THE WAR ITSELF

LINCOLN, THE ELECTION OF 1860, AND SECESSION

LINCOLN: THE MAN@ 23 owned half of a struggling general storeSuccessful lawyer with a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross-examinations and closing argumentsHe served four successive terms in the Illinois House of RepresentativesIn 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served one two-year termOn October 16, 1854, in his "Peoria Speech", Lincoln declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated en route to the presidency

LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATESThe 1858 senate campaign featured the seven Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858, the most famous political debates in American historyThe format for each debate was: one candidate spoke for 60 minutes, then the other candidate spoke for 90 minutes, and then the first candidate was allowed a 30-minute "rejoinder." The candidates alternated speaking first. As the incumbent, Douglas spoke first in four of the debates.Douglas Becomes The Senator

SURPRISE! LINCOLN V DOUGLAS

John BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

Abraham LincolnRepublican

Stephen DouglasNorthern Democrat

John BellConstitutional Unionist (From Whigs and Know Nothings)

Yay!Popular

Sovereignty

You Guys Suck!

Slavery is Immoral

Wait What?!Let’s Talk

CompromiseUnion as Is!

CONSTITUTIONAL UNION?

•Made up of Former Know-Nothings & Whigs•The platform of the American Party (Know Nothings) had called for…

• Severe limits on immigration, especially from Catholic countries.

• Restricting political office to native-born Americans of the Protestant persuasion.

• Mandating a wait of 21 years before an immigrant could gain citizenship.

• Restricting public school teacher positions to Protestants.

• Mandating daily Bible readings in public schools.

• Increased restrictions on alcohol• Restricting the use of languages other than

English.

•Constitutional Unionists- "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws."

LINCOLN’S CAMPAIGNLincoln made no new speeches and

did not leave his hometown of Springfield, Illinois.

• Although he met with hundreds of visitors, Lincoln answered all political questions by advising listeners to read his published speeches, such as those from the debates with Douglas in 1858

Pledged “ will not directly, or indirectly, interfere with their slaves …”

• The South did not buy it

• Because Lincoln did not campaign or give speeches, state and county Republican organizations worked on his behalf to sustain party enthusiasm and thus obtain high turnout.

REPUBLICAN PLATFORM• Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]

• Protective tariff [for the Northern Industrialists]

• No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

• Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

• Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

• Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM

• Extension of slavery based on Popular Sovereignty (Except Southern Dems)

• Annexation of Cuba

• Government aid to build a Pacific RR.

• The anti-execution of State Legislatures in reference to the Fugitive Slave Law is a “hostile action”

THE RESULTSFYI: Voter Turnout in…1992 = 55%1996 = 49%2000 = 54%2004 = 60%2008 = 61%2012 = 58%

1860 = 81%

RESULTS: BY COUNTY

SOUTH CAROLINA'S CAUSES FOR SECESSION FROM THE UNION

“The election of 1860 has left many on edge in the South, particularly South Carolina. The fear that a Republican President would take actions to limit states' rights has led them to take drastic action. In this declaration, South Carolina outlines there reasons for secession from the Union…”“The people of the State of South Carolina….declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue.”

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SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES

“A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that that "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free," and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.” 

‐‐ Declaration of the Causes of SecessionSouth Carolina, December 20, 1860

CONSTITUTION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA

When the framers of the Confederate Constitution set out to draft the document they were set on forming a document that was fundamentally different form the one they opposed. The framers wanted a document that not only represented their ideological differences, but their governing differences as well. Ironically, in the end, the only difference that can be found between the two documents is in the ideology. The government that was set up by the Confederate Constitution is practically identical to that of the United States.

CONFEDERATE PRESIDENT – JEFFERSON DAVIS

Jefferson Davis served as the provisional president of the Confederacy until elections could be held. On February 18, 1861 he delivered his inaugural address.In this address, the causes for southern secession and the differences between their government and that of the Union are explained.“We have changed the constituent parts, but not the system of our Government. The Constitution formed by our fathers is that of these Confederate States, in their exposition of it, and in the judicial construction it has received, we have a light which reveals its true meaning.”

INAUGURATION

“I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”

‐‐ Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural AddressMarch 4th, 1861

SECESSION

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861• Following declarations of

secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor.

• There was no loss of life on either side as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths.

• Following the battle, there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action. Lincoln's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy.

IN MARCH OF 1861 HE WAS PROMOTED TO MAJOR GENERAL WITH RESPONSIBILITY OVER THE US MILITARY IN TEXAS

HE ASKED THE HEAD OF THE US ARMY, WINFIELD SCOTT, IF HE COULD STAY AT HOME FOR THE DURATION OF THE WAR. NOT SURPRISINGLY, SCOTT REFUSED SUCH A REQUEST.

APRIL 20, 1861 - ROBERT E. LEE RESIGNS HIS COMMISSION IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY. "I CANNOT RAISE MY HAND AGAINST MY BIRTHPLACE, MY HOME, MY CHILDREN." LEE THEN GOES TO RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, IS OFFERED COMMAND OF THE MILITARY AND NAVAL FORCES OF VIRGINIA, AND ACCEPTS.

“I CANNOT RAISE MY HAND AGAINST MY BIRTHPLACE, MY HOME, MY CHILDREN.” ROBERT E. LEE

Confederate Robert E. Lee

LINCOLN'S JULY 4 MESSAGE TO CONGRESS On July 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln addressed a special session of Congress. In this address, he announced that a war has been declared on the states that seceded from the Union. He also calls on Congress to make available the funds and man power needed for a short war.“It is now recommended that you give the legal means for making this contest a short, and a decisive one; that you place at the control of the government, for the work, at least four hundred thousand men, and four hundred millions of dollars…”

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REASONS FOR SECESSIONSouth Carolina and others SecedeGenerate a master list of major claims the Southern States give for Secession.

http://www.civil-war.net/pages/ordinances_secession.asp-Google Secession papers, first link

South Carolina Louisiana TennesseeMississippi Texas Missouri ???Florida Virginia ??? Kentucky ???Alabama ArkansasGeorgia North Carolina

COMPARATIVE DIFFERENCES

OVERVIEW OF NORTHERN ADVANTAGES

Larger population• North 22 million• South Only 9 million

More shipsLarger, more efficient railroad systemLincoln - Very intelligent and dedicatedMore industry - 81% of nation’s factoriesBetter banking system to raise $ for the war

• 75% of nation’s wealth

OVERVIEW OF NORTHERN ADVANTAGES

Wealth produced: • Factory production• Textile goods produced • Iron production • Coal production • Farm acreage • Draft animals • Livestock• Wheat production • Corn production

OVERVIEW OF SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES

•Fighting a defensive war• Local support of all men• familiarity with terrain

•Motivation: seeking independence, unified support

•Short communication lines/ friendly population

•Experienced officer corps- (Lee, Jackson, Pickett)

•Cotton - necessary for textile factories of England and France

•Slave Labor in the early part of the war

OVERVIEW OF SOUTHERN DISADVANTAGESSmaller population

Few factories to manufacture weapons and supplies

Poor transportation system

Weak federal government = not strong enough to control Southern states

• Jefferson Davis did not have complete power like Lincoln

LEADERSHIPName, WP = US Military Academy, Graduation Year, Class RankNorth:President Abraham Lincoln – no military experienceGeneral Burnside – WP 47, 18thGeneral Pope – WP 42, 17th

Finally General Grant – WP43, 21stGeneral Sherman WP 40 6th

General McClellan – WP46 2nd

South:President Jefferson Davis – Former Sec. of War, WP 26 – 23rdPGT Beauregard – WP 38, 2nd

General Stonewall Jackson,WP 46, 17thRobert E. Lee – WP 29, 2nd

Significance: We see classmates, students and teachers, people with the same training ndthe same ideas about service fighting one another.

CSA LEADERSHIP -ROBERT E. LEE AND THE ARMYOne of the best generals in the history of the WORLDFrom one of Virginia’s most influential families

• Had family members at Constitutional Convention, signing of the Declaration of Independence, and an ambassador to France

• His dad was in Washington’s Army• He married Martha Washington’s

granddaughterVERY HIGHLY QUALIFIED

• Graduated 2nd in class at West Point• Served in the Mexican-American War and was

appointed Superintendent of West Point afterward

• Stopped John Brown at Harpers FerryTorn between duty and home - didn’t know if he should stay in the US Army or fight for the ConfederacyFirst loyal to Virginia, then to US

Duty is the sublimest word in our language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less. --Lee

LEADERSHIP IN THE UNION ARMY:

GENERAL GEORGE MCCLELLAN

(1861-1862)

The North is going to be hampered by ineffective leadership during the war 1st general is McClellan Qualifications:

• Attended West Point at only the age of 15

• Graduated 2nd in his class at West Point

• Served in both Mexican-American Wars and the European Crimean War

• Engineered 1st Continental Railroad

As a general:• Had a very well trained and

organized army • Reluctant to fight, slow to

move, and always overestimated the enemy

Pope McClellan Burnside Hooker Meade Grant

HOME FRONT OPPOSITIONIn the North:• Copperheads

• Democrats in the North who wanted an immediate peace agreement with CSA

• Peace Movement• NYC Draft riots in 1863

In the South:• Issues in Border States (states

with slavery who fight with Union)• Missouri sends delegates to

both US and CS assemblies• West Virginia secedes from VA

in order to remain with the Union

NORTH’S MILITARY STRATEGY

• The Anaconda Plan• Surround the Confederacy

and squeeze them into submission

•Capture Richmond and force surrender •Expel Confederates from border states •Control of the Mississippi River to Stop the transport of:

• soldiers• Weapons• Ammunition• Clothes• Food• other supplies needed

•Blockade southern ports to stop

• cotton shipments• supplies from foreign nations

SOUTHERN MILITARY STRATEGYGoal: to be recognized as an

independent nation in order to preserve their way of life

Defend its homeland, holding onto as much territory as possible until the North got tired of fighting

Capture Washington, D.C.

Control border states

Gain England's support

Expel Union troops from South

SIX REASONS WHY BATTLES HAPPENED IN CERTAIN PLACES

1. Road Networks2. Railroad Networks3. Importance of the Area

• Example: The area between Richmond, VA and Washington, DC4. Waterways5. Topography or Lay of the Land6. Reliable Intelligence

EARLY BATTLES:• Fort Sumter – South Carolina –

CSA victory• Bull Run – Northern border of

Virginia – CSA Victory • US tries to go on the offensive

but poorly trained soldiers literally turn around and run home at first shots

• Antietam – Northern border of Virginia – USA Victory• Bloodiest 24 hour period in US

military history (US found Lee’s plans and it was a head on collision of the two armies. North probably could have ended the war that day but General McClellan was insubordinate and cowardly.

• Lincoln had been waiting for this big win that would give the north some momentum to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Photography was in its infancy and couldn’t quite capture moving images, but still ones. These images allow many Americans for the first time to see battlefields.

SHIFTING TIDESDate Battle Name

Sept 17, 1862 Antietam a.k.a. Sharpsburg, MD

April 12-13, 1861 Attack on Fort Sumter, SC

April 30-May 6, 1863 Chancellorsville, VA

Feb 6-16 ,1862 Fort Henry/Fort Donelson, TN

Dec 13, 1862 Fredericksburg, VA

July 1-3, 1863 Gettysburg, PA

March-June, 1862 Jackson’s Valley Campaign, VA

July 21, 1861 First Manassas a.k.a. Bull Run, VA

August 28-30, 1862 Second Manassas a.k.a. Second Bull Run, VA

Oct 8, 1862 Perryville, KY

November 15, 1864 to December 21, 1864

Savannah Campaign

April 6-7, 1862 Shiloh a.k.a. Pittsburg Landing, TN

May 18 – July 4 1863 Siege of Vicksburg, MS

Dec 31, 1862-Jan 2, 1863 Stones River a.k.a. Murfreesboro, TN

WHAT WAS LINCOLN’S INITIAL OBJECTIVE IN FIGHTING THE WAR?

"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union" The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume V, "Letter to

Horace Greeley" (August 22, 1862), p. 388.

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

A Union Victory @ Antietam proved that the government could back the proclamation…• An executive order issued by United States

President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863• It was not a law passed by Congress.

• It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states then in rebellion, thus applying to 3.1 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at that time. • The Proclamation immediately freed 50,000

slaves, with nearly all the rest (of the 3.1 million) freed as Union armies advanced.

• The Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not itself outlaw slavery, and did not make the ex-slaves (called freedmen) citizens.

• Slavery was made illegal everywhere in the U.S. by the Thirteenth Amendment, which took effect in December 1865.

INTERNATIONAL IMPACT OF EMANCIPATION

Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation changed the purpose of the war, enabling many African Americans to fight in the Union Army and helping prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European Powers

Both Britain and France had already outlawed slavery and were hesitant to fight with the South if that was what the war was about…and now it is.

“UNITED STATES COLORED TROOPS”

• Emancipation Proclamation opened the door for African Americans to enlist in the Union Army. Although many had wanted to join the war effort earlier, they were prohibited from enlisting by a federal law dating back to 1792. • African Americans joined the United States military in large numbers. Which led to a larger army, one of the deciding factors in the United States defeating the Confederacy.• By the end of the war, approximately 180,000 African-American soldiers had joined the fight.

GETTYSBURG/VICKSBURGGettysburg

Lee’s last ditch effort to invade PA for supplies and take an offensive stand in the north. CSA Loses on July 3, 1863Lincoln will immortalize the battlefield turned cemetery with his speech.

VicksburgAfter a month long assault, the Union finally captures the last major remaining bridge the Confederacy has crossing the Mississippi River, effectively cutting the CSA in half. Battle ends on July 4, 1863

THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESSThursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis, but as "a new birth of freedom" Beginning with the now-iconic phrase "Four score and seven years ago," referring to the American Revolution of 1776, Lincoln examined the founding principles of the United States in the context of the Civil War, and used the ceremony at Gettysburg as an opportunity not only to consecrate the grounds of a cemetery, but also to ensure the survival of America's representative democracy, that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

THE WAR DRAGS ON ONE MORE YEAR…SHERMAN’S MARCH

Sherman, in a practice of scorched earth/total war literally buns down Atlanta, GA and gives it to Abraham Lincoln for Christmas as stated in this letter…The thought was to force the south into submission..

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

•As news spread of Lee's surrender, other Confederate commanders realized that the strength of the Confederacy was fading, and decided to lay down their own arms.

•Finally, after four years of fighting Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865

ASSASSINATION

•Ford Theatre- April 14th, 1865

The assassination was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.

Booth's co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold, who were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodtwho was to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to sever the continuity of the United States government.

He died early the next morning. The rest of the conspirators' plot failed; Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnson's would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled Washington.

THE AFTERMATH

We’ll look at this again during Reconstruction…

A TWO PARTER!!!

Causes and Motivations

Lincoln, Technology, and the lack of Foreign Intervention