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MASSEY COI_LEGE LIBRARY PALMERSTON NORTH, N.Z.

Tflli U"S:C.: Ol•' '. /I-�Y POWDER IN

i,IEAL LLCT0Rt:S FOR EARLY

.. i!.:PiiTm PIGS

J\ Thesis :C)resented in l?ar>tio.l l''ulfilment

of the ReQuirements f'or the Degree

of Master of Agricultural Science

in the University of �ew �ealand

by

C.M. Palmer

Massey Agricultural College

October 1 961

REQUIEM

On L1onday, \Vhen the sun is hot, I wonder to my self a lot:-11�fovr is it true o1� is it not That whe.t is which and n�1ich is what?11

On 'luesday, uhen it hails and snows The fee ling on me grovrs c:md grows That hardly anybo dy knows, If those are these c.md these are those.

On .:ednesdny, when the sky is blue, iUld I hc.ve nothing else to do, I sometimes wond er' i:f it s tr•ue 'l'ha t \Jho is vrhat and rrhat is who.

On 'l'hursday, when it s t&Pts to f'reeze l1nd hoe:.r•-fros t tninkle s on the trees IIow very readily one sees 'l'hut these O.I'e VIllose - but vrhose are these?

On 2.•'riday

• • • • • A. A . rii lne

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishe s to gratefully thank his su pervi s or, Mr .

A . C . DWlkin f'or tte cons tant as s is tance and advic e given through­

out this p roje c t .

Acknowledgeme n t is due to s everal othe r members of' the Mass ey

Colle ge Staf'f'. The s e include Dr . J .C. Hawke , Mr . G . M. Wallace

and Mis s E. Coxhead of' the Bi oche mis try Departme nt f'or advic e

o n the Hennebe rg analys is , c hr omium oxide de terrtina ti ons and

gross energy e s ti mates; Dr . D . s . Flux f'or guidanc e on s tat­

i s ti cal me thod , experimental des ign and thes i s p re s entation;

Mr . R . Brown Manager of' t he Re s earch Piggery ( at the time o f'

the trial ) f'or his ass is tance; Mr . B . A. Reyn o ld s fo r bac teriolog ical

e xaminati on of' f'aecal sample s and Mi s s M. G. Campb e ll and he r l ib­

rary staf'f' f'or as sis tance in obtaining li teratur e .

Further acknowle dge ment i s giv en for the he lp of Mr . A . C .

Glenday , Ap plied.Maths . Lab . D . S.I . R . in s tat is ti cal me thod; the

Dairy Re s earch Inst itut e for :r:ermis s i on to us e th eir dry matter

oven s , an d memb e rs of the Ins tit ute Staff' f'or de tails of' whey

ut i l i za t i on and c hemis try; Mr. H . de Lange n of Ruakura Animal

Re search Stati on f'or demons trating h i s me thod of c hromium oxide

analys i s and Dr . J .c . Hutton, als o of' Ruakura far advic e on the

use of' t he Bomb Calorime te r .

Special thanks are due t o Mrs. F. Puckey f'ar typing this

the s is .

INDEX

Chapte r Page

I INTR ODU C TION

1 . General 2. Scope of Study

I I REVIEW O F LIT�RATURE

1 2

PART I: THE NUTRITION OF THE YOUNG PIG. 4 1 • INTRODUCTION 4 2. THE GROWTH CURVli: AND FEED .r.;NER GY RELATIONSHIP 4 3. .r.;ARL Y vfli:ANIN G 7 4. THE SPECIFIC NUT RITIVE REQUIRE�lliNTS OF THE

YOUN G PIG 1 1

Limitations of Feeding Requirements

a l Protein b Carbohydrate s c Fats d Minerals , vitamins and othe r growth

factors

5. THE USE OF' \.'HEY POr/DER IN MIXTURES FOR

1 1

1 2 1 6 1 8

1 9

YOUN G PIGS 1 9

a) Overs e as 21

i. As a replac ement for other carbohydrate s in the ration 21

ii. As a repla c ement for carbohydra te and protein concentrates 23

b ) New Zealand 26

1 . VALUE OF �ffiEY POVVDER F OR FATTENING PIGS

a l In b As c As d As

an all me a l rati on a s upplement for fodder bee t a suppleme nt f or liquid whey a s upplemen t for skim mi lk

2. USE OF WHEY PO�IDER IN EAR LY WEANING MIXTURES .

3. CONCLUSI ONS

28 29 29 30

30

31

Chapter Page

PART I I: THE li:STIMATION OF APPAR ENT DIGE STIBILITY

1 . INTRODUCT ION 3 2 2. MBA.SUREM.b:NT: TOTAL COLLECTI ON V INERT

REFERENCE SUBS1'ANCE METHOD 33 3. THE USE OF C HR OMIUM OXIDE IN SW INE

DI GE STIB IL I TY STUDIES 34

a l General 34 b Use 35 c Excre t ion pat tern and diurnal variation 37

PART I II : THE HENNEBERG AN.A.LYSIS OF FEED S AND OTHER C HEMICAL PROCEDURES INV OLV ED IN NU TR ITI ON STUDIES. 43

1 • HENNEBERG ANALYS IS AND ITS LIMITATIONS 43 2 . 'l'HE E STIMATI ON OF CHR OMIUM OXIDE 44 3 . GROSS ENERGY DATA 45

I II EXPER I MENTAL

I . INTR ODUCTI ON 47

I I . ivlATER IALS AND METHODS 48

PAR T 1: PREL IMINARY T RIAL 49

1 • ANIMALS USED 49 2. EXPERDIIENTAL CONDITI ONS AND TREATMENT 49 3 . TECHNIQUES MiD OBSERVATI ONS 51

(a ) Con s truc t ion of pen appara tus

i � Self' f'eeders 51 i i Drinking troughs 51

i i i Sleeping quarters 51 (b) Incorporation of cr2o3 in the food

i � Mix i ng in the food 53 i i Prob l em of "s e t tling out" of

the indic a t or 53 (c ) Sampling of feed and faeces 54

Chapter

( d ) Chemical analys is of samples il Cr 0 55 i i C ogpds i tion of feed and faeces 56

iii Other ana lys es 56

( e ) Recording data ( f' ) Gene ral

PART 2: MAIN TRIAL

1 . ANIMAlS USED .Al'ID EXP.t!.;RirilENTAL DESIGN 2. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 3. EXPERirllEN'rAL FE1£D MIXTURES

( a l Up to 21 days of age (b 21-28 days of age ( c After 28 days of age

4. INCORPORATI ON OF Cr 0 5. FEEDING PRO CEDURES

2 3

6. SAMPLING OJ:t, FAECES 7. GROWTH DATA 8. CHEMICAL A NALYSES

( a ) Proximate cons t i tuents (b) cr

2o3 ( c) Gross ene rgy

9. REPLICATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES 10. CALC ULATION OF APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY

COEFFIC IENTS 11 . OBSERVATIONS

( a ) Dung cons is tency and incidence or sc our ing Feeding habi ts Water consumption

I I I . STATISTICA L METHODS

56

56

57 58 58

58 58 60

61 61 62 64

64 65

65

65

67 68

68 68 68

70

IV RESU LTS

PART I: EXPERIMENTAL CONDI'riONS 1 . ADAPT ION TO EXPERI!v1ENTAL CONDI TIONS 2. SUITABILITY OF PEN APPARATU S 1a l Self f'ee ders

b Water t roughs c Sleeping quarters

73

73 73

74 75 75

Chapter

V

3 . SUITABILITY OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES

PART II: USE OF CHROMIUM OXIDE

1 • INC ORPORATION INTO FEE D MIXTURES

(a) Preliminary trial (b ) Main trial

2. CHEMICAL A NA LYSIS OF FEED AND FAECAL SAMPLES ( a ) Preliminary tria l (b ) Main trial

75

76

76 78

78 82

PART III: SAMPLING Al\TD COLLECTING TECHNIQUES 82

PA RT IV : OBSERVATIONS 83

1. DUNG CONSISTENCY AND INCIDENCE OF SCOURING 83 2 . FEEDING HABITS 85 3. V/ATER CONSUMP'riON 87 4 . GENERAL 88

PART V : llliNNEBERG .ANALYSIS OF FE�D AND FAEC ES 89

PART VI: GROWTH DATA 91

1 . SEX 92 2 . HATB OF GAIN 92 3 . RELATIVE G ROWTH HATE 95

PART VII: FE�D CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 96

PART VIII: APPARENT COEFFICIKNTS OF DIGESTIBILITY 99

days days days days

of' age of' age of' age of' age

PART IX : G ROSS DIGE STIBLE ENERGY

DISCUSSION Al�D CONCLUSIONS

I. ADAPTABILITY OF .ANIMALS TO EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

II. USE OF CHROMIUM OXIDE

1 . Inc orporat i on into the die t 2. C r2o3 analysis

III. OBSERVATIONS

1 . Dung cons is tency and inc idence of'

99 100 100 101

103

106

106

106

107 108

111

scouring 111 2 . Feeding habi ts 113 3 . W ater consumpt ion 114

Chapter

IV. HENNEBERG M�ALYSIS

1 • Crude fibre 2 . Nitrogen free extract

V. GROWTH

VI. FEED CONVERSION EFFICIENC Y

VII. APPARENT COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY

VIII. GROSS DIGESTIBLE ENERGY

IX. GENERAL

1 1 5

1 1 5 1 1 7

1 1 7

1 1 8

1 20

1 23

1 23

1 . Nutrition aspects 1 23 2 . Manc,gemen tal factors 1 24 3 . Economic considerations 1 25

X. FuTURE RESEARCH FIELDS 126

1 . Levels of whey powder 126 2 . Physiology of whey powder digestion 127 3 . Economic production of whey powder 1 2 7 4 . Digestibility studies in pigs 1 27

VI SUMWlARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

LIST OF TABLES

�ne rgy required from c reep fe ed. 7

Summary of s ome baby pig prot ein requii'ement det ernunati ons . 1 5

Minin1um cru de protein requirements in mea l mixtures c ontaining fishmeal , s oya bean mea l , dri e d mi lk and c erea ls . 1 6

Henneberg ana ly s is of unneutra lis ed la ct ic c as e in whey poV! der . 1 9

Some data on c onstituents of unneutra lis ed lacti c casein whe y powder . 20

Exp erimental feed mixtures us ed in ea rly we aning tria l , Ma s s ey Col lege . 31

C ompa rison of digestion c oeffic ient s det ermined c onventi ona lly , with thos e derived f rom us e o f C r2o3 - rati o method . 39

C omp os iti on of expe rimental d iet f or pre l imina ry tria l . 50

C ompo sit i on of c on� on starter rati on (21 -28 days of age ) . 59

C omp os ition of experimenta l feed treatments ( 28- 57 days ) . 60

Fa eca l san1ple s s e le cted for duplicate Henneberg ana lys is . 66

C oncentration of c r2o'5

in feed sample s : c ompa ris on of result s obtaine d by two ana lyti cal methods . 81

Average dai ly water c onsun1pt ion ( gals . ) per pen over three 3- day observati on periods· . 87

Ana lys is of varia nc e of data on dai ly water c onsumption . 88

H enneberg analys is of pr incipal ingredient s in experimental feed mixtures .

Henneberg and c r2o3 analyses of experimental feed mixtures .

Fac ing Page 90

90

Table

1 7

1 8

1 9

20

21

22

23

2 L�

25

26

2 7

28

29

Average wee kly weights (lbs) of pigs o n the experimental feeds.

Statistical analysis of liveweight data for differences due to sex.

Analysis of variance of liveweight gains per pig, from 35 to 58 days of age.

Analysis of covariance and s ignificance of regression where y = liveweight gains per pen from 35-5 8 days of age and x = initial liveweight per p en.

Analysis of variance of liveweight per pig, at 58 days of age.

Analysis of covariance and significance of regression where y = final vreight per pen at 58 days of age and x = 35 day v1eight per pen.

Analysis of variance of relative gr owth rate (35-58 days of age).

1\.verage weekly meal consumption per pen from 2 1-56 days; average meal consumption and foo d conversion efficiency (35-57 days of age).

Analysis of variance of feed conversion efficiencies (3 5-57 days of age).

Block means for the �parent digestibility coefficients at 2 8 days of age (collection period 1 ) •

Treatmen t means for the apparent digestibility coefficients at 42 days of age (collection period 2 ) .

Treatment means for the apparent digestibility coefficients at 49 days of age (collection period 3 ) .

Treatment means for the apparent digestibilit y coefficients at 56 days of age (collection period 4 ) .

91

92

93

Facing Page 94

Page 94

Fo.c ing Fage 95

95

96

9 7

Facing Page 99

1 00

1 01

1 02

Table

3 0

31

32

33

Average apparent digestibility coefficients for the five fractions at each faecal collection period.

Gross energy of faecal samples and gross digestible energy percentages of treatment comparisons at collection periods.

Gross energy; mean G. D.E % and G.D. E. of the experimental feed mixtures.

P�alysis of variance of gross digesti ble energy % of f eed treatments.

Page

1 02

1 03

1 04

1 05

Figure

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

LIST OF FIGURES

Growth curves and reed intakes or early weaned pigs.

Requirements for digestible energy rrom sow's milk and creep feed.

Development of the proteolytic enzyme systems.

Development of the amylolytic enzyme system�.

Variations in the percentage of cr2o3 in dry matter of pig faeces.

Effect of the number of random samples of faeces collected, on the maximum error in the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients.

Interior view of experimental fattening house, Iviassey College Piggery.

Exterior view of same.

9 , 10 Individual pen payout & 11

1 2 Experimental plan - main trial.

13 Mean growth curves of animals on experimental feeds.

14 Food intake age graph.

15 Food intake - liveweight graph

Following Page 5

Facing Page 6

1 2

1 2

40

40

Facinf Page 8 '

48

Following� 51

56

Facing Page 91

Following Fage 97

97