

finishes

HARD SPOTS

• Steel FramesCMU or concrete• CMU or concrete shearwallsN h i k t• Non-shrink post and beam stacks

RESPONSE TO HARD SPOTS1 Comm nicate ith o ner contractor and1. Communicate with owner, contractor and

architect.2 C t l th i t t t f th d2. Control the moisture content of the wood.

Specify and measure.f3. Floor framing perpendicular to hard spot.

4. Apply Dead Load ASAP.5. Recognize problems early and respond with

fix.

OTHER SRUCTURALCHALLENGESCHALLENGES

COMPRESSION MEMBERSTotal bundled studs required match structuralTotal bundled studs required match structural plans or rod system shop drawings

DRIFT CALCSMa be req ired b b ilding official• May be required by building official

• Not much can be done structurally to alter d i d d d iftdesign and reduce drift

• Shrinkage compensation devices• Rod sizes

DRAG STRUTS OR COLLECTORS

• Get load to heavily yloaded SW’s

• Inside corners

IRREGULARITESNon stacking shear alls ( ertical or• Non-stacking shear walls (vertical or horizontal irregularity)R t t ( l i l it )• Re-entrant corners (plan irregularity)

• Penalty - Increased loads at connections

MASONRY VENEER• Will not shrink with the wood unless gapped at floors• Will not shrink with the wood unless gapped at floors• Multiple stories should be considered a “hard spot”• Support ledgers at each floor an option, with joint to allow pp g p , j

for shrinkage

VERTICAL LOAD DESIGNSt d capacit t picall based on• Stud capacity typically based on crushing of plates.P ibl D Fi l t ith H• Possibly use Doug Fir plates with Hem Fir studs. Whole floor at a time.

• Post loads may have bearing issues.

QUESTIONS?This concludes The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

Jon Siu (jon.siu@seattle.gov)

Jeff Reibman (jreibman@weberthompson.com)(j @ p )

Charlie Griffes(charlie@ctengineering.com)

Wood Products Council 866.966.3448 info@woodworks.org