Slide 1

The Visual Framing of the Three Cycles of Climate Control in The New York Times (1851-2015)

Challenges & Problems

Black and White 1851-1993

Color 1993

Various definitions used by various parties.

J. O. Fletcher argued that climate science must follow what he considered an inevitable four-stage progression:

observationunderstandingpredictionand control.Fleming, 2010, p. 238

Research QuestionsWhat types of visual frames are found in The New York Times to describe climate control? If any.

What is the most and least occurring frame?

Is the Downs Issue-Attention cycle present considering climate control as an environmental issue?

Frame Means During Three Cycles

media exert considerable power on the public and political agenda and may shape public understanding of topicsas knowledge about science comes largely through mass media, not through scientific publications or direct involvement in science (Scholte, Vasileiadou & Petersen, 2013, p. 2).

According to Krippendorff, Recording is one of the basic methodological problems in the social sciences and in the humanities. The proposition, accepted in the natural sciences, that reality is not accessible as such except through the medium of a measuring instrument, applies here as well (Krippendorff, 1980, p. 71).

Flemings history influenced climate geoengineering communication professors like Mike Hulme, Kate Porter, Brigitte Nerlich, and Rusi Jaspal who have all cited his historical work in their communication journal articles. Nerlich and Hulme told me no visual analysis on this topic done yet but is needed. WHYSTUDYClimateControl?JFK warned against weather modification last speech NAS 1963

Operation PopeyeUN InterventionCycle 2Not a new topic

WHAT?several of the biologists, oceanographers, and atmospheric scientists who advised governments on the 1977 treaty to ban military uses of environmental modificationthe ENMOD conventionwere enlisted to craft the first major reports on anthropogenic climate change (Hamblin, 2013, p. 10)

the picture frame tells the viewer that he is not to use the same sort of thinking in interpreting the picture that he might use in interpreting the wallpaper outside the frame --Gregory Bateson (defined framing according to Irving Goffman as math set theory and actual picture frame)

The major problems in the world are the result of the difference between how nature works and the way people think

Gregory Bateson

1. Only 8% of the Public Correctly Identified Geoengineering3. Text And Climate Change Gets More Attention Than Visuals and Geoengineering/Climate Control 1st Study!2. One of the main goals of the discussion in the IPCC reports is to take into account the possible impacts and side effects and their implications for mitigation cost in order to define the role of geoengineering within the portfolio of response options to anthropogenic climate change. (IPCC, 2011)

Framing helps individuals construct a general statement regarding the structure, or form, of experiences individuals have at any moment of their social life --Erving GoffmanOrganizing Experience

Cycle 1: 1851-1940(Rainmaking & Ethics Cycle 2: 1940-2006 (Weather as War / UN/Environment) Cycle 3: 2006-2014 (Geoengineering)

War 2. People 3. Fix 4. ImpactsThe Three Cycles of Climate Control (Fleming)The Four FramesThe search words included climate control, geoengineering, climatic change, weather control, climate change, climate warfare, rainmaking and climate modification in ProQuest & Lexis-NexisSampling

Unit ofAnalysis:Just images in Articles