the water and the ground. ppt to become an app. stucom
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GEOGRAPHYNatural ressources
UNIT 1: The water
and the ground
Natural ressources: every material or energy that the humanity can obtain from the physical environment to cover its biological
needs or to satisfy its social needs.
We can distinguish two types of natural ressources:
Not renewable ressources: are those that are generated in
nature so slowly that for practical reasons we consider that there are finite quantities.
Renewable ressources: they are naturally generated in the
same tempo or higher than the tempo of exploitation of
society.
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF RESSOURCES
HydraulicsBiomassTidalSolarWind Geothermal
CoalOilNatural gasNuclear
Not renewable ressources:
Energetic
Not energetic
Fossil fuels
Nuclear fuels mainly uranium. (distribution of production)
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
A big quantity of not energetic minerals, whether metalic or
non-metalic
Not renewable ressources
COAL: DEFINITION
Coal or carbon minerals is a sedimentary stone used like a fossil fuel. It is black and rich in carbon. Usually located under a layer of slate and a layer of sand and chalk. It is believed that the mayority of the coal was formed during the coal era. (280 to 345
millon years ago).
COAL: WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION
The 10 biggest producing countries of coal bituminous and anthracite in the year 2006 were:
Country ProductionChina 2.482 MtUnited States of America 990 MtIndia 427 MtAustralia 309 MtSouth Africa 244 MtRussia 233 MtIndonesia 169 MtPoland 95 MtKazakhstan 92 MtColombia 64 Mt
Coal reserves are widely dispersed,in 70
countries with useable ressources. In the tempo it is used it is calculated
that there are save reserves for the next 147
years, 41 and 63 of oil and gas, respectively. 68% of the reserves of oil and 67% of the gas
reserves can be found in the middle East and
Russia.
COAL: WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESERVES
COAL: EXPLOITATION OF THE COAL
The methods of exploitation of the coal are the following:
Underground exploitation:Openair exploitation
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COAL
Cheap energy with a high energetic power since you can achieve a lot of energy with a small amount of coal.
Coalproduction causes contamination of the atmosphere and sour rain. Loss of parts of the fertile mantle of the ground. Also the loss of the forests is a big problem on the industrialized continents like Europe and North America. The contamination of the water and lakes damages the life in the lakes and deteriorates the water we consume. Visual impact is produced in the environment, especially by the openair exploitations.
Advantages
Disadvantages(environment)
OIL: DEFINITION AND ORIGEN
What is it?
It is a fosile hydrocarbon that comes from descomposition by the action of some bacteria from a platonic marine organism, in absence of oxygen, under pressure and with high temperature. It can be found in the inside of big balls in the underground that can be under the sea, too.
Origen Factors needed to form
• Absence of oxygen•Rests of plants and animals (especially, marine plancton) •A lot of pressuer from the earth plates •High temperature•action of the bacteria
The rests of the animals and plants, covered by clay and earth for many million years–sumitted to a lot of pressure and high temperature–,along with the work of the anaerobic bacteria (bacterias who live without oxygen) cause the formation of oil.
EXPLOITATION OF THE OILThe phases of the industrial oil exploitation are listed in the following:
1. Prospection: It is a combination of geological studies , in which land for future extraction is studied (with images of the area), and gravimetric, magnetic or seismic geophysical studies, which are useful to determinate the presence of porous rocks and sparse which could contain oil.
2. Sounding and extraction: When the oil is located through the prior studies, the next step is making various perforations tu determine the magnitude of the deposit, layers of water, gas or espesory and porosity of the rock. In stadistics it is said that only 1 out of 50 perforation are satisfactory. Once extracted it is submitted to an stabilisation in which the raw oil is seperated of the water and the solids.
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF RESOURCES
3.Transport. Two of the most used transportation methods:• Big oil ships, which is the bigger operation of transport that is done• Oil flow
4. Refine. The stabilized oil is treaded accorting to the place it is delivered to. In a refinery 4 objectives are chased:1.- Division of the raw oil with destilation 2.- Convert the fractions of less demand in fractions like gasoline etc. With cracking3.-Raise the quality of the gasoline by reforming 4.- Debug the priviously obtained products for the final refine
Oil:WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION
Principal oil producers
Map of the worldwide oil reserves
Principal oil consumers
Principal oil importers Principal oil exporters
Principal oil reserves
OIL: OPEP
The abbreviations mean: Organization of exporting countries of oil
What is it?It is an international economical organization, based in Viena (Austria). It was created in 1960, because of the falling oil price and its aim, it is the unification and coordination of the oil policies.
Members
It consists of five founding countries (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Venezuela). Subsequently, the organization was expanded to seven more members (Algeria, Angola, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Libya and Ecuador)(Map)
Aim
•Coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of member countries•Find the best ways to ensure the stability of prices in international markets•Consuming nations provide a supply of efficient, economical and regulate oil
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OIL
It is a cheap and high energy, although with low energy as much energy coal volume is achieved.
Transport
Extraction: in this phase the oil is poured directly into space surrounding the prospecting, which is especially harmful when it comes to offshore holdings.
Consumption (combustion): the burning of petroleum, both in transport and heating boilers, power plants or releases chemicals such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), which are the direct cause of serious environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect and acid rain..
Advantages
Disadvantages (environmental
)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OIL
The transport is harmful and polluting, by obsolete and unsafe and infrastructure involved and the performances of the actors in it. So we can list the following:
The loading and unloading of crude causes uncontrolled dumping in locations where they occur.
The oil leaks that occur in the pipeline due to poor maintenance.
Large tankers suffer too often from serious accidents that once again have fatal consequences as dumping at sea
When downloading fill tankers( 40%)empty tanks with sea water in order to gain stability and ease of navigation. When it comes to reloading crude performs what is called “bilge ballast” which is to expel the sea water in the tanks. This water carries residues containing petroleum and again pollute the sea.
Oil deposits cleaned regularly so that the quality of oil is not alteredin transit. To this end they introduced a considerable amount of soap to clean the tanks; these substances together with the oil that remains in the tanks will be ejected into the sea, making a new episode of contamination.
Advantages and disadvantages of Oil
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable ressources: are generated so naturally at a rate equal to or greater than rate of exploitation by society.
We can distinguish two types of renewable resourses
Those who flow rate is not affected by human action
Whose flow is demonstrably affected by
human action.
WaterForestsAgricultural soils
Solar EnergyWind PowerMaritime EnergyGeodesic Energy
RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES AS A
SOURCE OF ENERGYRenewable and non-renewable resources for
energy
RENEWABLE RESOURCESNONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
Carbon
Natural gas
Oil
Solar energyWind powerHydroelectricMunicipal wasteGeodesic energyBiomass
Fossil fuels
Nuclear power
SOLAR ENERGY
It is from the sun and transferred to the earth's surface can be utilized in thermal applications (for heat) and photovoltaic (to generate electricity)
We have two systems to harness this energy:
Photovoltaic conversionThermal conversion
Converts solar radiation into heat for water heating and drying grain
Direct generation of electricity from sunlight
SOLAR ENERGY: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Ideal for locations away from
the commercial power grid
Not require fuel
Minimum maintenance
Long lifetime
Quiet system
Does not pollute
Easy transportation and
installation
High initial cost
Reduced capacity
It requires a program of recovery and management of used batteries
HYDRO ENERGYHydropower is a renewable energy that is based on taking advantage of falling water from a height. Potential energy becomes kinetic during the fall. It has been used for a long time to grind wheat, but it was with the Industrial Revolution, and especially since the nineteenth century, when it began to be very important to the appearance of the water wheels to produce electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
HYDRO ENERGY: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Availability: It is an inexhaustible resource, as long as the water cycle will last. "It does not pollute" (in the proportion that make the oil, coal, etc.) does not emit gases "greenhouse" or cause acid rain.
Prevents flooding to regulate the flow.
Storing water for irrigation and domestic consumption.
Visual impact on the surrounding countryside.
Deprivation of sediment to lower reaches. Sediments accumulate in the reservoir nutrient impoverished the rest of the river to the mouth.
Environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems by disruption of the river and creation of microclimates (environmental flow).
Flooding of fertile land and residential areas.
WIND POWER
It is known as wind energy exploitation by man of wind energy. Formerly it was used to propel marine vessels and move grain mills. Today it is used to mainly generate clean and safe energy.
WIND FARMS
WIND POWER: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
It is inexhaustible
It is clean and not polluter.
It is native and universal. It is worldwide.
The facilities are easily reversible. Non-marking.
It can be installed in areas unsuitable for other purposes, such as in desert areas near the coast, arid hillsides and steep to be cultivated.
DISADVANTAGES
The air being a fluid low specific weight, involves making large and therefore expensive machines.
It also has to take special care when selecting a nearby park where birds live, mortality risk on impact with the blades.
Another negative impact is the noise produced by the rotation of the rotor.
Visual impact on the surrounding countryside.