the weizmann institute of science 1 jacob karni environmental science & energy research...

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The Weizmann Institute of Science

Jacob Karni

Environmental Science & Energy Research Department

Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel

[email protected]

Overview of Renewable Energy Research in Israel

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207243

285311

346 366 382

439

493

552

612

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2005 2010 2015 20200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Industrialized

EE/FSU

Developing

History Projections

World Energy Consumption, 1970-2020

Source: DOE’s Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Outlook 2002[1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ; Quadrillion = 1015]

Energy consumption

increases at an

accelerated rate

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World Energy Consumption by Resource Type

Oil40%

Natural Gas22.5%

Coal23.3%

Nuclear6.5%

Hydroelectric7%

Biomass, Geothermal, Solar & Wind

0.7%

Reference: EIA Annual Energy Review 1998 (published January 2000)

Fossil fuels account for over 85% of the world’s energy consumption

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World Energy Resources

8000 7000 7400 9000

65000

19000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1 2 3 4 5 6

En

erg

y [

EJ]

Con

vent

iona

l Oil

Unc

onve

ntio

nal O

il

Unc

onve

ntio

nal G

as

Gas

Coa

l

Oil

Shal

e90

4000

93000

100 1 2100

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1 2 3 4 5 6

En

erg

y [

EJ/

yr]

Win

d

Hyd

ro

Tid

es

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

Dir

ect

Sola

r E

nerg

yin

Sun

ny D

esre

ts

Estimated total non-renewable energy resources Estimated annual renewable energy resources

References:• IEA’s Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates, ref. Data series No. 1 (1995)• Dostrovsky, I., Energy and the Missing Resource, Cambridge Press (1988)

Solar is the only renewable energy available in a large enough quantity to provide a global

alternative to fossil fuels.[1 EJ = 1x1015 kJ 0.95x1015 Btu]

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World Climate Map

Much of the “Hyper-Arid” and “Arid” regions, and some of the “Semi-Arid” regions have favorable conditions for harnessing solar energy.

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The Weizmann Institute of Science Case Study:

China Electrical Power - Present and Future

Source: China Daily, Friday September 24, 2004 [1 GW = 1x109 Watt]

Conditions at the end of 2003

Total generation capacity 385 GW

Power generated by coal combustion (80% of total) 308 GW

Power shortage and blackouts in 24 provinces and municipalities

Minimum generation capacity required by 2010 1,500 GW

Total usable hydro-electric resources 390 GW

Total usable land-base wind power resources 500 GW

Even if all hydro and wind resources are used, at least 225 GW of more power is needed by 2010[Wind energy share of the total generation can't exceed 15-20%, without energy storage capabilities.]

And what next? Coal and imported fuels, or solar energy and later 'clean & safe' nuclear energy

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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20200

2

4

6

8

10

12History Projections

Total

Oil

Coal Natural Gas

World Energy-Related Carbon Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type, 1970-2020

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2002

Carbon emission is expected to accelerate:There was a 50% increasein the last 30 years.60% increase is projectedfor the next 20 years.

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Electricity Capacity and Peak Demand in Israel

9,902

8,750

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1970

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

MW

Capacity Peak Demand

Courtesy of Dr. Michael Beyth, Chief Scientist, Israel Ministry of National Infrastructure

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The Weizmann Institute of Science Annual solar radiation in the southern half of Israel (the Negev desert)

2200 - 2400 kWh/m2/yr

2100 - 2200 kWh/m2/yr

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Typical solar roof collectors for domestic water heating on residential buildings in Israel

Solar Roof Collector

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Miniature Dish Reflector for Small Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Concentrated

PV location

Courtesy of A. Kribus, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel

Concentrated PV systems reflect concentrated light onto small array of high-efficiency solar cells.

The smaller PV area and higher efficiency lead tosignificant cost reduction relative to standard PV systems.

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400 m2 Parabolic Dish Concentrator

Concentrated Photovoltaic system is designed for this dish

Focus

Courtesy of D. Faiman, Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel

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Concentrated Photovoltaic System Made of an Array of Small Units

Experimental system during installation System rendering

The system is developed in cooperation between Concentrating Technologies of Huntsville, Alabama and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

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Commercial Solar Trough PlantArial view

Turbo-generator facility in the middle

of a trough reflectors field

Close up during routine cleaning

Trough reflector

Heat collection tube

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The Energy Tower

Courtesy of D. Zaslavsky, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

• Very Large Tower:- H > 400 m (can be over 1000 m); - D > 100 m (can be over 400 m)

• Large-scale power generation (100-500 MW)• Low electricity cost is projected• 24 hours a day operation• Several by-products can also be derived:

- Desalinated water - Sea fish farming - Salinity elimination in irrigation projects- Cooling water

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Weizmann’s Solar Laboratories[in operation since 1987]

• A 54m high Solar Tower with 64 Heliostats, each with 56m2 of reflective area.

• Tower is set up as a laboratory, with 5 test levels, each capable of housing 2-3 experiments.

• Tests at the tower are conducted at a scale of 1 kW to 1 MW

• Tower Reflector facilitates the development of high-temperature solar chemistry systems

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The Weizmann Institute of Science Solarized Gas-Turbine:

Advanced Receiver Development

• The receiver absorbs concentrated sunlight and heats the air replacing fuel combustion

• Potential for high-efficiency, low-cost systems

• Can be used with either a solar tower, or dish concentrator

• Can use fuel to boost production during low solar periods, or after sunset

Turbine

Receiver

40 kWt test receiver

250 kWt receiver

integrated with 70 kWe

microturbine

Receiver developed at the Weizmann Institute. System development is in cooperation with several industries in Israel and the US.

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Solarized Gas-Turbine:System Development

Rendering of dish-concentrator with solarized gas turbine

Small dish prototype with experimental power conversion unit during tests

Projections indicate that this systems, including energy storage, could be competitive with conventional fossil fuel power plants

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The Weizmann Institute of Science Next Generation of Solar

Receivers & Reactors

Test data and a photo taken during experiment with a new solar receiver. Exit gas temperatures of about 2000 K are reached with both nitrogen and air.

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Solar-driven fuel production:General Concept

Means to store and transport solar energy

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Solar Reforming: Production of hydrogen rich syngas

Methane reforming:

a) CH4 + H2O 3H2 + CO

b) CH4 + CO2 2H2 + 2CO

Experimental solar methane reformer with newly developed radiation absorber and catalyst

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Solar Thermal-Electrochemical Dissociation of Water at High Temperature

aaaa

High temperaturewater electrolysis

H2O H2 + 0.5O2

Cooperationwith Prof. StuartLicht, Technion

Pedestal

Parabolic dishConcentrator

Support & waterpipe to thermalreceiver

Steam generator &superheater

Superheated steamto electrochemicalunit

Support &H2 duct

Support &O2 duct

Spectrumsplittinglens

Secondary opticelement

Electrochemicalunit

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Reduction of metal oxides: Case Study – Zinc

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Solar Reduction of Zinc Oxide

A project in cooperation between ETH/PSI (Switzerland), CNRS-Odello (France), Weizmann Institute (Israel), ScanArc (Sweden), and Zoxy (Germany)

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Energetic Diagram of Organic Solar Cell Operation

(a) Exciton diffusion to the charge separation interface

(b) Reflection of the exciton from the TiO2/PPEI interface

(c) Charge separation at the PPEI/TiOPc interface

(d) Electron collection through the PPEI

(e) Electron transport at the TiO2/PPEI interface

(f) Hole collection through the TiOPc

Reference: Diamant, Y. and Zaban, A., J. Solar energy Engineering, Vol. 126, pp. 893-897, 2004

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Schematic view of a new high surface area, solid state organic solar cell

Both the PPEI and the TiOPc were deposited on the TiO2 by a new electrochemical deposition method.

Reference: Diamant, Y. and Zaban, A., J. Solar energy Engineering, Vol. 126, pp. 893-897, 2004

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Quantum Dots semiconductor-sensitized used to stabilize nanocrystalline cells

gla

ss

FTO nc

TiO2

n-C

dS

qu

an

tum

d

ots

n-C

dS

e q

uan

tum

d

ots

Liq

uid

or

Solid

Ele

ctr

oly

te

Pt-

gri

d

E(eV)

distance

CB

VB

Eredox

Courtesy of G. Hodes and D. Cahen, Department of Materials and Interfacesthe Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

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The Weizmann Institute of Science Flow diagram of an

open-cycle liquid desiccant system

Air/Air H.X.

Fresh Air

OutletAirBlower

Solution Pump

Hot-WaterPump

Water/Solution H.X.

Hot WaterFrom Storage

Tankto Absorber

to StorageTank

Drain

12

3 4

1h

56

7

8 9

Desorber

Fresh Air

SupplyAir

Absorber

Blower

Solution Pump

Cold-WaterPump

Water/Solution H.X.

Cold WaterFrom Cooling

Tower

to CoolingTower

Drain

1c

10 11

1213

14

15

16

C.M.1

C.M.2

10c 10h

1c

SV

toSolutionStorage

Tank

to Solution Storage Tank

From SolutionStorage Tank

Splitter

Courtesy of G. Grossman, Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

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Sunlight-Concentrating Rooftop Module for Domestic Heat or Electricity Supply

Spherical stationary primary reflector

Secondaryconcentrator

ReceiverPV or

thermal

Sunlight rays

Optical Design Rendering

• Stationary spherical collector/concentrator • Diameter ≈ 1-2 m• Tracking secondary concentrator compensates for optical aberrations


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General view of the sunlight concentrating rooftop system

The reflector and tracking mechanism are protected from the environment


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The ‘Solar Right’ – Development Strategy in Urban Architecture

Plans for the new Bizaron business district in Tel-Aviv

The structures under the ‘blankets’ do not shadow other buildings, whereas those that are not covered shadow other buildings (e.g. interfere with their ‘Solar Right’

Courtesy of E. Shaviv and coworkers at the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

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High-Concentration Solar Device for Supplanting Surgical Laser

System illustration

Experimental Unit

Courtesy of J. M. Gordon, Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel

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The Weizmann Institute of Science Conclusion

• Solar is the only renewable energy available in large enough quantity to reduce, or at least lessen the increase use of fossil fuels.

• Solar energy, supplemented in time with clean, safe and proliferation-proof nuclear technologies, can provide all of mankind energy for many years.

• Large-scale economically competitive solar technologies have been tested and can be commercial in 5-10 years, if development pace is accelerated.

• New research can lead to further improvements and widespread applications of solar energy in

– Cost-effective electricity generation

– Clean fuel production and material synthesis

– More efficient and lower-cost solar cells

– Various applications for domestic needs (e.g. space cooling and water heating)

– Energy saving and improved conditions in urban planning

– Medical applications

– Biomass gasification and much more…

the weizmann institute of science 1 jacob karni environmental science & energy research...

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