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The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton These atoms are called functional groups Some common functional groups include: Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl groupAmino groupCarboxyl group Found in alcohols and sugars Found in sugars Found in amino acids and urea in urine (from protein breakdown) Found in amino acids, fatty acids, and some vitamins Carbon and Organic Chemistry

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*most macromolecules are polymers polymer monomer The making and breaking of polymers: Dehydration reaction:Hydrolysis: Macromolecules

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Proteins Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to function They are the most elaborate of lifes molecules MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Structural ProteinsStorage Proteins Contractile ProteinsTransport ProteinsEnzymes

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Carboxyl group Amino group Side group Side group Amino acid Dehydration synthesis Side group Side group Peptide bond Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis Proteins as Polymers The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond

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Amino Acids

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Primary structure The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 129 Amino acid The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different Protein Structure

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A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease (a) Normal red blood cellNormal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 (b) Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin 2 3 1 45 6 7... 146 Protein Structure

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Tertiary structure Secondary structure Macromolecules

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Quaternary structure How does this all happen? Spontaneously Chaperonins Macromolecules

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Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building proteins

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Phosphate group Nitrogenous base A, G, C, or U Uracil U Sugar ribose Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Sugar Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid RNA, ribonucleic acid Nucleic Acids

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Each nucleotide has one of the following bases:

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Nucleic Acids Sugar-phosphate backbone Nucleotide Base pair Hydrogen bond Bases a DNA strand polynucleotide b Double helix two polynucleotide strands Nucleic Acid Structure

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Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Structure

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DNA Structure Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates include Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules in soft drinks Monosaccharides & Disaccharides Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes Polysaccharides

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Monosaccharides are simple sugars Monosaccharides Glucose, found in sports drinks Fructose, found in fruit Honey contains both glucose and fructose Glucose Fructose Isomers

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In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides form rings (b) Abbreviated ring structure Monosaccharides

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A disaccharide is a double sugar Disaccharides Disaccharides are joined by the process of dehydration synthesis Glucose Maltose

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The most common disaccharide is sucrose, common table sugar It consists of a glucose linked to a fructose Sucrose is extracted from sugar cane and the roots of sugar beets Disaccharides

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Polysaccharides (a) Starch Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glucose monomer (b) Glycogen Glycogen Granules In muscle tissue (c) Cellulose Cellulose molecules Cellulose fibril in a plant cell wall They are long chains of sugar units They are polymers of monosaccharides

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Lipids are: Large biological molecules that do not include polymers. Hydrophobic, unable to mix with water. Lipids Oil (hydrophobic) Vinegar (hydrophilic)

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FATS Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride Lipids A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids Fatty acid Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol head and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid tails

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Unsaturated fatty acids Lipids (Fats) Have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons Saturated fatty acids Have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

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Lipids (Fats) Saturated Fats TYPES OF FATS Unsaturated Fats Margarine Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS

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Phospholipids Steroids Lipids

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Cholesterol TestosteroneA type of estrogen STEROIDS Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function. Lipids

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Biological Molecules